Malaysia

Languages

Abai Sungai abf

Sabah: Kinabatangan river lower reaches. Users: Ethnic population: 500 (2000 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Paitanic

Arabic, North Levantine Spoken apc

Users: 15,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Bajau, West Coast bdr

Sabah: Kudat district, Banggi Island, Telutu’ village; Pitas district, south Marudu bay, mainly Dalima’, Jambangan, Kanibungan, Layag-Layag, Mapan-Mapan, Mausar, Mengkapon, Mengkubau Laut, Pantai Laut, and Sibayan Laut villages; west coast scattered from Kuala Penyu to Kudat districts, mainly Kota Belud and Tuaran towns. Users: Ethnic population: 210,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 10,700. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bajau, Bajau Sama, Land Bajaw, West Coast Bajao, West Coast Bajaw Autonym: Sama Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Borneo Coast Bajaw

Bakati’, Rara lra

Sarawak: Kuching division, Lundu, Pasir Hili, Pasir Tengah, and Kandai villages on Pasir river. Users: 11,300 in Malaysia (2000). Total users in all countries: 23,300. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Luru Autonym: Rara Bakati’ Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bakati’

Banjar bjn

Sabah: Keningau, Sandakan, Tawau, Tenom districts, scattered coastal settlements. Users: 5,000 in Malaysia (2013 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bandjarese, Banjar Malay, Banjar Melau, Banjarese, Benjar Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

Batek btq

Pahang, Kelantan, and Terengganu. Users: 1,000 (2006 JHEOA), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,160 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bateg, Bateq, Batok, Kleb, Nong, Tomo Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Eastern

Bengali ben

Users: 800,000 in Malaysia (2021 The Daily Star), based on nationality. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese

Berawan, Central zbc

Sarawak: Marudi district, Batu Belah (Tutoh river) and Long Teru (Tinjar river) villages. Users: 1,500 (2010 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Batu Belah, Long Teru, Melawan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Berawan-Lower Baram, Berawan, Central-East Berawan

Berawan, East zbe

Sarawak: Long Jegan, Long Takong, Long Taveng, and Long Teran Batu villages. Users: 1,100 (2010 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Long Jegan Berawan, Melawan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Berawan-Lower Baram, Berawan, Central-East Berawan

Berawan, West zbw

Sarawak: Mulu town, Long Terawan village. Users: 1,000 (2010 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Berawan, Long Terawan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Berawan-Lower Baram, Berawan

Bidayuh Serian sdo

Sarawak: Samarahan division, 30 or more villages. Users: 49,100 in Malaysia (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Buka, Bukar, Bukar Sadung Bidayah, Bukar-Sadong Bidayuh, Sadung, Serian, Tebakang Autonym: Bidayŭh Bukar-Sadung Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bidayuh, Eastern

Bidayuh, Bau sne

Sarawak: Kuching division, about 50 villages on Lundu, Sadong, and Samarahan Lundu rivers. Users: 29,200 in Malaysia (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bau-Jagoi, Jaggoi, Jagoi, Sarawak Dayak Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bidayuh, Core, Western

Bidayuh, Biatah bth

Sarawak: Kuching division, Kuching district, 10 villages. Users: 63,900 in Malaysia (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 72,380. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Biatah, Bikuab, Kuap, Quop, Sentah, Siburan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bidayuh, Core, Central

Bidayuh, Tringgus-Sembaan trx

Sarawak: southwest of Kuching on Kalimantan border. Users: 850 in Malaysia (2007 Z. Akter). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tringus Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bidayuh, Core, Sembaan

Bintulu bny

Sarawak: Bintulu area, and 2 enclaves west; Sibuti area on northeast coast. Users: 4,200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Bintulu

Bisaya, Brunei bsb

Sarawak: Limbang and Marudi districts. Users: 20,000 in Malaysia (2007 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bekiau, Bisaya, Bisaya Bukit, Bisayah, Lorang Bukit, Visayak Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Bisaya-Lotud, Southern

Bisaya, Sabah bsy

Sabah: Beaufort and Kuala Penyu districts, North Brunei Bay coast area, mainly along Padas and Klias rivers, south of Weston; Sarawak: Batu Danau, Limbang. Users: No monolinguals (2015 S.A. Luken). Ethnic population: 70,000 (2015 Sabah Bisaya Cultural Association). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Basaya, Besaya, Bisaia, Bisayah, Jilama Bawang, Jilama Sungai Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Bisaya-Lotud

Bonggi bdg

Sabah: Kudat district, 15 villages on Balambangan and Banggi islands. Users: Ethnic population: 1,400 (1990 UBS). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bangay, “Banggi” (pej.), “Banggi Dusun” (pej.) Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Palawanic

Brunei kxd

Sabah: Kota Kinabalu southwest to Labuan Federal Territory and Brunei border; Sarawak: north Lawas district; Batang Baram river mouth to Bintulu town. Users: 51,000 in Malaysia (2013 SIL), decreasing. 35,000 monolinguals (2015 S. Damit). Ethnic population: 350,000 (2014 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Brunai, Brunei-Kadayan, “Orang Bukit” (pej.) Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

Bugis bug

Sabah: Kota Kinabalu, Lahad Datu, Sandakan and Tawau districts, major cities but also scattered. Users: 17,800 in Malaysia (2000 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 138,000 (2015 A. Supeno). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Basa Ugi, Buginese Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis

Bukitan bkn

Sarawak: small enclaves in Kapit and Tatau divisions. Users: 290 in Malaysia (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bakatan, Bakitan, Beketan, Mangkettan, Manketa, Pakatan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Kajang

Burmese mya

Peninsular: widespread. Users: 30,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern

Cham, Western cja

Scattered in Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah. Users: 12,000 in Malaysia (2011). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Coastal, Cham

Cheq Wong cwg

Pahang: just south of Semai. Users: 460 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Beri, Ceq Wong, Che Wong, Che’wong, Chuba, Siwang Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Chewong

Chinese, Hakka hak

Negeri Sembilan, Perak, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor: scattered, especially in major towns. Users: 1,810,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Mandarin cmn

Scattered, especially urban areas. Users: 1,230,000 in Malaysia, all users. L1 users: Recent census figures do not detail the number of Mandarin speakers. L2 users: 1,230,000 (2015). Status: 4 (Educational). Recognized language (1996, Education Act, No. 550, Article 2). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Min Bei mnp

Users: 402,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Min Dong cdo

Sarawak: mostly Bintangor, Sarikei, and Sibu towns. Users: 252,000 in Malaysia (2004). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Min Nan nan

Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, and Terengganu. Users: 3,500,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Ethnic population: 6,410,000 (2014). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Banlamgi, Min Nan, Minnan Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Pu-Xian cpx

Selangor. Users: 24,700 in Malaysia (Salleh 2006). Ethnic population: 24,700 (2000 census). In Peninsular Malaysia. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Chinese, Yue yue

Peninsular: Negeri Sembilan, Perak, Pahang, and Selangor states; Kuala Lumpur and other major cities and towns. Users: 1,460,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Ethnic population: 3,220,000 (2014). Status: 3 (Wider communication). The main lingua france among the Chinese in the cities and towns of central Peninsular Malaysia. Alternate Names: Cantonese, Yue, Yueh Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

Duano dup

Johor: Batu Pahat, Muar, and Pontian districts, Kuala Benut, Lenga, Minyak Beku, Pontian Besar, Rengit, Semerah, Senggarang, and Sungai Layau on west coast, Pontian Kecil area. Users: 600 in Malaysia (2007 SIL). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 3,010 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Desin Dolak, Desin Duano, Orang Kuala, Orang Laut Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

Dumpas dmv

Sabah: Beluran district, Bakung-Bakung, Gana Jati, Perancangan, Rancangan Nangoh, Tarasak, and Tombidong-Bidong villages. Users: 2,400 (2015 A. Ismael). No monolinguals (2015 A. Ismael). Ethnic population: 4,000 (2015 A. Ismael). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Doompas Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Unclassified

English eng

Widespread: Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Kuala Lumpur, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau Pinang, Putrajaya, Selangor, and Terengganu states. Users: 10,383,900 in Malaysia, all users. L1 users: 83,900 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), increasing, based on ethnicity. L2 users: 10,300,000 (2020). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national working language (1957, Constitution, Articles 152(2) through 152(5)). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English

Gana gnq

Sabah: Keningau district, Kuangoh and Minansut in Bingkor, along Baiaya river, a tributary of Pegalan river. Users: 250 (Pugh-Kitingan 2013), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,000 (Pugh-Kitingan 2013). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Gana’, Ganaq, Ganna, Keningau Dusun, Minansut Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Unclassified

Gujarati guj

Users: 30,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Gujarati

Hindi hin

Users: 60,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Hindustani

Iban iba

Sabah: Tawau district; Sarawak: scattered in all 12 divisions of Sarawak. Users: 1,452,000 in Malaysia, all users. L1 users: 752,000 in Malaysia (2013 SIL), including 2,300 in 2 villages in Sabah (2013 A. Maraining). L2 users: 700,000 (2013 SIL). Total users in all countries: 1,482,800 (as L1: 782,800; as L2: 700,000). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Originated on Borneo Island; Iban people migrated to Malaysia and settled in the state of Sarawak. In 1840 during the British colonization period, Iban language became widely spoken. Used in education, media, literature, and music. Alternate Names: Iban Sabah, Sea Dayak Autonym: Jaku Iban Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Ibanic

Ida’an dbj

Sabah: Kinabatangan, Lahad Datu and Sandakan districts. Users: 10,000 (2013 SIL). Population includes 2,500 Begak. Ethnic population: 15,000 (2015 Pertubuhan Kebajikan Idahan Pewaris Madai, Lahad Datu (PEWARIS)). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bulud Upi, Eraans, Idaan, Idahan, Idan, Idayan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Ida’an

Iranun ilm

Sabah: Kota Belud district, 24 villages; Kudat district, Indarasan Laut village; Lahad Datu district, Tungku. Users: 22,000 (2015 I. Sidik), decreasing. Ethnic population: 30,000 (Pugh-Kitingan and Mulia 1996). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ilanun, Illanoan, Illanoon, Illanos, Illanun, Iranon Maranao, Iranum, Lanoon, Lanun, Ylanos Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Danao, Maranao-Iranon

Jah Hut jah

Pahang: south of main Semai [sea] language area and Kuala Krau. Users: 2,500 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 3,760 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Jah Het Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, Jah Hut

Jakun jak

Johor and Pahang: Pekan district south along east coast to south of Johor river. Users: Ethnic population: 25,000 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Djakun, Jakoon, Jaku’d, Jakud’n, Orang Hulu Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

Japanese jpn

Users: 15,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Japonic

Javanese jav

Kedah: Kota Setar and Kuala Munda districts; Perak: Kinta district; Sabah: scattered coastal areas; Selangor: Kuala Lumpur area. Users: Ethnic population: 300,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Jawa Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Javanese

Jehai jhi

Perak: northeast; Kelantan: west. Users: 1,250 in Malaysia (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 1,660 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jahai, Pangan Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Eastern

Kadazan Dusun dtp

Sabah: West Coast division, Beaufort, Keningau, Kota Belud, Kota Kinabalu, Kota Marudu, Papar, Penampang, Ranau, Tambunan, and Tenom districts. Users: 264,000 (2010 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 556,000 (2010 census). Increasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Central Kadazan, Dusan, Dusum, Dusun, Dusur, Idaan, Kadasan, Kadayan, Kadazandusun, Kedayan Autonym: Kadazan Dusun Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun, Central

Kadazan, Klias River kqt

Sabah: Beaufort district, Klias river area. Users: 800 (2015 E. Ampai), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,000 (2015 E. Ampai). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kuijou, Kuizou Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun

Kadazan, Labuk-Kinabatangan dtb

Sabah: Beluran, Kinabatangan, and Sandakan districts. Users: Ethnic population: 20,600 (2000 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Eastern Kadazan, Labuk Kadazan, Sogilitan, Sungai, Sungai Kinabatangan, Tindakon, Tompulung Autonym: Tinangaran Kadajan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun, Eastern

Kajaman kag

Sarawak: Kapit division near Belaga on Balui river. Users: 500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kajaman-Sekapan, Kayaman, Kejaman Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Kajang

Kannada kan

Users: 59,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Kannada

Kayan, Baram kys

Sarawak: north, Baram river area. Users: 4,150 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baram Kajan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper

Kayan, Rejang ree

Sarawak: Balui and Rejang river areas. Users: 3,030 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Rejang Kajan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper

Kelabit kzi

Sarawak: highest most remote Borneo mountains, Bario highlands. Users: 4,000 in Malaysia (2011 SIL). Ethnic population: 5,000. Total users in all countries: 4,640. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kalabit, Kerabit Autonym: Kelabit Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic

Kenaboi xbn

Negeri Sembilan. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker likely died in about 1880 (Hajek 1998: 138). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Kĕnaboi Classification: Unclassified

Kensiu kns

Kedah: Baling district near Thai border; Perak: Hulu Perak district. Users: 250 in Malaysia (2015 N. Bishop). Total users in all countries: 259. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kenseu, Kensieu, Kensiw, Mendi, Monik, Moniq, Ngok Pa, Orang Bukit, Orang Liar Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Western

Kenyah, Mainstream xkl

Sarawak: near Kalimantan border, villages along Balui and Baram rivers and some tributaries; 1 village on Kakus river; Sungai Asap area. Users: 40,000 in Malaysia (2013 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bakong, Bakung, Bakung Kenya, Bakung Kenyah Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah

Kenyah, Wahau whk

Sarawak: Belaga, Kapit, Marudi, and Tatau districts, Balang Baram, Baleh, Balul, and Belaga along interior rivers, including headwaters. Users: 1,000 in Malaysia (2007 A. Soriente). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Kayanic Kenyah

Kimaragang kqr

Sabah: Beluran, Kota Marudu, and Pitas districts. Users: 10,000 (Kroeger 2005), decreasing. Ethnic population: 25,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kimaragan, Kimaragangan, Maragang, Marigang Autonym: Kimaragang Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun

Kinabatangan, Upper dmg

Sabah: Lahad Datu district; Tongod district, primarily upper reaches of Kinabatangan river. Users: Ethnic population: 15,000 (2015 L. Rose). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Orang Sungai, Sungai Milian Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Paitanic, Upper Kinabatangan

Kintaq knq

Kedah and Perak border area, Thai border. Users: 110 in Malaysia (2008 JHEOA). Ethnic population: 240 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 111. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bong, Kenta, Kintak, Kintaq Bong Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Western

Kiput kyi

Sarawak: south of Marudi, Benawa and Kuala Tutoh villages. Users: 450 (Blust 2002). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Berawan-Lower Baram, Lower Baram, Central, A

Korean kor

Users: 20,900 in Malaysia (2019 Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs), based on nationality. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Koreanic

Kota Marudu Talantang grm

Sabah: Kota Marudu district, Talantang 1 and Talantang 2. Users: Ethnic population: 1,800 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun

Kuijau dkr

Sabah: Keningau district, Keningau town area north and west. Users: Ethnic population: 7,910 (2000 S. Maduli). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Hill Dusun, Kijau, Koijoe, Kuiyow, Kujau, Kuliow, Kuriyo, Kwijau, Menindal, Menindaq, Minansut, Tidung, Tindal Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun

Lahanan lhn

Sarawak: central, east of Belaga, southwest of Long Murum. Users: 350 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 700 (Alexander and Alexander 2002). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lanan, Lanun Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Kajang

Lamaholot slp

Sabah: scattered. Users: 45,000 in Malaysia (2015), decreasing. Ethnic population: 45,000 (2015 A. Supeno). Consulate of Indonesia. Status: Unestablished. Alternate Names: Florenese, Om, Orang Timur, Timorese Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata

Lanoh lnh

Perak: north central. Users: Ethnic population: 240 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jengjeng Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, Senoic

Lelak llk

Sarawak: Marudi district, Loagan Bunut lake area on Tinjar river. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker either died or fully assimilated to Central Berawan [zbc] by the late 1970s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Berawan-Lower Baram, Lower Baram, Central, B

Lobu, Lanas ruu

Sabah: Keningau district, Sook sub-district, Lalapakon, Lanas, Kilu, Kuit, Mampisas, Manggarimot, Mansiat, Minusu, Pinipi, Sesalungon, and Tuawon; possibly Kinabatangan district. Rumanau dialect in Masaum, near Pinangah. Users: 4,000 (2015 P. Porodong), decreasing. No monolinguals (2015 P. Porodong). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2015 P. Porodong). 3,500 Lobu, 1,500 Rumanau. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Keningau Lobu, “Labou” (pej.) Autonym: Lobu Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Paitanic, Upper Kinabatangan

Lobu, Tampias low

Sabah: Tampias area, Ranau, 3 villages. Users: Ethnic population: 1,800 (1985 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Paitanic, Upper Kinabatangan

Long Wat ttw

Sarawak: northeast, Tutoh river. Users: 600 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tutoh Kenya, Tutoh Kenyah Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Kayanic Kenyah

Lotud dtr

Sabah: Tuaran district, Kiulu, Telipok, Tuaran. Users: Ethnic population: 20,000 (2016 J. John-Baptist). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dusun Lotud, Suang Lotud Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Bisaya-Lotud

Lundayeh lnd

Sabah: Keningau district, Kuala Puntih, and Saup Baru; Sipitang district, Bamban, Bahagia, Batu Tujuh, Kaban, Kawang Baru, Kawang Lama, Long Kinangan, Long Mio, Long Pasia, Mendulong, Pekiak, Ranau-Ranau, Samin, Seri Menanti, Solob, and Tunas Baru; Sarawak: Lawas and Limbang districts; Tawau district, Batu 18 Balung, Batu 22 Balung, Batu 32, Cinta Damai, Kalabakan, Kunak, Merotai, and Serudung; Tenom district, Baru Jumpa, Baru Jumpa Seberang, Belumbung, Kalibatang Baru, Kelanan, Meluyan Ulu, Mengkelias, Sapong, and Sugiang Baru. Users: 24,000 in Malaysia (1982 SIL), decreasing. Sarawak 21,000, Sabah 3,000–4,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Buri tau, Buri’ Lun Bawang, Buri’ Lun Dayeh, Lun Bawang, Lun Daya, Lun Dayah, Lun Daye, Lun Dayeh, Lun Dayoh, Lun Lod, Lundaya, Lundayu, Southern Murut Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic

Mah Meri mhe

Putrajaya, Negeri Sembilan, and Selangor: coastal areas; islands off the coasts. Users: 2,990 (2003 COAC). Ethnic population: 3,680 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Besisi, Cellate, Hma’ Btsisi’, Ma’ Betisek, “Orang Sabat” (pej.) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, South Aslian

Malaccan Malay Creole ccm

Melaka: Gajah Berang and Kampung Tujung on Malacca straits. Users: Ethnic population: 300. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Chitties Malay Creole Classification: Creole, Malay based

Malaccan Portuguese Creole mcm

Melaka: Hilir and Trankera on Malacca Straits; Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. Users: 2,150 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 10,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bahasa Geragau, Bahasa Serani, Luso-Malay, Malacca Creole, Malaccan, Malaqueiro, Malaquenho, Malaquense, Malaquês, Malayo-Portuguese, Malaysian Portuguese Creole, Papia Cristao, Papia Kristang, Portuguese Patois, Português de Malaca, Serani Autonym: Kristang Classification: Creole, Portuguese based

Malay msa

Users: Population total all languages (L1 only): 82,211,996. Status:

Malay zlm

Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Kuala Lumpur, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau Pinang, and Putrajaya states; Sarawak state: Betong, Kuching, Samarahan, and Sri Aman districts; Selangor and Terengganu states. Users: 13,500,000 in Malaysia, all users. L1 users: 10,500,000 in Malaysia (2004 census). 10 million in Peninsular Malaysia, 506,000 in Sarawak, and 30,000 in Labuan. L2 users: 3,000,000. Total users in all countries: 19,178,790 (as L1: 16,178,790; as L2: 3,000,000). Status: 5* (Developing). Originated in Sumatra; spoken throughout southeast Asia. With the advent of Islam, Malay became widespread in the 15th and 16th centuries. Lingua franca for Malaysia’s multiethnic population. Used in trade, literature, and story telling. Alternate Names: Colloquial Malay, Informal Malay, Local Malay, Malayu Autonym: Bahasa Melayu, ملايو‎ (Melayu) Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

Malay, Baba mbf

Melaka: Melaka city area and nearby coast; Pulau Pinang: Malacca Straits, Pinang island. Users: 2,000 in Malaysia (Salleh 2006). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Chinese Malay, Peranakan, Straits Malay Classification: Creole, Malay based

Malay, Cocos Islands coa

Sabah: Beluran, Lahad Datu and Tawau districts. Users: 500 monolinguals (2015 A. Serasa Tosel). Ethnic population: 4,000 (2000 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Cocos, Cocos Islands, Melayu Cocos, Ong Pulu Classification: Creole, Malay based

Malay, Kedah meo

Kedah, Perak, Perlis, and Pulau Pinang states. Users: 2,600,000 in Malaysia (2004). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Became the lingua franca of the state of Kedah in the late 1800s. Spoken by almost all Kedahans regardless of race. Used in trade and at home. Alternate Names: Kedahan Malay, Satun Malay Autonym: Pelat Utagha Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

Malay, Sabah msi

Sabah. Users: 3,000,000 (2013 SIL), all users. L1 users: Mostly second-language speakers, but growing number of L1 speakers (2015 J. K. L. Wong). Ethnic population: No ethnic community (2015 J.K.L. Wong). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Used throughout the state of Sabah in virtually all non-formal domains. Became the lingua franca of over 50 different ethno-linguistic groups. Alternate Names: Bazaar Malay, Pasar Malay, Sabah Malay Dialect Autonym: Bahasa Sabah Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

Malay, Standard zsm

Widespread. Users: Few L1 speakers. L2 includes most Malaysian population. Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1963, Constitution (amended), Article 153A(1)). Alternate Names: Bahasa Malayu, Bahasa Melayu Malaysia, Formal Malay, Malay, Malaysian Malay, Malayu, Melayu, Melayu Baku Autonym: Bahasa Malaysia, بهاس مليسيا‎ (Bahasa Malaysia) Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

Malayalam mal

Peninsular: western states. Users: 35,800 in Malaysia (Salleh 2006). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam

Malaysian Sign Language xml

Scattered. Users: 58,700 (2013 census). Approximately 0.2% of total population. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: BIM, Bahasa Isyarat Malaysia Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language

Mapun sjm

Sabah: Kota Kinabalu district, Kota Kinabalu; Kota Marudu district, Kota Marudu; Kudat district, Banggi and Mantanani islands, Kudat; Sandakan district, Sandakan. Users: 15,000 in Malaysia (2015 M. Tanjul). Ethnic population: 30,000 (2015 M. Tanjul). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bajau Kagayan, Cagayan de Sulu, Cagayanon, Jama Mapun, Kagayan, Orang Cagayan, Pellun Mapun, Sama Mapun Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Borneo Coast Bajaw

Melanau, Central mel

Sarawak: Mukah division, Rejang delta coastal area to Balingian river. Users: 113,000 in Malaysia (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 113,280. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Belana’u, Milanau, Milano Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Melanau

Melanau, Daro-Matu dro

Sarawak: Daro and Matu areas on Matu river from Rejang river north channel to the sea. Users: 7,600 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 4,800 Matu, 2,800 Daro. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Melanau

Melanau, Kanowit-Tanjong kxn

Sarawak: Sibu division, middle Rejang River. Kanowit dialect downstream from Tanjong dialect. Users: 200 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 500. Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Melanau

Melanau, Sibu sdx

Sarawak: Sibu division, Rejang river. Users: 420 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Seduan-Banyok, Sibu, Siduan, Siduani Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Melanau

Minokok mqq

Sabah: Kinabatangan river headwaters. Users: 1,200 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun, Central

Minriq mnq

Kelantan: southeast, 2 villages. Users: 100 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 270 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mendriq, Menraq, Menrik, Menriq Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Eastern

Mintil mzt

Pahang: Lipis district, Tamun river, 3 villages. Users: 180 (2005 Lye Tuck-Po). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Mitil Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Eastern

Molbog pwm

Sabah: Kudat district, Balambangan and Banggi islands. Users: 2,500 in Malaysia (2015 T. Imam Tuah). 250 monolinguals (2015 T. Imam Tuah). Ethnic population: 2,500 (2015 T. Imam Tuah). Status: 5 (Developing). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Palawanic

Murik mxr

Sarawak: below Long Miri (Banyok dialect) and below Lio Mato (Semiang dialect) on Baram river. Users: 1,120 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Murik Kayan

Murut, Bookan bnb

Sabah: Keningau and Kinabatangan districts, Kinabatangan and Sook rivers’ headwaters area. Users: Ethnic population: 2,400 (2017 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Baukan, Baukan Murut, Bookan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Northern

Murut, Kalabakan kve

Sabah: Tawau district, along Kalabakan river. Users: Ethnic population: 2,230 (2000 B. Lingki). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kalabakan, Tawau Murut, Tidung Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Southern

Murut, Keningau kxi

Sabah: Keningau district, east of Pegalan river down to Ansip village. Users: 3,000 (2015 A. Jampadin), decreasing. Ethnic population: 7,000 (2000 A. Jampadin). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Central Murut Autonym: Keningau Murut Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Murut

Murut, Kolod kqv

Sabah: Sipitang district, Bamban, Iburu, Meligan, Sulob, and Ulu Bole villages; Tenom district, Bamban village; Sarawak: Lawas district, Long Tengoa. Users: 2,000 in Malaysia (2015 R. Ganang), decreasing. Less than 1,000 in Sarawak. More than 1,000 in Sabah. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kolod, Kolor, Kolour, Kolur, Okolod, Okolod Murut Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Murut

Murut, Paluan plz

Sabah: Keningau, Pensiangan, and Tenom districts, Padas river tributaries; Dalit, Keramatoi, Mesopo, Nabawan, and Pamentarian rivers; lower Sook river valley; Sapulut and Talankai rivers’ headwaters. Users: 5,500 (2000 SIL). 3,000 Paluan, 1,000 to 2,000 Pandewan. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Paluan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Murut

Murut, Selungai slg

Sabah: Nabawan district, 1 village in Pensiangan river basin south to Indonesia border. Users: 600 in Malaysia (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 600 (2000 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Murut

Murut, Sembakung sbr

Sabah: Sembakung river area. Users: Ethnic population: 2,000 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sembakoeng, Sembakong, Simbakong, Tenggalan, Tidoeng, Tidong, Tidung, Tingalan, Tingalun, Tinggalan, Tinggalum Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Southern

Murut, Serudung srk

Sabah: Tawau district, along Serudung river, 1 village near Tawau town. Users: 400 (2015 J. Rushing), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,000 (2015 J. Rushing). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Serudong, Suudung, Tawau Murut, Tawou Murut Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Tidung

Murut, Tahol mvv

Sabah: Nabawan district, south Sipitang and Tenom districts, mainly along Maligan, Padas (Tomani), Salalir, Tahol, Tolokoson, and watersheds. Sarawak: Lawas district. Users: 20,000 in Malaysia (2015 L. Murang), decreasing. Ethnic population: 200,000 (2015 L. Murang). Largest Murutic group in Sabah (Harris 1991; Brewis 2004: 43). Total users in all countries: 22,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Pensiangan, Sumambu, Tagal, Tagal Murut, Tagol Autonym: Tahol Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Murut

Murut, Timugon tih

Sabah: Beaufort district, Bukau and lower Padas rivers; Tenom district, Padas river from Melalap to Batu-Batu. Users: Ethnic population: 9,000 (2004 S. Majius). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Temogun, Timigan, Timigun, Timogon, Timogun, Tumugun, “Tenom Murut” (pej.) Autonym: Timugon Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Murut

Narom nrm

Sarawak: Miri area and south; Kuala Nusah and Tanjung Beliput Niah area (Bakong dialect); Bekenu, Benkenu Asli, Jengalas, Menjelin, Rambai Asli, and Rancha-Rancha villages (Dali’ dialect); Bakam, Lopeng, Miri city, Pengkalan, and Pujut villages (Miri’ dialect). Users: Ethnic population: 4,000. Population includes about 1,000 Bakong, 1,000 Dali’, and 1,000 Miri’ (2012 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Narum Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Berawan-Lower Baram, Lower Baram, Central, B

Negeri Sembilan Malay zmi

Negeri Sembilan: Ulu Muar district. Users: Used as L1 by many inhabitants of Negeri Sembilan State (2011 K. Anderbeck). Ethnic population: 508,000 (2004). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Malaysian Minangkabau, Orang Negeri, Ulu Muar Malay Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

Nepali npi

Users: 235,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Eastern, Eastern Pahari

Orang Kanaq orn

Johor: east, northeast of Mawai (Kota Tinggi). Users: Ethnic population: 160 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Kanaq Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

Orang Seletar ors

Johor: southeast coast, Kukuo area; Johore Bahru, east and north. Users: Ethnic population: 1,250 (2008 JHEOA). Total users in all countries: 1,200. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Orang Laut Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

Papar dpp

Sabah: Kuala Penyu district, Jangkit, Linsuk, Tenambak, and Tidung-Bedungon. Users: 500 (2015 J. Saban), decreasing. No monolinguals (2015 J. Saban). Ethnic population: 1,900 (2015 J. Saban). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bajau Bukit, Bajau Pa’par, Pa’par, Pappar, “Papar Hanyut” (pej.) Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Unclassified

Penan, Eastern pez

Sarawak: Apoh river district east of Baram river. Users: 10,000 in Malaysia (2011 SIL). Total users in all countries: 10,055. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Penan

Penan, Western pne

Sarawak: Kapit division, Balui and upper Baram rivers, Mount Dulit area, 3 villages; Nibong branch of Lobong river. Users: 3,400 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nibon, Nibong, “Punan” (pej.) Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Penan

Penang Sign Language psg

Pulau Pinang: scattered. Users: 1,000, decreasing. 150 monolinguals. Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language

Punan Bah-Biau pna

Sarawak: Kapit division, Merit and Rejang rivers areas. Users: 6,000 (2020 Punan National Association). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bah-Biau, Bah-Biau Penan, Punan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Rejang-Sajau

Punan Batu pnm

Sarawak: Marudi district, west of Long Geng, southeast of Belaga. Users: 30 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Punan Batu 1 Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Kajang

Punjabi, Eastern pan

Western Peninsular. Users: 56,400 in Malaysia (Salleh 2006). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Panjabi

Remun lkj

Sarawak: Serian district, Kuching division, 13 villages, southeast of Serian to Balai Ringin. Users: 3,500 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Milikin, Millikin, Remun Iban Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Ibanic

Rohingya rhg

Users: 150,000 in Malaysia (2017 The Arakan Project), based on nationality. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese

Rungus drg

Sabah: Beluran, Kota Marudu, Kudat, and Pitas districts. Users: 55,000 (2009 PCS), decreasing. 10,000 monolinguals (2015 P. Porodong, F. Akiam). Ethnic population: 60,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dayak Laut, Dusun Dayak, Kadazan, Melobong Rungus, Melubong Rungus, Memagun, Memogun, Roongas, Rungus Dusun Autonym: Momogun Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun

Sa’ban snv

Sarawak: Miri division, Long Banga’, Upper Baram, Long Peluan, Long Puak on Kalimantan border. Users: 1,110 in Malaysia (2000). Ethnic population: 1,400 (2011). Total users in all countries: 1,960. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Berau, Braow, “Merau” (pej.) Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic

Sabüm sbo

Perak: north central. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker survived into the late 1970s (Benjamin 1976). Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, Senoic

Salako knx

Sarawak: Kuching division, Lundu district, Saak. 22 villages. Users: 10,700 in Malaysia (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kenayatn, Kendayan, Salakau, Selakau, Selako, Silakau Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic

Sama, Balangingih sse

Sabah: Lahad Datu coast, Semporna, and Tawau districts; some in Kota Belud district. Users: 5,000 in Malaysia (2013 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Baangingi’, Balagnini, Balangingi, Balangingi Bajau, Balanian, Balanini, Balignini, Bangingih, Bangingih Sama, Northern Sinama, Sama, Sama Bangingih Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Inner Sulu Sama

Sama, Central sml

Sabah: Kunak and Semporna districts, Bebeng, Bohe’an, Gaya, Karindingan, and Kallo’ islands; Halo, Hidayat, Mastra, Panji, Salamat, Siriyaman villages; Ampalling, Balimbing, Bangaw-Bangaw, Batu Ruwa, Danawan, Kabogang, Labuan Hadji, Mabul, Manam Pellit, Mataking Island, Tampe’-Tampe’, Timbun Mata, Tubu’-Tubu’, and Umaral settlements. Users: 15,000 in Malaysia (2000 C. Soderberg). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Badjaw, Bajau Pela’u, Sama, Sama Dilaut, Sama Kabinga’an, Sama Mandelaut, Sama Pala’u, Sama Siasi, Sama Sitangkai, Sama Ubian, Sinama Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Inner Sulu Sama

Sama, Southern ssb

Sabah: some coastal regions of Kota Belud district; Kota Kinabalu district, including Gaya island; Kuala Penyu district; Kudat district, Banggi and Mantanani islands; Sandakan and Semporna districts. Users: 60,000 in Malaysia (2015 S. Hinayat, M. Miller), decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 119,000 (2000 SIL). 61,000 Bajau Kubang (or Bajau Semporna), 15,000 Bajau Laut, 14,500 Bajau Simunul, 13,000 Bajau Ubian, 9,000 Sibutu, 6,000 Sikubung, 700 Bajau Banaran. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sinama, Southern Bajau, Tawi-Tawi Sinama Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Inner Sulu Sama

Sebop sib

Sarawak: Bintulu, Kapit, and Miri divisions junctures on upper Tinjar river. Users: 1,730 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Cebop, Sabup, Sebob, Sibop Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Kayanic Kenyah

Sekapan skp

Sarawak: Kapit division, Belaga. Users: 750 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sekepan Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Kajang

Selangor Sign Language kgi

Selangor: scattered. Users: 500, decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: KLSL, Kuala Lumpur Sign Language, SSL Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language

Semai sea

Pahang state: northwest; Perak state: south; Selangor state: north. Users: 45,000 (2020 G. Benjamin). Status: 3 (Wider communication). The Semai were the original inhabitants of the Malay Peninsula; their language spread widely in the 20th century. The language was the lingua franca of the Malaysian Aslian military armed forces unit (Bradley 2007a). Used in trade, hunting, fishing, farming, and literacy projects. Alternate Names: Semay, Seng’oi, Sengoi, Senoi, “Central Sakai” (pej.) Autonym: Semai Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, Senoic

Semaq Beri szc

Kelantan, Pahang, and Terengganu states. Users: 2,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 3,970 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Semaq Bri, Semoq Beri Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, South Aslian

Semelai sza

Pahang state: southwest; Negeri Sembilan state: northwest; Tasek Bera shores area, along Bera, Teriang, and Serting rivers; Johor state, northwest, Muar river. Users: 4,100 (Kruspe 2009). Ethnic population: 6,270 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, South Aslian

Semnam ssm

Perak state: north central. Users: 670 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, Senoic

Seru szd

Sarawak state. Status: Unattested. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Melanau

Sihan spg

Sarawak state: Kapita division, Belaga. Users: 50 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 100 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sian Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Kajang

Sindhi snd

Users: 30,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Northwestern, Sindhi

Sinhala sin

Users: 4,400 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern, Sinhalese-Maldivian

Sugut Dusun kzs

Sabah state: Labuk-Sugut district on Sugut river headwaters. Users: Ethnic population: 12,200 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dusun, Kadayan, Sugut, Sugut Kadazan, Tanggal, Tilau-Ilau Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun, Central

Suluk tsg

Sabah state: Beluran, Kudat, Lahad Datu, Sandakan, Semporna, and Tawau districts’ coasts; Kota Kinabalu, Labuan, and Papar coasts. Users: 150,000 in Malaysia (2000 SIL), increasing. No monolinguals (2015 N. Dino). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bahasa Sūg, Joloano, Joloano Sulu, Jolohano, Pamung Sug, Sinug, Sooloo, Sug, Sulu, Taosug, Tausog, Tausug, Taw Sug, “Moro” (pej.) Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, South, Butuan-Tausug

Tagalog tgl

Users: 478,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Tagalog

Tamil tam

Widespread: Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Kuala Lumpur, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau Pinang, Putrajaya, Selangor, and Terengganu states. Users: 1,890,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: 4 (Educational). Recognized language (1996, Education Act, No. 550, Articles 2 and 18). Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil

Tatana txx

Sabah state: Kuala Penyu district, Beaufort (Kg. Manamam, Kg. Takuli), Kelang Valley, Keningau, Klias Kecil, Kota Kinabalu, Labuan, and Membakut. Users: 10,000 (2015 KadazanDusun Cultural Association), decreasing. Ethnic population: 22,000 (2015 KadazanDusun Cultural Association). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dusun Tatana, Gia Tatana, Kadazan Tatana, Tatana’, Tatanaq Autonym: Tatana Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Unclassified

Telugu tel

Peninsular. Users: 119,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Telugu

Temiar tea

Kelantan, Pahang, and Perak states. Users: 32,000 (2020 G. Benjamin). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Indigenous to the Malay Peninsula; became a lingua franca among the Orang Asli communities around 1830. Alternate Names: Northern Sakai, Nèhtuh Temèèr, Pie, Seroq, Temer Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, Senoic

Temoq tmo

Pahang state: Pekan and Rompin districts on Jeram river. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, South Aslian

Temuan tmw

Johor, Negeri Sembilan, Putrajaya, and Selangor states: Kuala Langat and scattered settlements. Users: Ethnic population: 22,700 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Benua, Niap Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay

Ten’edn tnz

Perlis state: northwest tip, north of Kaki. Users: 15 in Malaysia (2007). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mos Tean-ean, Tonga Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Tonga

Thai tha

Users: 30,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Thai, Southern sou

Users: 8,200 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern

Tidung, Northern ntd

Sabah state: Beluran, Sandakan, and Tawau districts. Users: 5,000 (2015 J. Lobel). Ethnic population: 20,000 (2015 J. Lobel). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Camucones, Nonukan, Tedong, Tidoeng, Tidong, Tidung, Tiran, Tirones, Tiroon, Zedong Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Tidung

Tidung, Southern itd

Sabah state: Kalabakan and Tawau districts. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Tidong, Tidung Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Tidung

Tobilung tgb

Sabah state: Kota Belud, Kota Marudu, and Kudat districts; Kota Kinabalu, Inanam and other towns. Users: 4,000 (2015 G. Buck), decreasing. 1,500 monolinguals (2015 G. Buck). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2015 G. Buck). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Momogun, Tabilong, Tebilung, Tobilang Autonym: Tobilung Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun

Tombonuo txa

Sabah state: Beluran, Kota Marudu, and Pitas districts. Users: Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 SIL). 3,000 Lingkabau. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lobu, Paitan, Sungai, Sungei, Tambanua, Tambanuo, Tambanuva, Tambanwas, Tambenua, Tambunwas, Tembenua, Tombonuva, Tombonuwo, Tumbunwha, Tunbumohas, “Lobou nu Tindal” (pej.), “Pagan” (pej.) Autonym: Tangar nu Tombonuo Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Paitanic

Tring tgq

Sarawak state: Long Terawan on lower Tutoh river. Users: 550 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic

Ukit umi

Sarawak state: Kapit division, Baleh on upper Rajom and Tatau rivers. Users: 150 (2019). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Kajang

Uma’ Lasan xky

Sarawak state: Balui, Belaga, Kalua, Kemena rivers; Sungai Asap resettlement camp. Users: 1,250 in Malaysia (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Total users in all countries: 2,750. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kanyay, Kenja, Kindjin, Kinjin, Western Kenya, Western Kenyah Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Upper Pujungan

Urdu urd

Users: 15,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Hindustani

Vietnamese vie

Users: 101,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Vietnamese