Côte d’Ivoire

Languages

Abé aba

Lacs district: Bongouanou subprefecture; Lagunes district: Agboville subprefecture (except Krobou canton), Tiassale subprefecture, Abbe canton, 70 villages. Users: 268,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Abbey, Abbé, Abi Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Agneby

Abidji abi

Lagunes district: Dabou and Sikensi subprefectures, Agboville area. 12 villages. Users: 85,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Abiji Autonym: Enyembe lɛɛ Ogbru Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Agneby

Abron abr

Zanzan distict: Bondoukou and Tanda subprefectures. Users: 223,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bron, Brong, Doma, Gyaman Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Akan

Abure abu

Comoé district: Bonoua subprefecture; Lagunes district: Grand Bassam subprefecture; Abidjan. Users: 93,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Abonwa, Abouré, Abule, Akaplass, Ehie, Eyive, Obule oyve, Ossouon Autonym: ɔbule ɔyʋɛ Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Western

Adioukrou adj

Lagunes district: Dabou subprefecture. 49 villages. Users: 140,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Adjukru, Adyoukrou, Adyukru, Ajukru, Mojukru Autonym: Mↄjukru Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Agneby

Aizi, Aproumu ahp

Lagunes district: Dabou subprefecture, Allaba village; Jacqueville subprefecture, Attoutou A, Attoutou B, Bapo (Allaba B, Taboth), Koko, and Tefredji villages on Ebrié lagoon banks. Users: 6,500 (1999 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Ahizi, Apro, Aproin, Aprou, Aproumu, Aprwe, Oprou Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Aizi

Aizi, Mobumrin ahm

Lagunes district: Jacqueville subprefecture, Ebrié lagoon north bank, Abraco and Abraniamiambo villages. Users: 2,000 (1999 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Ahizi, Ed-eyng, Ezibo, Frukpu, Mouin Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Aizi

Aizi, Tiagbamrin ahi

Lagunes district: Jacqueville subprefecture, Ebrié lagoon banks, Attoutou B, Nigui-Assoko, Nigui-Saff, Tiagba, and Tiémié villages. Users: 9,000 (1999 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ahizi, Ed-eyng, Ezibo, Kropko, Lélémrin, Prokpo, Tiagba, Tiagbamrin Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Aizi

Alladian ald

Lagunes district: Jacqueville subprefecture, plain between the coast and Ebrie lagoon. 21 villages. Users: 23,000 (1993 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Aladian, Alladyan, Allagia, Allagian Autonym: Alladian Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Avikam-Alladian

American Sign Language ase

Scattered. Users: 130,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 77,000–155,000, based on 0.3%–0.6% of the total population. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: LSAF, LSAF Ivoirienne, LSCI, Langue des signes d’Afrique francophone, Langue des signes de Côte d’Ivoire, Langue des signes de l’Afrique francophone Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language

Anyin any

Comoé and Lagunes districts; Lacs district: Bongouanou, Daoukro, and M’bahiakro subprefectures; Zanzan district: Bondoukou and Tanda subprefectures. Users: 1,450,000 in Côte d’Ivoire, all users. L1 users: 1,440,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). L2 users: 10,000. Total users in all countries: 1,516,400 (as L1: 1,506,400; as L2: 10,000). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Agni, Agni Sanvi, Agny, Anyi Autonym: Anyin Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern

Anyin Morofo mtb

Lacs district: Moronou area; Lagunes district: central, southern, and eastern departments. Users: 300,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Morofo Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern

Arabic, North Levantine Spoken apc

Users: 30,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Attié ati

Lacs district: southeast; Lagunes district: Adzopé, Affery, Agou, Akoupé, Alépé, Anyama, and Yakassé-Attobrou subprefectures. Users: 642,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: -Atye” (pej.), Akie, Akye, Atche, Atie, Atshe Autonym: -Atshe Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Attie

Avikam avi

Gôh-Djiboua district: coast west of Tagbo Lagoon; Lagunes district: Grand Lahou coastal plain area, Avikam canton. Users: 21,000 (1993 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Avekom, Brignan, Brinya, Gbanda, Kwakwa, Lahu Autonym: Avikam Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Avikam-Alladian

Bakwé bjw

Bas-Sassandra district: San Pedro, Sassandra, and Soubre prefectures. Users: 10,300 (1993 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Autonym: Bakʋɛwii Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Bakwe

Bambara bam

Denguélé district: center and northeast; Savanes district: Tingréla department, Ségélon subprefecture; Malian diaspora in all major cities. Users: 5,500 in Côte d’Ivoire (1993 SIL). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Bamako, Bamana, Bamanakan, Bamanankan Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Northeastern Manding, Bamana

Baoulé bci

Lacs, Lagunes, Gôh-Djiboua, Sassandra-Marahoué, Vallée du Bandama, Woroba, and Yamoussoukro regions. Widespread in the south. Users: 4,650,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Total users in all countries: 4,654,060. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Baoule, Baule, Baule-Ando, Bawolɛ, Bawule Autonym: Wawle Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern

Beng nhb

Lacs district: M’bahiakro subprefecture, northeast corner; Prikro subprefecture. 22 villages. Users: 17,000 (1993 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ben, Gan, Ngain, Ngan, Ngen Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Nwa-Ben, Ben-Gban

Bété, Daloa bev

Sassandra-Marahoué district: Daloa subprefecture. Users: 130,000 (1993 SIL). All Bété varieties: 730,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bhete, Daloua Bété, Northern Bété Autonym: “Bhɛtɩ Gbʋ Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Bete, Western

Bété, Gagnoa btg

Bas-Sassandra district: some in north; Gôh-Djiboua district: Gagnoa subprefecture; Sassandra-Marahoué district: Sinfra subprefecture. Users: 150,000 (1989 SIL). All Bété varieties: 730,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bhete, Bhete of Gagnoa, Eastern Bété, Gagnoua-Bété, Shyen Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Bete, Eastern

Bété, Guiberoua bet

Bas-Sassandra district: Soubre, Buyo, Gregbeu, and Ouaragahio subprefectures; Sassandra-Marahoué district: Daloua, Guiberoua, and Issia subprefectures; Gôh-Djiboua district. Users: 130,000 (1993 SIL). All Bété varieties: 730,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bhete, Central Bété, Western Bété, ʼbhɛtegbooʼmë Autonym: ʼbhɛtɩgbʋʋ ʼmö Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Bete, Western

Beti eot

Comoé district: Grand Bassam subprefecture, Vitre I and Vitre II villages. Users: 200 (Blench 1999b). Ethnic population: 3,180 (1988 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Eotile Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Western

Birifor, Southern biv

Zanzan district: northeast corner. Users: 4,310 in Côte d’Ivoire (1993 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Birifo Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest, Dagaari-Birifor, Birifor

Bisa bib

Users: 127,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Bissa

Cerma cme

Savanes district: Ouangolodougou area, north of Ferkessedougou. 5 villages along main road to Banfora. Users: 1,700 in Côte d’Ivoire (1991). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Gouin, Guin, Gwe, Gwen, Kirma Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Kirma-Tyurama

Daho-Doo das

Montagnes district: Tai area and south; Bas-Sassandra district: northwest. Doo are in 5 villages south of Guiglo. Users: 4,000 (1996 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Guere-Krahn

Dan dnj

Montagnes district: Biankouma, Danané, and Man prefectures, Liberian border area west of Touba. 19 villages. Users: 1,300,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (2012 V. Vydrin). 650,000 in Eastern Dan, 650,000 in western Dan. Total users in all countries: 1,568,800. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Da, Dàn, Gio, Gio-Dan, Ya, Yacouba, Yakuba Autonym: Dã̀ã̀ Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Guro-Tura, Tura-Dan-Mano, Tura-Dan

Deg mzw

Zanzan district. Users: 1,100 in Côte d’Ivoire (1991). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Aculo, Buro, Dɛg, Degha, Janela, Mmfo, Mo Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Western

Dida, Lakota dic

Gôh-Djiboua district: Lakota town area and several small areas; Lagunes district: south of Lake Taabo. Users: 93,800 (1993 SIL). All Dida: 336,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Brabori, Dieko, Gabo, Satro, Ziki Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Dida

Dida, Yocoboué gud

Gôh-Djiboua district: Guitry subprefecture, Guitry town area; Lagunes district: Tagbo Lagoon. Users: 102,000 (1993 SIL). 7,100 Guitry, 94,500 Divo. All Dida: 336,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dida de Yocoboué Autonym: Dída Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Dida

Ega ega

Gôh-Djiboua district: Diés canton, Borondoukou village near Gly. Users: 2,500 (2001 B. Connell). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Diés, Egwa Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Ega

Esuma esm

Comoé district: Sud-Comoé region, Adiaké department, Assinie-Mafia. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speakers shifted to Anyin [any] and Nzema [nzi] around 1800. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Essouma Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa

French fra

Users: 9,321,700 in Côte d’Ivoire, all users. L1 users: 1,700 in Côte d’Ivoire (2022 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. L2 users: 9,320,000 (Marcoux et al 2022). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (2000, Constitution, Article 29). Alternate Names: Français Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French

Fulfulde, Maasina ffm

Savanes district: scattered. Users: 479,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Fulfulde, Maasinankoore Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, West Central

Gban ggu

Gôh-Djiboua district: Oume subprefecture, also area south of Laouda. Users: 60,000 (2012 V. Vydrin). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gagou, Gagu, Kago, Sodua Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Nwa-Ben, Ben-Gban

Gbin xgb

Zanzan district: Bondoukou city. Users: No known L1 speakers. The ethnic group was assimilating to Senoufo and Akan [aka] by the early 1920s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Binfo, Bïn, Gbin-Gouro, Gurombo, Gurungo Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern

Glio-Oubi oub

Bas-Sassandra district: east bank of Cavally north of Tabou. Users: 2,500 in Côte d’Ivoire (1991). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Glio, Oubi, Ubi Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Grebo, Glio-Oubi

Godié god

Bas-Sassandra district: Fresco and Sassandra subprefectures, Kotrohou canton; some in Gôh-Djiboua district. Users: 26,400 (1993 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: -gwödyéwale, Betɩgwʋʋ, Dadjriwalé, Godye Autonym: -gwëjewälɩɩ’ Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Bete, Western

Goo gov

Montagnes district: Biankoma and Man departments, Deiné, Déoulé, Glagwin, Gouanlé, Mengouen, Mampleu, Sangoué, Zagoué, and Zeikpopleu villages. Users: 8,000 (2021 V. Vydrin). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Goh, Gụ̏ụ̏, Guse, Guu Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Guro-Tura, Tura-Dan-Mano, Tura-Dan

Grebo, Southern grj

Bas-Sassandra district: near Liberia border. Users: 71,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Grebo, Liberian

Guébie gie

Gôh-Djiboua district: Gnagbodougnoa subprefecture, Dodougnoa, Gnagbodougnoa, Gnamagnoa, and Gragbalilie villages. Users: 7,000 (2015 H. Sande). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Dida

Guro goa

Mainly Sassandra-Marahoué and Gôh-Djiboua districts: Bouaflé, Gouitafla, Oumé, Sinfra, Vavoua, and Zuénoula subprefectures; smaller areas in Lacs, Vallée du Bandama, and Woroba districts. Users: 500,000 (2012 V. Vydrin). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Baba, Dalo, Dipa, Gouro, Ku, Kweni, Kwéndré, Lo Autonym: Golo Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Guro-Tura, Guro-Yaoure

Hausa hau

Abidjan. Users: 395,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Ethnic population: 1,000,000. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.1

Jeri Kuo jek

Savanes district: Korhogo area, 3 enclaves. Users: 1,500 (1990 R. Kastenholz). Ethnic population: 20,000 (1990 R. Kastenholz). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Celle, Jeli Kuo Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Jogo-Jeri

Jula dyu

Savanes and Zanzan districts; widespread in all major cities. Users: 8,500,000 in Côte d’Ivoire, all users. L1 users: 1,500,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (2012 V. Vydrin). L2 users: 7,000,000 (2012 V. Vydrin). Total users in all countries: 12,504,000 (as L1: 2,226,000; as L2: 10,278,000). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Lingua franca in Côte d’Ivoire in the 19th century during the French colonial period. Also spoken in Burkina Faso. Used in education, trade, hunting, and religion. Alternate Names: Dioula, Diula, Djula, Dyoula, Dyula, Jula Kong, Kong Jula, Tagboussikan Autonym: Julakan Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Northeastern Manding, Bamana

Karaboro, Eastern xrb

Users: 5,610 in Côte d’Ivoire (2000). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Karaboro

Khisa kqm

Zanzan district: north. Users: 5,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Vanderaa 1991). Total users in all countries: 8,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Khi Khipa, Komono, Kumwenu Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Gan-Dogose

Kla-Dan lda

Montagnes district: Biankouma department, Zouzoupleu village; Woroba district: Touba department, 25 villages. Users: 25,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (2001 V. Vydrin). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kla Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Guro-Tura, Tura-Dan-Mano, Tura-Dan

Kodia kwp

Bas-Sassandra district. Users: 840 (1993 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kwadia, Kwadya Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Kwadia

Koro kfo

Woroba district: Mankono department, Tiéningboué subprefecture. Users: 58,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Koro Jula Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding, Maninka-Mori

Kouya kyf

Sassandra-Marahoué district: Vavoua subprefecture, Kouya canton; small area west of Bonefla. 12 villages. Users: 10,100 (1993 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kowya, Kuya, Sokuya, Sokya Autonym: Sɔkɔwɛlɩ Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Bete, Eastern

Koyaga kga

Woroba district: Mankono department, 4 subprefectures west. Users: 84,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Koya, Koyaa, Koyaga Jula, Koyagakan, Koyaka, Koyara Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding, Maninka-Mori

Krahn, Eastern kqo

Lacs, Sassandra-Marahoué, and Vallée du Bandama districts: Lake Kossou area; Montagnes district. Users: 10,600 in Côte d’Ivoire. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Konobo

Krahn, Western krw

Montagnes district: Toulépleu subprefecture. Users: 12,200 in Côte d’Ivoire (1993 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Krahn, Northern Krahn Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Guere-Krahn

Krobu kxb

Lagunes district: Agboville subprefecture. 4 villages. Users: 9,920 (1993 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Krobou Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Krobu

Krumen, Plapo ktj

Bas-Sassandra district: between Bapo and Honpo dialects of Tepo Krumen [ted]. Users: 200 (2022 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kroumen, Kroumen Plaapo, Kru Plapo, Krumen, Krumen Plapo, Plaapo Kroumen, Plapo Autonym: Plaawin Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Grebo, Ivorian

Krumen, Pye pye

Bas-Sassandra district: Bereby, San Pedro, and Tai subprefectures. Users: 20,000 (1993 SIL). All Krumen: 48,300 (1993 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kroumen, Kroumen Piè, Krumen, Krumen Piè, Krumen Pye, Northeastern Krumen, Southeastern Krumen Autonym: Pɩɛwin Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Grebo, Ivorian

Krumen, Tepo ted

Bas-Sassandra district: Grabo and Tabou subprefectures. Users: 28,300 in Côte d’Ivoire (1993 SIL). All Krumen: 48,300 (1993 SIL). Total users in all countries: 33,910. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Krou tepo, Kroumen, Kroumen tépo, Kru, Kru tepo, Krumen, Krumen tepo, Southern Krumen, Southwestern Kroumen, Tepo Krou Autonym: Tepowin Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Grebo, Ivorian

Kulango, Bondoukou kzc

Zanzan district: Bondoukou subprefecture. Users: 77,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (1993 SIL). All Kulango: 372,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Total users in all countries: 104,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bondoukou, Bonduku, Koulango, Kulange, Kulango, Nkuraeng, Nkurange Autonym: Kolango Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Kulango

Kulango, Bouna nku

Zanzan district: Nassian subprefecture. Users: 14,400 in Côte d’Ivoire (1998). All Kulango: 372,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Total users in all countries: 29,900. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Koulango, Kulange, Nkuraeng, Nkurange Autonym: Bouna Kulango Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Kulango

Ligbi lig

Zanzan district: Bouna department, Bineto village; Woroba district: Slil town near Boundoukou. Users: 4,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Vanderaa 1991). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Jogo-Jeri, Jogo

Lobi lob

Zanzan district: north strip. Users: 270,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: ’Lobiire, Lobiri, Miwa Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Lobi

Loma loi

Zanzan district: Kulango and Téén areas. Users: 8,010 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lomakka, Lomapo, Lomasse, Malinke Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Teen

Mahou mxx

Denguélé district: south of Bako; Montagnes district: northeast; Woroba district: Touba department. Users: 300,000 (2012 V. Vydrin). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mahu, Maou, Mau, Mauka, Mauke, Mawu, Mawukakan Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding, Maninka-Mori

Mbato gwa

Comoé district: Comoé river east bank; Lagunes district: Petit Alépé subprefecture. Users: 25,000 (1993 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Goaa, Gwa, M’bato, Mbatto, Mgbato, N-Batto, Nglwa, Ogwia, Potu Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Potou

Mbre mka

Vallée du Bandama district: Marabadiassa area, Bondosso village. Users: 50 (Tiote 2017). Ethnic population: 700. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Bɛrɛ, Bere, Bre, Pɛrɛ, Pɛrɛpisjà, Pre, Pre Pisia Classification: Niger-Congo, Unclassified

Mòoré mos

Users: 1,360,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest

Mwan moa

Woroba district: Kongasso and south Mankono subprefectures. Users: 20,000 (2012 V. Vydrin). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mona, Mouna, Muan, Muana, Mwa Autonym: Mwan Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Nwa-Ben, Wan-Mwan

N’ko nqo

Scattered. Users: No known L1 speakers in Côte d’Ivoire. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Status: 9 (Second language only). Classification: Mixed language

Nafaanra nfr

Zanzan district: Transua department. Users: Few in Côte d’Ivoire. Status: 5* (Developing). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Nafaanra

Neyo ney

Bas-Sassandra district: Sassandra subprefecture, Kébé and Neyo cantons, from Niégba west to Dagbégo east and Niabayo north. Users: 9,200 (1993 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gwibwen, Towi Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Dida

Ngen gnj

Abidjan district; Lacs district: M’bahiakro subprefecture, Djonkrou and Mangofla villages. Users: 1,000 (2021 T. Korol). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gan, Ngɛn, Ngain, Ngan, Ngin, Nguin Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Nwa-Ben, Ben-Gban

Nyabwa nwb

Bas-Sassandra district: northwest; Sassandra-Marahoué district: Vavoua subprefecture, Kouya canton; Buyo, Daloua, Issia, Vavoua (Nyedebwa), and Zoukougbeu (Nyabwa) subprefectures, 12 southwest villages; all in Lake Buyo area. Users: 72,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Niaboua, Nyaboa, Nyabobɔgo, Nyabwa-Nyédébwa, “Bété” (pej.) Autonym: Nyabobɔgʋ Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Nyabwa

Nzema nzi

Comoé district: Aboisso department, Tiapoum subprefecture, southeast coast; Abidjan. Users: 113,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Appolo, Nzima Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Southern

Sénoufo, Cebaara sef

Denguélé and Woroba districts; Savanes district: Korhogo city area and west; Vallée du Bandama district: west of Bandama Blanc river. Users: 862,000 (1993 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Senadi, Senari, Syenere, Sénoufo-Sénanri, Tiebaara, Tyebala Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Senari

Sénoufo, Djimini dyi

Lacs district: northwest of Kouandkro; Savanes district: Ferkessedougou department; Vallée du Bandama district: Dabakala department, northeast corner. Users: 95,500 (1993 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Djimini, Dyimini, Jinmini Autonym: Jinmiire Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Tagwana-Djimini

Sénoufo, Nyarafolo sev

Savanes district: northeast Ferkessédougou area; Vallée du Bandama district: some border areas north. Users: 60,000 (2009 L. Boese). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Niafolo, Niarafolo Autonym: Nyaʔafolido Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Tagwana-Djimini

Sénoufo, Palaka plr

Savanes district: east of Bandama Blanc river; Vallée du Bandama district: Sikolo area. Users: 8,000 (1995 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kpalaga, Kpalagha, Palaka, Palara, Pallakha, Pilara Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Kpalaga

Sénoufo, Shempire seb

Savanes district: north of Tingréla. Users: 100,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (1996). Total users in all countries: 114,800. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Shenpire, Syempire Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Suppire-Mamara

Sénoufo, Tagwana tgw

Savanes district: east of Korhogo city; Vallée du Bandama district: north central area; Woroba district: north of Lake Kossou. Users: 138,000 (1993 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tagbana, Tagouna, Tagwana Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Tagwana-Djimini

Soninke snk

Major cities. Users: 185,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Soninke

Spanish spa

Users: 302,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (2019), L2 users. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian

Tchaman ebr

Urban Abidjan and Lagunes districts: Bingerville and Dabou subprefectures. 57 villages, with 27 in Abidjan. Users: 152,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Cama, Caman, Kyama, Tsama, Tyama, “Ebrié” (pej.) Autonym: Tyaman Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Potou

Téén lor

Zanzan district. Users: 6,100 in Côte d’Ivoire (1991). Total users in all countries: 8,100. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Loghon, Lorhon, Loron, Nabe, Tegesie, Touni, Tuni, Ténhé Autonym: Téén Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Teen

Tonjon tjn

Vallée du Bandama district. Users: No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Jogo-Jeri, Jogo

Toura neb

Montagnes district: east Biankouma department, mountainous region east of Man to Touba main road, north of Man to Séguéla main road, north of Bafing river; Bafing and Sassandra rivers from north and east borders. Users: 67,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Tura, Ween Autonym: Wɛɛn Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Guro-Tura, Tura-Dan-Mano, Tura-Dan

Wan wan

Sassandra-Marahoué and Vallée du Bandama districts: Lake Bossou north shore; Woroba district: west Beoumi and Kounahiri subprefectures. Users: 22,000 (1993 UBS). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nwa Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Nwa-Ben, Wan-Mwan

Wané hwa

Bas-Sassandra district: Kounoukou area on southwest coast. Users: 2,100 (1993 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Hwane, Ngwané Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Bakwe

Wè Northern wob

Montagnes district: Fakobly and Kouibly subprefectures. Users: 265,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ouobe, Wobé, Wèè, Wê Autonym: Wɛɛ Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Wobe

Wè Southern gxx

Bas-Sassandra district: Lake Buyo area; Montagnes district: Bangolo, Duékoué, Guiglo, and Tai subprefectures. Users: 422,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Central Guéré, Gere, Guéré, Wèè Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Guere-Krahn

Wè Western wec

Montagnes district: Toulépleu subprefecture. Users: 25,200 (1998 SIL). 20,000 Kaoro (1995 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Gere, Guéré, Neyo Autonym: Wèè Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Guere-Krahn

Wojenaka jod

Denguélé district: Odienné department; Woroba district: Boundiali department. Users: 147,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Malinké, Odiennekakan, Odienné Jula Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding, Maninka-Mori

Worodougou jud

Denguélé, Montagnes, and Sassandra-Marahoué districts; Woroba district: Mankono and Séguéla departments, Tiéningboué subprefecture. Users: 115,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bakokan, Ouorodougou, Worodougou Jula, Worodougoukakan, Worodugu Autonym: Wüödughukakan Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding, Maninka-Mori

Yaouré yre

Sassandra-Marahoué district: Bouaflé department, Bouaflé subprefecture, Yaouré canton, bounded south by Red Bandama, east by White Bandama river, north by Lake Kossou, west by Bouaflé. Users: 40,000 (2012 V. Vydrin). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Yaure, Yohowré, Youré Autonym: Yɔwlɛ Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Guro-Tura, Guro-Yaoure

Yoruba yor

Users: 115,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri