Laos

Summary

Official Name: Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Population: 7,379,000
Principal Languages: Lao
Literacy Rate: 85% (2015 UNESCO)
International Conventions: CPPDCE (2006), CSICH (2012), ICCPR (1966), UNCRPD (2006), UNDRIP (2007)
General References: Bradley 2007a, Edmondson and Solnit 1997, Lebar et al 1964, Matisoff et al 1996, Thomas and Headley 1970, Wurm and Hattori 1981
Deaf Population: 19,200
Language Counts: The number of established languages listed for Laos is 87. All are living languages. Of these, 73 are indigenous and 14 are non-indigenous. Furthermore, 1 is institutional, 11 are developing, 44 are vigorous, 26 are in trouble, and 5 are dying. Also listed are 5 unestablished languages.

Languages

Aheu thm: Bolikhamxai province: Khamkeut district, near Lak Sao. Users: 250 in Laos (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 500 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bru, Kha Tong Luang, Phon Soung, Phonsung, So, Thavung Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Thavung
Akeu aeu: Phongsali province: Gnot Ou district. Users: 1,000 in Laos (1996 E. Johnson). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aki, Akui, Gaolkheel Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern
Akha ahk: Phongsali and Luang Namtha provinces. Users: 113,000 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Ahka, Aini, Ak’a, Aka, Ikor, Yani, “Ekaw” (pej.), “Hka Ko” (pej.), “Ikaw” (pej.), “Kaw” (pej.), “Khako” (pej.), “Khao Kha Ko” (pej.), “Ko” (pej.) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern
Alak alk: Xekong province: Lamam and Thataeng districts; Attapu and Salavan provinces. Users: 25,000 (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Halak, Harak, Harlak, Hrlak Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, Central Bahnaric
Arem aem: Khammouan province: Nam Noy river upper reaches, both sides of Vietnam-Laos border, west of Phuc Trach. Users: 250 in Laos (Enfield and Diffloth 2009). Ethnic population: 500 (1995). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Chombrau, Chomrau, Harème, Kri, Umo Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Chut
Bit bgk: Luang Namtha province: northeast Namtha district, and south of Boun Neua; Oudomxai province: Namo district; Phongsali province: Boun-Tai, Khua, and Mai districts, 8 villages; near China border. Users: 2,370 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 2,570. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buxinhua, Kha Bet, Khabit, Khbit, Pasing, Phsin, Phsing, Pu Sing Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Bit-Khang
Bo bgl: Bolikhamxai province: Lak Sao area; Khammouan province: Hinboun district, Nape area. Users: 8,000 (Schliesinger 2003b), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Boe, Bor, Kha Bo, Tai Bo, Thay Bo Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Muong
Brao brb: Attapu and Champasak provinces: Laos-Cambodia border. Users: 26,000 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 35,560. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Braou, Brau, Brou, Lave, Laveh, Love, Proue, Rawe Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Brao-Kravet
Bru, Eastern bru: Savannahkhet province: Sepone district; Khammouan province: Boulapha district. Users: 37,400 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 132,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bru Tri Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Bru
Bru, Western brv: Khammouan and Savannahkhet provinces: central and southern areas. Users: 163,000 in Laos (2015 census), includes So [sss]. Total users in all countries: 183,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bru Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Bru
Cham cja: Viengchan Capital City: Chanthaburi district, Ban Pounsavath Tai; Savannahkhet province. Users: Ethnic population: 340 (Schliesinger 2003a). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Cam, Chăm, Chiem, Khmer Islam, Tjam, Tscham, Tsiam Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Coastal, Cham
Chepya ycp: Phongsali province. Users: 1,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 2,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern
Chinese, Mandarin cmn: Users: 66,000 in Laos (2018 J. Leclerc), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese
Chinese, Yue yue: Users: 18,000 in Laos (2018 J. Leclerc), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese
Chut scb: Khammouan province: Boualapha district, near Vietnam border. Users: 200 in Laos (Bradley 2007a). 50 May, 150 Ruc (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 400 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: May, Ruc, Sach, Salang Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Chut
Con cno: Bokeo province: Meung district; Luang Namtha province: southwest of Vieng Pou Kha. Users: 1,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Lametic
French fra: Users: 204,000 in Laos (Marcoux et al 2022), L2 users. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French
Halang Doan hld: Attapu province: Sanxai district, Kasseng plateau, Kamane and Dak Robay rivers’ left banks near Vietnam border; Xekong province: Dakcheung district. Users: 2,350 in Laos (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Doan, Duan, Halang Duan Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Duan
Hani hni: Phongsali province: Ou Nua district; Ban Sika Hon, Ban Si Ben Chay, and Ban Kuchu Lin. Users: 740 in Laos (2015 census), decreasing, based on ethnicity. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ha Nhi, Hanhi, Haw, Hayi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern
Hmong Daw mww: Bokeo, Bolikhamxai, Houaphan, Khammouan, Louangphabang, Luang Namtha, Oudomxai, Phongsali, Viengchan, Xiangnabouli, Xiengkhoang provinces and Viengchan Capital City. Users: 170,000 in Laos (1995 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bai Miao, Hmong Der, Hmoob Dawb, White Hmong, White Lum, White Miao, “Meo Kao” (pej.), “White Meo” (pej.) Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian
Hmong Njua hnj: Bokeo, Bolikhamxai, Houaphan, Khammouan, Louangphabang, Luang Namtha, Oudomxai, Phongsali, Viengchan, Xiangnabouli, Xiengkhoang provinces, and Viengchan Capital City. Users: 100,000 in Laos (Hattaway 2003). Total users in all countries: 254,750. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Blue Hmong, Ching Miao, Green Hmong, Hmong Leng, Hmong Nzhua, Hmoob Leeg, Lu Miao, Mong Leng, Mong Njua, Mong Ntsua, Qing Miao, Tak Miao, “Blue Meo” (pej.), “Green Meo” (pej.), “Meo Dam” (pej.), “Meo Lai” (pej.) Autonym: Hmongb Nzhuab, Moob Leeg Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian
Hung hnu: Bolikhamxai province: Khamkeut district; northeast of Nape and south of Phong river (Toum dialect). Users: 3,630 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 4,130. Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Cuoi
Ir irr: Salavan province: east of Salavan town. Users: 4,420 (Asian Minorities Outreach 1999b), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: In, Yiir, Yir Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, Central Katuic, Ta’oih
Iu Mien ium: Bokeo province: Houay Xay and Pak Tha districts; Luang Namtha province: Long, Namtha, and Sing districts; Phongsali province: Yot Ou district; Xiangnabouli province: Khop and Xienghone districts. Users: 32,400 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ewmien, Highland Yao, Iu Mienh, Man, Mien, Mienh, Myen, Yao, Yao Mienh Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin
Jeh jeh: Attapu province: Sanxai district; Xekong province: Dakchung district; basin of Dak Main, Kamane, and Poko rivers. Users: 11,500 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Die, Gie, Yae, Yaeh, Yeh Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Jeh-Halang
Kaduo ktp: Phongsali province: Ou Nua district. Users: 200 in Laos (Schliesinger 2003c). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gazhuo, Kado, Kadu, Khatu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern
Kang kyp: Houaphan and Xiengkhoang provinces. Users: 47,600 in Laos (1995 census). Total users in all countries: 81,700. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tai Khang Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui
Katang, Northern ncq: Salavan province: centered in Toumlan district; Savannahkhet province: Nong and Phin districts. Users: 65,000 (2016). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kataang, Katang Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Bru
Katang, Southern sct: Salavan province: Salavan and Tumlan districts. Users: 40,000 (2016). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kataang Rueal, Katang, Katang Rueal Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Bru
Katu, Western kuf: Xekong province: upper Xe Kong river border area. Users: 28,400 (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Katu-Pacoh
Khmer khm: Champasak province. Users: 7,000 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Khmer
Khmu kjg: Scattered in the north. Users: 708,000 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 825,700. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kamhmu, Kammu, Kamu, Khamu, Khamuk, Khmu’, Khomu, Kmhmu, Lao Kang, Lao Terng, Mou, Pouteng, Pu Thenh, Tenh, Theng Autonym: ກຶມຫມຸ‎ (Kmhmu’) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Khmu’
Khua xhv: Khammouan province: Bouarapha district, northwest of Boualapha. Users: 2,000 in Laos (1981). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Bru
Khuen khf: Luang Namtha province: Nale, Sing, and Viangphoukha districts. Users: 8,000 in Laos (1995 L. Chazee). Total users in all countries: 9,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Khouen, Khween, Kween Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Khmu’
Khün kkh: Louangphabang province: sacred temple area. Users: 600 in Laos (Schliesinger 2003a). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Kim Mun mji: Luang Namtha province: Long district, 21 villages. Users: 4,500 in Laos (1995 L. Chazee). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Jim Mun, Kem di mun, Lan Tin, Lanten, Lowland Yao, Man Lan-Tien, Mun Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin
Kiorr xko: Luang Namtha and Oudomxai provinces: 6 villages. Users: 2,360 (1985 F. Proschan). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Col, Con, Saamtaav, Samtao, Samtao II Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic
Kriang ngt: Champasak province: Ba Chiang Chaleun Souk and Pak Song districts; Salavan province: Salavan district; Xekong province: Kaleum and Tha Taeng districts. Users: 16,800 (2015 census), based on ethnicity. 9,030 monolinguals (2005). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Griang, Khiang, Kuriang, Ngae, Nge, Nge’, Ngeh, Ngeq, Ngkriang, Nhae, Nkriang Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Ngeq-Nkriang
Ksing Mul puo: Houaphan province: Xiangkho district; Xieng Khouang province: Het river, along Vietnam border. Users: 9,870 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ksingmul, Lao Muh, Pou Hok, Puhoc, Xin Mul, Xing Mun, Xingmoun, Xinh Mul, Xinh Mun, “Kha Puhoc” (pej.), “Puoc” (pej.), “Puok” (pej.) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Xinh Mul
Kuan uan: Bolikhamxai province: Viangthong district, near Muang river; Khamkeut district, Ban Guan at Ban pakha, Ban Pung, and Ban Bo. Users: 890 (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Guan, Tai Guan, Tai Khouan, Tai Kouane, Tai Kuan, Tai Kwan Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai
Kuay kdt: Champasak, Salavan, and Savannahkhet provinces: both sides of the Mekong river. Users: 46,600 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. 34,200 monolinguals (2005). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aouei, Cuoi, Douon, Dui, Khamen-Boran, Kouy, Kui, Kuoy, Kuy, Old Khmer, Soai, Soay, Soei, Souai, Souei, Suai, Suay, Suei, Sui, Suoi, Xuay, Xuoi Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Kuay
Lahu lhu: Bokeo province: Houayxay, Peung, and Tonpheung districts; Luang Namtha province: Long district. Users: 19,200 in Laos (2015 census), increasing, based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Muhso, Museu, Musso, Mussur Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central
Lahu Si lhi: Bokeo province: Kentung. Users: 3,000 in Laos (2007). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kui, Kui Lung, Kui Sang, Lad hur Si, Lahu Shi, Yellow Lahu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central
Lao lao: Widespread throughout Mekong river valley, south to the Cambodia border. Users: 4,230,000 in Laos, all users. L1 users: 3,430,000 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. L2 users: 800,000. Total users in all countries: 4,505,260 (as L1: 3,705,260; as L2: 800,000). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (2003, Constitution, Article 89). Alternate Names: Eastern Thai, Lao Wiang, Lao-Lum, Lao-Noi, Lao-Tai, Laotian, Laotian Tai, Lum Lao, Phou Lao, Rong Kong, Tai Lao Autonym: ພາສາລາວ‎ (Phasa Lao) Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Laopang lbg: Bokeo province. Users: 9,550 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gu-ba, Laopa, Laopan Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Unclassified
Laos Sign Language lso: Scattered. Users: 36,000 (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 21,000–42,000 deaf signers, based on 0.3%–0.6% of total population. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language
Laven lbo: Attapu province; Champasak province: Paksong district; Salavan province; Xekong province: Thataeng district. Users: 56,400 (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Boloven, Boriwen, Jaru, Jru, Jru’, Jruq, Laweenjru, Loven, Yrou Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Laven
Lavi lvi: Xekong province: Lavi Fang Daeng village, south of Xekong town. Two other villages. Users: Ethnic population: 1,220 (2015 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Lavy, Lawi, Salwoeng, Saveung, Swoeng, “Lak-wi” (pej.) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric
Lü khb: Bokeo, Louangphabang, Luang Namtha, Oudomxai, Phongsali, and Xiangnabouli provinces. Users: 126,000 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lu, Lue, Pai-I, Shui-Pai-I Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Mal mlf: Xiangnabouli province: Phiang district, west of the Mekong. Users: 23,200 in Laos (1995 census). Total users in all countries: 26,700. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Htin, Khatin, Madl, T’in, Thin, Tin Autonym: Mal, Ma’di Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Mal-Prai
Maleng pkt: Khammouan province: Nakay district, Nam Theun valley, near Theun river; Bolikhamxai province: Khamkeut district, Lac Sao sub-district, Ban Baga Tan. Users: 500 in Laos (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: Less than 1,000. Total users in all countries: 1,700. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Malang, Malieng Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Chut
Mlabri mra: Xiangnabouli province: Phiang district, near Thailand border. Users: 40 in Laos (Schliesinger 2003b). Ethnic population: 67 (Schliesinger 2003d). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Ma Ku, Mabri, Mla, Mla-Bri, Mrabri, Yellow Leaf, Yumbri Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mlabri
Myen mya: Bokeo province: Houayxay district; Luang Namtha province: Sing and Long districts; Xiangnabouli province: Xiangnabouli district; Viengchan Capital City. Users: 2,840 in Laos (2015 census). Status: Unestablished. Alternate Names: Man Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern
Ngoaun nuo: Khammouan province: Nakai district. Users: 760 in Laos (2010 N. Cheeseman). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nguan, Nguane, Nguôn Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Muong
Nung nut: Louangphabang province: Xiengngeun district. Users: A few in Laos. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Nong Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central
Nyaheun nev: Champasak province: Paksong district; Xekong and Attapu provinces. Users: 9,000 (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Hin, Hoen, Hun, Nha Heun, Nia Hoen, Niahon, Nyah Heuny, Nyahön, Yaheun Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Nyaheun
O’du tyh: Xiengkhoang province: Khouone district, 2 villages. Users: 600 in Laos (2015 census), decreasing, based on ethnicity. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: ’Iduh, O Du, Oedou, “Haat” (pej.), “Hat” (pej.), “Tay Hat” (pej.) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Khmu’
Ong oog: Champasak province; Salavan province: north of Salavan town. Users: 10,300 (2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Hantong, Tong Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, Central Katuic, Ta’oih
Oy oyb: Attapu province: foot of Bolaven plateau, and near Pakse; Xekong province: Thateng district. Attapu province: Samakkhixai and Sanamxai districts, 7 villages north of Attopeu town; Xekong province: Dakcheung and Lamam districts (Jeng dialect); Attapu, Champasak, and Xekong provinces (Sok dialect). Users: 32,200 (2015 census), based on ethnicity. 23,500 Oy and 8,690 Jeng (2015 census). 8,960 monolinguals (2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Huei, Oey, Oi, Oi-Sok, Thae, The Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Oi-The
Pacoh pac: Salavan province: Samouay district; Savannahkhet province; Xekong province: Kaleum district. Users: 22,600 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. 11,600 monolinguals (2005). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bo River Van Kieu, Ganai, Pa Co, Paco, Pako, Poko, Pokoh Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Katu-Pacoh
Phana’ phq: Bokeo province: Houayxay district, 1 village; Luang Namtha province: Luang Namtha district, Bopiet and Namtoung villages; Phongsali province: east of Moung Ou Tail. Users: 380 (Schliesinger 2003c). Ethnic population: Included within the Ahka [ahk] ethnic group. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bana’, Pana’ Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern
Phong-Kniang pnx: Houaphan province: Houameuang and Xam Neua districts, near the Neun and Peun rivers. Users: 30,700 (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Keneng, Kenieng, Lao Phong, Pong, “Kha Niang” (pej.), “Khaniang” (pej.) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Xinh Mul
Phu Thai pht: Bolikhamxai, Khammouan, and Savannahkhet provinces; Salavan province: centered in Toumlan district; Champasak and Xiengkhoang provinces. Users: 218,000 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Phutai, Putai, Puthay Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Phuan phu: Bolikhamxai, Houaphan, Louangphabang, Luang Namtha, and Viengchan provinces; Viengchan Capital City; Xiengkhoang province: Kham, Pek, and Phou Kout districts. Users: 115,000 in Laos (Schliesinger 2003a), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lao Phuan, Phu Un Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Phunoi pho: Phongsali province. Users: 39,200 (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Phounoy, Phu Noi, Punoi, Singsily, Sinsali Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern, Bisoid
Prai prt: Xiangnabouli province: Hongsa, Nguen, Phiang, Xiang Hon, and Xaignabouli districts. Users: 28,700 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lao Mai, Lao Prai, Lua Prai, Phai, “Htin” (pej.) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Mal-Prai
Rmeet lbn: Bokeo, Luang Namtha, and Oudomxai provinces. Users: 22,400 (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kha Lamet, Khamed, Khamet, Lamed, Lamet, Lemet Autonym: Rmeet Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Lametic
Saek skb: Bolikhamxai province: Khamkeut district, Nam Ve subdistrict, Na Kadok village; Khammouan province: Grommarol, Thakhek, Hinboun, Mahaxai, and Nakai districts. Users: 3,840 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Seak, Sek, Set, Tai Sek, Xaek, Xec, Xek Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern
Salang hal: Attapu province. Users: 4,000 in Laos (Asian Minorities Outreach 1999b). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Halang Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Jeh-Halang
Samtao stu: Bokeo province: Houay Xai district; Luang Namtha province: Ban Tha Oo. Users: 3,420 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Samtau, Samtuan Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic
Sapuan spu: Champasak and Xekong provinces: Se Kamane and Se Kong rivers’ banks. Users: 1,000 (Sidwell 2003). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sapouan Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Oi-The
Sedang sed: Attapu province: Phouvong district. Users: 900 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dadang Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Sedang-Todrah, Sedang
Sila slt: Luang Namtha province; Oudomxai province: Namo district; Phongsali province: Boun Neua, Ngot Ou, and Samphan districts. Users: 3,150 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 4,060. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Asong, Sida, “Kha Pai” (pej.) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern
So sss: Bolikhamxai, Khammouan, Savannahkhet provinces. Users: 163,000 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity, includes Western Bru [brv]. Total users in all countries: 233,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bru, Makong, Mang Cong, Mang-Koong, Mangkong, Mankoong, So Makon, Sô, Thro, “Kha So” (pej.) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Bru
Sou sqq: Attapu province: Phouvong and Sanamxai districts. Users: 2,500 (Schliesinger 2003b). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sawk, Souk, Su, Su’, Suq Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Brao-Kravet
Ta’oih, Lower tto: Salavan province: northwest of Saravan town; Xekong province: Kaleum district. Users: 15,800 (2000), increasing. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tong Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, Central Katuic, Ta’oih
Ta’oih, Upper tth: Salavan province: Ta-Oy district; Savannahkhet and Xekong provinces. Users: 30,900 in Laos (1995 census), increasing. 21,600 monolinguals (1995). Total users in all countries: 49,900. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Katang, Ta Hoi, Ta’oiq, Ta-Oi, Ta-Oy, Ta-oiq, Tau Oi Autonym: ຕາໂອ້ຍອ໌‎ (Ta’oiq) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, Central Katuic, Ta’oih
Tai Daeng tyr: Bolikhamxai province: Khamkeut district, Lac Sao sub-district; Luang Namtha province: Luong district; Viengchan province: Kasi district; Houaphan, Louangphabang, Oudomxai, Phongsali, and Xiengkhoang provinces. Users: 25,000 in Laos (Asian Minorities Outreach 1999b). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Daeng, Man Thanh, Red Thai, Tai Deng, Tai Nhai, Thai Dang, Thai Do Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Tai Dam blt: Bokeo, Bolikhamxai, Houaphan, Louangphabang, Luang Namtha, Oudomxai, Phongsali, Viengchan, Xiangnabouli, and Xiengkhoang provinces. Users: 65,000 in Laos (Schliesinger 2003a). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Black Tai, Tai Noir, Thai Den, ʼTáy Ðăm Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Tai Dón twh: Houaphan, Louangphabang, Luang Namtha, Oudomxai, and Phongsali provinces. Users: 33,000 in Laos (Schliesinger 2003a). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tai Blanc, Tai Kao, Tai Khao, Tai Lai, Thái Tráng, Tãy Ðón, White Tai Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Tai Khang tnu: Bolikhamxai province: Khamkeut district, Ban Phon Than and Ban Ban Sopkat sub-districts; Nam Hai and Viengthong districts. Users: 200. Ethnic population: 1,500 (Schliesinger 2003a). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tai Kang, Tay Chieng, Tay Khang Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai
Tai Loi tlq: Luang Namtha province: Sing district. Users: Ethnic population: 600 (Schliesinger 2003b). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Doi, Lao Doi, Loi, Monglwe, Tai Doi, Tailoi, Wakut, “Kha Doy” (pej.) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic
Tai Long thi: Louangphabang province. Users: 4,800 (2004). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Tai Nüa tdd: Bolikhamxai, Houaphan, Viengchan, Xiengkhoang, and Xaisomboun provinces. Users: 14,100 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Chinese Shan, Tai Neua, Tai Nuea, Thaineau Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Tai Pao tpo: Bolikhamxai province: Khamkeut, Pakkading, and Viangthong districts. Users: 2,500 in Laos (Schliesinger 2003a). Total users in all countries: 12,500. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai
Tai Yo tyj: Bolikhamxai province: Khamkeut district, Lak Xao, Ka’ane, Khamkeut, Na Heuang, Nam Sak, Phon Thoen, Sop Chat, Sop Pone, and Tha Veng; Vieng Thong district. Users: 7,200 in Laos (1995 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tai Do, Tai Maen, Tai Man, Tai Men, Tai Mene, Tai Mène, Tai Mènè, Tai-Maen Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai
Talieng tdf: Savannahkhet province: Phine district; Xekong province: Dak Cheung district near Vietnam border, Boloven plateau area; into Attapu province. Users: 38,400 (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Caliang, Calieng, Kaseng, Kasseng, Khon Dak Chueng, Koseng, Kraseng, Taliang, Tariang, Tarieng, Triang, Trieng Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West
Tareng tgr: Xekong province: west of Vietnam border, east of Kayong, north of Chavane and Thia. Users: 5,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tariang Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Katu-Pacoh
Thai, Northern nod: Oudomxai and Xiangnabouli provinces. Users: 29,500 in Laos (2005 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kam Mueang, Lan Na, Lanatai, Lanna, Lannatai, Muang, Mueang, Myang, “Youanne” (pej.), “Youon” (pej.), “Yuan” (pej.) Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Vietnamese vie: Users: 18,900 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Vietnamese
Yang pcc: Luang Namtha province: Vieng Poukha district, Nam Fa; Nale district, Nam Huay; Oudomxai province: Beng district, Khone; Namo district, Ay, Sonsavath, Ponxay Savan Namo Neua; Xay district, Long Ya; Phongsali province: Khua district, Mone Savanh, Hat Xeui; Gnot Ou district, Xum Kham, Tha; Boun Tai district, Na Mak, Na Tene, Vieng Xai, Long Nam, Long Nay Khao; Boun Neua district, Muong Xou. Users: 5,840 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nhang, Nyang Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern
Yoy yoy: Khammouan province. Users: 2,000 in Laos (1999 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dioi, Jui, Yoi, Yooi, Yooy Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern

Languages by Status

1 (National)

Lao

[lao] 1 (National). Statutory national language (2003, Constitution, Article 89). 4,230,000 in Laos, all users. L1 users: 3,430,000 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. L2 users: 800,000. Total users in all countries: 4,505,260 (as L1: 3,705,260; as L2: 800,000).

5 (Dispersed)

Akha

[ahk] 5* (Dispersed). 113,000 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

French

[fra] 5* (Dispersed). 204,000 in Laos (Marcoux et al 2022), L2 users.

5 (Developing)

Brao

[brb] 5* (Developing). 26,000 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 35,560.

Bru, Eastern

[bru] 5* (Developing). 37,400 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 132,000.

Hmong Daw

[mww] 5* (Developing). 170,000 in Laos (1995 census).

Iu Mien

[ium] 5* (Developing). 32,400 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

Jeh

[jeh] 5* (Developing). 11,500 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

Khmu

[kjg] 5 (Developing). 708,000 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 825,700.

Mal

[mlf] 5* (Developing). 23,200 in Laos (1995 census). Total users in all countries: 26,700.

Nung

[nut] 5* (Developing). A few in Laos.

Tai Dam

[blt] 5* (Developing). 65,000 in Laos (Schliesinger 2003a).

6a (Vigorous)

Akeu

[aeu] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 in Laos (1996 E. Johnson).

Alak

[alk] 6a* (Vigorous). 25,000 (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

Bit

[bgk] 6a (Vigorous). 2,370 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 2,570.

Bru, Western

[brv] 6a* (Vigorous). 163,000 in Laos (2015 census), includes So [sss]. Total users in all countries: 183,000.

Hmong Njua

[hnj] 6a* (Vigorous). 100,000 in Laos (Hattaway 2003). Total users in all countries: 254,750.

[irr] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,420 (Asian Minorities Outreach 1999b), based on ethnicity.

Kaduo

[ktp] 6a* (Vigorous). 200 in Laos (Schliesinger 2003c).

Kang

[kyp] 6a* (Vigorous). 47,600 in Laos (1995 census). Total users in all countries: 81,700.

Katang, Northern

[ncq] 6a (Vigorous). 65,000 (2016).

Katang, Southern

[sct] 6a (Vigorous). 40,000 (2016).

Katu, Western

[kuf] 6a (Vigorous). 28,400 (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

Khuen

[khf] 6a* (Vigorous). 8,000 in Laos (1995 L. Chazee). Total users in all countries: 9,000.

Khün

[kkh] 6a* (Vigorous). 600 in Laos (Schliesinger 2003a).

Kim Mun

[mji] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,500 in Laos (1995 L. Chazee).

Kriang

[ngt] 6a* (Vigorous). 16,800 (2015 census), based on ethnicity. 9,030 monolinguals (2005).

Ksing Mul

[puo] 6a* (Vigorous). 9,870 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

Lahu

[lhu] 6a* (Vigorous). 19,200 in Laos (2015 census), increasing, based on ethnicity.

Lahu Si

[lhi] 6a* (Vigorous). 3,000 in Laos (2007).

Laopang

[lbg] 6a* (Vigorous). 9,550 (2000).

Laos Sign Language

[lso] 6a* (Vigorous). 36,000 (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 21,000–42,000 deaf signers, based on 0.3%–0.6% of total population.

Laven

[lbo] 6a* (Vigorous). 56,400 (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

Ngoaun

[nuo] 6a* (Vigorous). 760 in Laos (2010 N. Cheeseman).

Nyaheun

[nev] 6a (Vigorous). 9,000 (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

[oyb] 6a (Vigorous). 32,200 (2015 census), based on ethnicity. 23,500 Oy and 8,690 Jeng (2015 census). 8,960 monolinguals (2007).

Pacoh

[pac] 6a (Vigorous). 22,600 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. 11,600 monolinguals (2005).

Phong-Kniang

[pnx] 6a* (Vigorous). 30,700 (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

Phu Thai

[pht] 6a* (Vigorous). 218,000 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

Phuan

[phu] 6a* (Vigorous). 115,000 in Laos (Schliesinger 2003a), based on ethnicity.

Phunoi

[pho] 6a* (Vigorous). 39,200 (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

Prai

[prt] 6a* (Vigorous). 28,700 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

Rmeet

[lbn] 6a* (Vigorous). 22,400 (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

Sapuan

[spu] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (Sidwell 2003).

Sedang

[sed] 6a* (Vigorous). 900 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

Sila

[slt] 6a (Vigorous). 3,150 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 4,060.

[sss] 6a (Vigorous). 163,000 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity, includes Western Bru [brv]. Total users in all countries: 233,000.

Ta’oih, Lower

[tto] 6a (Vigorous). 15,800 (2000), increasing.

Ta’oih, Upper

[tth] 6a (Vigorous). 30,900 in Laos (1995 census), increasing. 21,600 monolinguals (1995). Total users in all countries: 49,900.

Tai Dón

[twh] 6a* (Vigorous). 33,000 in Laos (Schliesinger 2003a).

Tai Long

[thi] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,800 (2004).

Tai Yo

[tyj] 6a* (Vigorous). 7,200 in Laos (1995 census).

Talieng

[tdf] 6a (Vigorous). 38,400 (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

Tareng

[tgr] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Thai, Northern

[nod] 6a* (Vigorous). 29,500 in Laos (2005 census).

Yang

[pcc] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,840 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

6b (Threatened)

Aheu

[thm] 6b* (Threatened). 250 in Laos (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 500 (Bradley 2007b).

[bgl] 6b (Threatened). 8,000 (Schliesinger 2003b), based on ethnicity.

Con

[cno] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Halang Doan

[hld] 6b* (Threatened). 2,350 in Laos (2000).

Hani

[hni] 6b (Threatened). 740 in Laos (2015 census), decreasing, based on ethnicity.

Khua

[xhv] 6b* (Threatened). 2,000 in Laos (1981).

Kiorr

[xko] 6b* (Threatened). 2,360 (1985 F. Proschan).

Kuan

[uan] 6b* (Threatened). 890 (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

Kuay

[kdt] 6b (Threatened). 46,600 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. 34,200 monolinguals (2005).

Lü

[khb] 6b* (Threatened). 126,000 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

Maleng

[pkt] 6b (Threatened). 500 in Laos (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: Less than 1,000. Total users in all countries: 1,700.

Phana’

[phq] 6b* (Threatened). 380 (Schliesinger 2003c). Ethnic population: Included within the Ahka [ahk] ethnic group.

Saek

[skb] 6b* (Threatened). 3,840 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

Salang

[hal] 6b* (Threatened). 4,000 in Laos (Asian Minorities Outreach 1999b).

Samtao

[stu] 6b* (Threatened). 3,420 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

Sou

[sqq] 6b* (Threatened). 2,500 (Schliesinger 2003b).

Tai Daeng

[tyr] 6b* (Threatened). 25,000 in Laos (Asian Minorities Outreach 1999b).

Tai Khang

[tnu] 6b (Threatened). 200. Ethnic population: 1,500 (Schliesinger 2003a).

Tai Nüa

[tdd] 6b* (Threatened). 14,100 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

Tai Pao

[tpo] 6b* (Threatened). 2,500 in Laos (Schliesinger 2003a). Total users in all countries: 12,500.

Yoy

[yoy] 6b* (Threatened). 2,000 in Laos (1999 census).

7 (Shifting)

Chepya

[ycp] 7 (Shifting). 1,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 2,000 (Bradley 2007b).

Chut

[scb] 7 (Shifting). 200 in Laos (Bradley 2007a). 50 May, 150 Ruc (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 400 (Bradley 2007b).

Hung

[hnu] 7 (Shifting). 3,630 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 4,130.

O’du

[tyh] 7 (Shifting). 600 in Laos (2015 census), decreasing, based on ethnicity.

Ong

[oog] 7 (Shifting). 10,300 (2000).

8a (Moribund)

Arem

[aem] 8a (Moribund). 250 in Laos (Enfield and Diffloth 2009). Ethnic population: 500 (1995).

Cham

[cja] 8a (Moribund). Ethnic population: 340 (Schliesinger 2003a).

Lavi

[lvi] 8a (Moribund). Ethnic population: 1,220 (2015 census).

Mlabri

[mra] 8a (Moribund). 40 in Laos (Schliesinger 2003b). Ethnic population: 67 (Schliesinger 2003d).

8b (Nearly extinct)

Tai Loi

[tlq] 8b (Nearly extinct). Ethnic population: 600 (Schliesinger 2003b).

Unestablished

Chinese, Mandarin

[cmn] Unestablished. 66,000 in Laos (2018 J. Leclerc), based on ethnicity.

Chinese, Yue

[yue] Unestablished. 18,000 in Laos (2018 J. Leclerc), based on ethnicity.

Khmer

[khm] Unestablished. 7,000 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

Myen

[mya] Unestablished. 2,840 in Laos (2015 census).

Vietnamese

[vie] Unestablished. 18,900 in Laos (2015 census), based on ethnicity.

Maps

Laos

Graphs

Language Vitality Profile
Full explanation
This graph shows the profile of languages in Laos with respect to their level of language vitality. Each individual language that has an entry for Laos is included in the profile. The horizontal axis represents the estimated level of vitality. The height of each bar indicates the number of languages that are estimated to be at the given level.
The vitality levels and the color coding of the bars match the scheme used in the guide on How many languages are endangered? In this scheme, the levels and colors are as follows:
- Dark green = Institutional (EGIDS 0-4) — The language has been developed to the point that it is used and sustained by institutions beyond the home and community.
- Light green = Stable (EGIDS 5-6a) — The language is not being sustained by formal institutions, but It is still the norm in the home and community that all children learn and use the language.
- Red = Endangered (EGIDS 6b-9) — It is no longer the norm that children learn and use this language.
These three summary levels have been derived by grouping levels in the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS), which is the more fine-grained scale that Ethnologue uses to assess the status of every language in terms of development versus endangerment; see the Language Status page for a description of the levels of that scale. See also the pages on Development and Endangerment for more discussion.
Language Status Profile
Full explanation
This graph shows the profile of languages in Laos with respect to their status of language development versus language endangerment. Each individual language that has an entry for Laos is included in the profile. The horizontal axis represents the estimated level of development or endangerment as measured on the EGIDS scale. (See the pages on Development and Endangerment for a fuller explanation.) The height of each bar indicates the number of languages that are estimated to be at the given level. Consult the Status listings for Laos in order to see the specific languages for each level.
The color coding of the bars matches the color scheme used in the summary profile graphs on the navigation maps for the site. In this scheme, the EGIDS levels are grouped as follows:
- Purple = Institutional (EGIDS 0-4) — The language has been developed to the point that it is used and sustained by institutions beyond the home and community.
- Blue = Developing (EGIDS 5) — The language is in vigorous use, with literature in a standardized form being used by some though this is not yet widespread or sustainable.
- Green = Vigorous (EGIDS 6a) — The language is unstandardized and in vigorous use among all generations.
- Yellow = In trouble (EGIDS 6b-7) — Intergenerational transmission is in the process of being broken, but the child-bearing generation can still use the language so it is possible that revitalization efforts could restore transmission of the language in the home.
- Red = Dying (EGIDS 8a-9) — The only fluent users (if any) are older than child-bearing age, so it is too late to restore natural intergenerational transmission through the home; a mechanism outside the home would need to be developed.
- Black = Extinct (EGIDS 10) — The language has fallen completely out of use and no one retains a sense of ethnic identity associated with the language.

Resources

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Digest of the languages of Laos ($299.95, 53 page PDF)

Summary

Languages

Languages by Status

Maps

Laos

Graphs

Language Vitality Profile

Language Status Profile

Resources

Contributions

Editorial Action