Australia

Languages

Adithinngithigh dth

Queensland state. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died in the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Adetingiti Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northern Pama

Adnyamathanha adt

South Australia state: Nepabunna in Flinders ranges area. Users: 140 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Ad’n’amadana, Adynyamathanha, Anjimatana, Anjiwatana, Archualda, Atynyamatana, Benbakanjamata, Binbarnja, Gadjnjamada, Jandali, Kanjimata, Keydnjmarda, Mardala, Nimalda, Nuralda, Umbertana, Unyamootha, Wailbi, Wailpi, Waljbi, Wipie Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yura

Afrikaans afr

Users: 43,700 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Saxon-Low Franconian, Low Franconian

Aghu-Tharnggala gtu

Queensland state: Dixie, Lakefield, Maramie. Users: No known L1 speakers (Jolly 1989). Last speaker was still alive in 1960. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Aghu Tharnggala, Aghu Tharnggalai, Aghu Tharnggalu Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Rarmul Pama

Akan aka

Users: 3,100 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Akan

Alawa alh

Northern Territory: Arnhem Land, Roper river. Users: 4 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Alaua, Allaura, Allawa, Allowa, Allowiri, Allua, Alowa, Galawa, Galleewo, Kallana, Kallaua, Leealowa, Warliburru Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Maran, Alawic

Albanian, Gheg aln

Users: 4,590 in Australia (2016 census). Census figure of 9,180 does not distinguish between Gheg [aln] and Tosk [als]. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Albanian, Gheg

Albanian, Tosk als

Users: 4,590 in Australia (2016 census). Census figure of 9,180 does not distinguish between Gheg [aln] and Tosk [als]. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Albanian, Tosk

Alngith aid

Queensland state: northeast Cape York peninsula just north of Weipa. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northern Pama

Alyawarr aly

Northern Territory; Queensland state: Sandover and Tennant creek areas. Users: 1,550 (2016 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Aljawara, Alyawarra, Alyawarre, Iliaura, Yowera Autonym: Alyawarr Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Arandic

Amharic amh

Users: 6,810 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, South, Transversal, Amharic-Argobba

Ami amy

Northern Territory: Anson bay coast, southwest of Darwin. Users: 30 (Wurm 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Ame, Amijangal, Emmi, Maranunggu Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Wagaydy

Amurdak amg

Northern Territory: Goulburn island, Oenpelli. Users: 1 (2015). No reports of the death of the last known speaker, Charlie Mungulda, in 2021. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: A’moordiyu, Amarag, Amarak, Amardak, Amurag, Amurdag, Amurrag, Amurrak, Amurtak, Amuruk, Mamurug, Monobar, Namurug, Nga:mr:rak, Nga:mu:rak, Ngamurag, Umoreo, Umoriu, Umorrdak, Wardadjbak, Woraidbug, Wureidbug Classification: Australian, Yiwaidjan, Amaragic

Andajin ajn

Western Australia state: King Leopold ranges south to east Philips north, from Lungra Yard west to Tharlow Hill area east. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker may have survived into the 2010s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Andidja, Andidjara Classification: Australian, Worrorran, Ngarinyinic

Andegerebinha adg

Northern Territory: Hay river, Pituri creek area, east of Alyawarra; Queensland state. Users: No known L1 speakers (2016 census). 5 remaining speakers were reported in 2005. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Andigibinha, Antekerrepenh, Antekerrepinhe Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Arandic

Angkamuthi avm

Queensland state: Cape York peninsula, narrow coastal stretch from north of Port Musgrave to Doughboy river, inland area of Crystal creek, middle Jardine river. Users: No known L1 speakers. Survived late into the 20th century. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Anggamudi, Ankamuti, Ngamiti, Nggamadi, Nggammadi, Ngkamadyi’ Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northern Pama

Anguthimri awg

Queensland state: north Cape York peninsula, Mission river mouth west to Duyfken Point, north to Pennefather river; Wenlock river south and west banks between Batavia Landing area and Gibson waterhole. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker, Don Fletcher, died in 1985. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Angadimi, Angutimi, Ba:tyana, Batjana, Mbatyana, Ngerikudi, Nggerikudi, Nggirikudi, Nigger-Ikudi, Ra:kudi, Wimaranga, Wimarangga, Wimarango, Wimmarango, Yopngadi, Yupangathi, Yupangati, Yupnget, Yupun-Gatti, Yupungati, Yuupngati Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northern Pama

Anindilyakwa aoi

Northern Territory: Groote Eylandt, Gulf of Carpenteria. Users: 1,480 (2016 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Andiljangwa, Andilyaugwa, Aninhdhilyagwa, Enindhilyagwa, Enindiljaugwa, Groote Eylandt, Ingura, Wanindilyaugwa Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Enindhilyagwa

Anmatyerre amx

Northern Territory: Mount Allen, northwest Alice Springs region. Users: 640 (2016 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Anmatjirra, Anmatyerr Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Arandic

Antikarinya ant

South Australia state: north central area. Users: No known L1 speakers (2016 census). Last known speakers survived into the early 2010s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Andagarinya, Antakarinya, Antakirinya Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati

Arabana ard

South Australia state: Lake Eyre west side to Maree, Port Augusta, and Stuart range. Users: 15 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Arabunna Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Palku

Arabic, Egyptian Spoken arz

Users: 51,600 in Australia (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Australia: 322,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken acm

Users: 73,100 in Australia (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Australia: 322,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Arabic, North Levantine Spoken apc

Users: 159,000 in Australia (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Austalia: 322,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Arabic, Sudanese Spoken apd

Users: 38,600 in Australia (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Australia: 322,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Arakwal rkw

New South Wales state: Ballina and Richmond river north bank to Cape Byron; south to Ballina, inland to Casino, Coraki, and Lismore. Users: No known L1 speakers. Critically endangered by 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Coo-al, Gundurimba, Jawhumjeri, Kawhul, Kogung, Naiang, Njung, Nyung, Tugurimba, Yawkum-yere Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Bandjalangic

Aranda, Lower Southern axl

Northern Territory: Alice Springs, Andado, Arltunga, Blood creek, Charlotte waters, Connor well, Deep well, Finke river, Gillen creek, Hale river, Henbury, Horseshoe bend, Hugh river, Idracowra, Intea, James range, MacDonnell range, Macumba rive, Maryvale, Mount Dare. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker, Brownie Doolan Perrurle, died in 2011. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Aldolanga, Aldolinga, Alitera, Aranda, Aranta, Arinta, Arranda, Arrinda, Arrundta, Arrunta, Arunda, Arunndta, Arunta, Arunta Bu, Arunta Ulpma, Eastern Aranda, Lower Aranda, Pertame, Southern Aranda, Western Aranda Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Arandic

Areba aea

Queensland state: southwest Cape York peninsula, Gilbert river, northeast of Normanton. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm 2003). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: A:rap, Araba, Ariba, Aripa, Kurtjar, Ngariba, Rib, Ribh Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Norman Pama

Armenian, Western hyw

Users: 10,200 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Armenian

Arrarnta, Western are

Northern Territory: Alice Springs area, Hermannsburg. Users: 440 (2016 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Aranda, Arunta Autonym: Arrente Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Arandic

Arrernte, Eastern aer

Northern Territory: Alice Springs area (Mparntwe), Alcoota, Amoonguna (Amwengkwerne), Bonya (Uthipe Atherre), Harts range (Artetyerre), Santa Teresa (Ltyentye Apurte). Users: 1,910 (2016 census). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Arunta, Eastern Aranda Autonym: Arrernte Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Arandic

Arritinngithigh rrt

Queensland: Cape York. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 1960s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Arangit, Arariniti, Aratingiti, Aratiniti, Aretinngit, Aridingidigh, Aridinngidhigh, Aritinŋayt, Aritinŋit̯iγ, Aritingiti, Aritinngayth, Aritinngithig, Arraythinngith, Arreythinwum, Arrithinngayth Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northern Pama

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic aii

Users: 28,300 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern

Atampaya amz

Queensland state: Eliot creek, extreme north Cape York peninsula. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm 2003). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Atambaya Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northern Pama

Auslan asf

Scattered. Users: 10,100 (2016 census). Estimates vary from 7,000–15,000 by various researchers from 1986–2004 (Johnston 2004). Status: 5 (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in New South Wales. Alternate Names: Australian Sign Language Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language

Australian Aborigines Sign Language asw

Scattered. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Sign language, Shared sign language

Australian Irish Sign Language isg

Scattered. Users: 50 in Australia (2016 R. Adam), decreasing. Estimated 50–100 users left, no monolinguals. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: AISL Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language

Awabakal awk

New South Wales state: Lake Macquarie, south from Newcastle. Users: No known L1 speakers. Survived late into the 19th century. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Awabagal, Hunter River – Lake Macquarie Autonym: Awabakalkoba Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Worimi

Awngthim gwm

Queensland state: north Cape York peninsula, Mission river north side, east of the Anguthimri. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker likely died in the mid 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Angudimi, Angutimi, Mamangidigh, Mamangiti, Mbadjana Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northern Pama

Ayabadhu ayd

Queensland state: Cape York peninsula, north of Coleman river, south of Coen. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the late 1980s or early 1990s (Wurm 2003). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Abadja, Ai ebadu, Aiabadu, Aiyabotho, Aiyaboto, Ajabadha, Ajabatha, Ajibyrdu, Apatya, Ayapathu, Badja, Baldya, Balfja, Jabuda, Kikahiabilo, Koka Ai-ebadu, Koka-aiebadu, Koko Aiebadu, Koko-Badja, Koko-Baldya, Koko-Baltjayiahjaba Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama

Ayerrerenge axe

Queensland state: Bathurst, Headingly, Urandangi, north to Lake Nash and Barkly Downs, east toward Mount Isa, west to Argadargada and Mount Hogarth area. Users: No known L1 speakers. On the brink of extinction in the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Aroinga, Bulamu, Bulanja, Bulanu, Jarionga, Jaroinga, Jurangka, Manda, Pulanja, Yaringa, Yaroinga, Yarroinga, Yarrowin, Yorrawinga, Yorrowinga, Yuruwinga Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Arandic

Badimaya bia

Western Australia state: south of Cue to northeast of Moora; east to Paynes Find; west to Mullewa. Users: 3 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Parti-Maya, Widimaya Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wadjari

Badjiri jbi

New South Wales state: Hungerford area to Eulo on Paroo river; east to Barringun, Cunna-mulla, Tinnenburra, and Tuen area; Caiwarro and eastern side of Currawinya. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the late 1980s or early 1990s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Baddjeri, Badjari, Ngura Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Ngura

Bandjalang bdy

New South Wales state: Woodenbong northeast; Queensland state: southeast. Users: 110 (2016 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Bandjelang, Bogganger, Bundala, Bundjalung, Middle Clarence Bandjalang Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Bandjalangic

Banyjima pnw

Western Australia state: northwest, east southeast of Tom Price. Users: 100 (2016 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Bandjima, Banjima, Pandjima, Panjima, Panjtjima, Panyima, Panyjima, Panytyima Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Inland Ngayarda

Barababaraba rbp

New South Wales state: Murrumbidgee river south side, north of Hay to Victoria, Kerang; Brassi, cross river from Carrathool, Cohuna, Conargo, and Gunbower. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 2006 (2006 census). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Baraba Baraba, Baraba-Baraba, Baraparapa, Barappur, Bareber Bareber, Barraba-Barraba, Barrababarraba, Beraba-Beraba, Birraba-Birraba, Boora-Boora, Boorabirraba, Booraboora, Boort, Burabura, Burappa, Burapper, Bureba, Burrabura-ba, Burraburburaba, Burrappa, Burrapper, Burreba-Burreba, Karraba, Perapa-Perapa Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Kulin, Western

Barbaram vmb

Queensland state: Almaden, Great Dividing ridge, Irvinebank, Koorboora (Kaboura), Mareeba, Mount Garnett, Petford. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Balbarum, Barbarem, Barbarum, Booburam, Mbabaram, Mbara, Mogmnanarim, Oombarrmbarum, Umbarbarem, Woombarbarram, Wumbabaram Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Southern Pama

Bardi bcj

Western Australia state: Western Kimberley region, Broome, Derby, Lombadina Aboriginal community, One Arm Point Aboriginal community. Users: 30 (2005 AUSTLANG), decreasing. Ethnic population: 320 (2016 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Baadi, Baardi, Badi, Bard Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan

Barngarla bjb

South Australia state: Port Lincoln to Spencer gulf head. Users: No known L1 speakers. The language died out in the 1960s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Bahanga-La, Bangala, Banggala, Banggarla, Bungeha, Bungela, Kortabina, Pakarla, Pangkala, Pankalla, Parnkala, Parnkalla, Punkalla Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yura

Barrow Point bpt

Queensland state: Cape York peninsula, Barrow Point on Princess Charlotte bay and inland. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Guugu-Yimidhirr

Batjala xby

Queensland state: Cairns; Fraser island; Great Sandy island; Kabikabi mission; Noosa Head; Pialba; Tinana creek; Yarrabah; Thoorgine. Users: 24 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Badjela, Badtala, Badtjala, Badyala, Batyala, Bidhala, Butchulla, Dulingbara, Gnoolongbara, Koolaburra, Ngulungbara, Olungbura, Patyala, Thoorgine Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Waka-Kabic

Bayali bjy

Queensland state: Marlborough, Yeppon, Yamba, and Rockhampton; Fitzroy river mouth inland to Boomer range. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 1960s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Baiali, Bajali, Bieli, Biyali, Byellee, Ningebal, Orambul, Warabal Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Waka-Kabic, Kingkel

Bayungu bxj

Western Australia state: West Pilbara; lower Lyndon and Minilya rivers. Users: No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Last known speaker likely died in 2006. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Baijungu, Baiong, Baiung, Bajungu, Biong, Giong, Mulgarnoo, Pajungu, Payungu Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Kanyara

Bengali ben

Users: 54,600 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese

Bibbulman xbp

Western Australia state: Lower Blackwood river, on hills between Blackwood and Warren rivers, east to Broke inlet and Gardner river; Scott river, inland to Bridgetown and Manjimup. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 1990s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Bajongwongi, Bebleman, Bibbulmun, Bibilum, Bibulman, Bibulmun, Bibuulmoun, Meeraman, Murram, Peopleman, Pepelman, Pibilum, Piblemen Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Nyungar

Bidhawal ihw

Victoria, southeast: Gippsland. Users: No known L1 speakers. Speakers may have survived into the 1960s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Beddiwell, Bidawal, Bidewel, Biduelli, Bidwell, Bidwelli, Bidwill, Birdawal, Birdhawal, Birtowall Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan

Bidjara bym

Queensland state: between Augathella and Tambo, Warrego and Langlo rivers. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Ruhlen 1987). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Bidyara, Bithara, Bitjara Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Bigambal xbe

New South Wales state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 1996. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Bigambul, Bigumbil Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan

Bindal xbd

Victoria state: Ayr; Burdekin river mouth north to Cape Cleveland, inland to Leichhardt range. Users: No known L1 speakers. Extinct by the middle of the 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Bindel, Nyawaygi Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan

Biri bzr

Queensland state: southeast of Charters Towers. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Juipera, Widi, Wierdi, Wirdi, Wiri, Wiriwiri, Wirri, Yuwibara Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Birrpayi xbj

New South Wales state: Taree at Manning river mouth, inland to Gloucester area; river south side; Forbes, upper Hastings and Wilson rivers. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, James Davis, survived into the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Birbai, Biribi, Birippi, Birrapee, Birripai, Birrpai, Bripi Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuin

Bosnian bos

Users: 15,800 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Western

Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin bpl

Western Australia state: Beagle Bay, Broome, Derby, La Grange, Lombardinie, One Arm Point. Users: 40, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers. Probably never used as L1, although some locals of Broome have retained some of it as part of their jargon. Most active use happened between 1900 and 1930 (Wurm et al 1996). L2 users: 40. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Status: 9 (Second language only). Lingua franca on pearling boats between Malays, Japanese, Chinese, and Aborigines. Alternate Names: Broom Creole, Japanese Pidgin English, Koepang Talk, Malay Talk Classification: Pidgin, Malay based

Bulgarian bul

Users: 2,680 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Eastern

Bunganditj xbg

South Australia state: Balmoral, Cape Jaffa, Casterton, Dartmoor, Glenelg river, Lake Mundi, Mount Gambier, Mount Zero, Penola, Robe, Wannon river, Western Grampians. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speakers probably died in the late 1800s (Blake 2003). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Bak-on-date, Banaditj, Bangandadj, Bangandidj, Barconedeet, Baundik, Boandic, Boandik, Booandik, Booandik-ngolo, Booandki-ngolo, Booganitch, Booganity, Boongandity, Borandikngolo, Buadik, Buandic, Buandig, Buandik, Buanditj, Bugandity, Bung’andaetch, Bunganadity, Bungandaetch, Bungandaetcha, Bungandaitj, Bungandidj, Bungandij, Bunganditjngolo, Bungandity, Bunjanditj, Burhwundeirtch, Drualat-ngolonung, Drualatngolonung, Nguro, Pungandaitj, Pungandik, Pungantitj, Pungatitj Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Bungandidj

Bunuba bck

Western Australia state: Fitzroy Crossing area. Users: 41 (2016 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Booneba, Bunaba, Bunapa, Kunamba, Punamba, Punapa, Punuba Classification: Australian, Bunaban

Burarra bvr

Northern Territory: Arnhem Land, Maningrida. Users: 1,050 (2016 census). 1,000 Burarra and 50 Gun-narpta (2016 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Anbarra, Barera, Bawera, Burada, Bureda, Burera, Gidjingaliya Gujingalia, Gujalabiya, Gun-Guragone, Jikai, Tchikai Autonym: Gu-jingarliya Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Burarran

Burduna bxn

Western Australia state: Henry and upper Lyndon rivers. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the early 1990s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Boordoona, Budina, Budoona, Buduna, Pinneegooroo, Poodena, Poordoona, Purduma, Purduna Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Kanyara

Burmese mya

Users: 16,300 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern

Cebuano ceb

Users: 6,880 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, Cebuan

Chaldean Neo-Aramaic cld

Users: 17,200 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern

Chin, Hakha cnh

Users: 4,810 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Lai

Chinese, Hakka hak

Users: 8,990 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Mandarin cmn

Widespread. Users: 597,000 in Australia (2016 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Min Nan nan

Users: 17,900 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Wu wuu

Users: 3,380 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Yue yue

Major cities. Users: 281,000 in Australia (2016 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Cook Islands Maori rar

Users: 5,110 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Nuclear, East, Central, Tahitic

Croatian hrv

Users: 56,900 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Western

Czech ces

Users: 7,940 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, West, Czech-Slovak

Dadi Dadi dda

Victoria state: northwest; New South Wales state: southwest, Murray river area, north to Benanee. Users: No known L1 speakers (2016 census). The last fluent speakers probably died in the early 1900s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Dadidadi, Dardi-Dardi, Dardidardi, Tatitati, Tharrthi-Tharrthi Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Ngarinyeric-Yithayithic

Dagoman dgn

Northern Territory. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Martha Hart, died in 1982. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Yangmanic

Dalabon ngk

Northern Territory: Arnhem Land, Katherine area, Bulman and Weemol. Users: 5 (2010 ELDP). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Bouin, Boun, Buan, Buin, Buwan, Dangbon, Gundangbon, Nalabon, Ngalabon, Ngalkbon, Ngalkbun Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Ngalkbun

Danish dan

Users: 5,780 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, North, East Scandinavian, Danish-Swedish, Danish-Riksmal, Danish

Dari prs

Users: 30,400 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian

Darkinyung xda

New South Wales state: Cessnock, Colo river, Hawkesbury river, Hunter river, Jerry’s plain, Macdonald river, Putty, Rylstone, Wisemans ferry, Wollombi. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speakers probably died in the early 1900s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Darginjang, Darginyung, Darkinjang, Darkinoong, Darkinung, Darknung Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuin

Daungwurrung dgw

Northeastern Victoria state: Broken, Delatite, Coliban, Campaspe , adn Goulburn watersheds. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speakers probably died in the late 1800s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Daung Wurrung, Dhagung-wurrung, Taungurong, Thagawurung, Thagungwurrung Autonym: Taungurung Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Kulin

Dayi dax

Northern Territory: Arnhem Land, Galiwinku, Lake Evella, Numbulwam, Roper river, Yirrkala. Users: 80 (2016 census). 62 Dhalwangu and 18 Dayi speakers (2016 census). No monolinguals. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Dha’i, Dhay’yi Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhuwal

Dhalandji dhl

Western Australia state: Exmouth gulf head inland to Ashburton river, West Pilbara. Users: 6 (2005 AUSTLANG). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Dalandji, Dalendi, Djalendi, Talaindji, Talandi, Talandji, Talangee, Tallainga, Taloinga, Thalantji, Thalanyji Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Dhalandji

Dhangu-Djangu dhg

Northern Territory: Arnhem Land, Elcho island. Users: 230 (2016 census). 67 Dhangu, 89 Gaalpu, 17 Rirratjingu, 58 Wangurri (2016 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Budalpudal, Burada, Buralbural, Buratha, Dangu, Dhaangu, Dhangu, Dhangu’mi, Djangu, War-ramirri, Warameri, Waramiri, Warramiri, Warumeri, Yolngu-Matha, Yuulngu Autonym: Dhangu-Djangu Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhangu

Dharawal tbh

New South Wales state: Port Hacking to Shoalhaven river. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 1970s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Dharawaal, Thurawal, Turrubul Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuin

Dhargari dhr

Western Australia state: Kennedy range, lower Lyons and upper Minilya rivers, West Pilbara. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 2000s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Dal’gari, Dargari, Targari, Tarkarri, Thargari, Tharrgari, Tharrkari Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Inland Ngayarda

Dharuk xdk

New South Wales state: Camden, Campbelltown, Hawkesbury river, Liverpool, Mount Victoria, Penrith, Sydney, Windsor. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Eva Webb, died in 1970. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Darrook, Darug, Dhar’rook, Dharrook, Dharruk, Dharug Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuin

Dharumbal xgm

Queensland state: Bombandy, Broad sound, Cape Palmerston, Coast range, Normanby range, Pine mountain, Saint Lawrence, Styx, Yaamba. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker died in 1973. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Charumbul, Darambal, Darawal, Darumbal, Koinbal, Koinjmal, Kungalburra, Kungmal, Mamburra, Tarumbal, Tharumbal, Urambal Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Dhudhuroa ddr

Victoria state: northeastern region. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in the mid to late 1800s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Dhuduroa, Djilamatang, Do.dor.dee, Dodora, Duduroa, Dyinningmiddhang, Tharamirttong, Theddora, Theddora-mittung, Theddoramittung, Toutourrite, Victorian Alpine Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Pallanganmiddang

Dhungaloo dhx

Queensland state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Roy Hatfield was probably the last speaker, who died ca. 2012. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Dungaloo Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Dhurga dhu

New South Wales state: Bermagui to Jervis bay. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers survived into the 1970s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Dhu’rga, Dhuurga, Durga, Duurga, Tharumba, Thaua, Thoorga, Thurga Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuin

Dhuwal dwu

Northern Territory: Arnhem Land, Roper river. Users: 300 (2015 C. Bow). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dual, Duala, Wulamba, Yolngu Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhuwal

Dhuwaya dwy

Northern Territory, North-east Arnhem Land, Yirrkala and surrounding outstations. Users: 1,500, all users. L1 users: 500 (2015 C. Bow). L2 users: 1,000 (2015 C. Bow). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Baby Gumatj Autonym: Dhuwaya Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhuwal

Diyari dif

South Australia state: Leigh creek; east of Lake Eyre North. Users: 5 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 600. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Dhirari, Dirari Autonym: Dieri Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Karna

Djabugay dyy

Queensland state: Barron river south of Mareeba to Kuranda, north to Port Douglas on a plateau. Users: 46 (2016 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Bulum-Bulum, Check-Cull, Chewlie, Djabugai, Dyaabugay, Dyabugay, Hileman, Jaabugay, Kikonjunkulu, Kodgotto, Koko-Tjumbundji, Kokonyungalo, Ngarlkajie, Orlow, Tjabakai-Thandji, Tjabogaijanji, Tjankir, Tjankun, Tjapukai, Tjapunkandji, Tjunbundji Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yidinic

Djabwurrung tjw

Victoria state: Ararat, Hamilton, Hopkins river, Maroona, Mount Rouse, Mount William, Stawell, Wickliffe. Users: No known L1 speakers (2016 census). Last known speaker survived into the 2010s (2016 census). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Chaa wuurong, Chaap Wuurong, Chaap-Warrong, Chaapwurra, Chaapwurru, Chaapwuurong, Chap wurong, Chap wurrung, Chap-wurong, Djab Wurrung, Djab wurung, Djabwuru, Djabwurung, Dyabwurung, Dyapwurong, Jab Wurrong, Jab wurrung, Kolor, Kolorer, Kooloor, Pirtkopannoot, Punoinjon, Purteetchally, Tchapwurong, Thapwurong, Tjap, Tjap-wurong, Tjapwuron, Tjapwurong, Tjapwurun, Tjapwurung, Tjapwuurong, Tyapawurru, Tyapwurru, Tyapwuru Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Kulin

Djadjawurrung dja

Victoria state: Boort, Kyneton, Lake Buloke, Navarre hill, Wallaloo creek. Users: No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by the end of the 19th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Djadja Wurrung, Djadjawurung, Dyadyawurung, Jaara, Jaja-Wurrung, Jajawurung, Le Wurrung, Lewurru, Lewurrung, Yaara, Yaura Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Kulin

Djambarrpuyngu djr

Northern Territory: Elcho island. Users: 4,280 (2016 census). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Originated in northern Australia around 1920 through a Methodist mission settlement. Associated with the Galiwin’ku community and the large Djambarrpuyngu clan. Lingua franca for six sub-clans. Alternate Names: Djambarbwingu, Jambapuing, Jambapuingo Autonym: Djambarrpuyngu Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhuwal

Djamindjung djd

Northern Territory: Victoria river. Users: 29 (2016 census). 29 Ngaliwuru; no remaining Djadmindjung speakers (2016 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Jaminjung Classification: Australian, Djamindjungan

Djangun djf

Queensland state: Alma-den north to Mount Mulligan, east to Dimbula, west to Mungana. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Adho-Adhom, Butju, Chungki, Chunkumberries, Chunkunburra, Gugu Djangun, Jangun Djanggun, Koko-Mudju, Koko-Tyankun, Mutyu, Ngaigungo Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yalandyic

Djauan djn

Northern Territory: Bamyili settlement, Katherine. Users: 16 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Adowen, Djawan, Jawan, Jawony, Jawoyn, Kumertuo Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Djauanic

Djawi djw

Western Australia state: islands from Brunswick bay to King sound. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Djaui, Jawi Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan

Djeebbana djj

Northern Territory: Maningrida north coast area, West Arnhem Land. Users: 280, all users. L1 users: 180 (2016 census). L2 users: 100 (1991). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gunavidji, Ndjébbana Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Burarran

Djinang dji

Northern Territory: Arnhem Land, Blyth, Goyder, and Ramingining rivers. Users: 130 (2016 census). 120 Djinang, 10 Wulaki (2016 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jandijinung Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Djinang

Djinba djb

Northern Territory: Arnhem Land, southeast adjoining Djinang area, Ngangalala. Users: 70 (2016 census). 14 Djinba, 54 Ganalbingu, 3 Mandjalpingu (2016 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Djinang

Djiwarli dze

Western Australia state: Ashburton river, Elliott creek, Henry river, Lyons river, Mount Florry, Mount Hamlet, Yannarie river. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Jack Butler, died in 1986. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Djiwali, Djwarli, Jivali, Jiwali, Jiwarli, Tivali, Tjiwali, Tjiwarli Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Coastal Ngayarda

Dutch nld

Users: 33,800 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Saxon-Low Franconian, Low Franconian

Dyaberdyaber dyb

Western Australia state: Beagle Bay south coast and inland. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Jabirr-Jabirr, Jabirrjabirr Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan

Dyangadi dyn

New South Wales state: Armidale, Kempsey area, Macleay river. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the 1980s (Wurm 2007). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Boorkutti, Burgadi, Dainggati, Dangadi, Dangati, Danggadi, Danggetti, Dhanggati, Dhanggatti, Djan-Gadi, Ghangatty, Tangetti, Thangatti, Thangatty Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Dyangadi

Dyirbal dbl

Queensland state: Millaa Millaa, Ravenshoe, and Woodleigh; east to Tully falls; Herberton south to Herbert river headwaters to Cashmere. Users: 52 (2016 census). 8 Dyirbal and 44 Girramay (2016 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Djirubal Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Dyirbalic

Dyugun dyd

Western Australia state: Broome coast area and inland. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Djugun, Jugun, Jukun Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan

English eng

Users: 24,200,000 in Australia (2020), all users. L1 users: 17,000,000 (2016 census). Status: 1 (National). De facto national language. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English

Erre err

Northern Territory: East Alligator river area, Mount Howship; Red Lily area west of Oenpelli. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Ari, Ere Classification: Australian, Giimbiyu

Estonian, Standard ekk

Users: 1,840 in Australia (2016 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Eesti Keel Classification: Uralic, Finnic

Fiji Hindi hif

Users: 2,710 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Eastern, East Central

Fijian fij

Users: 8,150 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, East Fijian

Finnish fin

Users: 5,960 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Uralic, Finnic

Flinders Island fln

Queensland state: Cape York peninsula, Flinders island, Princess Charlotte bay. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Johnny Flinders, died circa 2000. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Gambilmugu, Mutumui, Walmbaria, Wurima, Yalgawarra Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Flinders Island

French fra

Users: 70,900 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French

Gabi-Gabi gbw

Queensland state: Bribie island, Burnett, Caboolture, Childers, Cooroy, Fraser island, Gympie, Hervey bay, Jimna range, Kilkivan, Mary river, Maryborough; coast ranges. Users: No known L1 speakers. In 1983 there were only a few rememberers of the language (Holmer 1983). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Cabee, Carby, Carby-carbery, Dhapil, Dhipil, Dippil, Dipple, Doon-dooburra, Doondoora, Dowarburra, Dundubara, Dunduura, Gabi, Gabigabi, Gubbi Gubbi, Kabbi, Kabi, Kabi Kabi, Kabikabi, Kahby, Karabi, Karbi, Maiba Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Waka-Kabic

Gadjerawang gdh

Western Australia state and Northern Territory: Wyndham to Victoria river mouth and inland on north coast. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker may have survived into the 2010s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Gadjerong, Gadjerrong, Gadyerong, Gajerrong, Gajirrabeng, Gajirrawoong, Kadjerawang, Kadjeroen, Kadjerong, Kadpjeroen, Kajirrawong, Kajirrawung Classification: Australian, Djeragan

Gagadu gbu

Northern Territory: Oenpelli. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Big Bill Neidjie, died in May 2002. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Abdedal, Abiddul, Gaagudju, Gagadju, Gagudju, Kakadu, Kakakta, Kakdju, Kakdjuan Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Gagudjuan

Gambera gma

Western Australia state: Admiralty gulf, far north Kimberleys area. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Gamberre, Gambre, Gamgre, Guwan, Kambera Classification: Australian, Worrorran

Gamilaraay kld

New South Wales state: Balonne, Barwon, Bundarra rivers, upper Hunter river, Liverpool Plains; Queensland state: 2 small areas southeast. Users: 110, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers, but emerging L2 speakers. Recently extinct in its original form, but spoken by many as a mixture of English [eng] and Gamilaraay (Wurm 2007). It stopped being used daily in the first half of 20th century (Austin and Nathan 1998). L2 users: 110 (2016 census). Status: 9 (Reawakening). Alternate Names: Cam ell eri, Camel Duahi, Camileroi, Camleroy, Cammealroy, Comleroy, Cum milroy, Cumilri, Cummeroy, Euahlayi, Euhahlayi, Gamilaroi, Gamilray, Gamilroi, Ghummilarai, Gomeroi, Gumilori, Gumilray, Gumilroi, Guminilroi, Gummilray, Gummilroi, Gunilroi, Gunnilaroi, Guyinbaray, Juwalarai, Kaameelarrai, Kahmilaharoy, Kahmilari, Kahml Duhai, Kakmilari, Kamalarai, Kamil, Kamilaori, Kamilarai, Kamilari, Kamilaroi, Kamilary, Kamileroi, Kamilrai, Kamilroi, Kamu, Kamularoi, Karmil, Kimilari, Komleroy, Koomilroi, Northern Gamilaraay, Peel River language, Tjake, Tyake, Ualarai, Walarai, Weraerai, Wirajarai, Yauan Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Wiradhuric

Ganggalida gcd

Queensland state: Burketown area. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker likely survived into the 2010s. 6 semi-speakers (Wurm 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Engarilla, Eugoola, Ganggalita, Iukala, Jakula, Jogula, Jokal, Jokala, Jokul, Jokula, Jugul, Jugula, Jugulda, Jungulda, Kanggaleida, Kangkalita, Mainland Tangkic, Southern Tangkic, Yangarella, Yokula, Yookala, Yugulda, Yukala, Yukula, Yukulta, Yukulta-Nguburindi Classification: Australian, Tangic

Gangulu gnl

Queensland state: Isaac river area, west of Marlborough. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died in the 1980s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Cangoolootha, Ka-ngool-lo, Kaangooloo, Kangalo, Kangulu, Kanolu, Khang, Khangalu, Kongal, Kongul, Konguli Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Garig-Ilgar ilg

Northern Territory: Cobourg peninsula mainland; Port Essington area. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 2003. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Australian, Yiwaidjan, Yiwaidjic

Garingbal xgi

Queensland state: Bedourie, Brown river, Carnavon range, Comet river, Consuelo peak, Expedition range, Rolleston. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Kaingbul, Kanoloo, Karingbal, Karingbool, Karranbal Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Garlali gll

Victoria state: Bulloo Downs, north to Orient, west to Grey range, east to Clyde, south to Bulloo lake floodplain. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Peter Hood, died sometime between 1999 and 2009. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Galali, Kalali, Kalil, Kullali, Kullalli, Kullally, Kullilla, Kullilli, Ngura Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Ngura

Garrwa wrk

Northern Territory: Borroloola on Macarthur river east bank near Queensland state border, toward Doomadgee and Nicolson river. Users: 130 (2016 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Gaarwa, Garawa, Garrawa, Grawa, Kariwa, Karrawar, Karrwa, Korrawa, Kurrawar, Leearawa, Leearrawa, Wollongorang, Wulungwara Autonym: Karawa Classification: Australian, Yanyi

German, Standard deu

Scattered. Users: 79,400 in Australia (2016 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Deutsch Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German

Githabul gih

Queensland state; New South Wales state: Clarence river, Drake, Killarney, Logan river, Rathdowney, Richmond river, Spicer Gap, Tabulam, Tooloom, Unumgar, Urbenville, Woodenbong. Users: 4 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Gidabal, Gidabul, Gidhabal, Gidjoobal, Kidabal, Kidjabal, Kita-bool, Kitabool, Kitapul, Kitta-bool, Kittabool, Kuttibul, Noowidal Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Bandjalangic

Giyug giy

Northern Territory: Anson Bay, Peron islands, southwest of Darwin. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Wagaydy

Golpa lja

Northern Territory: Elcho, Murru’ga, Wessels. Users: 3 (2015 ELDP). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Golba, Golbu, Gorlba, Gorlpa, Kolpa Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu

Gooniyandi gni

Western Australia state: Fossil Downs, Gogo, Louisa, and Margaret river stations. Users: 130 (2016 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Goonien, Gunan, Gunian, Guniandi, Guniyan, Guniyandi, Guniyn, Konajan, Konean, Konejandi, Koneyandi, Kunan, Kunian, Kuniandu, Kuniyan, Wadeawulu Autonym: Gooniyandi Classification: Australian, Bunaban

Goreng xgg

Western Australia: Badgebup; Bremer bay; Broome Hill; Ceranbrook; Gairdner river; Gnowangerup; Jeramungup; Kibbleup; Kojonup; Nampup; Nyabing; Ongerup; Pallinup river; Pingrup; Qualeup; Salt river; Stirling range; Tambellup. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker and possibly the entire tribe died before 1963 (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Corine, Coro-ran, Kaialiwongi, Kokar, Koorengi, Kuriny, Mongup, Warangu, Warranger, Warrangle, Warrangoo Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Nyungar

Greek ell

Widespread. Users: 238,000 in Australia (2016 census), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Indo-European, Greek, Attic

Gudang xgd

Queensland state: Albany island; Cape York; Escape river; Mount Adolphus island. Users: No known L1 speakers. Gudang or Djagaraga was presumed to be either almost extinct or extinct already in 1963, so the last speaker probably died in the 1960s or earlier (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Alauikeno, Djagaraga, Gootung, Kekoseno Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman

Gudanji nji

Northern Territory: Barkly tableland, Borroloola, Elliott, northeast of Lake Woods, and Tennant creek. Users: No known L1 speakers (2015 SIL). A few elderly speakers survived into the twenty-first century (Nordlinger 1998). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Gurdanji, Kurdanji, Ngarnga Classification: Australian, West Barkly

Gugadj ggd

Queensland state: north coast, west of Karumba inland on Norman river. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Kukatj Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Flinders Pama

Gugu Badhun gdc

Queensland state: west of Ingham and Abergowrie, almost to Einasleigh. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Gugu-Badhun, Koko Padun, Koko Patun, Koko-Patun, Kokopatun, Patun Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Gugu Warra wrw

Queensland state: Cape York peninsula, west bank of Normanby river. Users: No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by 1960 (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Guguwarra, Koko Wara, Kokolaia, Kokowarra, Kuku-Wara, Laia Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Mbariman

Gujarati guj

Users: 52,900 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Gujarati

Gumatj gnn

Northern Territory: Yirrkala. Users: 120 (2016 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gomadj, Gumait, Gumaj Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhuwal

Gunditjmara gjm

Victoria state: Cape Bridgewater, Caramut, Hamilton, Hopkins river, Lake Condah, Port Fairy, Portland, Warrnambol, Woolsthorpe. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Frances M. Alberts, died in 1963 (Hercus 1986). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Dhauhurtwurru, Dhauwurd Wurrung, Gournditch-mara, Gundidj, Gurnditschmara, Kirurndit, Kuunditjmara, Kuurn Kopan Noot, Kuurn-kopan-noot, Ngutuk, Nil-can-cone-deets, Tourahonong, Warrnambool, Weeritch-Weeritch Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Bungandidj

Gundungurra xrd

New South Wales state: Berrima, Camden, Goulburn, Wollondilly. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in the 1970s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Burragorang, Cundunorah, Gandangara, Gundanora, Gundungari, Gundungorra, Gurra-gunga Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuin

Gungabula gyf

Queensland state: Injune area. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Khungabula, Kongabula, Kungabula, Ongabula Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Gunwinggu gup

Northern Territory: Arnhem Land, Croker Island, Oenpelli, Maningrida. Users: 2,130 (2016 census). 50 Gundjeipme, 180 Gunei, 1,760 Gunwinggu, 140 Mayali (2016 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bininj Gun-Wok, Gunawitji, Gunwinjgu, Gunwinygu, Kuninjku, Kunwinjku Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Gunwinggic

Gunya gyy

Queensland state: Wyandra area. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Margaret McKellar, died in 1972 (Breen 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Kunja, Kurnja Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Gupapuyngu guf

Northern Territory: Arnhem Land, Elcho Islands, Milingimbi. Users: 1,250, all users. L1 users: 300 (2016 census). 130 Dhuwala, 150 Gupapuyngu, 8 Madarrpa, 15 Wubulkarra (2016 census). L2 users: 950. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gobabingo, Gubabwingu Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhuwal

Gurdjar gdj

Queensland state: Delta, Normanton. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 2000s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Goom-Gharra, Gunggara, Kunggara, Kunggera, Kurtjar Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Norman Pama

Gureng Gureng gnr

Queensland state: north Burnett river district, Abercorn area. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker survived into the 1980s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Curang-gurang, Curanggurang, Daribalang, Ginginburra, Goorang-goorang, Gooranggorang, Gooreng Gooreng, Goreng Goreng, Goreng-Goreng, Gurang, Gurang Gurang, Gurang-Gurang, Guranggurang, Gureng-Gureng, Gurreng Gurreng, Kooranga, Koreng-koreng, Korenggoreng, Korrengkorreng, Kurranga, Taribelang, Taribeleng, Tarribelung, Tulua, Wokka, Yawaim Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Waka-Kabic, Than

Gurindji gue

Northern Territory: Kalkaringi, Victoria river and Wave Hill. Users: 410 (2016 census). 405 Gurinji and 4 Malngin (2016 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Gurinji, Wurlayi Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Ngumbin

Gurindji Kriol gjr

Northern Territory, Victoria River district, Kalkaringi and Daguragu. Users: 1,000 (Meakins 2013). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gurindji, Gurindji Children’s Language, Gurinji, Gurinji Kriol, Miksimap Classification: Mixed language, Gurindji-Kriol

Gurr-goni gge

Northern Territory: Arnhem Land, south of Maningrida, Mann river area, northwest of Rembarrnga [rmb] language area, east of Gunwinyggu [gup] language area. Users: 46 (2016 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gorogone, Gun-Guragone, Gunagoragone, Gungorogone, Guragone, Gurrogone, Gutjertabia Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Burarran

Guugu Yimidhirr kky

Queensland state: Hopevale. Users: 780 (2016 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gugu Yimijir, Gugu-Yimidhirr, Guguyimidjir, Guugu Yimithirr, Koko Imudji, Kukuyimidir Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Guugu-Yimidhirr

Guwa xgw

Queensland state: Victoria river, headwaters of Diamantina north to Kynuna, and Hamilton creek divide; west to Middleton creek; east to Winton and Sesbania; south almost to Cork. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker survived into the 1970s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Coa, Coah, Goa, Goamalku, Goamulgo Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Guwamu gwu

Queensland state: between Maranoa, Moonie, St. George, and Surat rivers. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the late 1990s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Guamu, Kaombal, Koambal, Koamu, Kooma, Kuam, Kuamu, Oamu Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Guyani gvy

South Australia state: south Yorke Peninsula. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Alice Oldfield, died in 1978. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Cooyiannie, Gujani, Kijani, Koonarie, Kooteeuna, Kooteeunna, Kooyeeunna, Kooyiannie, Kujani, Kuyani, Kuyanni, Kwiana, Kwiani, Nganitjidi, Ngannityiddi, Owinia Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yura

Hazaragi haz

Users: 22,300 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian

Hebrew heb

Users: 10,300 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Canaanite

Hindi hin

Users: 160,000 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Hindustani

Hmong Njua hnj

Users: 2,450 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Hungarian hun

Users: 19,900 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Uralic

Igbo ibo

Users: 2,000 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Igboid, Igbo

Ikaranggal ikr

Queensland state: Dixie, Goldfield, Lakeland, Palmer. Users: No known L1 speakers. Probably became extinct early in 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Aghu Tharnggalu, Ikarranggal, Ikarranggali Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Rarmul Pama

Indonesian ind

Users: 67,900 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

Italian ita

Widespread. Users: 272,000 in Australia (2016 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Italiano Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Italo-Dalmatian

Iwaidja ibd

Northern Territory: Croker Island. Users: 120 (2016 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Eiwaja, Ibadjo, Iwaidji, Iwaydja, Jiwadja, Karadjee, Limba, Yiwaidja Classification: Australian, Yiwaidjan, Yiwaidjic

Jaitmatang xjt

Victoria state: Lake Dartmouth. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Gundungerre, Jadjmadang, Jaithmathang, Jaitmathang, Yadymadhang Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuin

Jandai jan

Queensland state: southern two-thirds of Stradbroke Island. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in the 1980s (Wurm 2007). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Coobenpil, Djandai, Djendewal, Dsandai, Goenpul, Goinbal, Gonjbal, Janday, Jendairwal, Jundai, Koenpel, Noogoon, Tchandi Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Durubulic

Japanese jpn

Major cities. Users: 56,000 in Australia (2016 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Japonic

Jaru ddj

Western Australia state: southeast Kimberley region, Halls Creek, Ringers Soak; Northern Territory: southeast of Gurindji [gue] area. Users: 220 (2016 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Djaru, Jaroo, Tjaru, Wawari Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Ngumbin

Jingulu jig

Northern Territory: Ash Burton range area, Elliott, Elsey station, Newcastle waters. Users: 23 (2016 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Chingalee, Chunguloo, Djingila, Djingili, Djingulu, Jingali, Jingili, Lee, Tchingalee, Tjingili, Tjingilu Classification: Australian, West Barkly

Kala Lagaw Ya mwp

Queensland state: Badu, Bamaga islands, Boigu, Coconut, Dauan, Kubin, Mabuiag, Moa, Saibai, Sue, Thursday, Yam, Yorke, Western Torres Strait islands; Brisbane, Townsville. Users: 960 (2016 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Central Torres Strait, Kala Lagau Langgus, Kala Lagaw, Kala Yagaw Ya, Kalau Lagau Ya, Langgus, Langus, Linggo, Mabuiag, Yagar Yagar Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Kala Lagaw Ya

Kalaamaya lkm

Western Australia state: Boorabbin and Southern Cross; east to Bullabulling; north to Youanmi, Lake Barlee, and Pigeon Rocks; west to Burracoppin, Kalannie, Lake Moore and Mukinbudin; south to about Mount Holland in the Parker range. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Galamai, Galamaya, Kalamai, Kalamaia, Karlamay, Karlamayi, Kelamai Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West

Kalarko kba

Western Australia state: Bremer and Fraser ranges area. Users: No known L1 speakers. Probably became extinct in the 1960s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Galaagu, Kalaako, Kalaaku, Kalako, Kalakul, Kalarku, Malba, Malpa Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Mirning

Kalkutung ktg

Queensland state: Mount Isa area. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 1970s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Galgadungu, Galgaduun, Kalkadoon, Kalkatungu, Kalkutungu Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Galgadungic

Kamu xmu

Northern Territory: south of Darwin, east of Daly river. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1970s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Gamor, Gamu Classification: Australian, Daly, Malagmalag, Daly Proper

Kanju kbe

Queensland state: Central Cape York. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker may have survived into the 2010s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Gandanju, Gandju, Jabuda, Kaanju, Kaantyu, Kamdhue, Kandju, Kandyu, Kanyu, Karnu, Neogulada, Yaldiye-Ho Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northeastern Pama

Kannada kan

Users: 9,700 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Kannada

Karajarri gbd

Western Australia state: Broome, La Grange mission, Roebuck Bay and inland. Users: 41 (2016 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Garadjari, Garadjiri, Garadyari, Gard’are, Guradjara, Karadjeri, Karrajarri Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Marngu

Karenggapa eaa

Queensland state: Bulloo river about Bulloo lakes; Connulpie Downs and Yalpunga; Mount Bygrave and Woodbum lake; southwest to Milpa-rinka area; east to Therloo Downs; New South Wales state: Tiboo-burra. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died before the 1950s (Hercus and Austin 2004). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Garanggaba, Karrengappa, Kurengappa Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic

Kariyarra vka

Western Australia state: south of Port Hedland. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in 1991. Some people still know some words (Wurm 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Gariera, Kariara, Kariera, Kariyara, Karriara Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Coastal Ngayarda

Karuwali rxw

Queensland state: Beal range, Beetoota, Connemara, Diamantina river, Durrie, Farrars creek, Haddon Corner, Monkira, Morney plains. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died during or before the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Gara-wali, Garuwali, Goore, Karawalla, Karorinje, Kuriwalu, Kurrawulla, Midhaga, Mithaka Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic

Kaurna zku

South Australia state: Fleurieu peninsula; Cape Jervis south to Clare and Crystal Brook north, bounded by Gulf Saint Vincent west and Mount Lofty ranges east. Users: 53, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers, but emerging L2 speakers. Last speaker, Ivaritji, died in 1929 (2015 R. Amery). L2 users: 53 (2016 census). Status: 9 (Reawakening). Alternate Names: Coorna, Gaurna, Jaitjawarra, Karnuwarra, Kaura, Koornawarra, Kurumidlanta, Medaindi, Medaindie, Meljurna, Merelde, Merildekald, Meyu, Midlanta, Milipitingara, Nantuwara, Nantuwaru, Nganawara, Padnaindi, Padnayndie, Wakanuwan, Warra, Warrah, Widninga, Winaini, Winnay-nie, Winnaynie Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yura

Kayardild gyd

Queensland state: Gulf of Carpentaria, Mornington Island. Users: 8 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 25 (2006 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Gajadilt, Gajardild, Gayadilt, Gayardild, Gayardilt, Kaiadilt, Malununda Classification: Australian, Tangic

Kaytetye gbb

Northern Territory: North of Alice Springs. Users: 120 (2016 census), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gaididj, Kaiditj, Kaititj, Kaytej Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Arandic

Keerray-Woorroong wkr

Victoria: Mount Shadwell and Spring Creek. Users: 5 (2005 AUSTLANG). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan

Khmer khm

Users: 35,400 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Khmer

Kija gia

Western Australia state: near Hall’s and Turkey creeks. Users: 170 (2016 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Gidja, Kidja, Kitja Classification: Australian, Djeragan

Kok-Nar gko

Queensland state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in the early 1970s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Gog Nar, Goondarra, Gugu Nar, Gugu Nhang, Gundara, Kok Nar, Kok Narr, Kok Nhang, Kok-Narr, Kokatabul, Kokawan-gar, Koknar, Koko-Nar, Koko-Nari, Koko-Nhang, Koko-daua, Kokodaue, Kokowanggara, Kuantari, Kuk-Narr, Kundar, Kundara, Kuuk-Nhang, Kwanthar, Oikand, Wangara, Wanggara Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Southwestern Pama

Kokata ktd

South Australia state: Coober Peby, Mount Eba, Pimba. Users: 16 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Gugada, Kokatha, Kokitta, Koocatho, Koogurda, Kugurda, Kukata, Kukatha, Madutara, Maduwonga, Wanggamadu, Wongamardu Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati

Koko Babangk okg

Queensland state: lower Cape York peninsula, Gulf of Carpenteria coast, between Mitchell and Nassau rivers. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker lived into the late 1970s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Kok Peponk, Kok-Babonk, Kok-Papangk, Kok-Paponk, Koko Kunaniy Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Southwestern Pama

Koko-Bera kkp

Queensland state: Mission river mouth area, Mitchell river. Users: 10 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Berang, Gugubera, Kok Kaber, Kok-Kaper, Koko Pera, Kukubera, Paperyn Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Coastal Pama

Konkani knn

Users: 2,420 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern, Konkani

Korean kor

Users: 109,000 in Australia (2016 census). Ethnic population: 167,000 (2019 Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Koreanic

Krio kri

Users: 2,530 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Creole, English based, Atlantic, Krio

Kriol rop

Western Australia state; Northern Territory: Kimberley region, Roper river, Katherine areas, Ngukurr; Queensland state: Gulf country, Lower Cape York peninsula. Users: 17,160, all users. L1 users: 7,160 (2016 census). L2 users: 10,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Originated in northern Australia after European contact in late 18th century. Now widespread, with input from local Aboriginal languages. Alternate Names: Roper-Bamyili Creole Autonym: Kriol Classification: Creole, English based, Pacific

Kugu-Muminh xmh

Queensland state: Cape York peninsula, east coast south of Aurukun. Users: No known L1 speakers (2016 census). Last speakers survived into the 2000s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Kugu, Kuku-Muminh, Wik Muminh, Wik-Mumin Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama

Kukatja kux

Western Australia state: Balgo, Lake Gregory and east, south of Halls Creek. Users: 130 (2016 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gugadja, Kukaja Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati

Kuku-Mangk xmq

Queensland state: Cape York peninsula, east coast south of Aurukun. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Kugu-Mangk Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama

Kuku-Mu’inh xmp

Queensland state: Cape York peninsula, east coast south of Aurukun. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the late 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Kugu-Mu’inh Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama

Kuku-Ugbanh ugb

Queensland state: Cape York peninsula, west coast south of Aurukun. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Kugu-Ugbanh Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama

Kuku-Uwanh uwa

Queensland state: Cape York peninsula, east coast south of Aurukun. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Gugu-Uwanh, Kugu-Uwanh Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama

Kuku-Yalanji gvn

Queensland state: Bloomfield River (Ayton), Daintree, Mossman, Wujal-Wujal, and between Cooktown and Mossman. Users: 320 (2016 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gugu Yalandyi, Gugu Yalanji, Guguyalanji, Koko-Yalanji, Kuku-Yalangi Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yalandyic

Kumbainggar kgs

New South Wales state: Grafton and north coast. Users: 90 (2016 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baanbay, Gambalamam, Gumbaingari, Gumbainggar, Gumbainggir, Gumbaynggir, Gumbayunggir, Kumbaingeri, Kumbainggiri Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Gumbaynggiric

Kunbarlang wlg

Northern Territory: Gunbalanya (Oenpelli), Maningrida, Minjilang (Crocker island), and Warruwi (South Goulburn island). Users: 45 (Kapitonov 2019). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Barlang, Gunbalang, Gunbarlang, Gungalang, Walang, Warlang Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Gunwinggic

Kungarakany ggk

Northern Territory: Finniss river; south of Darwin, Darwin river and Rum Jungle area. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker, Madeline England, died in 1989. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Gunerakan, Gungaragan, Gungaragany, Gungarakanj, Gungarakayn, Kangarraga, Kungarakan Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Gungaraganyan

Kungardutyi gdt

Queensland state: Cooper Creek north of Durham Downs; east to Mount Howitt and Kyabra Creek; northwest to near Lake Yamma Yamma. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Gungadidji, Gungadudji, Gunganndji, Kunatatchee, Kungaditji, Kungadutji, Kungarditchi, Kungatutji, Kungatutyi, Kungkatutyi Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic

Kunggari kgl

Queensland state: Upper Nebine and Mungallala creeks. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 1980s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Coongurri, Gungari, Gunggari, Kungkari, Ungorri Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Kungkari lku

Queensland state: Avington, Blackall, Cheviot range, Grey range, Jundah, Longreach, Powell creek, Terrick Terrick, Welford, Westland; Cooper (Barcoo) and Thomson rivers. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker most likely diec in the late 19th or early 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Koongerri, Koonkerri, Kungeri, Kunggari, Mokaburra, Tarawalla, Torra-burri, Yangeeberra, Yankibura Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic

Kunjen kjn

Queensland state: Edward river, Kowanyama, Wrotham Park. Users: 7 (2005 AUSTLANG), decreasing. Ethnic population: 300 (1991 B. Sommer). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Guguminjen, Kukumindjen Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Central Pama

Kurdish, Northern kmr

Users: 6,200 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish

Kurnai unn

Victoria state: Gippsland from Inverloch to Cann river. Users: 4 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Cunni, Ganai, Gooni, Gunna, Gunnai, Kanai, Kunnai Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan

Kurrama vku

Western Australia state: northwest, southeast of Pannawonica. Users: 10 (2005 AUSTLANG). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Gurama, Karama, Korama, Kurama Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Coastal Ngayarda

Kuthant xut

Queensland state: southwest Cape York peninsula, north of Karumba and Normanton. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Garandi Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Norman Pama

Kuuk Thayorre thd

Queensland state: west Cape York, between coleman and Edward rivers. Users: 210 (2016 census). Kuuk-Yak dialect recently extinct (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 350 (1982 A. Hall). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Behran, Gugudayor, Kuktayor, Kukudayore, Kuuk Thaayoore, Kuuk Thaayorre, Taior, Thaayore, Thaayorre, Thayore, Thayorre Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Western Pama

Kuuk-Yak uky

Queensland state: Cape York peninsula mid-west coast and inland, between Edward and Coleman rivers. Users: No known L1 speakers. Estimated 40 speakers in 1975, but the date of last speaker’s death unknown. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Koko Yak, Kuku Yak, Kuuk Yak Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Southwestern Pama

Kuuku-Ya’u kuy

Queensland state: northeast Cape York peninsula south of Temple bay. Users: 10 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Bagadji, Gugu Yau, Koko-Ja’o, Kokoyao, Kuuk-Yak, Kuuku Ya’u, Pakadji, Ya’o Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northeastern Pama

Kuwema woa

Northern Territory: Delissaville. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (Black 1983). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Daktjerat, Djeradj, Djerag, Djeraidy, Dyeraidy, Tjerait, Tyaraity, Tyeraity Classification: Australian, Daly, Malagmalag, Malagmalag Proper

Kwini gww

Western Australia state: Kalumburu. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker probably survived into the 2010s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Cuini, Goonan, Gunin, Gwiini, Gwini, Kunan, Wunambal Classification: Australian, Worrorran

Ladji Ladji llj

Victoria state. Users: No known L1 speakers (census). Probably became extinct early in 20th century. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Acaxee, Laci-Laci, Ladji-Ladji, Laitchi-Laitchi, Laitu, Laitu-Laitu, Latja Latji, Latjalatji, Latje Latje, Latjilatji, Latjoo-Latjoo, Latyoo-Latyoo, Ledji-Ledji, Ledjiledji, Leitch-Leitchi, Litchoo-Litchoo, Litchy-Litchy, Lutchye-Lutchye Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Kulin

Lamalama lby

Queensland state: Bamiga, and Coen. Users: 3 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Lama-Lama, Lamu-Lamu, Lamulamul, Mba Rumbathama Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Lamalamic

Lanima lnw

Victoria state: Carlo springs on upper Mulligan river; Julaolinja; east to Marion downs. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survivied into the 1970s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Lhanima, Pitta Pitta, Ulaolinja, Ulaolinya, Wanggamana, Wanggamanha, Wangkamanha, Wonggaman, Yurlayurlanya Classification: Australian

Lao lao

Users: 9,980 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Laragia lrg

Northern Territory: Darwin area. Users: 14 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Gulumirrgin, Laragiya, Larakia, Larakiya, Larrakia, Larrakiya, Ngandalagarak Classification: Australian, Laragiyan

Lardil lbz

Queensland state: Mornington Island. Users: 65 (2016 census). More semi-speakers (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Kunana, Ladil, Laierdila, Lardill Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Lardil

Latvian, Standard lvs

Users: 3,000 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Baltic, Eastern

Leningitij lnj

Queensland state: Winduwinda area. Users: No known L1 speakers. The ‘most knowledgeable speaker’, Sam Kerindun, died ‘several years ago’ (Hale 1983). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Linngithig, Linngithigh Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northern Pama

Limilngan lmc

Northern Territory: Arnhem Land, Mary River to west Alligator river, coast and inland. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Manadja, Manidja, Minitji Classification: Australian, Limilngan-Wulna

Lithuanian lit

Users: 2,000 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Baltic, Eastern

Lower Burdekin xbb

Queensland: Northern region, near mouth of Burdekin River. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last recorded data collected in 1886; nothing more known after that. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Macedonian mkd

Users: 66,000 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Eastern

Madhi Madhi dmd

New South Wales state: Balranald to Murray districts, north to the Lachlan. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Jack Long, died in 1978 (Blake et al 2011). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Madhi-Madhi, Madhimadhi, Mathi-Mathi, Muthi Muthi, Muthimuthi, Mutti Mutti Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Kulin

Malak Malak mpb

Northern Territory: Daly river north bank. Users: 8 (2012 ELDP). Ethnic population: 37 (2006 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Malagmalag, Malak-Malak, Malakmalak, Mullikmullik, Mulluk-Mulluk, Mullukmulluk, Ngolak-Wonga, Ngolokwangga, Ngulukwongga, Nguluwongga Classification: Australian, Daly, Malagmalag, Malagmalag Proper

Malay zlm

Users: 17,900 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

Malayalam mal

Users: 53,200 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam

Malgana vml

Western Australia state: Shark Bay, Hamelin Pool area north to Wooramel river. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last fluent speakers died in the 1990s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Maldjana, Maljanna, Malkana Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Malgana

Maltese mlt

Users: 32,000 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Malyangapa yga

New South Wales state: Milparinka; Yancannie creek head, east beyond Mount Arrowsmith, south to about Mootwin-gee and Sturt Meadow. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker, Laurie Quayle, died in 1976. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Bulali, Bulalli, Karikari, Malgaaljangaba, Malgangara, Malja:pa, Maljangaba, Maljangapa, Malya-napa, Malyanapa, Malyangaba, Malyapa, Malynapa, Milya-uppa, Milyauppa, Muliaarpa, Mullia-arpa, Multyerra, Mulya-napa, Mulya-nappa, Mulyanapa, Mulyanappa, Nalyanapa Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yarli

Manangkari znk

Northern Territory: Cobourg Peninsula. Users: No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by the mid 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Mananggari, Manangkarri, Maung, Naragani Classification: Australian, Yiwaidjan, Yiwaidjic

Manda zma

Northern Territory: coast southwest of Anson Bay, southwest of Darwin. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 1990s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Mendhe, Menthe Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Wagaydy

Mandandanyi zmk

Queensland state: Roma Area; Maranoa river to Miles and Wandoan areas. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Kogai, Mandandanji, Mandandanjnjdji, Mundaeinbura, Mundainbara Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Mangala mem

Western Australia state: Broome, Edgar range, Fitzroy, Jurgurra creek, West Pilbara. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 1986. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Djawali, Djuwali, Jiwali, Jiwarli, Koalgurdi, Manala, Mangalaa, Mangarla, Minala, Yalmbau Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Mangala

Mangarrayi mpc

Northern Territory: Jilkminggan. Users: 1 (2019 M. Richards). Some semi-speakers (2019 M. Richards). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Mangarai, Mangarayi, Manggarai, Mungarai, Mungerry, Ngarrabadji Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Mangarayic

Mangerr zme

Northern Territory: Arnhem Land, Oenpelli area. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Giimbiyu, Mangerei, Mangeri, Mengerrdji, Mennagi Classification: Australian, Giimbiyu

Maori mri

Users: 11,700 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Nuclear, East, Central, Tahitic

Maranunggu zmr

Northern Territory: southwest of Darwin, inland from Anson Bay, east of Manda. Users: 5 (2005 AUSTLANG). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Emmi, Maranungku, Merranunggu, Warrgat Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Wagaydy

Marathi mar

Users: 13,100 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern

Margany zmc

Queensland state: between Quilpie and Wyandra; Bulloo and Paroo rivers. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Marrganj Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Margu mhg

Northern Territory: Croker island. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in September 2003. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Ajokoot, Croker, Island Margu, Jaako, Marrgu, Raffles Bay, Terrutong, Terutong, Yaako, Yako Classification: Australian, Yiwaidjan, Margic

Maridan zmd

Northern Territory: southwest of Darwin, north of Moyle river, east of Magadige. Users: No known L1 speakers (census). Last speakers survived into the 2000s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Maredan, Marridan, Meradan Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Bringen

Maridjabin zmj

Northern Territory: inland from Anson bay, south of Mariyedi and Manda, southwest of Darwin. Users: 1 (2012). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Maredyerbin, Maretyabin, Maridyerbin, Maritjabin, Marri Tjevin Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Bringen

Marimanindji zmm

Northern Territory: south of Daly and Darwin rivers, west of Muldiva river, near headwaters. Users: No known L1 speakers (census). Last speakers survived into the 2000s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Maramanandji, Maramanindji, Maramarandji, Marimanindu, Marramaninjsji, Marramaninyshi, Murinmanindji Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Bringen

Maringarr zmt

Northern Territory: Wudipuli outstation, near Wadeye; south of Moyle river. Users: 5 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Marenggar, Mari’ngar, Maringa, Marri Ngarr, Marringarr, Muringar, Ngangikadre Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Bringen

Mariyedi zmy

Northern Territory: inland from Anson bay, south of Manda, southwest of Darwin. Users: 20 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). A few speakers (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Marijadi, Marijedi, Murijadi Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Bringen

Marra mec

Northern Territory: Arnhem Land, Roper river area. Users: 5 (2010 ELDP). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Leelalwarra, Leelawarra, Maarra, Mala, Mara Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Maran, Mara

Marriammu xru

Northern Territory: Belyuen, Wadeye; possibly also Western Australia state. Users: 2 (Mansfield 2019). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Mareammu, Mariamo, Mariamu, Marri Ammu, Marri Amu Classification: Australian, Daly, Marriammu

Marrithiyel mfr

Northern Territory: Bagot, Delissaville, Daly river and Roper river missions; south of Daly river and central Daly river. Users: 65, all users. L1 users: 15 (2016 census). L2 users: 50. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Berringen, Maridhiel, Maridhiyel, Maridjiel, Marithiel, Marithiyel, “Bringen” (pej.), “Brinken” (pej.) Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Bringen

Marti Ke zmg

Northern Territory: Wadeye, coast south from Moyle river estuary to Port Keats, southwest of Darwin. Users: 50, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers (Mansfield 2019). The last known speaker, Patrick Palibu Nudjulu, died in 2014 (Mansfield 2019). L2 users: 50. Ethnic population: 100. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Magadige, Magati Gair, Magati Ke, Magati-Ge, Marri-ge, Mati Ke, Mirrinh-ge Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Bringen

Martu Wangka mpj

Western Australia state: Jigalong area, Lake Disappointment west side, Great Sandy Desert. Users: 1,080 (2016 census). 720 Martu Wangka, 21 Kartujarra, 310 Manyjilyjarra, 10 Wangkajunga, 16 Yulparitja (2016 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Jigalong, Mardo, Mardujara, Martuwangka, Targoodi, Targudi Autonym: Martu Wangka Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati

Martuyhunira vma

Western Australia: northwest coast southwest of Dampier and inland. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker, Algy Paterson, died in 1995. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Mardadhunira, Mardudhunira, Martuthunira Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Coastal Ngayarda

Matngala zml

Northern Territory: south of Daly and Darwin rivers, Muldiva river west bank. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (Black 1983). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Maangella, Madngela, Madngele, Mandella, Matngele, Muttangulla, Warat Classification: Australian, Daly, Malagmalag, Daly Proper

Maung mph

Northern Territory: Arnhem Land, Goulburn island. Users: 370 (2016 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gun-Marung, Gunmarung, Kunmarung, Mawng, Mawung Classification: Australian, Yiwaidjan, Yiwaidjic

Mayaguduna xmy

Queensland state: north coast area, inland between Flinders and Leichhardt rivers. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 1970s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Mayi-Kutuna Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Mayabic

Mayawali yxa

Victoria state: Diamantina river from Davenport downs and Diamantina lakes north to Old Cork; Mayne river to Mount Vergemont, west to Springvale, southeast to Farrars creek; Brighton and Connemara downs. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker survived into the 1970s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Maiawali, Mayawarli, Mayuli Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic

Mayi-Kulan xyk

Queensland state: Clara, Middle Norman, and Yappar, rivers, north to Milgarra, east to Gregory range, west to Canobie and Iffley stations. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker survived into the 1970s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Maidhagudi, Maigudina, Maigudung, Maigulung, Maikolon, Maikudun, Maikudung, Maikudunu, Maikulan, Maikulung, Majadhagudi, Makulu, Mayagoondoon, Mayagulan, Mayatagoorri, Maygulan, Mayhulan, Maykulan, Miccoolin, Micoolan, Mikadoon, Mikkoolan, Mikoodoono, Mikoolu Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Mayabic

Mayi-Thakurti xyt

Queensland state: Cloncurry and Williams river north to Canobie on Cloncurry river, east to the Julia creek junction with Cloncurry river and to Mount Fort Bowen; Dalgonally. Users: No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by 1960 (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Maidakadi, Maidhagari, Maidhaggaria, Maidhargari, Maioakuri, Maitakeidi, Maitakudi, Maithagudi, Maithakadi, Maithakari, Maithakudi, Mayadhagurdifagurdi, Mayatagoori, Maydhagurdi, Maytagoori, Mitagurdi, Mitakoodi, Mitakudi, Mitroogoordi, Mittagurdi, Mittaka, Mythaguddi, Mythugadi, Mythuggadi Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Mayabic

Mayi-Yapi xyj

Queensland state: Cloncurry river south to Canobie, north to Donor Hills, at Numbera (Cowan Downs); east to Flinders river and the Lower Saxby, west to upper Dismal creek and Leichhardt-Alexandra divide. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died no later than the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Majabi, Miappe, Miappi, Miubbi, Myabi, Myappe Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Mayabic

Mbara mvl

Queensland state. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Ambara, Bargal, Kumbulmara, Midjamba, Mitjamba Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Mbara

Mbariman-Gudhinma zmv

Queensland state: Cape York peninsula, Princess Charlotte bay southwest coast. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Rimang-Gudinhma, Rimanggudinhma Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Mbariman

Meriam Mir ulk

Queensland state: Darnley island, Eastern Torres Strait islands. Users: 220 (2016 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: East Torres, Mer, Meriam, Meryam Mir, Mir, Miriam, Miriam-Mir Classification: Eastern Trans-Fly

Minang xrg

Western Australia state: Boat harbor, Cowerup, King George’s sound, Lac Muir, Minang, Mount Barker, Nornalup, Pallinup river, Porongurup range, Shannon river, Stirling range, Tenterden, West Cliff Point, Wilson inlet. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Mean-anger, Mearn-anger, Meenung, Meernanger, Menang, Mineng, Mining, Minnal Yungar, Minung, Mirnong, Mount Barker tribe, Noongar, Nyungar Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Nyungar

Minjungbal xjb

New South Wales state: Cape Byron, Clarence river, Cudgen, Murwillumbah, Nerang creek, Southport. Users: 18 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Cood-jingburra, Cudgingberry, Gan-dowal, Gando Minjang, Gendo, Minjangbal, Minyowa, Minyung, Ngandowul, Tweed-Albert, Yugambeh Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Bandjalangic

Minkin xxm

Queensland: Albert river; Augustus Downs; Barclay river; Barkly river; Burketown; Gregory Downs; Leichhardt river.. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker likely died in the early 1900s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Mingginda, Mingin, Minikin, Minkina, Myengeen Classification: Australian, Tangic

Miriwoong mep

Western Australia state: Kununurra, Turkey creek; Northern Territory: toward the mouth of the Victoria river. Users: 12 (2017 Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring Language and Culture Centre). Ethnic population: 160 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Merong, Miriwun, Miriwung, Mirung Classification: Australian, Djeragan

Miriwoong Sign Language rsm

Western Australia, Kununurra. Users: 3 monolinguals (2014 D. Adone). Mostly used by hearing people. 3 deaf people identified by the Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring Language and Culture Centre. Ethnic population: A few hundred Miriwoong people; unclear how many use the sign language (2014 D. Adone). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Fingertalk, MwSL Classification: Sign language, Shared sign language

Mirning gmr

South Australia: White Well, inland normally only to edge of the treeless karst plateau of the Nullarbor Plain. Users: 4 (2004 AUSTLANG). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Mirniny Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Mirning

Miwa vmi

Western Australia state: Drysdale river, far north Kimberleys area. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Bagu Classification: Australian, Worrorran

Mongolian, Halh khk

Users: 2,140 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Mongolic, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Khalkha-Buriat, Mongolian Proper

Morisyen mfe

Users: 4,200 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Creole, French based

Morrobalama umg

Queensland state: Cape York peninsula, Princess Charlotte bay east coast. Users: No known L1 speakers. The two last speakers, Nancy Gunnawarra and Mabel Kullakulla, lived into the 1990s (1994 S. Ogilvie). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Baka, Banjigam, Barungguan, Barunguan, Ganganda, Jintjingga, Kuuku-yani, Moroba-Lama, Morrabalama, Morrobolam, Njindingga, Umbuygamu, Umbuykamu, Umpuykumu, Yintjingga Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Lamalamic

Mpalitjanh xpj

Queensland state: Cape York peninsula, middle and upper Ducie river area. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Lɔ:tig, Ludhigh, Luthigh, Mbalidjan, Mpalit Yan, MpalitYan̯, Mpalitjan, Mpalityanh Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northern Pama

Mudburra dmw

Northern Territory: Armstrong river, Camfield river, Cattle creek, Newcastle waters, Pigeon Hole station, Thjambutjambulani, Top Springs, Victoria river, Killarney homestead, Moolooloo, Victoria River Downs homestead, Yarralin. Users: 92 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Karanga, Karangpurru, Karranga, Karrangpurru, Madbara, Moodburra, Mootburra, Mudbara, Mudbarra, Mudbera, Mudbra, Mudbura, Mutpura, Pinkagama, Pinkagarna Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Ngumbin

Muluridyi vmu

Queensland state: Mitchell river headwaters to Mareeba, Mount Carbine, Rumula, Woodville. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Binjara, Kokomoloroij, Kokomoloroitji, Kookanoona, Molloroidyi, Mooloroiji, Mularitchee, Mullridgey, Muluridji, Mulurutji, Waluridji Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yalandyic

Murrinh-Patha mwf

Northern Territory: Port Keats area, Wadeye. Users: 1,970 (2016 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Garama, Murinbada, Murinbata, Murinhpatha, Murinpatha, Murinypata Autonym: Murrinh-Patha Classification: Australian, Daly, Murrinh-Patha

Muruwari zmu

Queensland and New South Wales states: Bollon, Bourke, Dirranbandi, and Weilmoringle, almost to Cunnamulla. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Marawari, Murawari, Murawarri, Murrawari, Muruwarri, Muruwurri Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Muruwaric

Na-kara nck

Northern Territory: Arnhem Land, Goulburn island, Maningrida. Users: 58 (2016 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kokori, Nagara, Nakara, Nakarra, Nakkara Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Burarran

Nari Nari rnr

New South Wales state: Balranald to near Booligal. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last know speaker likely survived into the late 1960s (Wurm 1972). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Nari-Nari, Narinari, Narri-Narri Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Kulin

Narungga nnr

South Australia state: south Yorke peninsula. Users: 25 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Nanunga, Naranga, Narangga, Narranga, Narranggu, Narrangu Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yura

Nauo nwo

South Australia state: Coffin bay, Elliston, Mount Hope, and Port Lincoln; half of Eyre peninsula; west to Cape Radstock, north past Minnipa; east near Darke peak; west of Cleve and halfway between Carrow and Franklin harbor. Users: No known L1 speakers. There were two potential speakers in the 1920s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Growoo, Naua, Nawo, Nawu, Nowo, Nyaawa Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yura

Ndra’ngith dgt

Queensland state: south of Pera Head; Norman river. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Andaˀaneti, Ndra?angid, Ndrag’ngith, Ndraˀangit, Ntra’angith, Ntʳaˀŋit̯ Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northern Pama

Nepali npi

Users: 62,000 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Eastern, Eastern Pahari

Ngaanyatjarra ntj

Western Australia state: Warburton ranges; Northern Territory: southwest corner. Users: 1,110 (2016 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ngaanjatjarra, Ngaanyatjara, Western Desert Language Autonym: Ngaanyatjarra Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati

Ngadjunmaya nju

Western Australia state: Eyre’s Sand Patch, Goddard creek to Fraser range, Naretha, Point Culver, and Port Malcolm; Balladonia, Mount Andres, Norseman, and Russell range. Users: No known L1 speakers. Probably recently extinct (Wurm 2007); last known speakers probably survived into the first decade of the 2000s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Badonjunga, Bardojunga, Marlpa, Ngadju, Ngadjumaja, Ngadjumaya, Ngadjunmaia, Ngajumaya, Ngatju, Ngatjumay, Tchaakalaaga Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Mirning

Ngadjuri jui

South Australia and Victoria states: Burra, Orroroo, Peterborough, and Robertstown districts; Angaston and Freeling north to Carrieton, Clare, Crystal Brook, Gladstone; north of Waukaringa to Koonamore, east to Mannahill. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Aluri, Alury, Boanawari, Burra, Burra Burra, Doora, Eeleeree, Eura, Hillary, Hilleri, Manu, Manuley, Manuri, Mimbara, Monnoo, Ngadhuri, Ngadluri, Ngadyuri, Ngaluri, Ngarluri, Weera, Werra, Wiramaya, Wirameju, Wirameyu, Wirra, Wirra-Maya, Wirramaya, Wirramayo, Wirrameyu, Yilrea, Youngye Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yura

Ngalakgan nig

Northern Territory state: Roper river area. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last fluent speaker died in 2004 (Baker 2007). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Hongalla, Ngalakan, Ngalangan Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Rembargic

Ngamini nmv

South Australia state: Warburton creek area. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Karangura, Yarluyandji Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Karna

Ngan’gityemerri nam

Northern Territory: Mission, Tipperary Station; Daly and Flora rivers junction, Daly river. Users: 26 (2016 census). Ngenkiwumerri dialect is endangered, moving towards seriously endangered (Wurm 2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Moil, Ngangi-Tjemerri, Tyemeri Classification: Australian, Daly, Murrinh-Patha

Nganakarti xnk

Western Australia state: Carnamah, Champion bay, Gullewa, Hill river, and Mingenew. Users: No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by the mid 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Barimaia, Jaburu, Minango, Nanakari, Nanakati, Nhanhagardi, Wiri Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Nyungar

Ngandi nid

Northern Territory: Upper Wilton river. Users: 1 (2017). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Enindhilyagwa

Ngantangarra ntg

Victoria state: upper Wilson river, north to Eromanga area, toward Thylungra and Ray, south to Nockatunga. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Ngandangara Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic

Nganyaywana nyx

New South Wales state: between Ashford, Glen Innes, and Inverell. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers probably lived into the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Anaiwan, Aniwan, Nganjaywana Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Dyangadi

Ngardi rxd

Northern Territory: Balgo hill, Chilla well, Gardiner range, Granites, Ima Ima, Lake Hazlett, Lake Lucas, Lake Mackay, Lake White, Lake Wills, Manggai, Milidjipi, Ngaima Ngaima, Pallotine Mission, Sturt creek, Tanami track, Tekkari; Western Australia state. Users: 3 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Boonara, Bunara, Buruwatung, Kolo, Kukuruba, Manggai, Munga, Ngadi, Ngari, Nyardi, Panara, Puruwantung, Waiangadi, Waiangara, Waiangari, Wain-gara, Walmala, Wanayaga, Warangari, Waringari, Wommana, Woneiga Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Ngumbin

Ngarigu xni

New South Wales state: Australian Alps, Bombala river, Delagate, Monaro Tableland, Nimmitabel, Queanbeyan. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker likely survived into early 2010s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Bemeringal, Bradjerak, Brajerak, Brajerang, Currak-da-bidgee, Garego, Gur-mal, Guramal, Murring, Ngarago, Ngarego, Ngarico, Ngarigo, Ngarroogoo, Ngarrugu, Ngaryo, Nguramal Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuin

Ngarinyin ung

Western Australia: Derby to King river, Kimberley. Users: 12 (2011 ELDP). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Ngarinjin, Ungarinjin, Ungarinyin Classification: Australian, Worrorran

Ngarinyman nbj

Northern Territory: Victoria river, Pigeon Hole. Users: 50 (2005 AUSTLANG). Only one L1 speaker of Bilinarra left (Meakins and Nordlinger 2014). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Airiman, Hainman, Ngaiman, Ngarinman, Ngrarmun Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Ngumbin

Ngarla nrk

Western Australia: Grey river, Kudingaranga, Mulyie, Pardoo, Solitary island, Taluirina pool, Tjaljaranja, Yarrie. Users: No known L1 speakers (2010 P. Austin). Last speaker, Alexander Brown, died on November 5, 2010. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Gnalla, Kudjunguru, Ngala, Ngalana, Ngerla, Ngirla, Ngurla Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Inland Ngayarda

Ngarluma nrl

Western Australia state: Roebourne area, northwest coast and inland. Users: 42 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Gnalluma, Gnalouma, Ngallooma, Ngaluma Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Coastal Ngayarda

Ngarrindjeri nay

South Australia state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in the 1960s. Ethnic population: 310 (2016 census). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Narinjari, Narinyerrie, Narrin’yerree, Narrinjeri, Narrinyeri, Ngarinyeri Autonym: Ngarrindjeri Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Ngarinyeric-Yithayithic

Ngawun nxn

Queensland state: southwest of Croydon, between Flinders and Norman rivers. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Cherry O’Keefe (Tjapun), died in 1977. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Mayabic

Ngayawung nwg

South Australia state: Herman Landing to Penn Reach on Murray river, west to Mount Lofty ranges, south to Ngautngaut. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died before the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Ngaiawang, Ngaiawung, Ngayawang Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Ngarinyeric-Yithayithic

Ngumbarl xnm

Western Australia: Coulomb Point to Cape Boileau, Barred Creek, and Willie Creek. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker likely died in the early 1970s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Ngombal Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan

Ngunawal xul

New South Wales state: Booroowa, Canberra, Goulburn, Queanbeyan, Shoalhaven river, Tumut, Yass. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Gurungada, Ngoonawal, Ngunnawal, Ngunuwal, Nungawal, Wonnawal, Yarr Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuin

Ngurmbur nrx

Northern Territory: Arnhem Land, between West and South Alligator rivers, northeast of Umbugarla. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Gnormbur, Gnumbu, Koarnbut, Ngomburr, Ngormbur, Ngumbur, Oormbur Classification: Australian, Umbugarla-Ngumbur

Nhanda nha

Western Australia: Kalbarri north to Shark bay coast. Users: In 1995, a few speakers were reported. Some still survive (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Nanda, Nanta, Nhanta, Nubda, Nunta Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yinggarda

Nhirrpi hrp

Victoria state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker survived into the 1960s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Palpamadramadra Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic

Nhuwala nhf

Western Australia: Barrow and Monte Bello islands and nearby coast. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers likely survived into the late 1990s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Coastal Ngayarda

Nimanbur nmp

Western Australia: southwest of King sound, and inland. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 1982. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Nimanburru Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan

Norwegian nor

Users: 2,900 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, North, East Scandinavian, Danish-Swedish, Danish-Bokmal

Nuer nus

Users: 2,160 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Nuer

Nugunu nnv

South Australia state: south of Gugada [ktd] language area to coast west to Fowler’s bay and east to Streaky bay, east Spencer gulf. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Doora, Njuguna, Nokunna, Noocoona, Nookoona, Nuguna, Nukana, Nukuna, Nukunnu, Nukunu, Pukunna, Tjura, Tyura, Wallaroo, Warra, Wongaidya Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yura

Nungali nug

Northern Territory: Upper Daly river area. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Ilngali, Jilngali Classification: Australian, Djamindjungan

Nunggubuyu nuy

Northern Territory: east Arnhem Land, Numbulwar. Users: 280 (2016 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nunggubuju, Wubuy, Yingkwira Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Enindhilyagwa

Nunukul xnu

Queensland state. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last known speaker, (Mary) Jane Sunflower, died in 1964 (Holmer 1983). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Moondjan, Ngundjan, Noonuccal, Noonukul, Nukunul, Nunagal, Nunungal, Nununkul Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Durubulic

Nyamal nly

Western Australia state: northwest, Bamboo creek area, Marble Bar, Nullagine, to coast east of Port Hedland. Users: 25 (2016 census), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Gnamo, Namel, Njamal, Njamarl, Nyamel Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Inland Ngayarda

Nyangga nny

Queensland state: Gilbert river head, south of Forsayth to Gledswood, Gregory range to Oak Park and Glenora; Northern Territory: coast east of Robinson river. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Jang-Kala, Janga, Jangaa, Jangga, Njangga, Njanggala, Yangarella, Yanggal, Yangkaal, Yuckamurri Classification: Australian, Tangic

Nyangumarta nna

Western Australia state: Marble Bar, Port Hedland, Tjalku Wara. Users: 210 (2016 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Njangumarda, Njangumarta, Nyangumarda, Nyangumata Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Marngu

Nyawaygi nyt

Queensland state: Herberton south to Herbert river headwaters, to Cashmere, at Millaa Millaa, Ravenshoe, and Woodleigh, east to Tully Falls. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Willie Seaton, died in 2009. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Nawagi Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Dyirbalic

Nyikina nyh

Western Australia state: Lower Fitzroy river. Users: 61 (2016 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Njigina, Njikena, Nyakina, Nyigina, Nyigini Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan

Nyiyaparli xny

Western Australia state: Davis river, Fortescue river, Jigalong creek, Oakover river, Ophtalmia range, Roy hill, Savory creek, Talawana, Weediwolli creek. Users: 5 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Bailko, Balgu, Balygu, Balyku, Iabali, Jana, Janari, Jauna, Niabali, Nijadali, Njiabadi, Njiabali, Njijabadi, Njijabali, Njijapali, Nyiyabali, Nyiyapali, Nyiypali, Paljgu, Palyku Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati

Nyulnyul nyv

Western Australia state: West Kimberley, Beagle Bay coast area. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Mary Carmel Charles, died in 1999. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan

Nyungar nys

Western Australia state. Users: No known L1 speakers (2005 AUSTLANG). Recently extinct (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 480 (2016 census). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Njunga, Njungar, Noongar, Nyunga, Wudjari Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Nyungar

Olkol olk

Queensland state: Coleman river, Crosbie river. Users: 5 (2005 AUSTLANG). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Koka-ollugul, Koko Olkol, Koko Olkolo, Koko-olkol, Kunjen, Ol’kol, Olcoola, Olgol, Olgolo, Olkola, Olkolo, Olkulo, Ulkulu, Wulgulu Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman

Paakantyi drl

New South Wales state: Darling river basin. Users: 4 (2005 AUSTLANG). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Baagandji, Bagandji, Darling, Kula, Paakanti, Paakintyi, Southern Baagandji Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Baagandji

Pakanha pkn

Queensland state: central Cape York peninsula, south of Coleman river. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1990s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Bakanha, Pakanh Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama

Pallanganmiddang pmd

Victoria state: east of Albury. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died ca. 1800. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Balangamida, Pallangahmiddang, Wavaroo, Wave Veroo, Waveroo, Wayerroo, Waywurru, Wayyourong, Wayyouroo, Weeerroo, Weeherroo Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Pallanganmiddang

Pashto, Northern pbu

Users: 9,230 in Australia (2016 census). Census does not distinguish between Central Pashto [pst], Northern Pashto [pbu] and Southern Pashto [pbt]. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pashto

Persian, Iranian pes

Users: 58,300 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian

Pinigura pnv

Western Australia state: northwest, inland on Duck creek. Users: No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). The last speaker died in the 1980s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Binigura, Pinikura Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Dhalandji

Pinjarup pnj

Western Australia state: Pinjarra and Woonerup in Harvey and Leschenaut inlets, Murray river. Users: No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by the mid 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Bangoula, Banyoula, Banyowla, Bindjarub, Binjarup, Kuriwongi, Nyunga, Peejine, Penjarra, Pidjain, Pindjarup, Pinjarra, Yaberoo Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Nyungar

Pintiini pti

Western Australia state: Nullarbor plain north edge, north of Hughes; South Australia state: west of Nullabor. Users: 230 (2016 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nyanganyatjara, Pindiini, Wangada, Wanggaji, Wangkatha, Wonga, Wongai-I, Wonggaii Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati

Pintupi-Luritja piu

Northern Territory: Balgo hills, Kintore, Papunya settlement, and Yuendumu; Western Australia state. Users: 1,110 (2016 census). 150 Pintupi and 960 Luritja (2016 census). 1,000 monolinguals. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bindabu, Binddibu, Bindibu, Bindubi, Bindubu, Loridja, Luritja, Pintubi, Pintupi Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati

Pirlatapa bxi

South Australia state: Lake Blanche area, Lake Callabonn. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by the 1960s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Biladaba, Pirladapa Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Karna

Pirriya xpa

Queensland state: Canaway range, Coopers creek, Gilpeppee, Jundah, Keeroongooloo, Thomson river, Whitula creek. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Albert Upperty (or Uppity), died in 1969 (Breen 1990). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Bidia, Biria, Birria, Piria Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic

Pitcairn-Norfolk pih

Scattered. Users: 1,040 in Australia (2016 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Pitcairn English Classification: Creole, English based, Pacific

Pitjantjatjara pjt

Northern Territory: southwest corner; South Australia state: Pitjantjatjara freehold lands, Yalata; Western Australia state. Users: 4,050, all users. L1 users: 3,550 (2016 census). 3,130 Pitjantjatjara and 420 Yankunytjatjara (2016 census). L2 users: 500. 2,580 monolinguals (2006). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Pitjantjara, Pitjantjatjarra Autonym: Pitjantjatjara Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati

Pitta Pitta pit

Queensland state: Boulia. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Ivy Nardoo, died in 1981. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Bida-Bida, Bidhabidha, Pita Pita, Pitha-Pitha Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Palku

Polish pol

Users: 48,100 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, West, Lechitic

Portuguese por

Users: 48,900 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Portuguese-Galician

Punjabi, Eastern pan

Users: 132,000 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Panjabi

Punthamara xpt

Victoria state: creeks east of Grey range from Orient and Thargomindah north to near Quilpie; Tobermory; Grey range west side, Congie to Mount Margaret. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker probably died by the 1990s (Holmer 1988). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Banthamurra, Bundhamara, Bunka-burra, Puntamara Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Ngura

Rembarrnga rmb

Northern Territory: Katherine area, Maningrida and outstations, Roper river area. Users: 43 (2016 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kaltuy, Rainbargo, Rembarnga, Rembarranga, Rembarrunga, Rembarunga Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Rembargic

Ritharrngu rit

Northern Territory: Eastern Arnhem Land, Roper and Rose rivers. Users: 40 (2016 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Ridarngo, Ridarngu, Ridharrngu, Ritarnugu, Ritarungo, Ritharngu, Wagelak, Wawilag, Yakuy Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhuwal

Rohingya rhg

Users: 2,250 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese

Romanian ron

Users: 13,000 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Eastern

Rundi run

Users: 3,100 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Ruanda-Rundi (D.62)

Russian rus

Users: 120,000 in Australia (Arefyev 2012), all users. L1 users: 50,300 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East

Samoan smo

Users: 44,900 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Nuclear, Samoic-Outlier, Samoan

Serbian srp

Users: 53,800 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Western

Shona sna

Users: 11,000 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.10)

Sinhala sin

Users: 64,600 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern, Sinhalese-Maldivian

Slovak slk

Users: 5,440 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, West, Czech-Slovak

Slovene slv

Users: 4,090 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Western

Somali som

Users: 14,200 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Somali

Spanish spa

Users: 595,000 in Australia, all users. L1 users: 141,000 in Australia (2016 census). L2 users: 454,000 (2020). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian

Swahili swh

Users: 11,500 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.42)

Swedish swe

Users: 8,960 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, North, East Scandinavian, Danish-Swedish, Swedish

Tagalaka tgz

Queensland state: Croydon, Einasleigh River, Forest Home, Forsyth, Georgetown, Gilbert river, Gregory river. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker likely survived into the early 2010s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Da:galag, Dagalang, Tagalag, Takalak, Targa-lag, Tarkalag Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman

Tagalog tgl

Users: 111,000 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Tagalog

Tamil tam

Users: 73,200 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil

Tasmanian, Bruny Island xpz

Tasmania: Bruny island, on the southeast coast. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker likely died in the mid 1800s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Nuenonne Classification: Language isolate

Tasmanian, North Midlands xph

Tasmania: along the Tamar River, from the northern coast of the island southeast. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker likely died in the mid 1800s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Tasmanian, North Midland, Tyerrernotepanner Classification: Language isolate

Tasmanian, Northeastern xpb

Tasmania: northeastern corner of the island, including the highlands of Ben Lomond. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker likely died in the mid 1800s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Pyemmairrener Classification: Language isolate

Tasmanian, Northern xpv

Tasmania: northern coast, between present-day Burnie and Devonport. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker likely died in the mid 1800s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Tommeginne Classification: Language isolate

Tasmanian, Northwestern

Tasmania: northwest corner. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker likely died in the mid 1800s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Peerapper

Tasmanian, Oyster Bay xpd

Tasmania: Oyster Bay on the eastern coast of the island, and inland along the River Derwent to the central highlands. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker likely died in the mid 1800s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Lairmairrener, Paredarerme Classification: Language isolate

Tasmanian, Port Sorell xpl

Tasmania: north coast, central. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker likely died in the mid 1800s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Tommeginne Classification: Language isolate

Tasmanian, Southeast xpf

Tasmania: south and east of present-day Hobart, coastal area to South East Cape. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker likely died in the mid 1800s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Nuenonne Classification: Language isolate

Tasmanian, Southwestern xpx

Tasmania: along the southern part of the west coast of the island. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker likely died in the mid 1800s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Toogee Classification: Language isolate

Telugu tel

Users: 34,400 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Telugu

Thai tha

Users: 55,400 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Thawa xtv

New South Wales state: Cooma, Green cape, Merimbula. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Baianga, Dhawa, Guyanagal, Guyangal-yuin, Katungal, Murring, Paienbera, Paiendra, Tadera-manji, Tharawal, Thauaira Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuin

Thaypan typ

Queensland state: central Cape York peninsula, Coleman river. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Tommy George, died in 2016. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Awu Laya, Awu-Alaya, Coo-coo-warra, Gugu Dhayban, Gugu Thaypan, Koko Laia, Kokowara, Kuku-Thaypan, Laya, Wu-Laya Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Rarmul Pama

Thiin iin

Western Australia state. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by 2004. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Deen, Deenma, Denma, Dhiyin, Dhiyinma, Teen, Teenma, Tenma, Thenma, Thiinma Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Coastal Ngayarda

Tigrigna tir

Users: 4,580 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, North

Tiwi tiw

Northern Territory: Bathurst and Melville islands, Nguiu. Users: 2,040 (2016 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Tiwi Classification: Australian, Tiwian

Tjungundji tjj

Queensland: between Cullen Point and Janie Creek. Users: 10 (2005 AUSTLANG). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Djungunjdji, Yangathimri Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northern Pama

Tjupany tjp

Western Australia: Northwest Goldfields around the area of Barwidgee Station through to Leinster, Wiluna and west to Sandstone. Users: 6 (2018 Goldfields Aboriginal Language Centre). Ethnic population: 250 (2018 Goldfields Aboriginal Language Centre). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Tjupan Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati

Tjurruru tju

Western Australia state: northwest, Hardey river, southwest of Tom Price. Users: No known L1 speakers. 2 speakers left in 1967. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Chooraroo, Choororoo, Churoro, Djuroro, Djurruru, Djururo, Dyururu, Jurruru, Jururu, Thuraru, Tjororo, Tjuroro, Tjururo, Tjururu Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Inland Ngayarda

Tok Pisin tpi

Users: 3,740 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Creole, English based, Pacific

Tongan ton

Users: 17,700 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Tongic

Torres Strait Creole tcs

Queensland state: Torres Strait Islands, towns on upper Cape York, some on north Queensland east coast. Users: 6,170 (2016 census). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Adopted as a de facto Torres Strait language between 1890 and 1940. Used in trade and church. Alternate Names: Ailan Tok, Ap-Ne-Ap, Big Thap, Blaik, Blaiman, Broken, Cape York Creole, Creole, Pizin, Tores Streit Yumplatok, Torres Strait Broken, Torres Strait Pidgin English, West Torres Autonym: Yumplatok Classification: Creole, English based, Pacific

Turkish tur

Users: 58,400 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Southern, Turkish

Ukrainian ukr

Users: 7,680 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East

Umbindhamu umd

Queensland state: Cape York peninsula, north of Coen. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Joan Liddy, died in 2012 (Verstraete 2010). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: ’Uuk-Umpithamu, Baka, Banjigam, Barungguan, Barunguan, Ganganda, Jintjingga, Koko Ompindamo, Kuuku-Umpinthamu, Njindingga, Umbuigamu, Umpinthamu, Umpithamu, Uuku Umpithamu, Yintjingga Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Umbindhamuic

Umbugarla umr

Northern Territory: Arnhem Land, southeast of Limilngan language area [lmc], between Mary and South Alligator rivers. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Butcher Knight, is believed to have died in 2000. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Mbakarla Classification: Australian, Umbugarla-Ngumbur

Umiida xud

Western Australia state: Bathurst, Bayliss, Koolan, and Macleay islands; Shoal, and Strickland bays; Oobagooma, Yampi Sound. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker lived into the late 1980s (McGregor 1988). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Aobidai of Ongkarango, O:ka:ta, O:kada, Okat, Oken, Okwata, Oomida, Umeda, Umede, Umida, Umidi, Wumide Classification: Australian, Worrorran, Western Worrorran

Umpila ump

Queensland state: Cape Sidmouth north nearly to Night island. Users: 12 (2005 AUSTLANG). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Umbila Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northeastern Pama

Unggaranggu xun

Western Australia state: northeast King sound from east Stokes bay north to Crawford bay, eastern islands of the sound from Helpman island to Caffarelli. Users: No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by the 1980s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Ongkarango, Oonggarrangoo, Ungarangi, Ungaranji, Unggarangi, Unggarrangu Classification: Australian, Worrorran, Western Worrorran

Unggumi xgu

Western Australia state: Chestnut creek; Isdell and Lennard rivers; Leopold range; Richenda and Robinson rivers. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker, Billy ‘Morndi’ Munro, died in the early 1990s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Ngarangari, Ong Komi, Ongaranjan, Ungami, Ungumi, Wongkomi Classification: Australian, Worrorran, Western Worrorran

Unserdeutsch uln

East coast: scattered. Users: 100 in Australia (2016 P. Maitz). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Creole, German based

Uradhi urf

Queensland state: North Alice creek, northeast Cape York peninsula. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Otati Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Northern Pama

Urdu urd

Users: 69,300 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Hindustani

Urningangg urc

Northern Territory: Arnhem Land northwest, upper reaches of Alligator river. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (Black 1983). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Giimbiyu, Uningangk, Urningangga, Urningangk, Wuningak Classification: Australian, Giimbiyu

Vietnamese vie

Users: 277,000 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Vietnamese

Waanyi wny

Northern Territory: Queensland state border area southwest of Calvert. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker likely survived into the 2010s. 2 semi-speakers (Wurm 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Waangyee, Wainyi, Wanee, Wanji, Wanyee, Wanyi, Wonyee Classification: Australian, Yanyi

Wadi Wadi xwd

New South Wales state: Murray river, Murrumbidgee Junction, Piangil, Swan Hill, Tyntynder; Victoria state: Moolpa. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker likely died in the 2010s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Biangil, Dacournditch, Wathiwathi, Wattewatte, Watthiwatthi, Watty-watty, Withaija, Woani, Wohdi Wohdi, Woonyi, Wotti-wotti Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Kulin

Wadikali wdk

New South Wales state: Callabonna creek, Evelyn creek, Lake Pinaroo, Milparinka, Naryilco, Tilcha, Yandama, Yandama creek. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Ned Palpilina, died in the 1930s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Wadigali Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yarli

Wadjabangayi wdy

Queensland state: Blackall, Glenbower, Lancevale, Maryvale. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the early 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Inningai, Kariimari, Kun-Gait, KunGait, Wadjabangai, Wadjabangay Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Wadjiginy wdj

Northern Territory: southwest of Darwin along coast and inland along Finniss river. Users: 5 (2005 AUSTLANG). Ethnic group members understand the language when old people speak it, but use Kriol [rop] as L1 (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Bachamal, Batjamalh, Patjtjamalh, Wadiginy, Wadyiginy, Wagaydy, Wogaity Classification: Australian, Daly, Bringen-Wagaydy, Wagaydy

Wadjigu wdu

Queensland state: southwest of Fairbairn reservoir. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Maudalgo, Wadja, Wadjainggo, Wadjingu, Waindjago, Wainggo, Wainjago, Wainjigo Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Wagaya wga

Northern Territory: Austral Downs, Avon Downs, Camooweal, area north of Lake Nash. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1990s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Leewakya, Ukkia, Waagai, Waagi, Wagai, Wagaja, Waggaia, Wakaja, Wakaya, Wakkaja, Warkya, Worgai, Worgaia, Workia Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Wagaya-Warluwaric, Warluwara-Thawa

Wagiman waq

Northern Territory: Bagot and Tipperary station south of Pine creek. Users: 18 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Wagaman, Wageman, Wagoman, Wakiman, Wogeman Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Wagiman

Wajarri wbv

Western Australia state: Geraldton to Mount Magnet. Users: 20 (2005 AUSTLANG). Ethnic population: 200 (1981 W. Douglas). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Wadjari, Wadjeri, Watjari, Watjarri Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wadjari

Wajuk xwj

Western Australia state. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Beelia, Beeloo, Derbal, Ilakuri wongi, Juadjag, Juadjuk, Karakata, Karrakatta, Minalnjunga, Minnal Yungar, Wadjug, Wadjuk, Wadjup, Wadyuk, Whadjuk, Whajook, Witjaari, Yooadda, Yooard, Yoongar, Yuard, Yuatjek, Yungar, Yungur Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Nyungar

Wakabunga wwb

Queensland: Gregory and Gunpowder creeks, Leichhardt river, Morstone. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Waggaboonyah, Waggabundi, Wakobungo, Waukaboonia, Worgabunga, Workabunga, Workoboongo Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Galgadungic

Wakawaka wkw

Queensland state: Gayndah, Kingaroy, and Murgon; Nanango north to Mount Perry, west to Boyne river. Users: 2, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Last native speaker of Duunidjawu dialect died in 1965; Wakawaka dialect has been extinct for decades (Wurm 2007). L2 users: 2 (Wurm 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Enibura, Nukunukubara, Waga, Waga-Waga, Wagawaga, Waka Waka, Wakka Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Waka-Kabic, Miyan

Walangama nlw

Queensland state: Croydon, Gregory range. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Boogoolmurra, Bugulmara, Karan, Uw Alngam, Wahlongman, Wallan-kammer, Wallenkammer, Wollangama, Wollongurmee Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West

Walmajarri wmt

Western Australia state: Fitzroy river valley area, La Grange and Lake Gregory. Users: 280 (2016 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Pililuna, Walmadjari, Walmajiri, Walmatjari, Walmatjarri, Walmatjiri, Wolmeri Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Ngumbin

Waluwarra wrb

Queensland state: Roxborough Downs. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Kapula, Maula, Mauula, Mawula, Parnkarra, Walookera, Walugera, Waluwara, Warluwara, Warluwarra, Wollegara, Yunnalinka Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Wagaya-Warluwaric, Warluwara-Thawa

Wambaya wmb

Northern Territory: Barkly tableland, Limmen bight and McArthur rivers’ headwaters; east of Lake Woods. Users: 61 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 88 (2006 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Umbaia, Wambaia, Wambaja, Wom-By-A, Wombya, Yumpia Classification: Australian, West Barkly

Wamin wmi

Queensland state: south central Cape York peninsula, Einasleigh river, northwest of Einasleigh. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Agwamin Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Southern Pama

Wandarang wnd

Northern Territory: Arnhem Land, Roper river area. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Isaac Joshua, died in 1974. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Wamdarang, Wandaran, Warndarang, Warndarrang, Wuyarrawala Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Maran, Mara

Wangaaybuwan-Ngiyambaa wyb

New South Wales state: Barwon, Bogan and Darling rivers, Yanda creek. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers may have survived into the early 2010s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Wiradhuric

Wanggamala wnm

Northern Territory: Hay river, south of Andegerebinha. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker may have died in 2003. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Palku

Wangkangurru wgg

Northern Territory: southeast corner. Users: 3 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Ongkonguru, Rangwa, Wangganguru, Wangka-Jutjuru, Wangka-Yutjurru, Wangkadjera, Wangkanguru, Wonggongaru, Wongkanguru, Wongkongaru, Wongonooroo, Wonkagnurra, Wonkaoora, Wonkaooroo, Wonkongaru, Wonkongnuru, Wonkonguru, Wychinga Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Palku

Wangkayutyuru wky

Victoria state: Glenormiston and Herbert downs, on Malvina creek; north toward Roxborough. Users: No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1970s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Wanggadjara, Wanggadyara, Wanggamanha, Wanggayudyuru, Wangka-Yutjurru, Wangka-Yutjuru, Wangka-jutjuru, Wangkatjera, Wangkayutjuru, Wongga-Jitjeru, Wongga-itjeru, Wonggadjara, Wongka-itjeru, Wongka-itjuru, Wongkadjera, Wongkatjera, Wonkajara, Wonkajera, Wonkatyeri, Wonkoyara Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic

Wangkumara xwk

Victoria state: Kalidawarry, lower portion of Field and Cooper creeks, east of Nappa Merrie and Orientos to Wilson river at Nockatunga. Users: No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1980s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Wanggumara, Wanghumara, Wangumarra, Wongkumara Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Ngura

Waray wrz

Northern Territory: Adelaide river area. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Arwur, Awarai, Awarra, Warrai, Warray Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Warayan

Wardaman wrr

Northern Territory: upper Daly river. Users: 50 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 89 (2006 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Wadaman, Waderman, Waduman, Warda’man, Wardman, Warduman, Wartaman, Wordaman Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Yangmanic

Wardandi wxw

Western Australia state: Bunbury to Cape Leuwin, chiefly along the coast; Geographe bay, Nannup and Busselton. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Belliman, Dardanup, Doonin, Dordenup, Dornderupwongy, Dunanwongi, Jabaru, Kardagur, Nghungar, Waadandi, Waddarndi, Wadjandi, Yabaroo Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Nyungar

Wariyangga wri

Western Australia state: West Pilbara southeast of Mount Augustus. Users: No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1980s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Warriyangka Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Inland Ngayarda

Warlmanpa wrl

Northern Territory: Mount Leichhardt area. Users: 26 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Walmala Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Ngarga

Warlpiri wbp

Northern Territory: Ali Curung Willowra, Alice Springs, Darwin, Katherine, Lajamanu, and Yuendumu; Western Australia state: into area shared with Kukatia [kux]. Users: 2,300 (2016 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Albura, Alpira, Alpiri, Elpira, Ilpara, Ilpira, Ilpirra, Nambuda, Ngalia, Ngaliya, Ngallia, Ngardilpa, Njambalatji, Ulperra, Waibry, Wailbri, Walbiri, Walbrai, Walbri, Waljbiri, Waljpiri, Walmala, Walmama, Walmanba, Walpari, Walpiri, Wanaeka, Wanajaga, Wanajaka, Wanajeka, Waneiga, Waringari, Wolperi, Wolpirra Autonym: Warlpiri Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Ngarga

Warnman wbt

Western Australia state: Marble Bar area, Nullagine station, Strelley. Users: 3 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Nanidjara, Nyaani, Wanman Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati

Warrgamay wgy

Queensland state: coast south of Hinchinbrook island, and inland along Herbert river. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Biyay, Wargamay Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Dyirbalic

Warrwa wwr

Western Australia state: Derby and West Kimberley regions. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Maudie Lennard, died in 2016. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Warrawai, Warwa Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan

Warumungu wrm

Northern Territory: Tennant creek area. Users: 320 (2016 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Waramunga, Waramungu, Warramunga Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Warumungic

Warungu wrg

Queensland state: northeast of Einasleigh. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Alf Palmer, died in 1981. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Gudjal, Gudjala, Warrongo, Warrungu Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Wathawurrung wth

Victoria state: Ballarat, Barwon river, Cape Otway, Geelong, Lake Burrambeet, Pitfield, Princetown, Queenscliff. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last known competent speaker, Ellen Richards, died in 1921 (Blake et al 1998). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Wada wurrung, Wadawio, Waddorow, Wadhaurung, Wadjawuru, Wadourer, Wadthaurung, Waitowrung, Warra, Wathaurong, Wathaurung, Wathawurung, Wathurung, Watorrong, Wiityahuurong, Wioura, Witaoro, Witawurong, Witoura, Witouro, Witowro, Witowurong, Witowurrong, Witowurrung, Witowurung, Wittyawhuurong, Wod-dowrong, Woddowro, Woddowrong, Wollowurong, Wooeewoorong, Wothowurong, Wuddyawurra, Wuddyawurru, Wudja-wurung, Wudjawuru, Wudjawurung, Wudthaurung Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Kulin

Wemba Wemba xww

Victoria state: Loddon river, north to Swan Hillp; Avoca river south to Quambatook area, northeastward to Boorooban and Moulamein (NSW); Boort and Lake Boga. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers survived into the 1960s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Gorrmjanyuk, Gourrmjanyuk, Jambajamba, Jupa-galk-wournditch, Mallenjerrick, Waamba, Waimbiwaimbi, Wamba, Wamba Wamba, Wambawamba, Wembawemba, Weumba, Womba, Yamba, Yambayamba, Yowewnillurn, Yuppila Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Kulin

Wergaia weg

Victoria state: Dimboola to Lakes Albacutya and Hindmarsh, along Wimmera river; Warracknabeal to Yanac. Users: 14 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Wergaya, Werkaya, Wimmera, Worgaia Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Kulin

Wik Ngathan wig

Queensland state: Cape York peninsula, west coast below Aurukun. Users: 3 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Wik-Ngathana Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama

Wik-Epa wie

Queensland state: Cape York peninsula, southeast of Aurukun. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Wik Epa, Wik-Ep, Wik-Eppa, Wikepa Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama

Wik-Iiyanh wij

Queensland state: central Cape York peninsula, southwest of Coen. Users: 40 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Wik Iyanh, Wik Iyanja Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama

Wik-Keyangan wif

Queensland state: Cape York peninsula, southeast of Aurukun. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama

Wik-Me’anha wih

Queensland state: Cape York peninsula, southeast of Aurukun. Users: 12 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Eik-Me’anha, Wik-Em’an, Wik-Me’anh, Wik-Me’nh, Wikmean Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama

Wik-Mungkan wim

Queensland state: Aurukun to Edward river. Users: 1,050, all users. L1 users: 450 (2016 census), decreasing. L2 users: 600. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mungkañ, Munkan, Wik Munggan, Wik-Mungkana, Wik-Munkan Autonym: Wik-Mungknh Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama

Wikalkan wik

Queensland state: Aurukun. Users: 86 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Wik Alkan, Wik Elken, Wik-Alkanh, Wik-Kalkan, Wik-Ngathara, Wik-Ngatharra, Wik-Ngathrr, Wikngatara Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama

Wikngenchera wua

Queensland state: Aurukun. Users: 30 (2005 AUSTLANG). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kugu Nganhcara, Nantjara, Ngandjara, Ngantjeri, Njinturawik-Nganhcara, Wik, Wik-Nantjara Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Middle Pama

Wilawila wil

Western Australia state: central Kimberleys. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Wila-Wila Classification: Australian, Worrorran

Wiradjuri wrh

New South Wales state: Macquarie river to Murray river, Lachlan river area from Murrumbidgee river to Parkes. Users: 30 (2005 AUSTLANG). Ethnic population: 460 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Berrembeel, Warandgeri, Werogery, Wiiratheri, Wira-Athoree, Wiradhuri, Wiradhurri, Wiraduri, Wiraidyuri, Wirajeree, Wirashuri, Wiratheri, Wirracharee, Wirrai’yarrai, Wooragurie, Wordjerg Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Wiradhuric

Wirangu wgu

South Australia state: coast between head of Bight and Streaky bay head, and inland to Ooldea region. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker may have survived into the 2010s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Jilbara, Naljara, Ngoleiadjara, Nhawu, Njangga, Nonga, Nyangga, Tidni, Tidnie, Titnie, Wanbiri, Wangon, Warrangoo, Willeuroo, Windakan, Wirangga, Wirongu, Wironguwongga, Wirrongu, Wirrung, Wirrunga, Yilrea Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yura

Woiwurrung wyi

Victoria state: Healesville, Lancefield, Macedon, Melbourne, Moe, Mordialloc, Mount Bawbaw, Mount Disappointment, Saltwater river, Warragul, Woodend, Yarra river. Users: No known L1 speakers. Probably became extinct late in the 19th century. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Gungung-willam, Mort Noular, Ngarukwillam, Oorongie, Urunjeri, Waarengbadawa, Wainworra, Wairwaioo, Warerong, Warorong, Warwaroo, Waverong, Wavoo-rong, Wawoo-rong, Wawoorong, Wawurong, Wawurrong, Woewo-rung, Woi-wurrong, Woiworung, Woiwurong, Woiwurru, Woiwurung, Wooeewoorong, Wowerong, Wurrundyirra-baluk, Wurrunjeri, Wurundjeri, Wurunjeri, Wurunjerri-baluk, Wuywurrung, Yarra Yarra Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Kulin

Worimi kda

New South Wales state: between Hunter and Hastings rivers; Port Macquarie to Hawkesbury river. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died in the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Birbay, Gadang, Gadhang, Gadjang, Gathang, Kattang, Warimi Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Worimi

Worrorra wro

Western Australia state: Collier bay to Prince Regent river; Secure bay and Walcott inlet; northern boundary Rothsay Water, inland about 40–50 km along Princess May ranges to Mount Hann, Mount French and cliff base of the tablelands. Users: 7 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Maialnga, Ong Komi, Worora, Wororra, Worrara, Worrora, Wurara, Wurora, Yangibaia Classification: Australian, Worrorran, Western Worrorran

Wotjobaluk xwt

Victoria state: Dimboola, Kaniva, Lake Albacutya, Lake Hindmarsh, Lake Korong, Outlet creek, Pine plains, Servicetown, Warracknabeal, Wimmera river, Yanac. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Guli-ballaiuk, Watjo, Wattyabullak, Woitu-bullar, Wotjbaluk, Wotjo, Wotjo-ba-laiuruk, Wotjo-balluk, Wotjo-baluk, Wotjobalak, Wotjobalek, Wotjoballaiuk, Wotjoballuck, Wotjoballuk, Wotjobolak, Wotjobuluk, Woychibirik, Wudjubalug, Wudjubaluk, Wutjubaluk, Wuttyabullak, Wuttyubullak, Wutyuballeak Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Wuliwuli wlu

Queensland state: Banana, Baralaba, and Theodore on Dawson river. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker was probably Queenie Dodd Meldrum, who died in 1986 (Holmer 1983). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Wilili, Wililililee, Willillee, Wuli Wuli, Wuli-Wuli, Wuli-wuli, Wulili Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Waka-Kabic, Miyan

Wulna wux

Northern Territory: Arnhem Land around Darwin, mouth of Adelaide river and inland. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Wuna Classification: Australian, Limilngan-Wulna

Wunambal wub

Western Australia state: Kalumburu, Mowanjum, and Wyndham. Users: 9 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Jeidji, Jeithi, Unambal, Wumnabal, Wunambul, Wunambullu, Yeidji, Yeithi Classification: Australian, Worrorran

Wunumara wnn

Queensland state: Cambridge Downs, Cloncurry, Dalgonally, Flinders river, Kynuna, Richmond, Williams river. Users: No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1970s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Oonoomurra, Quippen-bura, Unamara, Wanamara, Woonamurra, Woonomurra, Wunamara, Wunumura Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Mayabic

Yabula Yabula yxy

New South Wales and Victoria states. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Jabalajabala, Jabulajabula, Maraban, Maragan, Moiraduban, Moitheriban, Ngarrimowro, Owanguttha, Pallaganmiddah, Panggarang, Waningotbun, Yabala-Yabala, Yabbil-Yabbila, Yabbilyabbila, Yabola, Yabula-Yabula, Yabula-yabula, Yabulla, Yillib-Yilliba, Yoorta, Yullaba Yullaba, Yurt Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yotayotic

Yagara yxg

Queensland state: Cleveland district, Brisbane river inland to Gatton area, north to Esk area, Ipswich. Users: No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1960s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Biriin, Cateebil, Jagara, Jagarabal, Jagera, Jergarbal, Jinibara, Ninghi, Terabul, Tor-bul, Turibul, Turrbal, Turrubal, Turrubul, Turubul, Yackarabul, Yaggara, Yerongban, Yeronghan, Yerongpan, Yugara, Yugg-ari, Yuggara Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Durubulic

Yalarnnga ylr

Queensland state: Burke river area, Dajarra. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Lardie Moonlight, died in 1980 (Breen and Blake 2007). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Jalanga, Yalarrnga, Yelina, Yellanga, Yellunga Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Galgadungic

Yan-nhangu jay

Northern Territory: 2 westernmost Crocodile islands; Cape Stewart area, Maningrida and Milingimbi. Users: 64 (2005 AIATSIS). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Gokulu mana dhanguny’ bulthun, Jarnango, Nangu, Nhangu, Yanangu Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yuulngu, Dhangu

Yan-nhangu Sign Language yhs

Northern Territory: East Arnhem, Murrungga island. Users: 10 (2014 D. Adone). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: YNSL Classification: Sign language, Shared sign language

Yanda yda

Queensland state: Hamilton river, Lucknow, Toolebuc, Warenda. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Janda, Yunda Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Yandjibara xyb

Queensland state: Barcaldine, Longreach. Users: No known L1 speakers. Probably became extinct early in the 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Kuungkari, Yangeeberra Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Yandruwandha ynd

South Australia state: Moomba area; east into Queensland state. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Benny Kerwin, died in 1976 (Breen 2015). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Innamincka Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Karna

Yangman jng

Northern Territory: Elsey creek and Katherine. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Jimmy Daniels, died in 1986. Ethnic population: 50 (Black 1983). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Dagoman, Jangman, Jongman, Jungman, Yung munni, Yungman, Yungmanni, Yungmun, Yungmunee, Yungmunnee, Yungmunni Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Yangmanic

Yankunytjatjara kdd

South Australia state: Everard, Musgrave, and Yalata ranges; east Pitjantjatjara freehold lands and surrounding areas; Northern Territory: mostly west of Kulgera-Erldunda road. Users: 70 (2005 AUSTLANG). Ethnic population: 560 (2006 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Jangkundjara, Kulpantja, Southern Luritja, Yangkundjara, Yankuntatjara, Yankuntjara, Yankuntjatjara, Yankuntjatjarra Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Wati

Yanyuwa jao

Northern Territory: Doomadgee; Queensland state: Borroloola. Users: 39 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 130 (2006 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Aniula, Anula, Anyula, Janjula, Leeanuwa, Wadiri, Yanula, Yanuwa, Yanyula Autonym: Yanyuwa Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yanyuwan

Yardliyawarra yxl

South Australia and New South Wales states: Yardliyawara (Jadliaura); eastern side of northern Flinders range from Wertaloona south to Carrieton and Cradock, east to Frome Downs; Holowilena station on Siccus river, west to Arkaba and Hawker. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the late first decade of the 2000s (Hercus and Austin 2004). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Aluri, Alury, Arabatura, Arkabatura, Jadliaura, Jadlijawara, Jadloori, Yadliaura, Yadlikowera, Yadliura, Yadliyawarra, Yadlouri, Yaldikowera, Yardliwarra, Yardliyawara Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yarli

Yarluyandi yry

South Australia state: Alton Downs, Annandale, Atna Hill, Birdsville, Diamantina river, Mulligan river. Users: No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1970s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Jeljendi, Jeljujendi, Yarleeyandee, Yelyuyendi Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic

Yatay yty

Queensland state: Albany and Mount Adolphus islands. Users: No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct before mid 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Iataj Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman

Yawarawarga yww

South Australia and Queensland states: north of Cooper creek, southeast of Lake Yamma Yamma. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Yawarrawarrka Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Karnic, Karna

Yawijibaya jbw

Western Australia state: Collier Bay, Jawutjap, Montgomery islands. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by the early 1990s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Bergalgu, Jadjiba, Jadjibaia, Jaudji-Bara, Jaudjibaia, Jaudjibara, Jawadjag, Jawdjibaia, Jawdjibara, Jawdjobara, Jawutjubar, Winjawindjagu, Yaudjibaia, Yaudjibara, Yaujibaia, Yawjibara, Yawjibarra Classification: Australian, Worrorran, Western Worrorran

Yawuru ywr

Western Australia state: Broome south coast and inland. Users: No known L1 speakers, but emerging L2 speakers. Last known native speakers died between 2001 and 2007 (Wurm 2007) and (2001 K. Hosokawa). Status: 9 (Reawakening). Classification: Australian, Nyulnyulan

Yaygir xya

New South Wales state: Clarence river, Grafton. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Sandy Cameron, died in 1973. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Jeigir, Jungai, Yaygirr, Yegera, Yegir, Yiegera, Youngai Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Gumbaynggiric

Yidiny yii

Queensland state: formerly Atherton region. A few at Palm Island, Babinda, north to Gordonvale. Users: 19 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 140 (2006 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Boolboora, Deba, Eneby, Gerrah, Gijow, Gillah, Guwamal, Idin Idindji, Idin-Wudjar, Idinji, Indindji, Jidindji, Kitba, Maimbie, Mungera Ohalo, Pegullo-Bura, Warra-Warra, Warryboora, Woggil, Yetinji, Yiddinji, Yidin, Yidindji, Yidini, Yidinj, Yitintyi, Yukkaburra Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yidinic

Yindjibarndi yij

Western Australia state: Roebourne area. Users: 380 (2016 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Indjibandi, Jindjibandi, Jindjibarndi, Yindjinbarndi, Yinjtjipartnti Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Coastal Ngayarda

Yindjilandji yil

Northern Territory: northeast of Wonarah. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Bularnu, Dhidhanu, Inchalachee, Inchalanche, Indjilandji, Indjilindji, Indjurandji, Indkilindji, Injdjiladji, Injilinji, Intjilatja, Yinjilanji Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Wagaya-Warluwaric, Warluwara-Thawa

Yinggarda yia

Western Australia state: Shark bay coast between Gascoyne and Wooramel rivers, inland to Red Hill, West Pilbara. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last know speaker probably survived into the 2010s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Ingara, Ingarda, Ingarra, Ingarrah, Inggarda, Inparra, Jinggarda, Kakarakala, Yingkarta Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Yinggarda

Yinhawangka ywg

Western Australia state: Angelo river, Ashburton river, Hardey river, Kunderong range, Mount Vernon station, Rocklea, Turee creek. Users: 39 (2016 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Inawangga, Inawonga, Inawongga, Nalawonga, Ngalawonga, Ngalawongga, Ngarla-warngga, Ngaunmardi, Ninanu Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, South-West, Inland Ngayarda

Yiningayi ygi

Queensland state: west of Dividing range to Forsyth range, Longreach and Maneroo creek; south on Alice river tributaries to about Mexico; north to Bowen Downs, Cornish creek, Muttaburra, North Oakvale, and Tower Hill; Aramac. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Iningai, Iningayi, Inningai, Mootaburra, Moothaburra, Muta-bura, Muttaburra, Tateburra, Terreburra, Yiningay Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Yinwum yxm

Queensland state: Batavia river, Moreton, Wenlock river. Users: No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Jinwum, Yeemwoom Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman

Yir-Yoront yyr

Queensland state: Cape Peninsula, eastern coast, Gulf of Carpenteria, Coleman and Mitchell rivers area. Users: No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 2000s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Jir Joront, Jir’jorond, Jirjiront, Koka-mungin, Koko-majoen, KokoMandjoen, KokoMindjin, KokoMinjen, Kokomindjan, Kokomindjen, Kokominjan, Mandjoen, Mind’jana, Mundjun, Yir Yiront, Yir Yoront, Yir-yiront Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Yir Yoront

Yirandali ljw

Queensland state: Caledonia, Corfield, Dutton river, Flinders river, Great Dividing range, Hughenden, Lammermooor, Landsborough creek, Mount Sturgeon, Richmond, Tangorin, Torrens creek, Tower Hill creek, Winton. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Dal-leyburra, Dalebura, Dalleburra, Irendely, Jirandali, Pooroga, Yerrundulli, Yerrunthully, Yirandhali Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Maric

Yirrk-Mel yrm

Queensland state: South and Main Mitchell rivers’ mouths area. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 2010s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Kok-Cel, Kok-Wap, Yir Mel, Yirmel, Yirr-Mel, Yirr-Thangell, Yirrk-Thangalki Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Paman, Yir Yoront

Yitha Yitha xth

New South Wales state: Balranald, Booligal, Carrawathal, Lachlan river; South Australia state. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Eetha-eetha, Eethee Eethee, Eethie-eethie, Ita-ita, Itha-itha, Ithi-ithi, Iti-iti, Jidajida, Tjuop, Yetho, Yit-tha, Yitsa Classification: Unclassified

Yolngu Sign Language ygs

Northern Territory: Arnhem Land region, Elcho and Milingimbi islands, Ramingining, Yirrkala, and Waraga. Users: 50 (2012 D. Adone). About 40–50 deaf users (Adone et al 2012); unknown number of hearing L1 and L2 users. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Hands in action, YSL, Yolŋu Sign Language Classification: Sign language, Shared sign language

Yorta Yorta xyy

New South Wales state: Cohuna, Conargo, Deniliquin, Echuca, Gunbower, Murray river, Tullah creek, Tuppal, Yielima. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speakers died in the 1960s (Bowe and Morey 1999). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Arramouro, Bangerang, Gunbowerooranditchgoole, Gunbowers, Jotijota, Kwart Kwart, Moira, Ngarrimouro, Ngarrimowro, Unungun, Wol-Lithiga, Woollathura, Yoorta, Yota Yota, Yotayota Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yotayotic

Yoruba yor

Users: 2,470 in Australia (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri

Yugambal yub

Queensland state: Albert river and Logan basins from Jimboomba to MacPherson range. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by the 1970s (Dixon and Barry 1979). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Jugumbir, Jukamba, Manaldjali, Minjanbal, Ngarrbal, Ngarrubul, Yugabeh, Yugumbal Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Yugambal

Yugul ygu

Northern Territory: Namiliwirri lagoon, Nawaparr gorge, Ngukurr, Saint Vidgeon homestead. Users: No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Jokul, Yikil, Yikul, Yookala, Yookil, Yookull, Yukul Classification: Australian, Gunwingguan, Maran

Yuru ljx

Queensland state: Bowen north to Burdekin river at Home Hill, southwest to Bogie range; Upstart bay south to Mount Abbot and Mount Pleasant. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Arwur-angkana, Euronbba, Juru, Mal Mal, Malmal, South Murri Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan, Dyirbalic

Yuyu yxu

Victoria state: Loddon river, north to Swan Hill; Avoca river south to Quambatook area, northeastward to Boorooban and Moulamein; New South Wales state: Boort and Lake Boga. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Eramwir-rangu, Eraweerung, Erawiruck, Jeraruk, Jirau, Juju, Meru, Pomp-malkie, Rankbirit, Willoo, Wilu, Yerraruck, Yiran, Yirau, You-you Classification: Australian, Pama-Nyungan