China

Languages

A’ou aou

Guizhou province: Dafang county, Jindi village; Qianxi county, Lannigou, Shawo, and Xintian villages; Zhijin county, Longjia village. Users: 50 (2011 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao. Alternate Names: Auo, Awou Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra

Achang acn

Yunnan province: Baoshan prefecture, Longling and Tengchong counties; Dali Bai autonomous prefecture, Yunlong county; Dehong Dai-Jingpo autonomous prefecture and Baoshan district, Liangge, Longchuan, Luxi, and Yingjiang counties, Myanmar border area. Users: 27,700 in China (1990 census). Ethnic population: 39,600 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 62,700. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Achang. Alternate Names: Acang, Ach’ang, Achung, Ahchan, Atsang, Lawng, Maingtha, Mönghsa, Ngac’ang, Ngacang, Ngatsang, Ngo Chang, Ngochang, Xiandao Autonym: Ngachang Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern

Ache yif

Yunnan province: Eshan, Lufeng, Shuangbai, and Yimen counties. Users: 35,000 (2003). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Azhe Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Ai-Cham aih

Guizhou province: Qiannan Buyi-Miao autonomous prefecture, Libo county, Boyao and Di’e townships. 13 villages. Users: 3,000 (2000 CASS). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Bouyei. Alternate Names: Atsam, Jiamu, Jiamuhua, Jin, Jinhua Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui

Ainu aib

Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Hetian, Luopu, Moyu, Shache, Shulekuche, and Yingjisha counties; Yengixar (Shule) town, Hanalik and Paynap villages in Kashgar area, and Gewoz village near Hoban. Users: 12,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Uygur. Alternate Names: Aini, Aynu, Ejnu, Eynu, Šäyxil, “Abdal” (pej.) Classification: Turkic, Eastern

Akeu aeu

Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna prefecture, most villages in Jinhong county, some in Mengla county. Users: 10,000 in China (2004 E. Johnson). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2008 T. Kosonen). Total users in all countries: 12,400. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. Alternate Names: Ake, Aki, Akui, Gokhu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern

Akha ahk

Yunnan province: Simao and Xishuangbanna prefectures. Users: 240,000 in China (Bradley 2007b), increasing. Ethnic population: 240,000 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 616,600. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. Alternate Names: Ahka, Aini, Ak’a, Aka, Ikor, Yani, “Ekaw” (pej.), “Ikaw” (pej.), “Kaw” (pej.), “Kha Ko” (pej.), “Khako” (pej.), “Khao Kha Ko” (pej.), “Ko” (pej.) Autonym: A˯ka˯daw˯‎ (Avkavdawv) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern

Alugu aub

Yunnan province: Gejiu county, Manhao township; Yuanyang county, Fengchunling township across Honghe river. Users: 3,500 (Pelkey 2011), increasing. Ethnic population: 3,500. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Muji, Phula Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Aluo yna

Sichuan province: Huili and Miyi counties; Yunnan province: Luquan, north Wuding, and Yuanmou counties. Users: 25,000 (2007 J. Pelkey). Ethnic population: 40,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Gan Yi, Laka, Lila, Niluo, Yala Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern

Anong nun

Yunnan province: Nujian Lisu autonomous prefecture, central Fugong county, Shangpa town, Mugujia village cluster; Thanlwin (Salween) (Nu) river area. Users: 50 in China (Bradley 2007a). One-third of ethnic group are speakers and another one-third have passive knowledge (Bradley 2007a). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,300 (Bradley 2007a). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Nu. Alternate Names: Anoong, Anu, Anung, Fuch’ye, Fugong Nu, Khanung, Khupang, Kwingsang, Kwinp’ang, Lu, Lutze, Lutzu, Nu, Nung Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Nungish

Awa vwa

Yunnan province: Simao prefecture: Lahu and Va, Lancang Lahu, Menglian Dai, and Ximeng Va autonomous counties. Users: 98,000 (Zhou Zhizhi et al 2004). Masan Dialect: 33,000 in Ximeng County; Xiyun Dialect: 2,200 in Lancang and Menglian counties; Dawangnuo Dialect: 30,000 in Menglian and Ximeng counties; Awalei Dialect: 2,200 in Ximeng County; Awa proper: 30,600 In Lancan County. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Wa. Alternate Names: Ava, Awa Wa, Va Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Wa

Awu yiu

Yunnan province: north Honghe prefecture, Luxi and Mile counties; south Qujing prefecture, Luoping and Shizong counties. Users: 20,000 (2002). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Luowu, Luwu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern

Axi yix

Yunnan province: Luxi and Mile counties; Shilin county, 1 village. Users: 120,000 (2022), decreasing. Elderly and women over 35 are monolingual. Ethnic population: 170,000 (2008). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Ahi, Axibo, Axipo Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Ayizi yyz

Yunnan province: Shilin county, Beidacun district, Aimalong village; some Banqiao and Beidacun districts’ villages. Users: 50 (2007 J. Pelkey), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern

Azha aza

Yunnan province: Wenshan and Yanshan counties’ border. Users: 53,000 (2007 J. Pelkey). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: A’ndze, A’ntsaozo, Aji, Ajiwa, Azan, Black Phula, Cowtail Phula, Golden Phula, Han Phula, Hei Phula, Hua Phula, Hua Yi, Jin Phula, Nimitso, Niuweiba Phula, Phula, Phuphje, Shaoji Phula, Sifter Basket Phula Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Azhe yiz

Yunnan province: Huaning county, Panxi district; northeast Jianshui county, 1 village; north Kaiyuan county, Lebaidao district, Jiedian community; Mazheshao district, Chongzi community; Xiaolongtan district, Xiaolongtan community; Mile county: Jiangbian, Wushan, and Xun Jian districts. Users: 54,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 60,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Bai, Central bca

Guizhou province: small enclave; Yunnan province: Eryuan, Heqing, Jianchuan, Lanping, and Yunlong. Users: 800,000 (2003 census). Ethnic population: 1,930,000 (2010 census). Includes Lama Bai [lay], Panyi Bai [bfc], and Southern Bai [bfs] languages. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Bai. Alternate Names: Báiyǔ, Labbu, Minchia, Minjia, Minkia, Nama, Pai, Yunnan Bai Autonym: 白语‎ (Baip‧ngvp‧zix) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Bai

Bai, Lama lay

Yunnan province: Diqing Tibetan autonomous prefecture; Nujiang Lisu autonomous prefecture, Lanping Bai Pumi autonomous county, Hexi district, Lajing township; mountain area of Lancang river. Users: 80,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Bai. Alternate Names: Lama, Lan-Bi Bai, Lanping, Nama, Northern Bai Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Bai

Bai, Panyi bfc

Yunnan province: Nujiang prefecture, Lushui county, Luobenzhuo Bai autonomous district, Chenggan, Gudeng, and Shangjiang districts, Liuku and Pianma townships; Baoshan municipality, Mangkuan township; Pu’er municipality. Users: 35,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Bai. Alternate Names: Bijiang Bai, Lan-Bi Bai, Leme, Lemei, Lemo, Lushui, Northern Bai, Panyi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Bai

Bai, Southern bfs

Yunnan province: Dali Bai autonomous prefecture, Xiangyun. Users: 680,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Bai. Autonym: 白语‎ (Baip‧ngvp‧zix) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Bai

Baima bqh

Gansu province: Wenxian county; Sichuan province: Jiuzhaigou, Pingwu, and Songpan counties. Users: 10,000 (Bradley 2007a). Older adults and a few middle aged are monolingual. Ethnic population: 14,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Bai Ma, Pe, To Pu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Baima

Biao byk

Guangdong province: Fengkai county, Chang’an, Jinzhuang, and Qixing districts, several villages; southwest Huaiji county, Dagang, Liangcun, Qiaotou, Shidong, and Yonggu districts. Users: 80,000 (Liang and Zhang 2002). 10,000 monolinguals. Women and small children are monolingual. Ethnic population: 120,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Gang Bau, Kang Bau, Kang Beu, Kang Pau, Kangpau Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui

Biao Mon bmt

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Gongcheng, Lipu, Mengshan, Pingle, and Zhaoping counties. Users: 20,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. Alternate Names: Biao Mien, Biao-Mian, Biaoman, Byaumon, Changping, Min Yao, Sida Min Yao Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin

Biao-Jiao Mien bje

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Gongcheng Yao, Guanyang, and Quanzhou autonomous counties; Hunan province: Daoxian and Shuangpai counties. Users: 43,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Biaomin (Dongshan) has a much larger speaker population (approximately 35,700) than Jiaogong (Shikou; approximately 10,900). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. Alternate Names: Ao Biao, Biao Chao, Biao-Jiao, Biaomin, Byau Min, Dongshan Biao Min Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Biao-Jiao

Biyo byo

Yunnan province: southeast Simao prefecture, Jiangcheng, Jingdong, Mojiang, and Zhenyuan counties. Users: 120,000 (Bradley 1997). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. Alternate Names: Bio, Biyue, Piyo Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern

Blang blr

Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Jinghong county, Damengnong district; Menghai county, Bada, Bulangshan, Daluo, and Xiding districts. Users: 42,000 in China (2000 census). Ethnic population: 120,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 55,200. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Blang. Alternate Names: Bulang, Bulang Yu, K’ala, Kawa, Kontoi, Plang, Pula, Pulang Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Bulang

Bokha ybk

Yunnan province: Hekou county, Lianhuatan township; Jinping county, Mengqiao and Ma’andi townships; Pingbian county, Dishuiceng township. Users: 10,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 12,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Akapa, Aphu, Black Muji, Bokho, Flowery Phula, Hei Muji, Hua Phula, Lao Phula, Pao Tle Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Bolyu ply

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: borders of Guizhou and Yunnan provinces, Longlin and Xilin counties, in 2 groups; possibly in Yunnan. Users: 500 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 1,770 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao. Alternate Names: Baliu, Buliu, Lai, Lai Yu, Lailai, Paliu, Palju, Palyu, Polyu Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Palyu

Bonan peh

Gansu province: Linxia Hui autonomous prefecture, Jishishan Bao’an-Dongxiang-Sala autonomous county; Qinghai province: Tongren county. Users: 10,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). 6,000 Jishishan, 4,000 Tongren (Shearer and Sun 2017). Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 20,100 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Baoan. Alternate Names: Bao’an, Baonan, Boan, Manikacha, Paoan, Paonang Classification: Mongolic, Eastern, Mongour

Bouyei pcc

Guizhou province: Buyi-Miao and Miao-Dong autonomous prefectures, Guanling and Zhenning counties on Guizhou-Yunnan plateau; Sichuan province: Huidong and Ningnan counties; Yunnan province: Luoping county. Users: 2,970,000 in China (Shearer and Sun 2017). Total users in all countries: 3,043,740. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Bouyei. Alternate Names: Bo-I, Bui, Buyei, Buyi, Buyui, Chung-Chia, Dioi, Giay, Pu-I, Pu-Jui, Pui, Pujai, Puyi, Puyoi, Shuihu, Tujia, Yay, Zhongjia Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern

Bugan bbh

Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang and Miao autonomous prefecture, Guangnan and Xichou counties, Guangnan Nasa township, Laowalong, Nala, Xinwalong, and Xinpingzhai villages; Guangnan county, Zhuanjiao district, Jiuping and Shibeipo villages; Yanshan county, Jijie district, Manlong and 6 other villages. Users: 2,700 (Yunbin 2005). Ethnic population: 2,700 (2005). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Ben’gan Yu, Bengan, Bogan, Bugeng, Hualo, Hualuo, Huazu, Pakan, Pukan, Pukeng, Puqeng Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Palyu

Bumang bvp

Yunnan province: Honghe and Yi autonomous prefectures, Jinping Miao-Yao-Dai autonomous county, Mengla district, Manzhang-Shangzhai and Mangzhang-Xiazhai villages. Users: 200 (Jie 2007). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. Alternate Names: Manzhang Dai Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Bit-Khang

Bunu, Bu-Nao bwx

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: 22 counties, Bama, Bose, Dahua, Debao, Donglan, Du’an, Fengshan, Hechi, Laibin, Leye, Lingyun, Long’an, Luocheng, Mashan, Nandan, Pingguo, Shanglin, Tiandeng, Tiandong, Tianlin, Tianyang, and Xincheng; Guizhou province: Libo county; Hunan province: near Guangxi border; Yunnan province: Funing county. Users: 400,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). 97,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 439,000 (1982 census). 100,000 ethnic Bunu speak Central Hongshuihe Zhuang [zch] as L1. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. Alternate Names: Bu-Nao Bunu, Bunao, Bunu, Po-Nau, Pu Nu, Punu Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Bunu

Bunu, Jiongnai pnu

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Jinxiu Yao autonomous county. Users: 1,080 (1999 Mao Zongwu). 270 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,500 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. Alternate Names: Bunu, Hualan Yao, Jiongnai, Jiongnaihua, Kiong Nai, Kjong Nai, Punu, Qiungnai Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Bunu

Bunu, Wunai bwn

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: small area; Hunan province: Chengbu, Chenxi, Dongkou, Longhui, Tongdao, Xinning, and Xupu counties. Users: 20,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. Alternate Names: Hm Nai, Ngnai, Punu, Wunai Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Bunu

Bunu, Younuo buh

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Longsheng and Xing’an counties. Users: 4,600 (Shearer and Sun 2017), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. Alternate Names: Pu No, Punu, Younuo, Yuno, Yunuo Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Bunu

Buriat, China bxu

Nei Mongol Autonomous Region: Hulun-Buyr district, near Mongolia and Russia (Siberia) borders. Users: 80,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Mongolian. Alternate Names: Ba’erhu-Buliyate, Bargu Buriat, Buriat-Mongolian, Buryat, Northeastern Mongolian, Northern Mongolian Classification: Mongolic, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Khalkha-Buriat, Buriat

Buxinhua bgk

Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Mengla county. Users: 200 in China (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Boxing, Buxin, Buxing, Buxing Khmu, Kha Bet, Khabit, Pasing, Phsin, Phsing, Pu Sing Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Bit-Khang

Buyang, Baha yha

Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang-Miao autonomous prefecture, northern Guangnan county, Bada district, Anshe village; Dixu district, Yanglian village. Users: 600 (Li 1997), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Baha, Buyang, Buyang Zhuang, Guangnan Buyang, Paha, Western Buyang Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Central Kra

Buyang, E’ma yzg

Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang-Miao autonomous prefecture, Funing county, Gula township, 6 villages: Dugan, E’cun, Longna, Maguan, Nada, and Zhelong. Users: 600 (Li 1997). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Buozaang, Buyang Zhuang, Eastern Buyang, Funing Buyang, Langjia Buyang Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Eastern Kra

Buyang, Langnian yln

Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang-Miao autonomous prefecture, Funing county, Gula district, Gutao community, Nianlang village; Longse community, Langjia village. Users: 300 (Li 1997), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Buyang Zhuang, E’cun Buyang, Eastern Buyang Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Eastern Kra

Cao Miao cov

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Sanjiang Dong autonomous county, South Dong area small villages; Guizhou province: Liping county; Hunan province: Tongdao Dong autonomous county. Users: 63,600 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Grass Miao, Mjiuniang, Sanjiang Miao, mjiu55 ɲaŋ33 Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui

Chadong cdy

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Lingui county, Guilin muncipality; Chadong district (most villages), Liangjiang township; Yongfu county, Longjiang district. Users: 20,000 (Li 2006). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. Alternate Names: Cha Dong, Chadonghua, Chadongyu Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui

Chesu ych

Yunnan province: areas in Eshan, Shuangbai, and Xinping counties. Users: 3,300 (2007 J. Pelkey), decreasing. Ethnic population: 6,600 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern

Chinese zho

Users: Population total all languages (L1 only): 1,348,586,720. Status:

Chinese Sign Language csl

Scattered. Users: 4,200,000 (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL), increasing. Estimated 2,800,000–5,600,000 signing deaf in all signing varieties, assuming 0.2%–0.4% of the general population. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Zhongguo Shouyu Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language

Chinese, Classical lzh

Widespread. Users: No known L1 speakers. Literary language in China until the 20th century. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Status: 9 (Second language only). Alternate Names: Literary Chinese Autonym: 古文‎ (gǔwén), 文言‎ (wényán) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Gan gan

Hubei and Jiangxi provinces: including parts of Anhui, Chongyang, Dachi, Jiahu, and Xianning; Fujian and Hunan provinces. Jing’an, Nanchang city, and Xiuhui (Chang-Jing); Hunan (Liuyang); Yichun (Ichun), Jiangxi (Yi-Liu). Users: 22,600,000 (2021). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Jiangxi, Jiangxinese, Kan, Xi Autonym: Jiangxi hua Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Hakka hak

Guangdong province: greatest concentrations east and northeast; Fujian, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, south Jiangxi, and Sichuan provinces. Users: 36,800,000 in China (2022), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 44,266,410 (as L1: 44,018,410; as L2: 248,000). Status: 4 (Educational). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Hokka, Ke, Kechia, Kejia, Kejiahua, Majiahua, Tu Guangdonghua, Xinminhua Autonym: 客家話‎ (Hakkafa) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Huizhou czh

Anhui province: Dongzhi, Jingde, Jixi, Ningguo, Qimen, She (Xi), Tunxi, Xiuning, and Yi, counties, Huizhou region; Jiangxi province: Dexing, Fuliang, and Wuyuan counties; Zhejiang province: Chun’an county, Jiande municipality. Users: 5,420,000 (2021). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Anhui, Hui, Hui dialect, Huizhou Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Jinyu cjy

Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, Shaanxi, and Shanxi provinces; some in Beijing, Gansu, west Hebei, and Henan provinces. Users: 48,000,000 (2021). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Jin Chinese, Jinese, Jinhua, Jinyu Autonym: 晋语‎ (Jin) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Mandarin cmn

Beijing province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: northwest; Guizhou province; Hubei province: except southeast corner; Hunan province: northwest; Henan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Tianjin, and Yunnan provinces. North of Changjiang river, from Jiujiang (Jiangxi) to Zhenjiang (Jiangsu). Users: 1,103,000,000 in China, all users. L1 users: 925,000,000 in China (2021), increasing. 70% of Chinese language users speak a Mandarin dialect as L1. L2 users: 178,000,000. Total users in all countries: 1,136,680,950 (as L1: 937,952,950; as L2: 198,728,000). Status: 1 (National). De facto national language. Alternate Names: Beifang Fangyan, Beijinghua, Mandarin, Northern Chinese, Standard Chinese, Zhongguohua Autonym: 普通话‎ (Putonghua) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Min Bei mnp

Fujian province: 7 counties around Jian’ou; some in Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces. Users: 11,300,000 in China (2021). Total users in all countries: 11,720,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Min Pei, Northern Fujian, Northern Min Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Min Dong cdo

Fujian province: Fu’an northeast to Fuzhou; Zhejiang province: border area near Luoyang. Users: 10,600,000 in China (2022), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 10,918,820. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Eastern Fujian, Eastern Min Autonym: 平話‎ (Bangua), 闽东话‎ (Mindongyu) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Min Nan nan

Fujian province: Xiamen; Hainan (Hainan dialect); Guangdong province: Chaozhou-Shantou far east corner (Chao-Shan dialect), Leizhou peninsula (Leizhou dialect), Shaxi and Zhongshan city south of Guangzhou (Longdu dialect island); Zhejiang province: Pingyang and Cangnan area, and Zhoushan archipelago (Zhedongnan dialect). Users: 28,300,000 in China (2021). Total users in all countries: 50,275,890 (as L1: 49,888,890; as L2: 387,000). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Banlamgi, Banlamgu, Banlamue, Minnan, Southern Fujian, Southern Min Autonym: 闽南语‎ (Minnanyu) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Min Zhong czo

Fujian province: Sha county, Sanming and Yong’an municipalities. Users: 3,650,000 (2022), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Central Fujian, Central Min, Minzhonghua Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Pu-Xian cpx

Fujian province: Putian and Xianyou counties. Users: 3,100,000 in China (2022), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 3,151,700. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Heng, Henghua, Hing, Hinghua, Hsien, Hsienyu, Hsing, Hsinghua, Putian, Putten, Xianyou, Xing, Xinghua Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Wu wuu

Anhui province; Fujian province: Pucheng; Jiangsu province: Chongming Island, Haimen, Qidong, and Qingjiang at mouth of and north of the Changjiang in Nantong area; Jiangxi province: Shangrao area; Shanghai municipality; Zhejiang province. Users: 83,300,000 in China (2021). Total users in all countries: 83,418,870 (as L1: 83,355,470; as L2: 63,400). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Ghou Nyu, Goetian, Jiāngdōng Huà, Jiangnan, Jiangsu-Zhejiang, Jiangzhe, Wu, Wu Gniu, Wuyue, Wúyuèyǔ Autonym: Wu Nyu, 江南话‎ (Jiāngnánhuà), 江浙話‎ (Jiangsu-Zhejiang hua) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Xiang hsn

Hunan province: over 20 counties; parts of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Guizhou and Hubei provinces. Users: 38,100,000 (2021). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Hsiang, Hunan, Hunanese Autonym: 湘语‎ (Xiang) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Yue yue

Guangdong province: most except Hakka-speaking areas northeast, and Min Nan-speaking areas east; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: east; Hainan and Hunan provinces. Users: 73,800,000 in China (2022), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 86,084,740 (as L1: 85,682,740; as L2: 402,000). Status: 2 (Provincial). De facto provincial language in Guangdong Province. Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Cantonese, Guangdong, Gwong Dung, Yue, Yueh, Yuet, Yuet Yue, Yueyu, Yuht Yúh Autonym: 粵語‎ (Yueyu) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Choni cda

Gansu province: east Gannan prefecture, Diebu, Lintan, Zhouqu, and Zhuoni counties; Sichuan province: north. Users: 154,000 (2004). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Chona, Chone, Cone, Jone, Zhuoni Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish

Cun cuq

Hainan province: Changjiang county on Changhua river north bank, north Dongfang county on south bank of Changhua river. Users: 80,000 (1999 O. Jueya). 47,200 monolinguals. Mainly children, elders, and some women. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Cun-Hua, Cunhua, Ngao Fon Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Eastern Kra

Darang Deng mhu

Xizang Autonomous Region: Chayu (Zayü) county along Dulai river valley, Gayao, Qu’antong, and Xiazayu townships, Nyingchi prefecture. Users: 850 in China (1999 Sun Hong Kai). 750 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Darang, Darang Dengyu, Digaro, Digaro-Mishmi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Digarish

Daur dta

Heilongjiang province: Nenjiang prefecture, Fuyu and Nehe counties; Nei Mongol Autonomous Region: Hulun Buir league, Hailar prefecture, Morin Dawa (Molidawa) Daur autonomous banner, Oroqen autonomous banner and Ewenki autonomous banner; Qiqihar prefecture, Qiqihar city; northwest Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Tacheng prefecture (Ili dialect). Users: 96,100 in China (1999 D. Ying), decreasing. 35,000 Buteha dialect, 35,000 Qiqiha’er dialect, 15,500 Haila’er dialect, 4500 Ili dialect. 24,300 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 132,000 (2010 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Daur. Alternate Names: Daguor, Dagur, Dawar, Dawo’er, Tahuerh, Tahur Classification: Mongolic, Eastern, Dagur

Dong, Northern doc

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: 20 contiguous counties; Guizhou province: Yuping autonomous county; conjunction of west Hunan province and north Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Users: 463,000 in China (2003). Ethnic population: 2,880,000 (2010 census). Includes Southern Dong [kmc]. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Dong. Alternate Names: Gam, Kam, Lix Gaeml, Tong, Tung, Tung-Chia Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui

Dong, Southern kmc

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: 20 contiguous counties; Guizhou province: Yuping autonomous county; conjunction of west Hunan province and north Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Users: 1,000,000. Ethnic population: 2,880,000 (2010 census), including Northern Dong [doc]. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Dong. Alternate Names: Gam, Kam, Leec Gaeml, Tong, Tung, Tung-Chia Autonym: Lix Gaeml Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui

Dongxiang sce

Gansu province: Linxia Hui autonomous prefecture, 7 counties and a city; Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Ili Kazak autonomous prefecture, Huocheng and Yining counties. Users: 200,000 (Bradley 2007a). Half in Suonanba dialect. 80,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 622,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Dongxiang. Alternate Names: Tung, Tunghsiang Autonym: Santa Classification: Mongolic, Eastern, Mongour

Drung duu

Yunnan province: Gongshan Dulong-Nu autonomous county (Dulong River dialect (5,500)); Xizang Autonomous Region: Gongshan Dulong-Nu autonomous county west to Chayu (Zayü) county; Gongshang county, Bingzhongluo; Tibet: Chayu county, Chawalong district (Nu River dialect (8,500). Users: 14,000 in China (2000 census). 8,500 in Nu River dialect, 5,500 in Dulong River dialect. Total population all countries: 14,000. 13,300 monolinguals (2000). Total users in all countries: 14,225. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Dulong. Alternate Names: Dulong, Kiao, Kiu, Kiupa, Kiutze, Qiu, Qiuzi, Taron, Trung, Tvrung Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Nungish

Duoluo giw

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Longlin county, Muji village; Guizhou province: Guanling county, Dingyinxiao village; Langdai county, Ruojiao and Zhuijiao villages; Zhijin county, Agong village; Zunyi county, Jianshan village; Yunnan province: Malipo (Tu’lu dialect). Users: 1,200 in China (1987 Z. Guo-qiao). Total users in all countries: 1,220. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao. Alternate Names: Bai Gelo, White Gelao Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra

Dzao Min bpn

Guangdong province: Liannan and Yangshan counties; Hunan province: Yizhang county. Users: 60,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. Alternate Names: Ba Pai Yao, Yao Min, Yau Min, Zaomin, dzau min Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Zaomin

E eee

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Rongshui Hmong autonomous county, Yongle district, Simo, Xiatan, Xinglong (Xingyou) and other villages; Luocheng Mulam autonomous county border areas. Users: 7,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Ai Hua, E Hwen, E Xwen, Ea, Eahua, Ei, Kjang E, “Wuse Hua” (pej.), “Wusehua” (pej.) Classification: Mixed language

English eng

Users: 15,620,000 in China, all users. L1 users: 120,000 in China (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. L2 users: 15,500,000 (Wei and Su 2012). Status: 4 (Educational). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English

Enu enu

Yunnan province: Honghe prefecture, Luchun county; Jiangcheng county, Jiahe and Qushui townships; Mojiang county, Baliu, Sinanjiang, and Yayi townships, Simao municipality. Users: 30,000 (Dai and Duan 1995). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. Alternate Names: Ximoluo Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern

Ersu ers

Sichuan province: Ganzi Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Jiulong county; Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture, Ganluo, Mianning, Muli and Yuexi counties; Ya’an prefecture, Hanyuan and Shimian counties; all on lower Dadu river dispersed among Chinese, Tibetan, and Yi peoples. Users: 20,000 (Shearer and Sun 2002), decreasing. Eastern Ersu (Ersu) 13,000, Central Ersu (Duoxu) 10 or less, Western Ersu (Lizu) 4,000. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Bu’erci, Bu’erzi, Bu’erzi Ersu, Doxu, Duoxu, Erhsu, Lizu, Lusu, T’osu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Ersuish

Evenki evn

Heilongjiang province: Nale prefecture; a few in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region; Nei Mongol Autonomous Region: Hulunbuir banners in Arong, Chen Bargu, Ergune East, Ewenki, Huisuomu, Moriadawa, Oronchon. Users: 11,000 in China (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 30,900 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 15,800. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Ewenki. Alternate Names: Ewenk, Ewenke, Ewenki, Khamnigan, Owenke, Solon, Solong, Sulong, Suolun Classification: Tungusic, Northern, Evenki

Ge hmj

Guizhou province: Huangping county, Chong’an township; Longchang township, Kaili municipality. Users: 60,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Chonganjiang Miao, Ge Jia, Ge-Mong, Gedang, Gedong, Gedou, Gedou Miao, Gedoudiu, Gedu, Gejia, Gho-mhon, Keh Deo Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Gelao, Red gir

Yunnan province: Wenshan prefecture, Malipo county, Tianba and Xinzhai villages; Guizhou province: Puding and Zhenning counties, Guizhou Zunyi, Bigong and Maocaozhai villages. Users: A few speakers. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra

Geman Deng mxj

Southeast Xizang Autonomous Region: Nyingchi prefecture, Chayu (Zayü) county, townships on lower Chayu (Zayü) river in small villages. Users: 200 in China (1999 Sun Hong Kai), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kaman, Keman, Miji, Miju, Mishmi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Mijish

Gepo ygp

Yunnan province: Dongchuan, Fumin, Huize, Luoping, Luquan, Luxi, Malong, Mile, Shilin, Shizong, Songming, and Xundian counties. Users: 100,000 (2007), decreasing. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Baiyi, Gepu, Guo, Gupu, Guzu, Jiantouyi, Kopu, Köpu, Nasu, Pingtouyi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern

Groma gro

Xizang Autonomous Region: Chambi Valley, between Bhutan and Sikkim. Users: 12,800 in China (1993). Total users in all countries: 26,800. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Gromo, Tromawa, Tromowa Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, Southern

Guiqiong gqi

Sichuan Province: Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan autonomous prefecture, 4 townships: Maibeng, Qianqi, Shelian West, Shiji; also Guza town; north Dadu river plateaus. Users: 6,000 (2000 Sun Hong Kai). 1,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,000 (2000 D. Bradley). About 1,000 ethnic Guiqiong reportedly understand Guiqiong, but do not speak it. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Guichong, Guiqiang, Yutong Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic

Hagei giq

Guangxi province: Longlin county, Sanchong village; Guizhou province: Guanling county, Dingying village; Qinglong county, Liangshuiyang; Qingzhen county, Maixiang village; Renhuai county, Anliang and Taiyang villages; Zhenning county, Huajiangzhen and Ma’ao villages; Zunyi county, Qinglong village. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao. Alternate Names: Hagei Gelao, Hakei Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra

Hani hni

Yunnan province: Jingdong and Jinggu counties, Lancang (Mekong) and Yuanjiang river basins, Ailao mountains. Users: 740,000 in China (Bradley 2007b). 444,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,660,000 (2010 census). Includes Akeu [aeu], Akha [ahk], Biyo [byo], Chadong [cdy], Enu [enu], Honi [how], Kaduo [ktp], Muda [ymd], and Sangkong [sgk] languages. Total users in all countries: 766,240. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. Alternate Names: Hanhi, Hani Proper, Haw Autonym: Ha Nhi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern

Hlai lic

Hainan province: Baisha, Chengmai, Danxiang, Tunchang, and Wanning. Users: 667,000 (1999 O. Jueya). 160,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,460,000 (2010 census). Includes Jiamao [jio] speakers. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Li. Alternate Names: Bli, Dai, Day, Dli, Klai, La, Lai, Le, Li, Loi, Slai Classification: Kra-Dai, Hlai

Hlersu hle

Yunnan province: Eshan county, 6 villages; Shiping county, 5 villages; Shuangbai and Zhenyuan counties, scattered mountaintop locations; Xinping county, 40 villages; Yuanjiang county, 38 villages. Users: 15,000 (2007), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Lesu, Sansu, Shansu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Hmong hmn

Users: Population total all languages (L1 only): 7,973,150. Status:

Hmong Daw mww

Guangxi province: northwest; Guizhou province: south and southwest; Yunnan province: southeast and southwest. Users: 233,000 in China (2004). Ethnic population: All Hmong in China: 8,950,000 (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 2,020,400. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Bai Miao, Banded Arm Hmong, Forest Miao, Hmong Dao, Hmong Dleu, Hmong Qua Mpa, Hmong Rongd, Meo Do, Meo Kao, Mong Do, Mong Trang, Pe Miao, Peh Miao, Striped Arm Hmong, Striped Hmong, White Hmong, White Lum, White Meo, White Miao Autonym: Hmongb Dleub Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Hmong Njua hnj

Guangxi province: far west; Guizhou province: southwest; Sichuan province: south; Yunnan province: Maguan and Malipo counties, scattered areas west. Users: 40,000 in China (Hattaway 2003). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Blue Hmong, Blue Meo, Ching Miao, Green Hmong, Green Meo, Hmong Leng, Hmong Nzhua, Hmongb Nzhuab, Hmoob Leeg, Lu Miao, Meo Dam, Meo Lai, Mong Leng, Mong Ntsua, Qing Miao, Tak Miao Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Honi how

Yunnan province: Simao prefecture, Dai, Mojiang Hani, Pu’er Hani, and Yi autonomous counties; Yuxi prefecture: Dai, Yi, and Yuanjiang Hani autonomous counties. Users: 140,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. Alternate Names: Baihong, Hao-Bai, Haoni, Ho, Ouni, Uni, Woni Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern

Horpa ero

Sichuan province: Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Danba (Rong-brag), Daofu (rTau, sTau, Dawu), Luhuo, Xinlong (Brag-’go), and Xinlong (Nyagrong) counties. Users: 45,000 (Shearer and Sun 2002). sTau: 23,000, Geshitsa: 21,000, Nyagrong-Minyak: 1,000. 15,000 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Bawang, Bopa, Danba, Daofu, Daofuhua, Dawu, Ergong, Geshitsa, Geshiza, Geshizahua, Hor, Huo’er, Hórsók, Nyagrong-Minyag, Pawang, Rgu, Western Gyarong, Western Jiarong, Xinlong-Muya, rTau, sTau Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, rGyalrongic

Hu huo

Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Jinghong and Mengla counties, 5 villages, including Nahuopa village in Mengyang township. Users: 1,000 (Li 2006). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Angku, Āng-kú Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic

Ili Turki ili

Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Ili Kazak autonomous prefecture, Gongliu, Nilka, Tekes, Xinyuan, Zhaosu, and other counties, Ili valley near Kuldja. Users: 120 in China (1980 R. Hahn), decreasing. The language of about 30 families (Salminen 2007). Total users in all countries: 240. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Uzbek. Alternate Names: Ili Turk, T’urk, Taranchi, Tu’erke, Tuerke Classification: Turkic, Eastern

Iu Mien ium

Guangdong province: Ruyuan county; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Dayao mountains; Guizhou province: Congjiang, Libo, and Rongjiang counties; Hunan, Jiangxi, and Yunnan provinces. Users: 383,000 in China (Wang and Mao 1995). Ethnic population: 2,800,000 (2010 census). Includes Biao Mon [bmt], Biao-Jiao Mien [bje], Bu-Nao Bunu [bwx], Jiongnai Bunu [pnu], Wunai Bunu [bwn], Younuo Bunu [buh], Dzao Min [bpn], Kim Mun [mji], Lakkia [lbc], Pa-Hng [pha], and Yerong [yrn] languages. Total users in all countries: 837,400. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. Alternate Names: Ban Yao, Highland Yao, Man, Mian, Mien, Mienh, Mjen, Myen, Pan Yao, Yao, Yao Mienh, Yiu Mien, Youmian Autonym: Iu Mienh Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin

Jiamao jio

Hainan province: Baoting, Lingshui, and Qiongzhong counties, near Wuzhi mountain. Users: 52,300 (Wurm et al 1987). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Li. Alternate Names: Gevou, Kamau, Ku vou, Tai Classification: Kra-Dai, Hlai

Jiarong jya

Sichuan province: Dangba, Songgang, Suomo, Zhuokeji (Situ dialect); Aba county, Kehe and Rongan townships; Maerkang county, Chabao district, Dazang, Longerjia, and Shaerzong townships (Chabao); Maerkang county, Sidaba district, Caodeng, Kangshan, and Ribu townships (Sidaba); Rangtang county, between Shili and Wuyi and townships along middle Duke river; Seda county, a small town; Duke and Seda rivers’ confluence. Users: 83,000 (1999 Sun Hong Kai). 25,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 151,000 (Lin 1993). Includes 139,000 in Situ Jiarong, 12,200 in Chabao and Sidaba. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Chiarong, Gyarong, Gyarung, Jarong, Jyarung, Keru, Rgyarong, dGyarung Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, rGyalrongic

Jingpho kac

Yunnan province: Baoshan prefecture, Tengchong county; Dehong Dai-Jingpo autonomous prefecture, Longchuan, Ruili, and Yingjiang counties. Users: 40,000 in China (1999 X. Xijian). 20,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 148,000 (2010 census). Includes Lashi [lsi], Lhaovo [mhx], Pela [bxd], and Zaiwa [atb] speakers (2010 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Jingpo. Alternate Names: Chingp’o, Chingpaw, Dashanhua, Jinghpaw, Jinghpo, Jingpo, Kachin, Marip Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Jingppaw-Asakia, Jingphaw

Jinuo, Buyuan jiy

Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, near Laos and Myanmar borders, east of Jinghong in Youle mountains. 40 villages. Users: 1,000 (1994). Most monolingual. Ethnic population: All Jinuo: 23,100 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jinuo. Alternate Names: Buyuan, Jino Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Jinuo, Youle jiu

Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, near Laos and Myanmar borders, east of Jinghong in Youle mountains. 40 villages. Users: 10,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 23,100 (2010 census). Includes Buyuan Jinuo [jiy]. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jinuo. Alternate Names: Jino, Youle Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Jurchen juc

Nei Mongol Autonomous Region. Users: No known L1 speakers. Name of the language was changed to Manchu [mnc] in 1635. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Tungusic, Southern, Southwest

Kaduo ktp

Yunnan province: primarily southeast Simao prefecture, Jiangcheng, Mojiang, and Pu’er counties. Users: 180,000 in China (Bradley 2007b), increasing. Many monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 180,200. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. Alternate Names: Kado, Khatu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern

Kalmyk-Oirat xal

Gansu province: northern border area; Nei Mongol Autonomous Region: Alashan league; Qinghai province: Kukunor region, Lake Qinghai northwest; Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Jungaria region. Users: 130,000 in China (Salminen 2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Mongolian. Alternate Names: Oirat, Weilate, Western Mongol, Xinjiang Mongolian Classification: Mongolic, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Oirat-Kalmyk-Darkhat

Kang kyp

Yunnan province: southwest. Users: 34,100 in China (1993). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. Alternate Names: Tai Khang Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui

Kangjia kxs

Qinghai province: Tongren county. Users: 1,000 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 2,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Hui. Alternate Names: Kangyang Hui Classification: Mongolic, Eastern, Mongour

Kathu ykt

Yunnan province: Guangnan county, Balong district; possibly Guangxi province. Users: 5,000 (2007), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Gasu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Katso kaf

Yunnan province: Yuxi prefecture, Tonghai county, Xingmeng Mongolian autonomous township. Users: 4,000 (Bradley 2007a), decreasing. Most young people are semi-speakers, speaking Chinese instead (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 6,340 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Mongolian. Alternate Names: Gazhuo, Gezhuo, Kazhuo Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern

Kazakh kaz

Gansu province: Akesai Kazakh autonomous county; Qinghai province: northwest; Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Yili Kazakh autonomous prefecture, Balikun Kazakh and Mulei Kazakh autonomous counties. Users: 1,250,000 in China (2000 census). 830,000 Northeastern Kazakh, 70,000 Southwestern Kazakh (1982). 1,060,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,460,000 (2010 census). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Language of recognized nationality: Kazakh. Alternate Names: Hāsàkè yǔyán, Hazake, Kazak, Kazax Classification: Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian

Kemiehua kfj

Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Jinghong county. Users: 1,000 (1991). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Unclassified

Khakas kjh

Heilongjiang province: Fuyu county north of Qiqihar. Users: 10 in China (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 880. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Kyrghyz. Alternate Names: Abakan Tatar, Fuyu Ka’erkezi, Fuyü Gïrgïs, Hakasi, Khakhas, Khakhass, Manchurian Kirghiz, Yenisei Tatar Classification: Turkic, Northern

Khlula ykl

Yunnan province: southeast Wenshan county, Liujin township; north and central Maguan county, Dalishu, Miechange, Muchang, and Renhe townships. Users: 21,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 34,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Alapha, Black Phula, Black Zokhuo, Hei Phula, Mo, Namupha, Pao, Phulapha, Shaoji Phula, Sifter Basket Phula, Tula, Zokhuo Na Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Khmu kjg

Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Jinghong county, 9 villages, some in Mengla county. Users: 7,000 in China (2010), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Chaman, Damai, Damailao, Damaile, Kamhmu, Kammu, Kamu, Kemu, Khamu, Khamuk, Khmu’, Khomu, Lao Terng, Mou, Pouteng, Theng Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Khmu’

Khuen khf

Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Mengla county. Users: 1,000 in China (1993). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Khouen, Khween, Kween Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Khmu’

Kim Mun mji

Guizhou province: 17 counties. Users: 200,000 in China (Wang and Mao 1995). 61,000 in Hainan Province (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 374,500. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. The majority officially classified within Yao nationality. Alternate Names: Chasan Yao, Gem Mun, Hainan Miao, Jim Mun, Jinmen, Kem Mun, Kimmun, Lan Tin, Lanten, Lowland Yao, Man Lantien, Men, Mun, Shanzi Yao Autonym: Kem di mun, Kim Mun Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin

Kon Keu kkn

Yunnan province: Baoshan, Dai Lincang, Simao, and Xishuangbanna autonomous prefectures. Users: 6,300 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Blang. Alternate Names: Kong Ge, Kongge Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic

Korean kor

Jilin province: Yanbian (Hyanbian) Korean autonomous prefecture; Hebei, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, and Shandong provinces, and Nei Mongol Autonomous Region; some in Beijing municipality. Users: 2,710,000 in China (2012 census). 1,200,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,460,000 (2019 Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Language of recognized nationality: Chaoxian (Korean). Alternate Names: Chaoxian, Chaoxianyu, Chaoyu, Hangouyu, Hanguohua, Hanyu Classification: Koreanic

Kua-nsi ykn

Yunnan province: Heqing county, Liuhe township. Users: 5,000 (2009 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Baiyi ren, Kua’ensi, Kua’eshi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Kuamasi yku

Yunnan province: Heqing county, Liuhe township. Users: 1,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Kuanhua xnh

Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Jinghong county. Users: 1,000 (1991). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Damai Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Unclassified

Kucong lkc

Yunnan province: Jiangcheng, Jinggu, Jinping, Luchun, Mengla, Xinping, Yuanjiang, and other counties. Users: 40,000 in China (Bradley 2007b), decreasing. Ethnic population: 53,000 (2003). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu. Alternate Names: Cosung, Lahlu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Kyerung kgy

Xizang Autonomous Region: Shigatse prefecture, Kyirong district, lower Kyirong (26 villages) and Lende valley (16 villages). Users: 100 in China (2002). Total users in all countries: 600. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Kyerong, Kyirong, Kyirong kai Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang

Kyrgyz kir

Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Akqi, Akto, Baicheng, Tekes, Wuqia, Wushi, and Zhaosu counties. Users: 160,000 in China (2000 census). 60,000 Northern Kirghiz, 40,000 Southern Kirghiz (Shearer and Sun 2002). Older adults monolingual. Ethnic population: 187,000 (2010 census). Status: 2 (Provincial). Language of recognized nationality: Kyrgyz. Alternate Names: Kara, Ke’erkez, Kirgiz Classification: Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian

Lachi lbt

Yunnan province: Miao and Wenshan Zhuang autonomous prefectures, southern Maguan county, several villages. Users: 200 in China (Bradley 2007a), decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,600. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: I To, Ku Te, La Chi, Laji, Lati, Lipuljo, Tai Lati, Y Mia, Y Poong, Y To Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra

Lahu lhu

Yunnan province: Lincang prefecture, Gengma Dai, and Va autonomous counties; Simao prefecture, Lahu, Lancang Lahu, Menglian Dai, and Va autonomous counties. Users: 280,000 in China (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 486,000 (2010 census). Includes Kucong [lkc], Lahu Shi [lhi], Lamu [llh], Laomian [lwm], and Lawu [lwu] (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 543,300. Status: 4 (Educational). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu. Alternate Names: Black Lahu, Kaixien, Kucong, Kutsong, Lahu Na, Lahuna, Laku, Moso, Muhso, Muhsur, Mussar, Musser Dam, Musso, Mussur, Na, Namen, Northern Lahu, “Lohei” (pej.) Autonym: Ladhof Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Lahu Shi lhi

Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Menghai county, Menghai district, Menghai township; Simao prefecture, Lancang Lahu autonomous county, Nuofu district, other areas. Users: 117,000 in China (Bradley 2007b), increasing. Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 120,000. Total users in all countries: 196,200. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu. Alternate Names: Kur, Kwi, Lahu Si, Lahu Xi, Lahu-Xi, Lahu-shi, Lahusi, Shi, Yellow Lahu Autonym: Lad hur Si Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Lakkia lbc

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Jinxiu Yao autonomous county. Users: 9,000 (Bradley 2007a). 4,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 12,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. Alternate Names: Chashan Yao, Lajia, Laka, Lakia, Lakja, Lakkja, Tai Laka, Tea Mountain Yao Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Lakkja

Lalo, Central ywt

Yunnan province: Changning, Fengqing, Jingdong, Midu, Nanjian, Weishan, Yangbi, and Yunlong counties. Users: 213,000 (2010 SIL). Over 500,000 in subgroup; many living further west, south or east do not speak the language; less than half are speakers, not all fluent and not many children (Bradley 2007a). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Lalaw, Lalo, Lalopa, Lalu, Laluo, Misapa, Western Yi, Xishanba Lalo Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Lalo, Dongshanba yik

Yunnan province: Baoshan, Lancang, Midu, Weishan, Xiaguan, Yangbi, and Yongping counties. Users: 30,000 (2002). Over 500,000 in the ethnic group. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Jiantou, Lalu, Lalupa, Lalupu, Maganfang Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Lalu, Eastern yit

Yunnan province: Mojiang, Xinping, Yuanjiang, and Zhenyuan counties. Users: 38,000 (2002). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Lalu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Lalu, Western ywl

Yunnan province: Baoshan, Longling, Luxi, Shidian, and Zhenkang counties. Users: 38,000 (2002). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Lalu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Lamu llh

Yunnan province: Dali prefecture, northeast Binchuan county. Users: 120 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 300. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Lang’e yne

Yunnan province: southwest Yongsheng county. Users: 2,000 (2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: La’u Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Laomian lwm

Yunnan province: Lancang, Menglian, and Ximeng counties. Menghai county, Mengzhe township, Van Phin (Laopinzhai) village (Laopin dialect). Users: 4,000 (Bradley 2007a), decreasing. Less than 1,000 Laopin (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 5,000 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population does not include Laopin. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu. Alternate Names: Bisu, Guba, Lawa, Lawmeh, Lua, Mbi, Mbisu, Mibisu, Misu, Pin Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern, Bisoid

Lashi lsi

Yunnan province: Dehong Dai-Jingpo autonomous prefecture, Longchuan, Luxi, Ruili, and Yingjiang counties. Users: 1,800 in China (1997). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jingpo. Alternate Names: Acye, Chashanhua, Lachik, Lachikwaw, Lacid, Laji, Laqi, Lasi, Leqi, Leshi, Letsi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern

Lavrung jiq

Sichuan province: northwest Jinchuan county; Maerkang county southwest tip on Jinchuan river tributaries; southeast Rangtang county. Users: 50,000 (Lin 1993). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Guanyingqiao, Khroskyabs, Western Jiarong, Zhongzhai Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, rGyalrongic

Lawu lwu

Yunnan province: Yuxi prefecture, Xinping county, Shuitang district, Jiuha village; possibly in Pu’er prefecture, Zhenyuan county, Jijujia district. Users: 50 (2012 C. Yang). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Lhaovo mhx

Yunnan province: Dehong Dai-Jingpo autonomous prefecture, Lianghe, Longchuan, Luxi, Ruili, and Yingjiang counties. Users: 3,500 in China (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jingpo. Alternate Names: Diso, Lang’e, Langsu, Langwa, Laungaw, Laungwaw, Lawng, Liangsu, Lovo, Malu, Maru, Matu, Nyky, Zi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern

Lhomi lhm

Xizang Autonomous Region. Users: 1,000 in China. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Lhoket, Lhomi dzyükki keccyok, Lhomiki keccyok, Shing Saapa Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang

Limi ylm

Yunnan province: Fengqing, Yongde, and Yunxian counties. Users: 29,000 (2002). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Liumi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Lingao onb

Hainan province: Lingao county, parts of Chengmai, Danxian, and Qiongshan counties on north central coast; Haikou city suburbs. Users: 600,000 (2000 Liang Min). 350,000 Lincheng, 170,000 Qiongshan. 100,000 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Bê, Limkow, Linkow, Ong-Be, Ongbe, Vo Limkou Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Lakkja

Lipo lpo

Sichuan province: Renhe county; Yunnan province: Binchuan, Dayao, Lufeng, Luquan, Wuding, Yao’an, Yongren, Yongsheng, and Yuanmo counties. Users: 250,000 (Bradley 2007b). Few monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Only those in Dayao and Yongren counties of Western Chuxing Prefecture. Language of recognized nationality: Lisu. Alternate Names: Central Lisu, Dayao, Eastern Lisu, Lolongo, Lolopo Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Lisu lis

Sichuan province: southwest Liangshan prefecture; Yunnan province: 11 prefectures, 63 counties, upper reaches of Mekong and Salween rivers. Users: 600,000 in China (2000 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 703,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 942,700. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Language of recognized nationality: Lisu. Language of wider communication at the end of the 19th century and the early 1900s when Lisu people left China to emigrate to Myanmar, Thailand and India. Used in education, trade, communication, and music. Alternate Names: Chedi, Cheli, Chung, Khae, Leisu, Leshuoopa, Lesuo, Li, Li-Hsaw, Li-Shaw, Lip’a, Lisaw, Lishu, Liso, Lissu, Loisu, Lu-Tzu, Lusu, Yao Yen, Yaw Yin, Yaw-Yen, Yeh-Jen Autonym: Lisu, ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ‎ (Li-su) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Lolopo ycl

Yunnan province: Chuxiong, Jingdong, Lufeng, Mouding, Nanhua, Shuangbai, and Yao’an counties primarily. Users: 380,000 (2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Bai Yi, Central Yi, Gaoshanzu, Hei Yi, Lolopho, Lulupu, Luolu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Lolopo, Southern ysp

Yunnan province: Jingdong, Jinggu, Lancang, Pu’er, Simao, and Zhenyuan counties. Users: 190,000 (2002). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Lopi lov

Yunnan province: Mojiang, Yuanjiang, and Yuanyang counties. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern

Lü khb

Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, 3 counties: Jinghong (Chiang Hung, Chien Rung), Menghai, and Mengla; some in Simao municipal prefecture, Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous counties. Users: 280,000 in China (2000 census). 140,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 555,760. Status: 2 (Provincial). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. Some speakers of other languages use Lü as L2 for trade. Alternate Names: Dai, Dai Le, Dai Lue, Lu, Lue, Ly, Pai’i’, Pai-I, Shui-Pai-I, Sipsongpanna Dai, Tai Lu, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonym: ᦅᧄᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ‎ (Kam Tai Lue), ᦺᦑ ᦟᦹᧉ‎ (Dai Lue) Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Luoba, Boga’er adi

Xizang Autonomous Region: Lhunze and Mainling counties, south of Yaluzangjiang river, Luoyu area. Users: 1,090 in China (1999 O. Jueya). 400 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 3,680 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Lhoba (Luoba). Alternate Names: Abor, Adi, Adi-Bokar, Bengni-Boga’er, Boga’er, Bokar, Bungni-Bogar, Lho-Pa, Lhoba, Luoba, Miri Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Tani

Luoba, Yidu clk

Xizang Autonomous Region: Nyingchi prefecture, Chayu county, Xia Chayu (Zayu) zone, Ba’antong and Xia Chayu (Zayu) townships, in Danba river valley and adjoining mountain slopes. Users: 80 in China (1999 Sun Hong Kai). 50 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Lhoba (Luoba). Alternate Names: Idu Lhoba, Idu Mishmi, Lho-Pa, Lhoba, Luoba, Yidu, “Chulikata” (pej.) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Digarish

Mak mkg

Guizhou province: northwest Libo county, Di’e, Fangcun, Jialiang, and Yangfeng villages; some in Dushan county. Users: 5,000 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Bouyei. Alternate Names: Ching, Mo, Mo-Hua, Mochiahua, Mohua, Mojiahua Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui

Man Met mml

Yunnan province: 5 communities in Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture near the Hu. Users: 900 (1990 J-O. Svantesson). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Manmi, Manmit Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic

Manchu mnc

Beijing, Hebei, Jilin, and Liaoning provinces; Heilongjiang province: some villages in Aihui and Fuyu counties; Nei Mongol Autonomous Region: small enclave northeast. Users: 20 (Bradley 2007a). Some additional semi-speakers in 3 remote villages (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 10,400,000 (2010 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Manchu (Man). Alternate Names: Man, Manju Gisun Classification: Tungusic, Southern, Southwest

Mang zng

Yunnan province: Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefectures, Jinping county, Mengla district; 4 villages: Dadui Leigongdaniu Zhai, Heping Xia Zhai, Heping Zhong Zhai, and Nanguo Xin Zhai. Users: 500 in China. Ethnic population: 1,220 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ba’e, Chaman, Manbu, Mang U, Nieng Ó, Xamang, Xá Lá Vàng, Xá Mang, Xá Ó Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Mang

Maonan mmd

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Huanjiang Maonan autonomous county, Xianan area: Nandan, Yishan, and Yizhou; a few in Du’an and Hechi counties; Guizhou province: south central small border area. Users: 30,000 (GXLOUS 2005), decreasing. A few thousand women and children are monolingual. Ethnic population: 101,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Maonan. Alternate Names: Ai Nan Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui

Miao, Central Huishui hmc

Guizhou province: Changshun and Huishui counties, south Guiyang municipality suburbs. Users: 40,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Central Huishui Hmong, Hmo, Hsiung, Hunan Miao Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Miao, Central Mashan hmm

Guizhou province: Luodian, Wangmo, and Ziyun counties. Users: 70,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Central Mashan Hmong Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Miao, Chuanqiandian Cluster cqd

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: west; Guizhou province; Sichuan province: south; Yunnan province: southeast and northeast. Users: 1,400,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Chuanchientien Miao, Chuanqiandian Miao, Core Farwestern Hmongic, Hua Miao, Sichuan-Guizhou-Yunnan Miao, Western Miao Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Miao, Eastern Huishui hme

Guizhou province: Huishui, Luodian, and Pingba counties. Users: 14,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Eastern Huishui Hmong Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Miao, Eastern Qiandong hmq

Guizhou province: Jianhe, Jinping, and Liping counties; Hunan province: Huitong, Jingzhou, and Tongdao counties. Users: 350,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Black Miao, Central Miao, Chientung Miao, Eastern East-Guizhou Miao, Eastern Hmu, Hei Miao, Hmu, mo˧ Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Qiandong

Miao, Eastern Xiangxi muq

Hunan province: Guzhang, Jishou, Longshan, and Luxi counties; some in Chongqing, Guizhou, and Hubei provinces; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Users: 80,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Eastern Ghao-Xong, Eastern Miao, Eastern West-Hunan Miao, Ghao-Xong, Hsianghsi Miao, Meo Do, Northern Miao, Red Meo, Red Miao Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Xiangxi

Miao, Horned hrm

Guizhou province: Dafang, Nayong, and Zhijin counties, Anshun, Bijie, Guiyang, and Qingzhen municipalities; Yunnan province: Zhenxiong county. Users: 50,000 (Hattaway 2003). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: A-Hmo, Bai Miao, Changjiao Miao, Forest Miao, Hmo, Hmong Khua Shua Ndrang, Hmong Ndong, Hmong Ndou, Hmong Sou, Jiao Miao, Jiaojiao Miao, Kha-Nzi, Longhorn Miao, Qing Miao, White Miao Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Miao, Large Flowery hmd

Guizhou province: Hezhang, Pu’an, Shuicheng, Weining, Zhenning, and Ziyun counties, Liupanshui municipality; Sichuan province: Panzhihua municipality; Yunnan province: Zhaotong area, Daguan, Fumin, Lufeng, Luquan, Qiaojia, Suijiang, Wuding, Xundian, Yongshan, and Yiliang counties, Anning, Chuxiong, Kunming, Qujing, and Xuanwei municipalities. Users: 300,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: A-Hmaos, Ad Hmaob lul, Big Flowery Miao, Da Hua Bei Miao, Da Hua Miao, Diandongbei Miao, Flowery Miao, Great Flowery Tribe, Hua Miao, Hwa Miao, Northeastern Dian Miao, Northeastern Yunnan Miao, Ta Hwa Miao Autonym: A-Hmao Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Miao, Luopohe hml

Guizhou province: Guiding, Kaiyang, Longli, and Weng’an counties, Fuquan and Kaili municipalities. Users: 61,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Most officially classified within Miao nationality, except for Xijia group. Alternate Names: Lobohe Miao, Luobo River Miao, Luobohe Hmong, Luopohe Hmong, Xi, Xijia Miao, Ximahe Miao Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Miao, Northern Guiyang huj

Guizhou province: Jinsha, Kaiyang, Pingba Guiding, Qianxi, Xifeng, and Xiuwen counties, west Guiyang municipality suburbs. Users: 84,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Northern Guiyang Hmong Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Miao, Northern Huishui hmi

Guizhou province: Guiding, Huishui, and Longli counties, Gaopo district, Guiyang municipality. Users: 70,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Gaopo, Kwei-chu, Kwei-chu Miao, Northern Huishui Hmong Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Miao, Northern Mashan hmp

Guizhou province: Changshun, Huishui, and Luodian counties. Users: 35,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Northern Mashan Hmong Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Miao, Northern Qiandong hea

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Longlin county; Guizhou province: Anlong, Danzhai, Fuquan, Guanling, Huangping, Jianhe, Leishan, Majiang, Pingba, Sansui, Shibing, Taijiang, Xingren, Zhenfeng, Zhenning, Zhenyuan, and Ziyun counties, Kaili and Qingzhen municipalities. Users: 1,250,000 (Wang and Mao 1995), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Black Miao, Central Miao, Chientung Miao, East Guizhou Miao, Eastern Guizhou Hmu, Gha Ne, Gha Ne Dlai, Heh Miao, Hei Miao, Hmu, Kuv tsis has lug Moob tau, Northern East Guizhou Miao, Northern Hmu, Qián-Dōng fāngyán, m̥ə˧, m̥hu˧ Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Qiandong

Miao, Small Flowery sfm

Guizhou province: Guanling, Hezhang, Nayong, Shuicheng, and Zhenning counties. Users: 84,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Atse, Gha-Mu, Ghab-Mvb Ghab-Svd, Ghuab-Hmongb Ghuab-Soud, Hsiao Hwa Miao, Xiao Hua Miao Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Miao, Southern Guiyang hmy

Guizhou province: Changshun, Zhenning, and Ziyun counties, Anshun municipality. Users: 28,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Southern Guiyang Hmong Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Miao, Southern Mashan hma

Guizhou province: Wangmo county. Users: 10,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Hsiung, Hunan Miao, Southern Mashan Hmong, Southern Mashan Miao Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Miao, Southern Qiandong hms

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Rongshui and Sanjiang counties; Guizhou province: Danzhai, Libo, Rongjiang Congjiang, and Sandu counties. Users: 500,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). All Miao in China: 8,950,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Black Miao, Central Miao, Chientung Miao, Hei Miao, Hmu, Southern East-Guizhou Miao, Southern Hmu Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Qiandong

Miao, Southwestern Guiyang hmg

Guizhou province: Changshun and Pingba counties, suburbs of Guiyang, Anshun and Qingzhen municipalities. Users: 70,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Southwestern Guiyang Hmong Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Miao, Southwestern Huishui hmh

Guizhou province: Changshun, Huishui, and Sandu counties. Users: 56,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Miao, Southwestern Huishui Hmong Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Miao, Western Mashan hmw

Guizhou province: Wangmo and Ziyun counties. Users: 14,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Western Mashan Hmong Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Miao, Western Xiangxi mmr

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Nandan county, Hechi municipality; Guizhou province: Songtao county, southeast Chongqing and Tongren municipalities, Xiushan and Youyang counties; Hubei province: Xuan’en county; Hunan province: Baojing, Fenghuang, Guzhang, Huadan, Jishou, Longshan, and Xinhuang Mayang counties. Users: 820,000 (Wang and Mao 1995), decreasing. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Eastern Miao, Ghao-Xong, Hsianghsi Miao, Huayuan Miao, Meo Do, Northern Miao, Red Meo, Red Miao, West Hunan Miao, Western Ghao-Xong, Western West-Hunan Miao, Xong Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Xiangxi

Mili ymh

Yunnan province: Jingdong, Xinping, Yunxian, and Zhenyuan counties. Users: 23,000 (2002). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Minyag, Eastern emq

Sichuan Province: Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Jiulong and Shimian counties, Ya’an city and county. Users: 2,000 (2020 A. Conrad), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Munya, Muya, Shimian Minyag, Shimian Munya, Shimian Muya Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic

Minyag, Western wmg

Sichuan province: Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Kangding and Shimian counties. Users: 11,500 (2020 A. Conrad). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Darmdo Minyag, Menya, Munya, Muya Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic

Miqie yiq

Yunnan province: Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Wuding county, Chadian, Jincheng, and Jiuchang districts; Dayao, north Fumin, Jingdong, Jinggu, north Lufeng, south Luquan, Nanhua, Yao’an, Yimen, Yongren, and Zhenyuan counties. Users: 30,000 (Bradley 2007b), decreasing. Ethnic population: 50,000. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Micha, Mielang, Minqi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Moji ymi

Yunnan province: possibly east Fumin county, south and southwest Wenshan county, west Xichou county, Luchaichong village. Users: 2,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 7,000. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Flathead Phulai, Muji, Phula, Phulawa, Pingtou Phula Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Monba, Cuona twm

Xizang Autonomous Region: Shannan prefecture, Cuona county, Lebu district; Linzhi prefecture, Motuo county, Dexing district, Wenlang village. Users: 1,300 in China (2000 census). 600 Southern Cuona, 700 Northern Cuona. Less than half monolingual: Young children, older people, some young adults. Ethnic population: 10,600 (2010 census). Includes Tshangla [tsj] speakers. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Menba. Alternate Names: Buruomiba, Cona Monba, Cuona Menba, Cuona Monpa, Dakpa, Dwags, Menba, Menpa, Moinba, Momba, Mompa, Monba, Monpa, Pramipa, Takpa, Tawan Monba Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, East Bodish

Mongolian, Peripheral mvf

Nei Mongol Autonomous Region; Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region; Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning provinces, and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Urumchi to Hailar. Users: 3,380,000 in China (1982). Population includes 299,000 Chakhar, 317,000 Bairin, 1,347,000 Khorchin (Horchin), 593,00 Kharchin (Harchin), 123,000 Ordos, 34,000 Ejine. 2,500,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 5,980,000 (2010 census). Includes China Buriat [bxu], Kalmyk-Oirat [xal], Katso [kaf], Narua [nru], and Tuvan [tyv] languages. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Mongolian. Alternate Names: Inner Mongolian, Menggu, Monggol, Mongol, Southern-Eastern Mongolian Classification: Mongolic, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Khalkha-Buriat, Mongolian Proper

Muak Sa-aak ukk

Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Jinghong, 4 villages. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic

Muda ymd

Yunnan province: Jinghong county, Nanpianshan district. Users: 2,000 (2007), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern

Muji, Northern ymx

Yunnan province: south Mengzi county, Lengquan, Qilubai, and Shuitian townships; west Pingbian county, Xinxian township. Users: 9,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 15,000. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Bokha, Hlaka Mujima, Phula Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Muji, Qila ymq

Yunnan province: south Jinping county. 2 isolated villages. Users: 1,500 (2008), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,500. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Doka, Mujitsu, Phutsu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Muji, Southern ymc

Yunnan province: southeast Gejiu county, north, southwest, and east Jinping county, south Mengzi county. Users: 26,000 (Pelkey 2011), increasing. Ethnic population: 28,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Aga, Khlaka, Lahi, Muzi, Phula, Tjeki, Tshebu, Tshibu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Mulam mlm

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Hechi prefecture, Luocheng Mulao autonomous county (90% in Dongmen and Siba communes); Yizhou county. Users: 86,000 (2005 GXLOUS). Fewer than 10,000 monolinguals (including women and preschool children). Ethnic population: 216,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Mulao. Alternate Names: Abo, Kyam, Molao, Mulao, Mulao Miao, Muliao, Mulou Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui

Mulao giu

Guizhou province: Majiang county, Longli. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker likely survived into the 2010s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao. Alternate Names: Ayo, Gelao, Longli, Longli Mulao Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra

Muzi ymz

Yunnan province: south and east Gejiu county; west Mengzi county, scattered villages. Users: 10,000 (2008). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Mogeha, Muji Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Naaba nao

Xizang Autonomous Region: Shigatse prefecture, Dinggyê county, Nadhang and Tsanga villages. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Unclassified

Naluo ylo

Sichuan province: western Panzhihua city; Yunnan province: southern Huaping and eastern Yongsheng counties. Users: 15,000 (Bradley 2007a). Mostly in Yunnan, with about 2,000 in Pingjiang and Futian townships of Panzhihua (Bradley 2007a). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Aluo Naluo, Gan Yi, Laluo, Naruo, Shui Yi, Shuitian Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern

Namuyi nmy

Sichuan Province, Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture, Mianning, Muli, Xichang, and Yanyuan counties; southwest Sichuan, Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Jiulong (Gyaisi) county. Users: 5,000 (Bradley 2007a). 200 monolinguals. Mainly older adults. Ethnic population: 5,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Naimuci, Naimuzi, Namuzi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Naic

Nanai gld

Northeast corner of Heilongjiang Province, near merge of Heilong, Songhua, and Wusuli rivers, Tongjiang county, Bacha and Jiejinkou villages; Raohe county, Sipai village. Users: 40 in China (Salminen 2007). About half speak Sungari dialect, half speak Nanai proper (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 5,350 (2010 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Hezhe. Alternate Names: Gold, Goldi, Hezhe, Hezhen, Juchen, Nanay, Sushen Classification: Tungusic, Southern, Southeast, Nanaj

Narua nru

Sichuan and Yunnan provinces border area near Lugu lake, Ninglang Yi autonomous county, Muli Tibetan autonomous county and Yanuyuan county. Users: 47,000 (2010 SIL). Ethnic population: 47,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Naxi. Yunnan Province speakers officially classified within Naxi nationality. Language of recognized nationality: Mongolian. Sichuan Province speakers assigned to the Mongolian nationality. Alternate Names: Eastern Naxi, Meng yu, Moso, Mosso, Mosuo, Musuo yu, Na, Naru, Nazu, Yongning Na Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Naic

Nasu, Wumeng ywu

Guizhou Province; Yunnan Province: Zhaotong prefecture, Huize and Xuanwei counties. Users: 150,000 (2018 M. Gerner). Ethnic population: 200,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Neisu, Nersu, Nesu, Wumeng Yi, Wusa Yi, Yuan-Mo Yi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern

Nasu, Wusa yig

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Yunnan Province; Guizhou Province: Hezhang, Nayong, Shuicheng, Weining, and Zhijin counties. Users: 600,000 (2018 M. Gerner), decreasing. Ethnic population: 700,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Eastern Yi, Wusa Nesu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern

Naxi nxq

Northwest Yunnan Province, a majority (over 200,000) in Yulong (formerly Lijiang) Naxi autonomous county. Some scattered through Weixi, Zhongdian, Ninglang, Deqing, Yongsheng, Heqing, Jianchuan, and Lanping counties. Some in Sichuan Province, Yanyuan, Yanbian, and Muli counties. A few in Tibet Autonomous Region, Mangkang county. Users: 300,000 (2000 census). 100,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 326,000 (2010 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Naxi. Official ethnic language of the Narua nationality. Alternate Names: Lomi, Mu, Nahsi, Nakhi, Nasi, “Mo-Su” (pej.), “Moso” (pej.), “Mosso” (pej.) Autonym: Naqxi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Naic

Nisi yso

Southeast Yunnan Province, Wenshan, Yanshan, Maguan, Funing, Xichou, Malipo, and Honghe counties. Users: 36,000 (2002), decreasing. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Lolo, Southeastern Lolo Yi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Nisu, Eastern nos

Yunnan Province, Jianshui, Tonghai, Gejiu, Kaiyuan, Mengzi, Pingbian, and Hekou counties. Users: 75,000 (2004), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Nisu, Nisupho, Shiping-Jianshui Nisu, Shiping-Jianshui Yi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Nisu, Northern yiv

Yunnan povince: Chengjiang, Ehan, Jiangchuan, Jinning, north Shiping, Shuangbai, Xinping, north Yuanjiang, Yimen, and Yuxi counties. Users: 160,000, decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: E-Xin Yi, Nasupho, Nisupho Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Nisu, Northwestern nsf

Yunnan province: Dali Bai autonomous prefecture, Yangbi county, Fuheng district; Yongping county, Beidou Yi district; Yunlong county, Tuanjie Yi district. Users: 24,000 (2004 SIL). 7,000 in Yunlong, 7,000 in Yangbi, 8,000 in Yongping districts (2004). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Nisu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Nisu, Southern nsd

Yunnan province: Honghe, Jinping, east Lüchun, south Shiping, southeast Yuanjiang, and Yuanyang counties. Users: 210,000 (2007), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Nisupho, Yuan-Mo Yi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Nisu, Southwestern nsv

Yunnan province: Jiangcheng, west Lüchun, Mojiang, Pu’er, and Simao counties. Users: 15,000 (2007), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Nuosu iii

Sichuan and Yunnan provinces: over 40 counties mainly in Greater and Lesser Liangshan mountains. Users: 2,000,000 (2000 census), increasing. 1,200,000 monolinguals (Jiafa 1994). Status: 4 (Educational). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Black Yi, Liangshan Yi, Liangshan Yi-Nuosu, Lolo, Northern Yi, Nosu, Nosu Yi, Sichuan Yi, Yi-Nuosu Autonym: Nuosu, ꆈꌠꉙ‎ (Nuosuhxop) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern

Nusu nuf

Yunnan province: Nujiang Lisu autonomous prefecture, southern Fugong county, Pihe town area. Kongtong, Wawa, and Youduoluo villages (Northern Nusu); Guoke, Jiajiu, Puluo, and Tuoping (Tongping) villages (Southern Nusu); Laomudeng, Miangu, Shawa, Zhiziluo, and Zileng villages (Central Nusu). Users: 12,000 in China (Bradley 2007b). 2,000 Northern Nusu; 4,000 Southern; 6,000 Central. 1,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 12,670. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Nu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Oroqen orh

Heilongjiang province: Da Hinggan Ling prefecture, Huma and Tahe counties; Heihe prefecture, Xunke county; Yichun prefecture, Jiayin county, Heihe city; Nei Mongol Autonomous Region: Hulun Buir league, Butha and Oroqen banners. Users: 1,200 (Li and Whaley 2009). 30% of ethnic group (Salminen 2007). Only 12 fluent speakers in 1990, all over 65 yrs (Li and Whaley 2009). 800 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 8,660 (2010 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Oroqen. Alternate Names: Elunchun, Olunchun, Orochen, Orochon, Oronchon, Ulunchun Classification: Tungusic, Northern, Evenki

Pa Di pdi

Yunnan province: Honghe Hani and Yi prefectures, Hekou and Jinping counties. Users: 1,000 in China. Total users in all countries: 1,300. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. Alternate Names: Padi Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Pa-Hng pha

Guizhou Province: Congjiang and Liping counties; northeastern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Lingui, Longsheng, Rong’an, Rongshui, and Sanjiang counties. Users: 26,800 in China (McConnell 1995). 10,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 48,700 (Bradley 2007a). Total users in all countries: 35,050. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. Alternate Names: Baheng, Bahengmai, Man Pa Seng, Meo Lai, Pa Hng, Pa Ngng, Pa Then, Paheng, Tóng Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Pa-hng

Palaung, Ruching pce

Yunnan province: Dehong prefecture, Luxi county, east of Rumai. Users: 10,300 in China (2010). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: De’ang. Alternate Names: Da’ang, De’ang, Dlang, Ngwe Palaung, Palay, Pale, Pale Palaung, Ru-Jing Palaung, Silver Palaung, Southern Ta’ang Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung

Palaung, Rumai rbb

Yunnan province: Dehong prefecture, Longchuan and Ruili counties, on Myanmar border. Users: 4,100 in China (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: De’ang. Alternate Names: Black De’ang, Humai, Ru-Mai Palaung, Rumai, Ta’ang Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung

Palaung, Shwe pll

Yunnan province: Baoshan prefecture, Longyang county; Lincang prefecture, Zhenkang county. Users: 2,000 in China (1995 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: De’ang. Alternate Names: Flowery De’ang, Golden Palaung, Liang Palaung, Saam-Loong, Shwe, Ta-ang Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung

Parsi prp

Users: 5,000 in China (2000). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran

Pela bxd

Yunnan province: Dehong prefecture, Luxi county, Santaishan township; Lianghe and Yingjiang counties. Users: 400 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2001 J. Edmondson). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jingpo. Alternate Names: Bela, Bola, Bula, Pala, Pola, Polo Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern

Phala ypa

Yunnan province: Honghe and Shiping counties, both banks of Yuanjiang (Honghe) river; Jianshui and Yuanyang counties, a few isolated villages downriver. Users: 12,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 13,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Black Phula, Bola, Hei Phula, Khapho, Phula, Phulepho Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Phola ypg

Yunnan province: Honghe, Shiping, and Yuanjiang counties, along confluence of Yuanjiang (Honghe) and Xiaohedi rivers. Users: 13,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 13,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Bola, Flowery Phula, Hua Phula, Phula, Phulepho, Tsha Phula Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Phola, Alo ypo

Yunnan province: Yuanjiang county, Tuguozhai village. Users: 500 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 500. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Bola, Pula Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Pholo yip

Yunnan province: west Guangnan, northeast Malipo, southeast Qiubei, northeast and east Yanshan counties. Users: 30,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 34,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Black Phula, Flowery Phula, Phu, Phula Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Phowa, Ani ypn

Yunnan province: south Kaiyuan county, Yangjie district; north central Mengzi county, Xibeile district. Users: 10,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 10,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Anipho, Flowery Phu, Hua Phu, Laotshipu, Pho, Phula Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Phowa, Hlepho yhl

Yunnan province: Kaiyuan county, east Beige township; north Mengzi, north Pingbian, west Weshan counties; Yanshan county, southeast Ashe township. Users: 36,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 50,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Abo, Boren, Bozi, Conehead Phula, Cowtail Phula, Daizhanpho, Digaopho, Flowery Phula, Hua Phula, Jiantou Phula, Minjia, Niuweiba Phula, Paola, Pho, Phula, Sandaohong Phula, Shaoji Phula, Sifter Basket Phula, Thrice Striped Red Phula, Xiuba Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Phowa, Labo ypb

Yunnan province: central, north-central and southeast Kaiyuan county, west Beige township; Laozhai, Lebaidao, Mazheshao, Yanggai, and Zhongheying townships. Users: 17,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 21,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Asaheipho, Asahopho, Ekhepho, Labopho, Pho, Phula, White Phu, Zemapho Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Phukha phh

Yunnan province: southeast Maguan and southwest Malipo counties. Users: 5,000 in China (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 7,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Fu Khla, Phu Khla, Phù Lá, Phù Lá Hán Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Phuma ypm

Yunnan province: east central Pingbian county, Baihe township; Baiyun and Wantang townships. Users: 8,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 8,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Black Muji, Hei Muji, Muji, Paotlo, Phula, Phuli, Shaoji Phula, Sifter Basket Phula Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Phupa ypp

Yunnan province: southwest Mengzi county, southeast Lengquan and southeast Shuitian townships on southeast Gejiu panhandle. Users: 3,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 4,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Hlagho, La’ou, Laghï, Lala, Lamu, Lapa, Larhwo, Muzi, Phula, Phupha, Tshebu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Phupha yph

Yunnan province: southwest Gejiu county, 4 villages; Yuangyang county, 1 village across Honghe river. Users: 1,300 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,500. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Phula, Phupho, Tsapho Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Phuza ypz

Yunnan province: southeast Gejiu county, southeast Kafang township; southwest Mengzi county, west Lengquan township. Users: 6,000 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Hei Phu, Phu’a, Phujitsu, Phula Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Pinghua, Northern cnp

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: outskirts of Guilin city; Hunan province: Tongdao Dong autonomous county. Users: 1,760,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Guìběi Pínghuà, Northern Guangxi, Northern Ping Chinese Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Pinghua, Southern csp

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Nanning suburbs, scattered towns throughout southern Guangxi. Users: 2,370,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Guìnán Pínghuà, Southern Guangxi, Southern Ping Chinese Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Pumi, Northern pmi

Sichuan province: Jiulong, Muli, and Yanyuan counties; Yunnan province: Ninglang county, Yongning district. Users: 35,000 (1999). 5,000 in Pumi nationality, 30,000 in Tibetan nationality (1994). 10,000 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Ch’rame, P’rome, P’umi, P’ömi, Pimi, Primmi, Pruumi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic

Pumi, Southern pmj

Yunnan province: Lanping, Lijiang, Weixi, and Yongsheng counties; Ninglang county, Xinyingpan district. Users: 19,000 (1999). 6,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 42,900 (2010 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Pumi. Alternate Names: P’rome, P’umi, P’ömi, Pimi, Primmi, Prinmi, Pruumi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic

Qabiao laq

Yunnan province: Malipo county, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao autonomous prefectures, Donggan township, Makun, Matong, Pucha, and Punong on Vietnam border; Babu district, Longlong; Liuhe district, Meitang and Xinfa; Longlin; Tiechang district, Pufeng. Users: 18 in China (2002 Li Yunbing), decreasing. A few fluent elderly speakers in 2001 (Li 2006). Ethnic population: 400 (Li 2006). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Bendi Lolo, Ka Bao, Ka Beo, Ka Biao, Kabeo, Laqua, Man La Qua, Phubyau, Pu Beo, Pu Péo, Pubiao, Pupeo, Qa Biao, Qa Qiau, Qabiau, Qaqiau Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Eastern Kra

Qau gqu

Guizhou province: Anshun county, Mosu and Wanzi; Langdai county, Longxia; Pingba county, Dagoufang; Puding county, Wozi; Shuicheng county, Dongkou; Zhijin county, Niudong. Users: 2,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao. Alternate Names: Aqao, Aqaw, Chilao, Gao, Gao Gelao, Gelo, Ilao, Keh-lao, Kehlao, Kelao, Keleo, Khi, Klo Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra

Qiang, Northern cng

Sichuan province: Beichuan, Heishui, Mao, and Songpan counties. Users: 57,800 (1999), decreasing. 14,000 Mawo, 14,000 Weigu, 11,000 Luhua, 8,000 Cimulin, and 9,000 Yadu. 130,000 total for Northern and Southern Qiang languages, including 80,000 as Qiang nationality and 50,000 as Tibetan nationality (1990 J-O. Svantesson). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 310,000 (2010 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Qiang. Alternate Names: Ch’iang Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic

Qiang, Southern qxs

Sichuan province: Li and Wenchuan counties; south Mao county. Users: 81,300 (1999 J. Evans), decreasing. 8,300 Daqishan, 4,100 Taoping, 3,100 Longxi, 14,500 Mianchi, 31,000 Hehu. Around 130,000 total for Northern and Southern Qiang. 80,000 officially classified within Qiang nationality and speakers 50,000 within Tibetan nationality (1990 J-O. Svantesson). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 310,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Qiang. Alternate Names: Ch’iang, Rrmea Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic

Queyu qvy

Sichuan province: Garzê Autonomous Prefecture: Xinlong (Nyagrong) and Yajiang (Nyagquka) Litang counties. Users: 7,000 (1995). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Choyo, Zhaba Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic

Riang Lang ril

Yunnan province: Baoshan prefecture, Longyang county; Lincang prefecture, Zhenkang county. Users: 3,000 in China (1995). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: De’ang. Alternate Names: Riang Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Riang

Russian rus

Heilongjiang province: Heihe; Nei Mongol Autonomous Region: E’erguna Enhe Russian autonomous district, Hulunbeier banner; Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Changji, Karamay (Kelamayi), Tacheng, and Urumqi; Yili prefecture, Yi’ning. Users: 700,000 in China (Arefyev 2012), all users. L1 users: 2,940 (Shearer and Sun 2002). Ethnic population: 15,400 (2010 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Language of recognized nationality: Russian. Alternate Names: Eluosi, Olossu, Russ Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East

Salar slr

Gansu province: Jishishan autonomous county; Qinghai province: Hualong Hui and Xunhua Salar autonomous counties; Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Yili, Kazakh autonomous prefecture. Users: 70,000 (2002), increasing. Less than 10,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 131,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Salar. Alternate Names: Sala Classification: Turkic, Southern

Samatao ysd

Yunnan province: Guandu district, Kunming municipality, Zijun; elderly speakers in Yongde and Zhenkang. Users: 400 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,810 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Samadu, Samaduo, Samou Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern

Samei smh

Yunnan province: Guandu district, Ala and surrounding communities, Kunming, 47 villages; west Yiliang County, 7 villages. Users: 20,000 (Bradley 2007b). Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 28,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Sani Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern

Samtao stu

Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna prefecture. Users: 100 in China (1993). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Blang. Alternate Names: Samtau, Samtuan Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic

Sangkong sgk

Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Jinghong county, Menglong (1 village) and Xiaojie (3 villages) districts. Users: 1,500 (1995 D. Bradley), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. Alternate Names: Buxia Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern

Sani ysn

Yunnan province: Luxi, Mile, Qiubei, Shilin, and Yilang counties. Users: 100,000 (2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Gni Ni Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Sanie ysy

Yunnan province: north Anning county, Kunming municipality, Xishan district; southwest Fumin county. Users: 8,000 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 17,200 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Bai Lolo, Bai Yi, Minglang, Sa’nguie, Sanyie, Shanie, Shaniepu, White Yi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern

Sarikoli srh

Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Taxkorgan (Tashkurghan) area, Sarikol valley. Users: 16,000 in China (2000 G. Erqing). Ethnic population: 20,400 (2000 G. Erqing). Total users in all countries: 16,070. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tajik. Alternate Names: Saliku’er, Salikur, Sarikuli, Sariqul, Sarykoly, Tadzik, Tajik, Tajiki Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir, Shugni-Yazgulami

Shan shn

Yunnan province: Myanmar border area, 1 village. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. Alternate Names: Dehong Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

She shx

Guangdong province: Boluo, Haifeng, Huidong, and Zengcheng counties. More than 10 villages. Users: 910 (1999 Mao Zongwu). 580 Luofu, 390 Lianhua (McConnell 1995). 200 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 709,000 (2010 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: She. Alternate Names: Ho Nte, Huo Nte Classification: Hmong-Mien, Ho Nte

Sherpa xsr

Xizang Autonomous Region. Users: 1,000 in China (Shearer and Sun 2017). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Serwa, Sharpa, Sharpa Bhotia, Sherwi tamnye, Xarba, Xiaerba Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang

Shuhi sxg

Sichuan province: Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture, Muli Tibetan autonomous county, Shuiluo township. Users: 1,800 (2000 D. Bradley). 1,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Shixing, Xumi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Naic

Sinicized Miao hmz

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Longlin county; Guizhou province: Dafang, Guanling, Nayong, Pu’an, Puding, Qianxi, Qinglong, Shuicheng, Xingren, Zhenning, Zhijin, and Ziyun counties, Anshun municipality; Yunnan province: Funing, Guangnan, and Jinping counties, Gejiu municipality. Users: 250,000 in China (Hattaway 2003). Total users in all countries: 252,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Biantou Miao, Changshu Miao, Curved Comb Miao, Flat Head Miao, Han Miao, Hmong Nzi, Hmong Sa, Hmong Shua, Hmong Sua, Long Comb Miao, Lopsided Comb Miao, Mushu Maio, Piān Miáo, Shuixi Miao, Sinicised Hmong, Waishu Miao, Water Miao, West of the Water Miao, Wooden Comb Miao Autonym: Hmongb Shuat Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

Sonaga ysg

Yunnan province: Heqing county, Liuhe township. Users: 2,000 (2009 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Suoneiga Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Spanish spa

Users: 18,300 in China, all users. L1 users: 5,000 in China (Instituto Cervantes 2019). L2 users: 13,300 (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian

sTodsde jih

Sichuan province: south Rangthang county, Shangzhai district, Puxi, Shili, and Zongke townships; Duke and Zhongke rivers’ confluence. Users: 4,100 (2004). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Shangzhai Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, rGyalrongic

Sui swi

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Nandan, and Rongshui counties; Guizhou province: Congjiang, Danzhai, Dushan, Duyun, Leishan, Libo, and Rongjiang counties, centered in Sandu; Yunnan province: Fuyuan county. Users: 300,000 in China (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 412,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 300,120. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Shui. Alternate Names: Ai Sui, Shui, Sui Li, Suipo Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui

T’en tct

Guizhou province: Dushan, and east Pingtang counties; Huishui, south of Guiyang; some in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Users: 20,000 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 25,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Bouyei. Alternate Names: Rao, Rau, Then, Yang Hwang, Yanghuang Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui

Tai Dam blt

Yunnan province: Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefectures, Dai, Jinping Miao, and Yao autonomous counties. Users: 10,000 in China (1995). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. Alternate Names: Black Tai, Hei Dai, Jinping Dai, Tailam, Tailon, ʼTáy Ðăm Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Tai Dón twh

Yunnan province: Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefectures, Dai, Jinping Miao, and Yao autonomous counties. Users: 15,000 in China (2000 census). Population figure 90% of Dai nationality in Jinping County in 2000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. Alternate Names: Bai Dai, Tai Jinping, Tãy Ðón, White Tai Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Tai Hongjin tiz

Yunnan province: Chuxiong Yi autonomous prefecture, Dayao, Wuding, and Yongren counties, Kunming prefecture, Miao and Luquan Yi autonomous counties (Yongwu dialect); Miao and Wenshan Zhuang autonomous prefectures, Maguan county (Maguan dialect); Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefectures, Honghe and Yuanyang counties, and Yuxi prefecture, Dai, Yi, and Yuanjiang Hani autonomous counties (Yuanjiang dialect); Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefectures, Jianshui Lüchun, and Shiping counties (Lüshi dialect). Users: 85,000 (2000 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Tai Nüa tdd

Sichuan province: Liangshan autonomous prefecture; Yunnan province: Dehong Dai and Jingpo autonomous prefectures, Baoshan, Lincang, and Simao municipal prefectures. Users: 540,000 in China (Zhou and Luo 2001). Ethnic population: 1,260,000 (2010 census). Includes Lü [khb], Tai Dam [blt], Tai Dón [twh], Tai Hongjin [tiz], and Tai Ya [cuu] languages. Total users in all countries: 726,100. Status: 4 (Educational). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. Alternate Names: Chinese Shan, Chinese Tai, Dai Kong, Dai Na, Dai Nuea, Daide, Dehong Dai, Shan, Tai Dehong, Tai Le, Tai Mao, Tai Neua, Tai Nue, Tai Nü, Tai nö, Tai taü, Tai-Kong, Tai-Le, Yunannese Shan, Yunnan Shant’ou Autonym: ᥖᥭᥰᥖᥬᥳᥑᥨᥒᥰ‎ (tai taɯ xoŋ) Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Tai Ya cuu

Yunnan province: Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefectures, Honghe and Yuanyang counties; Yuxi prefecture, Xinping Yi-Dai autonomous county, Mosha district; Dai, Yi, and Yuanjiang Hani autonomous counties. Users: 50,000 in China (2000 census). Ethnic population: 50,000 (2000 census). Based on county level Dai populations. Total users in all countries: 50,400. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. Alternate Names: Cung, Daiya, Huayao Dai, Multi-colored Waistband Tai, Tai Cung, Tai-Chung, Tai-Cung, Ya, Yuanxin Hongjin Dai Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Tajik tgk

Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Kashgar prefecture, Taxkorgan Tajik autonomous county and Yarkant county. Users: 40,100 in China (2010 census). Ethnic population: 51,100 (2010 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Language of recognized nationality: Tajik. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian

Talu yta

Yunnan province: Huaping county, Tongda township; Ninglang county, Ninglangping townhip; Yongsheng county, mainly 4 villages of Liude township. Users: 13,600 (2007), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Tagu, Taliu, Tazhi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Tanglang ytl

Yunnan province: south Lijiang county, Tai’an district, Hongmai community. Locals call this area Tanglangba or Tanglang basin. Users: 950 (Bradley 2007a), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Tholo Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Tatar tat

Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Qvqek, Ürümqi, and Yining (Ghulja, Kulja). Users: 800 in China (1999 C. Zongzhen), decreasing. Ethnic population: 3,560 (2010 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Tatar. Alternate Names: Tartar, Tata’er Classification: Turkic, Western, Uralian

Thangmi thf

Xizang Autonomous Region. Users: 300 in China (2002). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Dolakha, Thami Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Thangmi-Baraamu

Thopho ytp

Yunnan province: Guangnan county, South central Zhetu district; northeast Zhulin district, 2 villages. Users: 200 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 500. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Black Hat Folk, Black Phula, Hei Mao Ren, Phula Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern

Tibetan Sign Language lsn

Tibet Autonomous Republic: scattered. Users: 500 (2018 T. Hofer). About 500 TibSL signers in the Lhasa area where it developed. Ethnic population: 45,000 (2017). Estimated 45,000–50,000 deaf in all of Tibet, most of whom are home signers (Hofer 2017). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: TSL, TibSL, bod kyi lag brda, bökyi lagda Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language

Tibetan, Amdo adx

Gansu province: Tianzhu autonomous county; Sichuan province: Aba (Ngaba) and Ganzi Tibetan autonomous prefectures; Xizang Autonomous Region: Guoluo (Golog), Haibei, Hainan, and Huangnan autonomous prefectures; Qinghai province: Gannan and Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous prefectures. Users: 1,800,000 (2005 C. Lhungrub). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Amdo, Anduo, Ngamdo, Panang Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Amdo

Tibetan, Central bod

Xizang Autonomous Region; some in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Users: 1,070,000 in China (1990 census). 570,000 Dbus, 460,000 Gtsang, 40,000 Mngahris out of 4,593,000 in the official nationality. 920,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 6,280,000 (2010 census). Includes 24 Tibetan languages. Total users in all countries: 1,186,710 (as L1: 1,186,020; as L2: 690). Status: 2 (Provincial). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Bhotia, Lhasa Tibetan, Literary Tibetan, Phoke, Tibetan, Wei, Weizang, Zang Autonym: བོད་ཡིག།‎ (bod.yig), བོད་སྐད།‎ (bod.skad) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central

Tibetan, Khams khg

Qinghai province: Yushu Tibetan autonomous prefecture; Sichuan province: Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan autonomous prefecture; Xizang Autonomous Region: Changdu (Qamdo) and Naqu (Nagqu) districts; Yunnan province: Diqing (Dechen) Tibetan autonomous prefecture. Users: 1,380,000 in China (1994). 996,000 Eastern, 135,000 Southern, 158,000 Western, 91,000 Northern. Total users in all countries: 1,380,300. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Kam, Kami, Kang, Khamba, Khampa, Khams, Khams Bhotia, Khams-Yal Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Khams

Tinani lbf

Xizang Autonomous Region: western border. Users: 450 in China (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Bhotia of Lahul, Gondla, Lahauli, Lahouli, Lahuli Tinan, Rangloi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri

Tsat huq

Hainan province: Tianya district, Sanya city, Huixin and Huihui. Users: 4,000 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Hui. Alternate Names: Hainan Cham, Hui, Huihui, Poi Tsat, Sanya Hui, Utsat, Utset Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Highlands, Chru-Northern, Northern Cham

Tseku tsk

Xizang Autonomous Region. Users: 12,600 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Tsuku, Tzuku Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish

Tshangla tsj

Xizang Autonomous Region: Linzhi prefecture, Motuo (Medoz, Medog) county, Bangxing, Beibeng, Dexing, and Motuo districts; Linzhi (Ngingchi) county, Dongjiu district. Users: 7,000 in China (2000 census). Majority are monolingual. Ethnic population: 10,600 (2010 census). Includes Moinba (Cuona Monba) [twm] speakers. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Menba. Alternate Names: Canglo Monba, Cangluo Menba, Cangluo Monba, Central Monpa, Menba, Monba, Monpa, Motuo Menba, Sangla, Tsangla Monba, Tsanglo Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish

Tu mjg

Gansu province; Qinghai province: Hui, Huzhu Tu, and Minhe Tu autonomous counties. Users: 152,000 (2000 census), decreasing. Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 290,000 (2010 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tu. Alternate Names: Mihe Tu, Mongor, Mongour, Monguor, Qighaan Mongghul Classification: Mongolic, Eastern, Mongour

Tujia, Northern tji

Chongqing province: southeast; Guizhou province; Hubei province: southwest; Hunan province: Yanhe and Yingjiang counties. Wuling mountain range. Users: 70,000 (Brassett and Brassett 2005). 100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 8,350,000 (2010 census). Includes Southern Tujia [tjs]. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tujia. Alternate Names: Tuchia, Tudja, pi tsi kha Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Tujia

Tujia, Southern tjs

Northwest Hunan Province, Luxi county, 3 villages. Users: 1,500 (Brassett and Brassett 2005), decreasing. Monolinguals are mainly women, children, and older adults. Ethnic population: 8,030,000 (2000 census). Includes 70,000 in Northern Tujia. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Tujia. Alternate Names: Mong Tsi, Tuchia Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Tujia

Tuvan tyv

Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Altay prefecture, Burjin, Habahe, Fuyun, and Altay counties. Users: 2,400 in China (1999 W. Hongwei). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 3,000 (1993). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Mongolian. Alternate Names: Diba, Kök Mungak, Tuva, Tuvin, Tuwa Classification: Turkic, Northern

U uuu

Southwest Yunnan Province, Baoshan municipal prefecture, Shidian and Changning counties. May be in Myanmar. Users: 30,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Blang. Alternate Names: A’erwa, Awa, Awa Blang, P’uman, Puman, Wa, Wu, Wu Blang Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic

Uyghur uig

Northwest, many separate enclaves in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region; also in northernmost Gansu Province, border enclave on Mongolia border; possibly scattered in other Chinese provinces and regions. Users: 10,100,000 in China (2010 census). Some are monolingual. Ethnic population: 10,100,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 10,408,822. Status: 2 (Provincial). Language of recognized nationality: Uygur. Alternate Names: Uighuir, Uighur, Uiguir, Uigur, Uygur, Weiwu’er, Wiga Autonym: ئۇيغۇر تىلى‎ (Uyghur tili), ئۇيغۇرچە‎ (Uyghurche) Classification: Turkic, Eastern

Uzbek, Northern uzn

North and west Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region; Urumqi, Kashgar, and Yining (Ghulja) cities, especially Ili. Users: 5,000 in China (2000 Chen Shiliang). Ethnic population: 10,600 (2010 census). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Language of recognized nationality: Uzbek. Alternate Names: O’zbek, Ouzbek, Usbaki, Usbeki Classification: Turkic, Eastern

Vietnamese vie

South coast of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, on Shanxin, Wanwei, and Wutou peninsulas (referred to as the 3 peninsulas), Fangcheng Pan-Nationality autonomous county; Jiangping region. Users: 7,200 in China (1999 O. Jueya). Ethnic population: 28,200 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jing. Alternate Names: Annamese, Ching, Gin, Jing, Kinh, Tiếng Việt, Yuenan-yu Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Vietnamese

Wa, Parauk prk

Southwest Yunnan Province, Lincang prefecture, Cangyuan Va autonomous, Shuangjiang Lahu, Blang, Dai autonomous, Gengma Dai, and Yongde counties; Simao prefecture, Lancang Lahu autonomous county; Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Menghai county, Mengman district. Users: 399,000 in China (2008 P. Hopple). Speaker population based on 2000 census. Status: 5 (Dispersed). Language of recognized nationality: Blang. Around 10,000 Parauk speakers are classified as being within Blang nationality. Language of recognized nationality: Wa. The vast majority of speakers are assigned to the Wa nationality. Alternate Names: Barao, Baraog, Baraoke, Baroke, Buliu, Bulu, Burao, Phalok, Praok, Wa Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Wa

Wa, Vo wbm

Southwest Yunnan Province, Lincang prefecture, Yongde and Zhenkang counties; Simao prefecture, Lancang Lahu autonomous county. Users: 40,000 in China (Zhou Zhizhi et al 2004). Many monolinguals. Ethnic population: 430,000 (2010 census). Includes Awa [vwa] (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 40,700. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Wa. Alternate Names: Ban, K’awa, Kawa, La, Pan, Pinyin, Pun, Va, Vo, Wa Pwi, Wakut Autonym: Vax Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Wa

Wakhi wbl

Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Taxkorgan Tajik autonomous county (especially Daftar); mountains south of Pishan. Users: 6,000 in China. Ethnic population: 41,000 (2000 census). Includes Sarikoli [srh] speakers. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tajik. Alternate Names: Khik, Khikwar, Vakhan, Wakhani, Wakhigi Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir

Walungge ola

Xizang Autonomous Region: Dinggyê county, Xigazê prefecture, Goma, Luda, Rhiu, Salmaru, and Samdok villages. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Unclassified

Waxianghua wxa

Hunan province: Chunxi, Dayong, Guzhang, Jishou, and Yuanling; a 6,000 square km area in Wuling mountains. Users: 300,000 (1995). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Wogang, Xianghua Classification: Unclassified

Wutunhua wuh

Qinghai province: Huangnan Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Tongren county, Longwu township, Jiangchama and Upper and Lower Wutun villages. Users: 4,000 (2016 E. Sandman). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tu. Alternate Names: Ngandehua, Sanggaixiong, Wutong, Wutun Classification: Mixed language, Chinese-Tibetan-Bonan Mongour

Xibe sjo

Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Gongliu, Huocheng, Nilka, Qapqal, Tekes, Xinyuan, and Zhaosu counties; Bortala prefecture, Bole county, Ürümqi city; Ili prefecture, Yining city; Tacheng prefecture, Tacheng county. Users: 30,000 (2000 A. Jun). Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 190,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Xibe. Alternate Names: Sibe, Sibin, Sibo, Xibo Classification: Tungusic, Southern, Southwest

Yerong yrn

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Baise prefecture, Napo county, Longhe district, Gonghe village; Pohe district, Guoba, Shanhe, and Yong’an Guoba villages; Debao county, Batou district, Rongtun village on Yunnan province and Vietnam borders. Users: 500 (Shearer and Sun 2017). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. Alternate Names: Ban Yao, Da Ia, Daban Yao, Eastern Buyang, Guangxi Buyang, Ia Hrong, Iron Yao, Khyung Buyang, Liu Yao, Napo Buyang, Rongtun Buyang, Six Yao, Tie Yao, Tu Yao, Yalang, Yang Khyung, Yerong Buyang Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Eastern Kra

Yi, Wuding-Luquan ywq

Sichuan province: Huili county; Yunnan province: Huize, Lufeng, Luquan, Qujing, Wuding, Xundian, Yongren, and Yuanmou counties. Users: 250,000 (2007). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Black Yi, Dian Dongbei Yi, Hei Yi, Nasu, Nasupho, Wu-Lu Yi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern

Yugur, East yuy

Gansu province: east Sunan Yugur autonomous county, Dahe, Kangle, and Mati districts; some in Qinghai province. Users: 4,000 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 6,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Yugur. Alternate Names: Eastern Yogor, Enge’er, Enger, Shera Yogur, Shira Yughur, Yellow Uighur, Yogor, Yugar, Yugu, Yögur Classification: Mongolic, Eastern, Mongour

Yugur, West ybe

Gansu province: Sunan Yugur autonomous county near Zhangye (Kanchow). Users: 4,600 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 7,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Yugur. Alternate Names: Sari Yogur, Sarig, Sary-Uighur, Sarygh Uygur, Ya Lu, Yellow Uighur, Yugu, Yuku Classification: Turkic, Eastern

Zaiwa atb

Yunnan province: Dehong Dai-Jingpo autonomous prefecture, Bangwa, Longchuan, Luxi, Ruili, and Yingjiang counties. Users: 120,000 in China (2021). 20,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 153,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Jingpo. Alternate Names: Aci, Aji, Atshi, Atsi, Atsi-Maru, Atzi, Azi, Szi, Tsaiva, Tsaiwa, Xiaoshanhua Autonym: Zaiwâ Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern

Zakhring zkr

Xizang Autonomous Region: Zayul county, Lower Zayul township, 3 villages: Lading, Songgu, and Tama. Users: 600 in China (Bradley 2007a). Total users in all countries: 1,000. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Charumba, Songgu Zhahua, Zaiwa, Zha Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Keman

Zauzou zal

Yunnan province: Nujiang Lisu autonomous prefecture, Lanping county, Biji, Guoli, Jiangmo, Tu’e, Wupijiang, and Xiaocun districts; Lushui county, Liukuzhen, Luzhang, and Shuilizhai districts and townships. Users: 2,100 (Bradley 2007b). 210 monolinguals. Mainly older adults. Ethnic population: 2,500 (1999 Sun Hong Kai). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Nu. Alternate Names: Jaojo, Raorou, Rourou Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central

Zhaba zhb

Sichuan province: Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Daofu (Dawu) county, Zhaba district; Yajiang (Nyagquka) county, Zhamai district. Users: 7,800 (Gengxua and Hu 2008), decreasing. Many young monolingual speakers in Zhaba and Zhamai districts. Ethnic population: 9,000 (Gong 2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Bazi, Bozi, Draba, Zaba, Zha, nDrapa Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic

Zhuang zha

Users: Population total all languages (L1 only): 14,936,200. Status:

Zhuang, Central Hongshuihe zch

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Dahua, Du’an, Mashan, north Shanglin, possibly east Pingguo; both sides of central Hongshuihe river. Users: 1,080,000 (2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern

Zhuang, Dai zhd

Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guangnan county, Zhulin township; Maguan and Malipo (west) counties; Wenshan county, Dehou, Kaihua, Laohuilong, Matang, and Panzhihua townships; Yanshan county, Pingyuan township. Users: 100,000 in China (Wang and Johnson 2008). Very few monolinguals, though it is L1 learned by children in most Dai Zhuang villages. Ethnic population: 120,000. Total users in all countries: 100,200. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Bu Dai, Kau Ndae, Khaau Daai, Thu Lao, Tu, Tuliao, Tuzu, Wen-Ma Southern Zhuang, Zhuangyu Nanbu Fangyan Wen-Ma Tuyu, Zhuangyu Nanbu fangyan Dejing tuyu Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central

Zhuang, Eastern Hongshuihe zeh

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: south Shanglin county, south Xincheng district, south Xingbin district, north Guigang city, west Guiping city, and south Wuxuan county; some in Guangdong province; south of Hongshuihe and Qianjiang rivers. Users: 1,200,000 (2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern

Zhuang, Guibei zgb

Guizhou and Hunan provinces; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Bama, Donglan, Hechi, Huanjiang, Longsheng, Luocheng, Nandan, Rongan, Rongshui, Sanjiang, Tian’e, and Yongfu. Users: 1,500,000 (2007). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern

Zhuang, Guibian zgn

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Fengshan, Leyun, Lingyun, Longlin, Tianlin, and Xilin; Yunnan province: Funing, and north Guangnan. Users: 1,000,000 (2007). 420,000 monolinguals. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Spoken in Guangxi (Southern China), Yunnan, Guangdong, Guizhou, and Hunan provinces in the 15th century. Church language in 1862 with the arrival of the first Southern Baptist missionary. Used in daily life, all domains except on official occasions. Alternate Names: Buyei, Buyoi, Kang Yei, Northern Zhuang, Vahcuengh Autonym: 壮语‎ (Zhuàngyǔ) Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern

Zhuang, Lianshan zln

Guangdong province: Huaji county, Xiashuai and Zhongzhou districts; Lianshan Zhuang Yao autonomous county; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Users: 48,000 (2007 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Lianshan Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern

Zhuang, Liujiang zlj

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: north Laibin, Liucheng, Liujiang, north Xincheng, and Yishan. Users: 1,560,000 (2007). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern

Zhuang, Liuqian zlq

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Luzhai, north Wuxuan, and Xiangzhou; possibly Hezhou, Pingle, and Yangshuo; east of Liujiang and north of Qianjiang rivers. Users: 370,000 (2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern

Zhuang, Minz zgm

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Dejing area, Debao, Jingxi, and Napo counties; Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Funing county, Langheng district, Tianbeng township, Anha, Bagan, Gecai, Getao, Gezao, Longnong, Na’en, Sankeshu, Shangmabu, Tianfang, and Xionggu villages. Users: 173,000 (2004). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Black Zhuang, Bu Xiong, Heiyi Zhuang, Kon Min, Sung, Zong Zhuang Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central

Zhuang, Nong zhn

Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, central and west Guangnan, Maguan, Malipo, north Wenshan, Xichou, and east Yanshan counties; a few in Funing and Qiubei counties. Users: 500,000 (Wang and Johnson 2008). 125,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 600,000 (2007). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Native to China, Nong became widespread around mid 19th-century during colonial period. Used in trade, agriculture, long epic songs, school, and local commerce. Alternate Names: Daez, Kau Nong, Khau Nong, Noangx, Nong hua, Phu Nong, Phu Tei, Tei Nong, Yan-Guang Southern Zhuang, Zhuangyu Nanbu fanyan Yan-Guang tuyu, puj Daez, puj Noangz, puj Nuangz Autonym: kauq Daez, kauq Noangz Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central

Zhuang, Qiubei zqe

Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, west edge Guangnan and Qiubei counties; Qujing municipal prefecture, Shizong county, Longqing Yi-Zhuang and Wulong Zhuang autonomous districts. Users: 140,000 (2007 census). 28,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 150,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Bau i, Bui, Buyi, Northern Zhuang, Qiubei Sha Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern

Zhuang, Yang zyg

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Debao, Jingxi, and Napo counties; Yunnan province: Funing county, scattered in Bo’ai, Banlun, Dongbo, Guichao, Xinhua, and Zhesang townships and districts. Users: 765,000 in China (2004). 745,000 in the Dejing area (Jingxi, Napo, and Debao Counties, Guangxi). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Can Yang, Dejing Zhuang, Dianbao, Gen Yang, Jingxi Zhuang, Káang Thó, Lang, Nong, Nung Giang, Yangzhou, Zhuangyu Nanbu fangyan Dejing tuyu Autonym: 佒壯‎ (Yang zhuàng), 壮语徳靖‎ (Deijing Zhuang) Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central

Zhuang, Yongbei zyb

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Binyang, Hengxian, Pingguo, Wuming, and north Yongning. Users: 1,980,000 (2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern

Zhuang, Yongnan zyn

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Fangcheng, Fusui, Jingxi, Longan, Quinzhou, Shangsi, and south Yongning counties; Yunnan province: Funing county. Users: 1,800,000 in China (2000 J. Edmondson). Total users in all countries: 1,810,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Bou Rau, Boux Toj, Long An, Long’an, Nongz Anx, Nung An, Southern Zhuang, Yongnan Vernacular of the Southern Dialect of the Zhuang Language, Zhuangyu nanbu fangyan Yongnan tuyu Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central

Zhuang, Youjiang zyj

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Baise, Tiandong, and Tianyang; some in Yunnan province. Users: 870,000 (2007). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern

Zhuang, Zuojiang zzj

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Chongzuo, Daxin, Jingxi, Longzhou, Ningming, Pingxiang, and Tiandeng counties; Yunnan province: Funing county, a few villages. Users: 1,500,000 in China (2000 census). 35,000 in Jingxi and Napo counties. Total users in all countries: 1,840,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Canto, Ken Tho, Longyin, Longzhou, Nongz Anx, Pho Thai, Potai, Pu Tho, Puto, Southern Zhuang, Zhuangyu nanbu fangyan Zuojiang tuyu Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central

Zokhuo yzk

Yunnan province: southeast Wenshan county, south Dongshan and north Zhuiligai townships; south Yanshan county. Users: 13,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 17,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Cowtail Phula, Nimitso, Niuweiba Phula, Phula, Ruoke, Tshokha, Zekhe, Zuoke Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern