Standard

NC

New Caledonia

Summary

Official Name
Sovereignty Status
A sui generis overseas collectivity of France
Population
273,700
General Remarks
The collectivity consists of the large island of New Caledonia, the Loyalty Islands (Îles Loyauté), and some smaller islands; the Loyalty Islands include Lifou, Maré, Ouvéa, Tiga, and some nearby islets
Principal Languages
French
Literacy Rate
98% (2014 World Bank)
General References
Geraghty 1988, Schooling 1990, Tryon 1995, Wurm 2000, Wurm 2007, Wurm and Hattori 1981
Language Counts
The number of established languages listed for New Caledonia is 39. Of these, 38 are living and 1 is extinct. Of the living languages, 34 are indigenous and 4 are non-indigenous. Furthermore, 1 is institutional, 3 are developing, 1 is vigorous, 26 are in trouble, and 7 are dying. Also listed are 2 unestablished languages.

Languages

Ajië aji
North and South provinces: Houaïlou east coast, and Monéo to Kouaoua and inland valleys. Users: 5,360 (2009 census), increasing. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: A’jie, Anjie, Houaïlou, Wai, Wailu Autonym: Waawilûû Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Southern, South, Wailic
Arhâ aqr
North and South provinces: west coast, Poya, upper valleys. Users: 170 (2009 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Ara Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Southern, South, Wailic
Arhö aok
North and South provinces: Cradji, Nékliai, and Poya on west coast. Users: 10 (Wurm 2000), decreasing. Ethnic population: 350. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Aro Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Southern, South, Wailic
Bislama bis
South province: mainly Nouméa. Users: 2,570 in New Caledonia (2014 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bichelamar Classification: Creole, English based, Pacific
Bwatoo bwa
North and South provinces: west coast, Voh Koné area, Baco, Gatope, and Oundjo; Népou and Poya. Users: 150 (2009), decreasing. Estimated population based on census. 2009 census figures for all 6 Voh-Koné languages: 1,203. Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Northern, North, Hmwaveke
Caac msq
North province: east coast, Pouébo. Users: 1,170 (2009 census), increasing. 33% live in greater Nouméa. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Caaac, Caawac, Moenebeng, Mwelebeng Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Northern, Extreme Northern
Cemuhî cam
North province: east coast, Touho, from Congouma to Wagap and inland valleys. Users: 2,600 (2009 census), increasing. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Camuhi, Camuki, Cemuhi, Cèmuhî, Tie, Touho, Tyamuhi, Wagap Autonym: Cemuhî Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Northern, Central
Drehu dhv
Loyalty Islands province: Lifou and Tiga. Users: 13,000 (2009), increasing. 60% live in greater Nouméa. Population figure adapted from 2009 census figure of 15,586 includes many second language speakers. Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: De’u, Dehu, Lifou, Lifouan, Lifu, Qene Drehu Autonym: Drehu Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Loyalty Islands
Drubea duf
South province: west coast, Païta; east coast, Unia. Users: 1,210 (2009 census), decreasing. Over a third live outside the traditional language area, mostly in greater Nouméa. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Diubea, Dubea, Dumbea, Naa Drubea, Naa Dubea, Ndumbea, Nraa Drubea, Paita Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Southern, Extreme Southern
Fagauvea uve
Loyalty Islands province: Lifou and Tiga, Ouvea Atoll, north and south. Users: 2,220 (2009 census), increasing. 51% live in greater Nouméa. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Faga Uvea, Faga-Uvea, Iaian, Ouvean, West Uvean Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Nuclear, Samoic-Outlier, Futunic
French fra
South province: Nouméa. Users: 276,300 in New Caledonia, all users. L1 users: 68,300 in New Caledonia (2009 census). L2 users: 208,000 (2018). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1958, French Constitution, Article 2). Alternate Names: Français Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French
Futuna, East fud
South province: mainly Nouméa. Users: 3,850 in New Caledonia (2014 census), based on ethnicity, estimated from global population figure for Futunians and Wallisians (2014 census). Ethnic population: 4,900 (2012 J. Leclerc). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Fakafutuna, Futunian, Futunien Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Nuclear, Samoic-Outlier, Futunic
Fwâi fwa
North province: east coast, Hienghène; Panié to Pindache and lower valleys. Users: 1,860 (2009 census), increasing. 30% live in greater Nouméa. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Fûai, Poai, Yehen, Yengen Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Northern, North, Nemi
Haeke aek
North province: west coast, Baco and Voh-Koné. Users: 300 (2009), decreasing. Estimated population based on census. 2009 census figures for all 6 Voh-Koné languages: 1,203. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: ’Aeke, Aeke, Baco, Haeake Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Haekic
Haveke hvk
North province: west coast, Voh-Koné: Gatope, Oundjo, and Tiéta. Users: 300 (2009), decreasing. Estimated population based on 2009 census figures for all Voh-Koné languages: 1,203. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: ’Aveke, Aveke Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Northern
Hmwaveke mrk
North province: west coast, Tiéta and Voh. Users: 200 (2009), decreasing. Estimated population based on 2009 census figures for all 6 Voh-Koné languages: 1,203. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: ’Moaveke, Ceta, Faa Ceta Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Northern, North, Hmwaveke
Iaai iai
Loyalty Islands province: Ouvéa. Users: 4,080 (2009 census). 57% live in greater Nouméa. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Hwen Iaai, Iai, Yai Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Loyalty Islands
Javanese, New Caledonian jas
South province: Nouméa peninsula. Users: 3,860 (2014 census), based on ethnicity. Ethnic population: 11,000 (2012 J. Leclerc). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Javanese
Jawe jaz
North province: east coast, Hienghène, Tao to Tchamboenne; inland villages on both sides of central divide. Users: 990 (2009 census), increasing. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Diahoue, Njawe, Oubatch, Ubach Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Northern, North, Nemi
Neku nek
South province: west coast, Bourail and Moindou, lower valley. Users: 130 (2009 census), decreasing. 34% live in greater Nouméa. Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Southern, South, Wailic
Nêlêmwa-Nixumwak nee
North province: west coast, Koumac (Nixumwak) and Poum (Nelemwa). Users: 1,090 (2009 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Fwa-Goumak, Koumac, Kumak Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Northern, Extreme Northern
Nemi nem
North province: east coast, Hienghène, coast north of town and upper inland valleys; west coast, Ouélisse, Témala and Voh. Users: 910 (2009 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Northern, North, Nemi
Nengone nen
Loyalty Islands province: Mare and Tiga. Users: 8,720 (2009 census), increasing. 53% live in greater Nouméa. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Iwatenu, Mare, Marean, Nengonese, Pene Nengone Autonym: Nengone Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Loyalty Islands
Numèè kdk
South province: Isle Ouen (Ouen dialect); Isle of Pines (Kwényi dialect); Touaouru, Goro, and Yate on south end of main island (Numèè dialect). Users: 2,180 (2009 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dialectes de l’Extreme Sud, Duauru, Kapone, Kunie, Kwényi, Naa Numee, Naa-Wee, Ouen, Touaouru, Truaru, Tuauru, Uen, Wen, Xere Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Southern, Extreme Southern
Nyelâyu yly
North province: Belep island; mainland at Arama, Balade, and Tiari. Users: 1,960 (2009 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nielaiou, Nielaiu, Nyalayu, Puma, Yalasu, Yalayu Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Northern, Extreme Northern
Orowe bpk
South province: west coast, Azareu, Bouirou and upper valleys, Ny and Pothé. Users: 490 (2009 census), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: ’Ôrôê, Abwebwe, Boewe, Boewi Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Southern, South, Wailic
Paicî pri
North province: east coast, Poindimié and Ponérihouen; west coast, Koné, Poya, and inland valleys. Users: 7,250 (2009 census), increasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Cî, Paaci, Pati, Ponerihouen Autonym: Paicî Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Northern, Central
Pije piz
North province: east coast, Hienghène, Oué-hawa, Tiendanite, and Tipindjé; Touho: Ouanache and Tiouandé. Users: 180 (2009 census), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Pindje, Pinje Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Northern, North, Nemi
Pwaamei pme
North province: west coast, Boyen, Ouélisse, Témala and Voh. Users: 290 (2009 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Poamei, Pwamei Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Northern, North
Pwapwâ pop
North province: west coast, Boyen, Témala, and Voh. Users: 40 (2006 census), decreasing. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Poapoa, Pwapwa Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Northern, North
Sîshëë sih
North province: Poya commune; South province: Bourail commune; Coral Sea coastal plain. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker died by the year 2000. Ethnic population: 19 (2009 census). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Nere, Siche, Sirhe, Yirhe, Yirhee, Ziche, Zira, Zire Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Southern, South, Zire-Tiri
Tahitian tah
Mainly Nouméa. Users: 5,610 in New Caledonia (2014 census), based on ethnicity. Ethnic population: 6,800 (2012 J. Leclerc). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Nuclear, East, Central, Tahitic
Tayo cks
South province: south of greater Nouméa, Saint Louis; Mont-Dore and Ploum. Users: 900 (2009 census), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Patois, Patois de St-Louis Classification: Creole, French based
Tîrî cir
South province: west coast, Couli (Sarraméa), La Foa lower valleys (Tîrî dialect); east coast, Kouaoua, upper valleys (Méa dialect). Users: 600 (2009 census), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Ciiri, Ciri, Grand Couli, Ha-Tiri, Hamea, Méa, Tinrin, Tiri-Mea Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Southern, South, Zire-Tiri
Vamale mkt
North province: east coast Ouanache, Téganpaïk, and Tiouandé (Vamale dialect); West coast Tiéta and Voh (Hmwaeke dialect). Users: 100 (2009 census), decreasing. Estimated population based on census. 2009 census figures for all 6 Voh-Koné languages: 1,203. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: ’Moaeke, Hmwaeke, Pamale Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Northern
Vietnamese vie
Mainly Nouméa. Users: 2,510 in New Caledonia (2014 census), based on ethnicity. Ethnic population: 3,800 (2012 J. Leclerc). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Vietnamese
Waamwang wmn
North province: Voh commune. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably survived into the 1950s (Sakiyama 2007). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Wamoang Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Northern, North, Hmwaveke
Wallisian wls
South province: mainly Nouméa. Users: 18,100 in New Caledonia (2014 census), based on ethnicity, estimated from global population figure for Futunians and Wallisians (2014 census). Ethnic population: 23,000 (2012 J. Leclerc). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: East Uvean, Uvean, Wallisien Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Nuclear, Samoic-Outlier, East Uvean-Niuafo’ou
Xârâcùù ane
North and South provinces: east coast, Canala and Thio; west coast Boulouparis and La Foa. Users: 5,730 (2009 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Anesu, Canala, Haraneu, Kanala, Naa Xaracuu, Xaracii Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Southern, South, Xaracuu-Xaragure
Xârâgurè axx
South province: east coast, Thio; west coast, Ouinané. Users: 760 (2009 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: ’Aragure, Aragure, Borendy, Borindi, Haragure, Naa Xaragure, Thio, Xaragure Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Southern, South, Xaracuu-Xaragure
Yuanga nua
North province: west coast and central north, inland valleys between Gomen (Thuanga) and Ouégoa (Juanga). Users: 2,400 (2009 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bonde, Gomen, Juanga, Nua, Nyua, Nyuaanga, Thuanga, Yuaanga, Yuaga, Zwanga Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, New Caledonian, Northern, Extreme Northern

Languages by Status

    French
    [fra] 1 (National). Statutory national language (1958, French Constitution, Article 2). 276,300 in New Caledonia, all users. L1 users: 68,300 in New Caledonia (2009 census). L2 users: 208,000 (2018).
    Drehu
    [dhv] 4 (Educational). 13,000 (2009), increasing. 60% live in greater Nouméa. Population figure adapted from 2009 census figure of 15,586 includes many second language speakers.
    Ajië
    [aji] 5* (Developing). 5,360 (2009 census), increasing.
    Nengone
    [nen] 5* (Developing). 8,720 (2009 census), increasing. 53% live in greater Nouméa.
    Xârâcùù
    [ane] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,730 (2009 census).
    Bislama
    [bis] 6b* (Threatened). 2,570 in New Caledonia (2014 census), based on ethnicity.
    Caac
    [msq] 6b* (Threatened). 1,170 (2009 census), increasing. 33% live in greater Nouméa.
    Cemuhî
    [cam] 6b* (Threatened). 2,600 (2009 census), increasing.
    Drubea
    [duf] 6b* (Threatened). 1,210 (2009 census), decreasing. Over a third live outside the traditional language area, mostly in greater Nouméa.
    Fagauvea
    [uve] 6b* (Threatened). 2,220 (2009 census), increasing. 51% live in greater Nouméa.
    Futuna, East
    [fud] 6b* (Threatened). 3,850 in New Caledonia (2014 census), based on ethnicity, estimated from global population figure for Futunians and Wallisians (2014 census). Ethnic population: 4,900 (2012 J. Leclerc).
    Fwâi
    [fwa] 6b* (Threatened). 1,860 (2009 census), increasing. 30% live in greater Nouméa.
    Hmwaveke
    [mrk] 6b (Threatened). 200 (2009), decreasing. Estimated population based on 2009 census figures for all 6 Voh-Koné languages: 1,203.
    Iaai
    [iai] 6b (Threatened). 4,080 (2009 census). 57% live in greater Nouméa.
    Jawe
    [jaz] 6b* (Threatened). 990 (2009 census), increasing.
    Nêlêmwa-Nixumwak
    [nee] 6b* (Threatened). 1,090 (2009 census).
    Nemi
    [nem] 6b* (Threatened). 910 (2009 census).
    Numèè
    [kdk] 6b* (Threatened). 2,180 (2009 census).
    Nyelâyu
    [yly] 6b* (Threatened). 1,960 (2009 census).
    Paicî
    [pri] 6b (Threatened). 7,250 (2009 census), increasing.
    Wallisian
    [wls] 6b (Threatened). 18,100 in New Caledonia (2014 census), based on ethnicity, estimated from global population figure for Futunians and Wallisians (2014 census). Ethnic population: 23,000 (2012 J. Leclerc).
    Yuanga
    [nua] 6b* (Threatened). 2,400 (2009 census).
    Bwatoo
    [bwa] 7 (Shifting). 150 (2009), decreasing. Estimated population based on census. 2009 census figures for all 6 Voh-Koné languages: 1,203.
    Haveke
    [hvk] 7 (Shifting). 300 (2009), decreasing. Estimated population based on 2009 census figures for all Voh-Koné languages: 1,203.
    Javanese, New Caledonian
    [jas] 7 (Shifting). 3,860 (2014 census), based on ethnicity. Ethnic population: 11,000 (2012 J. Leclerc).
    Orowe
    [bpk] 7 (Shifting). 490 (2009 census), decreasing.
    Pwaamei
    [pme] 7 (Shifting). 290 (2009 census).
    Tayo
    [cks] 7 (Shifting). 900 (2009 census), decreasing.
    Tîrî
    [cir] 7 (Shifting). 600 (2009 census), decreasing.
    Vamale
    [mkt] 7 (Shifting). 100 (2009 census), decreasing. Estimated population based on census. 2009 census figures for all 6 Voh-Koné languages: 1,203.
    Xârâgurè
    [axx] 7 (Shifting). 760 (2009 census).
    Arhâ
    [aqr] 8a (Moribund). 170 (2009 census).
    Neku
    [nek] 8a (Moribund). 130 (2009 census), decreasing. 34% live in greater Nouméa.
    Pije
    [piz] 8a (Moribund). 180 (2009 census), decreasing.
    Arhö
    [aok] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (Wurm 2000), decreasing. Ethnic population: 350.
    Haeke
    [aek] 8b (Nearly extinct). 300 (2009), decreasing. Estimated population based on census. 2009 census figures for all 6 Voh-Koné languages: 1,203.
    Pwapwâ
    [pop] 8b (Nearly extinct). 40 (2006 census), decreasing.
    Sîshëë
    [sih] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker died by the year 2000. Ethnic population: 19 (2009 census).
    Waamwang
    [wmn] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably survived into the 1950s (Sakiyama 2007).
    Tahitian
    [tah] Unestablished. 5,610 in New Caledonia (2014 census), based on ethnicity. Ethnic population: 6,800 (2012 J. Leclerc).
    Vietnamese
    [vie] Unestablished. 2,510 in New Caledonia (2014 census), based on ethnicity. Ethnic population: 3,800 (2012 J. Leclerc).

Maps

  • New Caledonia

Graphs

  • Language Vitality Profile

  • Language Status Profile

Resources

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