Canada

Languages

Abenaki, Western abe

Quebec province: Odanak Reserve on Saint Francois river. Users: 10 in Canada (Golla 2007). Total users in all countries: 14. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Odanak, Première Nation des Abénakis de Wôlinak. Alternate Names: Abenaki, Abenaqui, Alnombak, Saint Francis, Western Abnaki Autonym: Alnôbak Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian, Abenaki

Afrikaans afr

Users: 10,300 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Saxon-Low Franconian, Low Franconian

Akan aka

Users: 13,500 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Akan

Algonquin alq

Quebec province: northwest of Ottawa, and Maniwaki; Ontario province: Golden Lake. Users: 1,760 (2011 census), decreasing. 180 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 5,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Algonquins of Barriere Lake, Algonquins of Pikwakanagan, Anishnaabeg of Naongashiing, Atikameksheng Anishnawbek, Communauté anicinape de Kitcisakik, Conseil de la Première Nation Abitibiwinni, Dokis, Kebaowek, Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg, Long Point, Nation Anishnabe du Lac Simon, Nipissing, Timiskaming, Wahgoshig, Wolf Lake. Alternate Names: Algonkin Autonym: Anicinàbemowin Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi

American Sign Language ase

Scattered. English-speaking areas of Canada. Users: 38,000 in Canada (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated based on 0.1% of the total population. Other estimates vary widely: 3,660 (2011 census), 357,000 (2015 Canadian Association of the Deaf). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: ASL, Ameslan Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language

Amharic amh

Users: 22,500 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, South, Transversal, Amharic-Argobba

Arabic, Algerian Spoken arq

Users: 40,200 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Arabic, Egyptian Spoken arz

Users: 21,900 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Arabic, Gulf Spoken afb

Users: 46,100 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Arabic, Judeo-Moroccan aju

Users: 2,960 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Arabic, Libyan Spoken ayl

Users: 3,310 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken acm

Users: 42,600 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Arabic, Moroccan Spoken ary

Users: 62,100 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Arabic, Najdi Spoken ars

Users: 3,310 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Arabic, North Levantine Spoken apc

Users: 135,000 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Arabic, Sanaani Spoken ayn

Users: 3,960 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Arabic, South Levantine Spoken ajp

Users: 34,900 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Arabic, Sudanese Spoken apd

Users: 7,690 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Arabic, Tunisian Spoken aeb

Users: 15,400 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Armenian, Western hyw

Ontario: Ottawa and Toronto; Quebec: Montreal; British Columbia: Vancouver. Users: 33,500 in Canada (2016 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Classification: Indo-European, Armenian

Assiniboine asb

Saskatchewan province: part of Carry-the-Kettle, Mosquito-Grizzly Bear’s Head, and Whitebear. Users: 150 in Canada (Golla 2007). This is the total of L1 speakers for Canada and the United States. Ethnic population: 3,500 in Canada and the United States (Golla 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Carry The Kettle, Mosquito-Grizzly Bear’s Head-Lean Man, Ocean Man, Pheasant Rump Nakota. Alternate Names: Assiniboin, Nakhoda, Nakhona, Nakhota, Nakhóda, Nakhóna, Nakhóta, Nakoda, Nakon, Nakona, Nakota Classification: Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dakota

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic aii

Users: 16,100 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 38,000. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern

Atikamekw atj

Quebec province: between La Tuque and Senneterre, 200–400 km north of Montreal, along the upper reaches of Saint Maurice river, 3 isolated communities on Manuane, Obedjiwan, and Weymontachie reservations. Users: 6,160 (2016 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Atikamekw d’Opitciwan, Conseil des Atikamekw de Wemotaci, Les Atikamekw de Manawan. Alternate Names: Atihkamekw, Atikamek, Attikamek, Attimewk, Tête de Boule Autonym: Atikamekw Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais

Azerbaijani, South azb

Users: 3,260 in Canada (2016 census). Census does not distinguish between South Azerbaijani [azb] and North Azerbaijani [azj]. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Southern, Azerbaijani

Babine bcr

British Columbia province: scattered. Bulkley river and Burns lake areas(Wetsuset’en dialect); Lake Babine and Takla Lake communities (Babine Proper dialect). Users: 430 (FPCC 2014). 295 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). 100 fluent speakers and 100 passive speakers of Wetsuwet’en. 200 speakers of all degrees of fluency of Babine Proper (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 3,410 (FPCC 2014). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Burns Lake, Hagwilget Village, Lake Babine, Nee-Tahi-Buhn, Skin Tyee, Takla Lake, Wet’suwet’en, Witset, Yekooche. Alternate Names: Babine Carrier, Lake Babine, Nadot’en, Nat’oot’en, Northern Carrier Autonym: Nedut’en Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan

Beaver bea

British Columbia and Alberta provinces: Chateh (Assumption) on Hay river, and Prophet river south of Fort Nelson. Users: 160 (FPCC 2014). 450 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 1,560 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Beaver, Blueberry River, Doig River, Halfway River, Horse Lake, Prophet River, Saulteau, West Moberly. Alternate Names: Castor, Dane-zaa, Dane-zaa Záágé, Danezaa, Dunne-za, Dunneza Autonym: Danezaa ZaageɁ‎ (Danezaa Zaage) Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan

Bella Coola blc

British Columbia province: Burke channel head, North Bentinck arm, Bella Coola river mouth. Users: 17 (FPCC 2014). 510 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 1,660 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Nuxalk. Alternate Names: Nuxalk Classification: Salish

Bengali ben

Users: 73,100 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese

Beothuk bue

Newfoundland and Labrador: Newfoundland island. Users: No known L1 speakers. Shanawdithit, the last speaker, died in 1829. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Beothukan Classification: Unclassified

Blackfoot bla

Alberta province: Blackfoot, Blood, and Piegan reserves. Users: 2,820 in Canada (2016 census), decreasing. Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 15,000. Total users in all countries: 2,920. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Blood, Piikani, Siksika. Alternate Names: Blackfeet, Niitsipowahsin, Pied Noir Autonym: Siksiká Classification: Algic, Algonquian

Bosnian bos

Users: 12,200 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Western

Bulgarian bul

Users: 20,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Eastern

Burmese mya

Users: 3,590 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern

Carrier crx

British Columbia province: Stuart and Trembleur lake area. Users: 680 (FPCC 2014). 1,380 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 9,350 (FPCC 2014). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Burns Lake, Cheslatta Carrier, Lheidli T’enneh, Lhoosk’uz Dene, Lhtako Dene, Nadleh Whuten, Nak’azdli Whut’en, Nazko, Saik’uz, Stellat’en, Takla Lake, Tl’azt’en, Toosey, Ulkatcho, Yekooche. Alternate Names: Central Carrier, Porteur, Takelne, Takulie Autonym: Dakelh, Dakelhne Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Carrier

Carrier, Southern caf

British Columbia province: west of Quesnel and south of Cheslatta lake, Anahim Lake-Ulkatcho, toward the Fraser river and tributaries. Users: 500 (1987 SIL). 2,060 identified in 2001. Census does not separate Babine [bcr], Central Carrier [crx], and Southern Carrier. All Athapaskan L1 speakers in Canada 17,400 (2016 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Autonym: Dakelh Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Carrier

Cayuga cay

Ontario province: Grand River, Six Nations Reserve. Users: 40 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 3,000 (Yamamoto 2007). Total users in all countries: 46. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Lower Cayuga, Six Nations of the Grand River, Upper Cayuga. Autonym: Gayogo̱hó:nǫ’ Classification: Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock

Cebuano ceb

Users: 19,900 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, Cebuan

Chaldean Neo-Aramaic cld

Users: 5,550 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern

Chilcotin clc

British Columbia province: west of Williams Lake. 7 reserve communities: Alexandria, Anahim, Nemiah, Redstone, Stone, Toosey, Ulkatcho. Users: 860 (FPCC 2014). 760 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). 100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 4,350 (FPCC 2014). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Alexis Creek, Tl’etinqox Government, Toosey, Xeni Gwet’in First Nations Government, Yunesit’in Government. Alternate Names: Nenqayni Ch’ih, Tsilhqút’ín, Tzilkotin Autonym: Tŝinlhqot’in Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan

Chinese, Hakka hak

Users: 10,900 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Mandarin cmn

British Columbia: Vancouver area; Ontario: Toronto area. Users: 592,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Min Nan nan

Users: 31,800 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Wu wuu

Users: 12,900 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Yue yue

British Columbia: Vancouver area; Ontario: Toronto area. Users: 565,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Guangfu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinook Wawa chn

British Columbia. Users: No known L1 speakers in Canada (Wurm et al 1996). A total of 1,000 L2 speakers in both Canada and the United States (Grant 2013). The last speaker died in the mid-1970s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Chinook Jargon, Chinook Pidgin, Chinuk Wawa, Jargon Classification: Pidgin, Amerindian

Clallam clm

British Columbia province: southern Vancouver island, Becher Bay Reserve. Users: No known L1 speakers in Canada. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Klallam, Na’klallam, S’klallam Classification: Salish, Central Salish

Comox coo

British Columbia, Vancouver Island, and coast north of Powell river. Users: 36 (FPCC 2014). 710 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 1,900 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Homalco, K’ómoks, Klahoose, Tla’amin. Alternate Names: Comox-Sliammon Classification: Salish, Central Salish

Cree cre

Users: Population total all languages (L1 only): 10,875. Status:

Cree, Moose crm

Southern tip of James Bay, Moosonee, Ontario. Moose Cree, East Cree [crl] and [crj], and Swampy Cree [csw] reside in this community and surrounding area (Moose Factory, Ontario). Users: 3,000 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 5,000 (1982 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Brunswick House, Chapleau Cree, Flying Post, Matachewan, Missanabie Cree, Moose Cree, Taykwa Tagamou, Wahgoshig. Alternate Names: Cri de Moose, West Main Cree, West Shore Cree, York Cree Autonym: ᐃᓕᓖᒧᐧᐃᓐ‎ (ililîmowin) Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais

Cree, Northern East crl

West central Quebec, east coast of lower Hudson Bay and James Bay; some speakers likely on Nunavut islands in James Bay; Whapmagoostui, Chisasibi, Wemindji, and most in Eastmain communities. Users: 320 (2016 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Cree Nation of Chisasibi, Cree Nation of Wemindji, Première nation de Whapmagoostui. Alternate Names: Cri du Nord-Est, East Cree, East Main Cree, Eastern James Bay Cree Northern Dialect, James Bay Cree, James Bay Cree Northern Autonym: Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin, ᐄᔨᔫ ᐊᔨᒨᓐ‎ (Īyiyū Ayimūn) Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais

Cree, Plains crk

North central Manitoba, scattered west across Saskatchewan and central Alberta to the foot of the Rocky Mountains; isolated enclave in British Columbia. Users: 3,070 in Canada (2016 census). Total users in all countries: 3,170. Status: 5 (Developing). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Ahtahkakoop, Alexander, Beardy’s and Okemasis, Big Island Lake Cree, Big River, Bigstone Cree, Blueberry River, Canoe Lake Cree, Chiniki, Driftpile Cree, Enoch Cree, Ermineskin Tribe, Flying Dust, Fort Nelson, Frog Lake, George Gordon, James Smith, Kahkewistahaw, Kawacatoose, Kehewin Cree, Little Pine, Little Red River Cree, Loon River Cree, Louis Bull, Lubicon Lake, Lucky Man, Makwa Sahgaiehcan, Mikisew Cree, Ministikwan Lake Cree, Mistawasis Nêhiyawak, Montana, Moosomin, Muskeg Lake Cree, Muskoday, Ochapowace, Okanese, One Arrow, Onion Lake Cree, Pasqua, Paul, Peepeekisis Cree, Pelican Lake, Pheasant Rump Nakota, Piapot, Poundmaker, Red Pheasant, Saddle Lake Cree, Samson, Sapotaweyak Cree, Saulteau, Sawridge, Stoney, Star Blanket Cree, Sturgeon Lake, Sunchild, Sweetgrass, Tallcree Tribal Government, Thunderchild, Waterhen Lake, Wesley, White Bear, Whitefish Lake, Witchekan Lake. Alternate Names: Cri des plaines, Nehiyaw, Western Cree Autonym: Nēhiyawēwin, ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ‎ (nēhiyawēwin) Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais

Cree, Southern East crj

Quebec, southeastward from James Bay, inland to the watershed east of Lake Mistissini. Coastal communities of Waskaganish, some in Eastmain. Inland, in Mistissini, Waswanipi, Nemaska, Ouje-Bougoumo. Users: 45 (2016 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Cree Nation of Mistissini, Cree Nation of Nemaska, Eastmain, Oujé-Bougoumou Cree, The Crees of the Waskaganish. Alternate Names: Cri du Sud-Est, Eastern James Bay Cree Southern Dialect, James Bay Cree Southern Dialect Autonym: Īnū Ayimūn, ᐄᓅ ᐊᔨᒨᓐ‎ (Īnū Ayimūn) Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais

Cree, Swampy csw

Scattered communities, Ontario, Hudson Bay coast, James Bay northwest coast; inland into Manitoba, then Saskatchewan. Users: 2,500 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 2,800 (Golla 2007). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Albany, Attawapiskat, Chemawawin Cree, Cumberland House Cree, Fisher River, Fort Severn, Fox Lake, Gambler, God’s Lake, Manto Sipi Cree, Marcel Colomb, Mathias Colomb, Misipawistik Cree, Mosakahiken Cree, Norway House Cree, Okanese, Opaskwayak Cree, Peguis, Poplar River, Red Earth, Sapotaweyak Cree, Sawridge, Shamattawa, Shoal Lake Cree, Tataskweyak Cree, War Lake, Weenusk, Wuskwi Sipihk, York Factory. Alternate Names: Cri des marais, Inilîmowin, Maskekon, Moskégon, Omaškêkowak, Omushkego, West Main Cree, West Shore Cree, York Cree Autonym: ᓀᐦᐃᓇᐍᐏᐣ‎ (nêhinawêwin) Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais

Cree, Woods cwd

Far north Manitoba into Saskatchewan, inland southwest from Churchill. Users: 1,840 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 53,000 (1982 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Barren Lands, Beaver Lake Cree, Bunibonibee Cree, Chemawawin Cree, Cross Lake Band of Indians, Duncan’s, Fort McKay, Fort McMurray, Lac La Ronge, Montreal Lake, Nisichawayasihk Cree, O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree, Peerless Trout, Peter Ballantyne Cree, Red Earth, Shoal Lake Cree, Sturgeon Lake Cree, Sucker Creek, Swan River, Woodland Cree. Alternate Names: Cri des bois Autonym: Nīhithawīwin, ᓀᐦᐃᖬᐍᐏᐣ‎ (nīhithawīwin) Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais

Croatian hrv

Users: 48,200 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Western

Czech ces

Users: 22,300 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, West, Czech-Slovak

Dakota dak

Manitoba: south; Saskatchewan: Oak River and Oak Lake, Long Plain west of Winnipeg, Standing Buffalo, Birdtail, Stony Wahpeton, and Moose Woods. May be at Wood Mountain Reserve. Users: 190 in Canada (2016 W. Meya), decreasing. 2,300 L1 speakers of all Sioux dialects in a total population of 175,000, of which 5,000 reside in Canada (2016 Lakota Language Consortium). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2016 Lakota Language Consortium). Includes all ethnic Sioux. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Birdtail Sioux, Canupawakpa Dakota, Dakota Plains, Dakota Tipi, Sioux Valley Dakota, Standing Buffalo, Wahpeton Dakota, White Bear, Whitecap Dakota. Alternate Names: Sioux Classification: Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dakota

Danish dan

Users: 12,600 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, North, East Scandinavian, Danish-Swedish, Danish-Riksmal, Danish

Dene chp

Northern Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, southeastern Northwest Territories (Snowdrift and Fort Resolution), Fort Smith, Fort Chipewyan, Wolliston Post, Buffalo Narrows, Brochet, and some communities in Reindeer Lake. Users: 10,700 (2016 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Recognized language (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Athabasca Chipewyan, Barren Lands, Birch Narrows, Black Lake, Buffalo River Dene, Chipewyan Prairie, Clearwater River Dene, Cold Lake, Deninu K’ue, English River, Fond du Lac, Fort McKay, Fort McMurray, Hatchet Lake, K’atlodeeche, Lutsel K’e Dene, Northlands Denesuline, Salt River, Sayisi Dene, Smith’s Landing, Yellowknives Dene. Alternate Names: Dëne Súline, “Chipewyan” (pej.) Autonym: Dënesųłıné Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan

Dinka, Southeastern dks

Users: 2,120 in Canada (2016 census). Identified as Dinka in the census. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka

Ditidaht dtd

British Columbia, Malachan Reserve, Nitinaht lake. Also previously used in Pacheedaht Territory in the vicinity of Port Renfrew, British Columbia. Users: 7 (FPCC 2014). 6 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 940 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Ditidaht. Alternate Names: Diidiitidq, Diitiid’aatx, Nitinaht, Nitinat Classification: Wakashan, Southern Wakashan

Dutch nld

Users: 103,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Saxon-Low Franconian, Low Franconian

English eng

Users: 30,000,000 in Canada, all users. L1 users: 19,500,000 in Canada (2016 census). L2 users: 10,500,000 (2016 census). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1988, Official Languages Act, Ch. 38, Articles 1, 34). Alternate Names: Anglais Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English

Estonian, Standard ekk

Users: 5,450 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Uralic, Finnic

Finnish fin

Users: 15,300 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Uralic, Finnic

French fra

Québécois in Quebec; Franco-Ontarien in Ontario; Acadian on the east coast of New Brunswick, pockets in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island; Franco-Terreneuvien in Newfoundland. Some Québécois in Manitoba. Users: 11,060,000 in Canada, all users. L1 users: 7,170,000 in Canada (2016 census). 300,000 speak Acadien, 500,000 speak Franco-Ontarien, over 51,000 speak Franco-Manitoban. L2 users: 3,890,000 (Marcoux et al 2022). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1988, Official Languages Act, Ch. 38, Articles 1, 34). Alternate Names: Français Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French

Frisian fry

Users: 2,100 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Frisian

German, Pennsylvania pdc

Kitchener-Waterloo area, Ontario. Users: 15,000 in Canada (1995). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Deitsch, Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch, Pennsylvania Dutch, Pennsylvanisch Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, West Middle German

German, Standard deu

Scattered. Users: 384,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Allemand, Deutsch Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German

Gitxsan git

West central British Columbia, Gitxsan, middle Skeena river. Users: 350 (FPCC 2014). 490 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 7,600 (FPCC 2014). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Gitanmaax, Gitanyow, Gitsegukla, Gitwangak, Glen Vowell, Kispiox, Lax Kw’alaams, Takla Lake. Alternate Names: Giklsan, Gitksan, Gitxsen, Gityskyan, Hazelton, Nass-Gitksan Autonym: Gitsenimx Classification: Tsimshian, Nass-Gitksan

Greek ell

Users: 107,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Greek, Attic

Gujarati guj

Users: 109,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Gujarati

Gwich’in gwi

Northwest Territories: Aklavik, Inuvik, Tsiigehtchic, Fort McPherson; Yukon Territory: Old Crow. Users: 260 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 1,900 (Krauss 2007). Total users in all countries: 560. Status: 7 (Shifting). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Gwichya Gwich’in, Inuvik Native, Tetlit Gwich’in, Vuntut Gwitchin. Alternate Names: Kutchin, Loucheux, Takudh, Tukkuthkutchin, Tukudh Autonym: Dinju Zhuh K’yuu Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan

Haida hai

Users: Population total all languages (L1 only): 13. Status:

Haida, Northern hdn

British Columbia province: Haida Gwaii islands, Masset village. Users: 2 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 7 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 4,550 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 6. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Old Massett Village Council. Alternate Names: Masset, X̱aad Kíl, Xaad Kil Autonym: X̱aat Kíl Classification: Haida

Haida, Southern hax

British Columbia province: Haida Gwaii islands, Skidegate. Users: 7 (FPCC 2014). 6 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 0. Ethnic population: 500 (Golla 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Skidegate. Alternate Names: Xaaydaa Kil Classification: Haida

Haisla has

British Columbia province: Douglas Channel head, near Kitimat. Users: 240 (FPCC 2014). 21 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 1,680 (FPCC 2014). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Haisla. Alternate Names: Haishilla, Kitlope, Northern Kwakiutl, Xenaksialakala Classification: Wakashan, Northern Wakashan

Haitian Creole hat

Users: 3,040 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Creole, French based

Halkomelem hur

British Columbia province: small communities along lower Fraser river, on the east coast of Vancouver Island. Users: 260 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 990 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 19,000 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 285. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Aitchelitz, Beecher Bay, Chawathil, Cheam, Cowichan, Halalt, Katzie, Kwantlen, Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt, Lake Cowichan, Leq’ a: mel, Lyackson, Malahat, Matsqui, Musqueam, Nanoose, New Westminster, Penelakut Tribe, Peters, Popkum, Qualicum, Seabird Island, Shxw’ow’hamel, Shxwhá:y Village, Skawahlook, Skowkale, Skwah, Snuneymuxw, Soowahlie, Sq’éwlets, Squiala, Sts’ailes, Stz’uminus, Sumas, Tsawwassen, Tsleil-Waututh, Tzeachten, Union Bar, Yakweakwioose, Yale. Alternate Names: Holkomelem Classification: Salish, Central Salish

Han haa

Yukon territory: Dawson City. Users: 7 in Canada (Krauss 1997). Ethnic population: 300. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in. Alternate Names: Dawson, Han-Kutchin, Hän, Moosehide, Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan

Hebrew heb

Users: 19,500 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Canaanite

Heiltsuk hei

British Columbia province: Bella Bella and Kitasoo villages, Rivers Inlet area. Users: 66 (FPCC 2014). 50 semi-speakers; 6 remaining speakers of Oowekyala (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 2,530 (FPCC 2014). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Heiltsuk, Wuikinuxv. Alternate Names: Hailhzaqvla Classification: Wakashan, Northern Wakashan, Kwakiutlan

Hiligaynon hil

Users: 6,880 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, Central, Peripheral

Hindi hin

Users: 111,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Hindustani

Hungarian hun

Users: 61,200 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Uralic

Hutterisch geh

Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan provinces; isolated settlement in British Columbia. 370 colonies, about 95 people per colony. Users: 35,000 in Canada (2016 census). Total users in all countries: 45,800. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Carinthian German, Hutterian German, Hutterite German Autonym: Hutterisch Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Upper German, Bavarian-Austrian

Igbo ibo

Users: 4,240 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Igboid, Igbo

Ilocano ilo

Users: 26,300 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Ilocano

Innu moe

Newfoundland and Labrador, and Quebec provinces; Lake Saint John east along Saguenay Valley to north shore Saint Lawrence River, Gulf of Saint Lawrence east to St. Augustin, north to height of land at Schefferville and inland Labrador, Goose Bay and Lake Melville, 11 communities. Users: 10,200 (2016 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Bande des Innus de Pessamit, Innu Takuaikan Uashat Mak Mani-Utenam, Innue Essipit, Innu Matimekush-Lac John, Les Innus de Ekuanitshit, Montagnais de Pakua Shipi, Montagnais de Unamen Shipu, Montagnais du Lac St-Jean, Mushuau Innu, Innus de Nutashkuan, Sheshatshiu Innu. Alternate Names: Innu Aionun, Montagnais, Montagnais Innu Autonym: Innu, Innu Aimun Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais

Inuinnaqtun ikt

Northwest Territories: Beaufort sea, Mackenzie river mouth east into Nunavut; Victoria Island area, Kugluktuk, Umingmatok, Bathurst Inlet, and Iquluktuuttraq communities, east to King William Island, and Boothian and Melville peninsula settlements; Hudson Bay northwest coast. Users: 1,020 (2016 census). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial working language in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Inuvik Native. Alternate Names: Western Canada Inuktun, Western Canadian Inuit, Western Canadian Inuktitut Autonym: Inuinnaqtun, ᐃᓄᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᓐ‎ (Inuvialuktun) Classification: Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Inuit-Inupiaq

Inuit Sign Language iks

Nunavut territory: Scattered, especially Baker Lake areas, Rankin Inlet, and Taloyoak. Users: 20 (Schuit 2012), decreasing. Possibly as many as 50 deaf in 2000 (MacDougall 2000). At least 20 deaf in 2012, with an unknown number of hearing with varying proficiency, but estimated to be at least twice the number of deaf (Schuit 2012). In some communities, as many as 75% of the hearing population may have known the sign language (MacDougall 2000). Ethnic population: 150 (MacDougall 2000). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: ISL, IUR, Inuit Uukturausingit, Inuk Sign Language Classification: Sign language, Shared sign language

Inuktitut iku

Users: Population total all languages (L1 only): 36,220. Status: Autonym: Inuktitut

Inuktitut, Eastern Canadian ike

Newfoundland and Labrador, Nunavut, and Quebec provinces: Hudson Strait, east through Nunavut, southern Baffin Island; northern coastal settlements in Quebec, and along North Atlantic coast. Users: 35,200 (2016 census). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Nunavut Territory (1988, Inuit Language Protection Act, Chapter 17). Statutory provincial working language in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. Alternate Names: Canadian Inuit, Inuit, Inuit of Quebec, “Eastern Arctic Eskimo” (pej.), “Eastern Canadian Eskimo” (pej.) Autonym: ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ‎ (Inuktitut) Classification: Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Inuit-Inupiaq

Inuktitut, North Alaskan esi

Northwest Territories: Mackenzie delta region, Aklavik and Inuvik areas. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Aklavik. Alternate Names: Inupiat, Iñupiaq, Iñupiatun, North Alaskan Inupiat, “Eskimo” (pej.) Classification: Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Inuit-Inupiaq

Irish gle

Newfoundland and Labrador province. Users: No known L1 speakers in Canada. Last speakers likely died in the mid-2000s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Indo-European, Celtic, Insular, Goidelic

Italian ita

Users: 376,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Italo-Dalmatian

Japanese jpn

Users: 43,600 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Japonic

Kabuverdianu kea

Users: 4,000 in Canada (2015 Instituto de Apoio ao Emigrante). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Creole, Portuguese based

Kabyle kab

Users: 13,200 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Kabyle

Kannada kan

Users: 3,970 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Kannada

Kashubian csb

Ontario province: Barry’s Bay area, west of Ottawa. Users: 10,000 in Canada, L2 users. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, West, Lechitic

Kaska kkz

British Columbia province: Dease Lake, Fireside, Good Hope Lake, Lower Post, Muncho Lake; Yukon territory: Lower Post, Ross River, Watson Lake. Users: 16 (FPCC 2014). 62 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 540 (FPCC 2014). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Dease River, Kwadacha, Liard, Ross River. Alternate Names: Caska, Eastern Nahane, Kaska Dena, Nahane, Nahani Autonym: Danezāgé’ Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Tahltan

Khmer khm

Montreal, Toronto, other cities. Users: 20,100 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Khmer

Kinyarwanda kin

Users: 5,250 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Ruanda-Rundi (D.61)

Konkani knn

Users: 3,330 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern, Konkani

Korean kor

Users: 153,000 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 242,000 (2019 Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Koreanic

Kurdish, Northern kmr

Users: 11,700 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish

Kutenai kut

British Columbia province: Columbia Lake, Saint Mary’s, Tobacco Plains (Upper Kutenai dialect); British Columbia province: Lower Kutenai at Creston (Lower Kutenai dialect). Users: 25 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 20 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 1,150 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 245. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Chiniki, Lower Kootenay, Stoney, Tobacco Plains, Wesley. Alternate Names: Kootenai, Kootenay Autonym: Ktunaxa Classification: Language isolate

Kwakwala kwk

British Columbia province: north Vancouver Island and adjacent mainland. Users: 170 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 500 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 7,310 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 350. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Campbell River, Cape Mudge, Da’naxda’xw, Dzawada’enuxw, Gwa’Sala-Nakwaxda’xw, Gwawaenuk Tribe, Klahoose, Kwakiutl, Kwiakah, Kwikwasut’inuxw Haxwa’mis, Kwikwetlem, Mamalilikulla, Namgis, Qualicum, Quatsino, Tlatlasikwala, Tlowitsis Tribe. Alternate Names: Kwagiutl, Kwakiutl, Kwakwaka’wakw Autonym: Kwakwala Classification: Wakashan, Northern Wakashan, Kwakiutlan

Lakota lkt

Saskatchewan province: Wood Mountain Reserve. Users: 100 in Canada (2016 Lakota Language Consortium). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2016 Lakota Language Consortium). Includes all ethnic Sioux. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Wood Mountain. Alternate Names: Lakȟótiyapi, Lakhota, Teton Classification: Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dakota

Lao lao

Users: 12,700 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Latvian, Standard lvs

Users: 5,460 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Baltic, Eastern

Laurentian lre

Ontario; eastern end of Lake Ontario; Quebec: Saint Lawrence river valley between present-day Montreal and Quebec City. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker likely died in the late 16th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: St. Lawrence Iroquoian Classification: Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Huronian

Lillooet lil

British Columbia province: Lillooet and middle Fraser river area. Users: 140 (FPCC 2014). 690 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 6,670 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Bridge River, Cayoose Creek, Douglas, Lil’wat, N’Quatqua, Samahquam, Skatin, T’it’q’et, Ts’kw’aylaxw, Tsal’alh, Xaxli’p. Alternate Names: Slatlemuk, St’at’imcets, Statimc, Stl’atl’imc, Stl’atl’imx, Stlatliumh Classification: Salish, Interior

Lingala lin

Users: 3,810 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.30)

Lithuanian lit

Users: 7,080 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Baltic, Eastern

Macedonian mkd

Users: 16,800 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Eastern

Malay zlm

Users: 12,300 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

Malayalam mal

Users: 28,600 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam

Malecite-Passamaquoddy pqm

New Brunswick province: Saint John river villages. Users: 310 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 3,000 (1998 SIL). Total users in all countries: 410. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Kingsclear, Madawaska Maliseet, Oromocto, Malecite de Viger, Saint Mary’s, Tobique, Woodstock. Alternate Names: Maliseet-Passamaquoddy Autonym: Peskotomuhkati Wolastoqewi Latuwewakon Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian

Maltese mlt

Users: 5,570 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Marathi mar

Users: 8,300 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern

Maritime Sign Language nsr

Scattered in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. Users: 90 (Yoel 2009). One hundred users or less. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: MSL, Nova Scotia Sign Language, Nova Scotian Sign Language, Old Signs Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language

Mi’kmaq mic

New Brunswick province: Big Cove, Burnt Church, Eel Ground, Eel River Bar, Fort Folly, Indian Island, Pabino Falls, and Red Bank; Newfoundland and Labrador province: Newfoundland Island, 1 settlement south of Millertown; Nova Scotia: Afton, Bear River, Shubenagadie, Pictou, Truro, and Yarmouth, on Cape Breton Island: Chapel Island, Eskasoni, Memberto, Waikoqomaq, and Wakmatkuq; Prince Edward Island province; Quebec province: Gesgapeqiaq, Gespe’q, and Listuguj on east Gaspé peninsula. Users: 6,690 in Canada (2016 census), decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 14,200 (1998 SIL). 1,500 are in mainland Nova Scotia, 4,000 on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, 800 on Prince Edward Island and Lennox Island, 4,550 on the east coast of New Brunswick, 3,150 on the Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, 200 in Newfoundland. Total users in all countries: 6,900. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Abegweit, Acadia, Annapolis Valley, Bear River, Buctouche MicMac, Eel Ground, Eel River Bar, Elsipogtog, Esgenoopetitj, Eskasoni, Fort Folly, Glooscap, Indian Island, Micmac de Gespeg, Lennox Island, Listuguj Mi’gmaq Government, Membertou, Metepenagiag Mi’kmaq, Miawpukek, Micmacs of Gesgapegiag, Millbrook, Pabineau, Paqtnkek Mi’kmaw, Pictou Landing, Potlotek, Qalipu Mi’kmaq, Sipekne’katik, Wagmatcook, We’koqma’q. Alternate Names: Mi’gmaq, Mi’gmaw, Mi’gmawi’simg, Mi’kmaw, Micmac, Miigmao, Mikmak, Mikmaw, Mìgmaq, Mìkmaq Autonym: L’nui’simk, Míkmawísimk Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian

Michif crg

Manitoba province: scattered, a short distance from the United States border. Users: 470 in Canada (2016 census). L2 users: 0. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: French Cree, Métis Classification: Mixed language, French-Cree

Mohawk moh

Ontario province: Six Nations Reserve, Tyendinaga Reserve on Bay of Quinte near Kingston, and a small settlement at Wahta Mohawk Territory east of Georgian Bay; Quebec province: Kahnawà:ke and Kanehsatà:ke (Oka) near Montreal. Users: 990 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 24,000 (1999 SIL). Total users in all countries: 3,040 (as L1: 2,940; as L2: 100). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Bay of Quinte Mohawk, Lower Mohawk, Mohawks of Akwesasne, Mohawks of Kahnawá:ke, Mohawks of Kanesatake, Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte, Six Nations of the Grand River, Upper Mohawk, Wahta Mohawk, Walker Mohawk. Alternate Names: Kanien’kehaka Autonym: Kanien’kéha Classification: Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock, Mohawk-Oneida

Munsee umu

Ontario province: Moraviantown Reserve. Users: 4 in Canada (2009). Ethnic population: 400 (Kinkade 1991). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Delaware, Moravian of the Thames, Munsee-Delaware, Six Nations of the Grand River. Alternate Names: Delaware, Lunaapeew, Munsiiw, Ontario Delaware Autonym: Huluníixsuwaakan Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian, Delaware

Naskapi nsk

Newfoundland and Labrador provinces: Natuashish on the mainland, an isolated community in Labrador (Eastern Naskapi dialect); Quebec province: Kawawachikamach about 10 km northeast of Schefferville at watershed (Western Naskapi dialect). Users: 1,210 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 1,300 (2017 N. Jancewicz). 900 Western Naskapi, 400 Eastern Naskapi. Status: 4 (Educational). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach. Alternate Names: Innu Aimun, Iyuw Imuun, Naaskaapii iyuw iyimuuun, Naskapi Innu Autonym: Naskapi, ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ‎ (Iyuw Iyimuuun), ᓇᔅᑲᐱ‎ (Naskapi) Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais

Nepali npi

Users: 18,300 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Eastern, Eastern Pahari

Nisga’a ncg

British Columbia province: Aiyansh (Ay’ans), Canyon City (Gitwinksihlkw), Greenville (Laxtalts’ap or Gitxat’in), Kincolith (Gingolx) villages on lower Nass river valley. Users: 2,360, all users. L1 users: 860 (FPCC 2014). 1,380 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 1,500. Ethnic population: 5,430 (FPCC 2014). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Nisga’a Village of Gingolx, Nisga’a Village of Gitwinksihlkw, Nisga’a Village of Laxgalt’sap, Nisga’a Village of New Aiyansh. Alternate Names: Nass, Nisgha, Nishga, Nishka, Nisk’a, Nisqa’a Autonym: Nisga’a Classification: Tsimshian, Nass-Gitksan

Northern Straits Salish str

British Columbia province: southern Vancouver Island, many islands in the Salish Sea. Users: 100 in Canada, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers in Canada (2021). Last fluent speaker died in 2020. 5 semi-speakers in scattered locations (2021 T. Montler). L2 users: 100. Ethnic population: 3,060 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 100 (as L1: ; as L2: 100). Status: 9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Esquimalt, Pauquachin, Semiahmoo, Songhees, T’Sou-ke, Tsartlip, Tsawout, Tseycum. Alternate Names: North Straits Salish, SENĆOŦEN, Straits, Straits Salish Classification: Salish, Central Salish

Norwegian nor

Users: 4,620 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, North, East Scandinavian, Danish-Swedish, Danish-Bokmal

Nuu-chah-nulth nuk

British Columbia province: Vancouver Island, Pacific Ocean coast. Users: 130 (FPCC 2014). 200 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 7,680 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Ahousaht, Ehattesaht, Hesquiaht, Hupacasath, Huu-ay-aht, Ka:’yu:’k’t’h’/Che:k:tles7et’h’, Mowachaht/Muchalaht, Nuchatlaht, Pacheedaht, Tla-o-qui-aht, Toquaht, Tseshaht, Uchucklesaht, Ucluelet. Alternate Names: Aht, Nootka, Nootkans, Nutka, Nuučaan’ul, Quuquu’aca, T’aat’aaqsapa, West Coast Classification: Wakashan, Southern Wakashan

Oji-Cree ojs

Manitoba and Ontario provinces. Users: 13,600 (2017 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Albany, Animakee Wa Zhing, Aroland, Bearskin Lake, Brunswick House, Cat Lake, Constance Lake, Day Star, Deer Lake, Eabametoong, Flying Post, Garden Hill, Kasabonika Lake, Kee-Way-Win, Kingfisher, Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug, Lac Seul, Little Black Bear, Mattagami, McDowell Lake, Mishkeegogamang, Muskrat Dam Lake, Neskantaga, Nibinamik, North Caribou Lake, North Spirit Lake, Ojibway Nation of Saugeen, Red Sucker Lake, Sachigo Lake, Sandy Lake, Slate Falls, St. Theresa Point, Wapekeka, Wasagamack, Wawakapewin, Webequie, Weenusk, Wunnumin. Alternate Names: Anishinaabemowin, Cree, Northern Ojibwa, Ojibway, Ojibwe, Ojicree, Severn Ojibwa Autonym: ᐊᓂᐦᔑᓂᓃᒧᐏᐣ‎ (Anishininiimowin) Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi

Ojibwa oji

Users: Population total all languages (L1 only): 89,860. Status:

Ojibwa, Central ojc

Ontario province: Lake Nipigon west to Lake Nipissing east. Users: 8,000 (2007 SIL). All Ojibwa varieties in Canada: 17,900 (2016 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Animbiigoo Zaagi’igan Anishinaabek, Batchewana, Biigtigong Nishnaabeg, Biinjitiwaabik Zaaging Anishinaabek, Bingwi Neyaashi Anishinaabek, Brunswick House, Chapleau Ojibway, Flying Post, Garden River, Ginoogaming, Gull Bay, Long Lake, Magnetawan, Matachewan, Michipicoten, Nipissing, Pays Plat, Pic Mobert, Red Rock, Serpent River, Shawanaga, Temagami, Thessalon, Wahnapitae. Alternate Names: Central Ojibwe, Ojibway, Ojibwe Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi

Ojibwa, Eastern ojg

Ontario province: north of Lake Ontario and east of Georgian Bay. East of north-south line through Bruce Peninsula base (Rhodes 1976). Users: 25,900 (1998 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Alderville, Chippewas of Georgina Island, Chippewas of Rama, Curve Lake, Hiawatha, Magnetawan, Mississauga, Mississaugas of Scugog Island, Mississaugas of the Credit, Shawanaga, Wasauksing. Alternate Names: Ojibway, Ojibwe Autonym: Jibwemwin, Nishnaabemwin Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi

Ojibwa, Northwestern ojb

Manitoba and Ontario provinces. Users: 20,000 (2000 UBS). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Anishinabe of Wauzhushk Onigum, Aundeck-Omni-Kaning, Berens River, Big Grassy, Fort William, God’s Lake, Iskatewizaagegan, Lac Des Mille Lacs, Lac La Croix, Lac Seul, Little Grand Rapids, Martin Falls, Mitaanjigamiing, Naicatchewenin, Naotkamegwanning, Nigigoonsiminikaaning, Northwest Angle, Obashkaandagaang, Ochiichagwe’babigo’ining, Ojibways of Onigaming, Pauingassi, Pikangikum, Pinaymootang, Poplar Hill, Poplar River, Rainy River, Seine River, Shoal Lake, Wabaseemoong, Wabauskang, Wabigoon Lake Ojibway, Weenusk, Whitesand. Alternate Names: Northern Ojibwa, Ojibway, Ojibwe Autonym: Nakawēmowin Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi

Ojibwa, Western ojw

Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan provinces; west from Lake Winnipeg. Users: 10,000 (2002 W. Poser). Ethnic population: 60,000 (1997 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Aamjiwnaang, Black River, Bloodvein, Brokenhead Ojibway, Buffalo Point, Cote, Couchiching, Cowessess, Dauphin River, Day Star, Eagle Lake, Ebb and Flow, Fishing Lake, Fort Alexander, George Gordon, Heart Lake, Henvey Inlet, Hollow Water, Kapawe’no, Keeseekoose, Keeseekoowenin, Kinistin Saulteaux, Kinonjeoshtegon, Lake Manitoba, Lake St. Martin, Little Saskatchewan, Long Plain, Muscowpetung, Muskoday, Muskowekwan, Nekaneet, O’Chiese, O-Chi-Chak-Ko-Sipi, Okanese, Pasqua, Peguis, Pheasant Rump Nakota, Pine Creek, Poplar River, Rolling River, Roseau River Anishinabe, Sakimay, Sandy Bay, Sapotaweyak Cree, Saulteau, Saulteaux, Sawridge, Skownan, Sturgeon Lake, The Key, Tootinaowaziibeeng, War Lake, Waywayseecappo, White Bear, Yellow Quill. Alternate Names: Nahkawēwin, Ojibway, Ojibwe, Plains Ojibway, Plains Ojibwe, Saulteau, Saulteaux, Saulteaux Ojibwe, Western Ojibwe Autonym: Anishnaubemowin, Nakawēmowin Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi

Okanagan oka

British Columbia province: 7 reserves: Douglas Lake, Hedley, Keremeos, Oliver, Penticton, Vernon, Westbank; east of Fraser Valley and west of Kootenai. Users: 190 in Canada (FPCC 2014), increasing. Except for 12 fluent speakers on Westbank Reserve, the other reserves each have at least 50 speakers of varying fluency, Vernon Reserve perhaps 100 (Golla 2007). 170 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 5,180 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 420. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Lower Similkameen, Okanagan, Osoyoos, Penticton, Upper Nicola, Upper Similkameen, Westbank. Alternate Names: Colville-Okanagan, Nselxcin, Okanagan-Colville, Okanagon, Okanogan, Syilx Autonym: Nsyilxcən Classification: Salish, Interior, Southern

Oneida one

Ontario province: Six Nations Reserve. Users: 55 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 3,000 (Golla 2007). On Thames River near London, Ontario. Total users in all countries: 67. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Oneida, Oneida Nation of the Thames, Six Nations of the Grand River. Autonym: Onʌyota’a:ka Classification: Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock, Mohawk-Oneida

Onondaga ono

Ontario province: Six Nations Reserve. Users: 40 in Canada (Golla 2007). Total users in all countries: 52. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Bearfoot Onondaga, Onondaga Clear Sky, Six Nations of the Grand River. Alternate Names: Onandaga, Ongwehonhwe Autonym: Onoñda’géga’ Classification: Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock

Ottawa otw

Ontario province: Lake Huron area islands, Manitoulin Island; Walople Island Reserve. West of a north south line through Bruce Peninsula (Rhodes 1976). Users: 150 in Canada (2016 census). Nishnaabemwin is an emergent language, fusion of Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwa [ojg], having a couple thousand speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 60,000. Total users in all countries: 7,360. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Atikameksheng Anishnawbek, Aundeck-Omni-Kaning, Beausoleil, Caldwell, Chippewas of Kettle and Stony Point, Chippewas of Nawash, Chippewas of the Thames, M’Chigeeng, Mattagami, Nipissing, Sagamok Anishnawbek, Saugeen, Shawanaga, Sheguiandah, Sheshegwaning, Walpole Island, Wasauksing, Whitefish River, Wikwemikong, Zhiibaahaasing. Alternate Names: Odawa, Ojibway, Ojibwe Autonym: Daawaamwin, Nishnaabemwin Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi

Pampangan pam

Users: 4,050 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central Luzon, Pampangan

Pashto, Northern pbu

Users: 16,900 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pashto

Pentlatch ptw

British Columbia: Vancouver Island, between Comox and Nanaimo. Users: No known L1 speakers. Joe Nimnim, the last speaker, died in 1940. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Puntlatch, Puntledge Classification: Salish, Central Salish

Persian, Iranian pes

Users: 214,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian

Plains Indian Sign Language psd

Scattered. Great Plains and neighboring regions, particularly on reserves of Assiniboine, Blackfeet, and Kutenai First Nations. Users: Small rapidly diminishing population. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Provincially recognized language in Ontario (2007, 38:2 Bill 213, Recognition of Sign Language as an Official Language Act). Alternate Names: First Nation Sign Language, NAISL, North American Indian Sign Language, PISL, Plains Sign Language, Plains Sign Talk Classification: Sign language, Shared sign language

Plautdietsch pdt

Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, and Saskatchewan provinces. Users: 80,000 in Canada (Salminen 2007). Total users in all countries: 401,360. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Low German, Mennonite German, Mennoniten Platt Autonym: Plautdietsch Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Saxon-Low Franconian, Low Saxon

Polish pol

Users: 182,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, West, Lechitic

Portuguese por

Users: 222,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Portuguese-Galician

Potawatomi pot

Ontario province: Walpole Island Reserve. Users: No known L1 speakers in Canada. Status: 9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Aundeck-Omni-Kaning, Beausoleil, Caldwell, M’Chigeeng, Moose Deer Point, Sagamok Anishnawbek, Saugeen, Shawanaga, Walpole Island, Wasauksing, Wikwemikong. Alternate Names: Neshnabémwen, Pottawottomi Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi

Punjabi, Eastern pan

Users: 502,000 in Canada (2016 census). Includes both Eastern and Western Punjabi [pnb]. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Panjabi

Quebec Sign Language fcs

Scattered, especially in eastern provinces that are primarily Francophone: Quebec, eastern Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Users: 8,000 (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 8,000 deaf signers, assuming 0.1% of the total population of Quebec. Other estimates vary widely: 5,000–6,000 (Parisot et al 2015), 50,000 (2010 E. Parks). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: LSQ, Langue Signe Quebecars, Langue des signes, Langue des signes canadiens français, Langue des signes du Québec, Langue des signes québécoise, Québécoise Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language

Romanian ron

Users: 96,700 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Eastern

Rundi run

Users: 5,850 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Ruanda-Rundi (D.62)

Russian rus

British Columbia province: Kootenay district; western Canada. Users: 530,000 in Canada (Arefyev 2012), all users. L1 users: 188,000 (2011 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East

Sarsi srs

Alberta province: Calgary area. Users: 80 (2016 census). A small number of semi-speakers and passive speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 600 (1977 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Tsuut’ina. Alternate Names: Sarcee, Tsuu T’ina, Tsúùtínà Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan

Scottish Gaelic gla

Nova Scotia: Cape Breton; Prince Edward Island. Users: 1,090 in Canada (2016 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Gàidhlig, Gàidhlig na h-Alba Classification: Indo-European, Celtic, Insular, Goidelic

Sechelt sec

British Columbia province: coast north of Vancouver. Users: 4 (FPCC 2014). 34 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 0. Ethnic population: 1,200 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Sechelt. Alternate Names: She Shashishalhem Classification: Salish, Central Salish

Sekani sek

British Columbia province: Beaver community of Prophet River, Fort McLeod, Iskut Tahltan community, Ware. Users: 30 (FPCC 2014). 240 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 0 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,410 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: McLeod Lake, Tsay Keh Dene. Alternate Names: Tse’khene, Tsek’ehne, Tsek’hene Autonym: Tsek’ene Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan

Seneca see

Ontario: Six Nations Reserve, near Brantford. Users: No known L1 speakers in Canada. Ethnic population: 900 (2013). Status: 9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Konadaha Seneca, Niharondasa Seneca, Six Nations of the Grand River. Alternate Names: Onödowá’ga: Classification: Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock

Serbian srp

Users: 57,400 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Western

Shona sna

Users: 3,190 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.10)

Shuswap shs

British Columbia province. Users: 200 (FPCC 2014), increasing. 1,190 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 0 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 9,860 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Adams Lake, Bonaparte, Canim Lake, Chiniki, Esk’etemc, High Bar, Little Shuswap Lake, Neskonlith, Shuswap, Simpcw, Skeetchestn, Soda Creek, Splatsin, Stoney, Stswecem’c Xgat’tem, Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc, Ts’kw’aylaxw, Whispering Pines/Clinton, Williams Lake. Alternate Names: Secwepemc, Secwepemctsín Classification: Salish, Interior

Sindhi snd

Users: 11,900 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Northwestern, Sindhi

Sinhala sin

Users: 16,300 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern, Sinhalese-Maldivian

Slave den

Users: Population total all languages (L1 only): 1,720. Status: Alternate Names: Dene K’e

Slavey, North scs

Northwest Territories: Mackenzie district, middle Mackenzie River from Fort Norman north, around Great Bear Lake; Colville Lake, Deline, Fort Good Hope, Norman Wells, and Tulita in Mackenzie Mountains; Yellowknife. Users: 770 (2016 census). Bearlake dialect: 580; Hare dialect: 145; Mountain dialect: 100 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,950 (Golla 2007). Bearlake dialect: 1,070. Hare dialect: 710. Mountain dialect: 170 (Golla 2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Behdzi Ahda’, Deline, Fort Good Hope, Nahanni Butte, Ross River, Tulita Dene, Yellowknives Dene. Alternate Names: Dene, Dené, Esclave du Nord, Mackenzian, “Slave” (pej.), “Slavi” (pej.) Autonym: Satúotine Yatí Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Slavey-Hare

Slavey, South xsl

Alberta province: Hay River area and Steen River-May Creek watershed; British Columbia province: Fort Nelson-Snake river area; Northwest Territories: Mackenzie district, Great Slave Lake, upper Mackenzie River. Users: 950 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 3,600 (1995 M. Krauss). Status: 7 (Shifting). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Acho Dene Koe, Deh Gáh Got’ie Dene, Dene Tha’, Fort Nelson, Jean Marie River, K’atlodeeche, Ka’a’gee Tu, Liidlii Kue, Pehdzeh Ki, Ross River, Sambaa K’e, West Point, Yellowknives Dene. Alternate Names: Acha’otinne, Dene, Dene Tha’, Denetha, Dené, Esclave du Sud, Mackenzian, “Slave” (pej.), “Slavi” (pej.) Autonym: Deh Gáh Ghotie Zhatie Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Slavey-Hare

Slovak slk

Users: 17,600 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, West, Czech-Slovak

Slovene slv

Users: 9,790 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Western

Somali som

Users: 36,800 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Somali

Spanish spa

Users: 565,000 in Canada, all users. L1 users: 459,000 in Canada (2016 census). L2 users: 106,000 (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian

Squamish squ

British Columbia province: north of Vancouver. Users: 7 (FPCC 2014). 34 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 0 (2000). Ethnic population: 4,080 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Squamish. Alternate Names: Skwxwu’mesh snichim Classification: Salish, Central Salish

Stoney sto

Alberta province: Alexis, Bighorn, Eden Valley, Morley, and Paul reserves west and northwest of Calgary and west of Edmonton. Users: 3,030 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 3,200 (Golla 2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Alexis Nakota Sioux, Bearspaw, Chiniki, Paul, Stoney, Wesley, White Bear. Alternate Names: Dakota, Nakoda, Stony Autonym: Ĩyãħé Nakoda Classification: Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dakota

Swahili swh

Users: 13,400 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.42)

Swedish swe

Users: 6,840 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, North, East Scandinavian, Danish-Swedish, Swedish

Tagalog tgl

Scattered, in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Saskatchewan, and Yukon. Users: 431,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Tagalog

Tagish tgx

Yukon territory: some at Carcross. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last known fluent speaker, Lucy Wren, died in 2008. Ethnic population: 400 (Krauss 1997). Status: 9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Carcross/Tagish, Kwanlin Dun. Alternate Names: Dene K’e Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Tahltan

Tahltan tht

British Columbia province: Telegraph Creek, Iskut. Users: 45 (FPCC 2014). 60 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 2,460 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Iskut, Tahltan. Alternate Names: Nahanni, Tāltān Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Tahltan

Tamil tam

Users: 141,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil

Tanana, Upper tau

Yukon territory: Beaver Creek. Users: 10 in Canada (Krauss 1997). Ethnic population: 40 (Krauss 1997). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: White River. Alternate Names: Nee’aaneegn’ Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan

Telugu tel

Users: 15,700 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Telugu

Thai tha

Users: 9,260 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Thompson thp

British Columbia province: Fraser River north of Yale, lower Thompson River and tributaries. Users: 130 (FPCC 2014). 340 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 6,140 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Ashcroft, Boothroyd, Boston Bar, Coldwater, Cook’s Ferry, Kanaka Bar, Lower Nicola, Lytton, Nicomen, Nooaitch, Oregon Jack Creek, Seabird Island, Shackan, Siska, Skuppah, Spuzzum, Yale. Alternate Names: Nklapmx, Nle’kepmxcín, Ntlakapamux, Ntlakapmuk, Thompson Salish Classification: Salish, Interior, Northern

Tibetan, Central bod

Users: 6,170 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central

Tigrigna tir

Users: 16,600 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, North

Tlicho dgr

Northwest Territories, between Great Slave lake and Great Bear lake. 6 communities: Bechoko, Whati (formerly Lac la Martre), Gameti, Wekweti, Detah, and Ndilo (a subcommunity of Yellowknife). Rae is center. Detah and Ndilo host the Weledeh dialect. Users: 1,650 (2016 census). 250 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 3,220 (2018). Status: 6b (Threatened). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted offical use. Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Dechi Laot’i, Dog Rib Rae, Gameti, Wha Ti, Yellowknives Dene. Alternate Names: Dogrib, Flanc-de-chien, Tłı̨chǫ, Thlingchadine Autonym: Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan

Tlingit tli

British Columbia province: Atlin; Yukon territory: Carcross, Teslin. Users: 2 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 7 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 400 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Carcross/Tagish, Kwanlin Dun, Taku River Tlingit, Teslin Tlingit. Alternate Names: Inland Tlingit, Kolosch, Kolosh, Thlinget, Tlinkit, Łingít Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Tlingit

Tsetsaut txc

British Columbia: northwest region, near Alaska (United States) border. Users: No known L1 speakers in Canada. Last fluent speaker died around 1927. Ethnic population: 30 (2020), the Skii km Lax Ha Nation. Total users in all countries: none known. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Jits’aawit, Wetaŀ, Wetalh Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan

Tsimshian tsi

British Columbia province: north coast, on coast at Klemtu. Users: 160 in Canada, all users. L1 users: 110 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 1 speaker of Southern Tsimshian; the rest speak Coast Tsimshian (Golla 2007). L2 users: 50 (2000). Ethnic population: 6,880 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 200 (as L1: 150; as L2: 50). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Gitga’at, Gitxaala, Kitasoo, Kitselas, Kitsumkalum, Lax Kw’alaams, Metlakatla. Alternate Names: Chimmezyan, Maritime Tsimshianic, Tsimpshean, Zimshian Autonym: Sm’algyax Classification: Tsimshian

Turkish tur

Users: 32,800 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Southern, Turkish

Tuscarora tus

Ontario province: Six Nations Reserve. Users: No known L1 speakers in Canada. The last speaker in Canada, Helen Salter, died in December 1995 (Skutnabb-Kangas 2000). Status: 9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Six Nations of the Grand River, Tuscarora. Classification: Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Tuscarora-Nottoway

Tutchone, Northern ttm

Yukon territory: Carmacks, Mayo-Stewart, Selkirk-Pelly, White River, and Whitehorse areas. Users: 220 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 1,100 (Golla 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Nacho Nyak Dun, Little Salmon/Carmacks, Selkirk, White River. Alternate Names: Selkirk, Tutchone du Nord Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Tuchone

Tutchone, Southern tce

Yukon territory: Aishihik, Burwash Landing, Champagne, Haines Junction, Kloo Lake, Klukshu, Lake Laberge, and Whitehorse settlements. Users: 70 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 1,400 (Golla 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Aishihik, Champagne, Champagne and Aishihik, Kluane, Kwanlin Dun, Ta’an Kwach’an. Alternate Names: Tutchone du Sud Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Tuchone

Tutelo tta

Ontario: Six Nations Reserve. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last native speaker, Albert Green, died in 1985. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Saponi, Tutelo-Saponi Classification: Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan

Ukrainian ukr

Users: 102,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East

Urdu urd

Users: 211,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Hindustani

Vietnamese vie

Users: 156,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Vietnamese

Wendat wdt

Quebec province: Wendake community. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers survived into the 1960s. Ethnic population: 4,150 (2020 M. Lukaniec). Status: 9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Nation Huronne Wendat. Alternate Names: Huron, Huron-Wendat Classification: Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Huronian, Huron-Petun

Wolof wol

Users: 3,990 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Wolof

Yiddish, Eastern ydd

Scattered: Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. Users: 13,600 in Canada (2016 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Yiddish

Yoruba yor

Users: 9,090 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri