Nepal

Summary

Official Name
Population: 30,226,000
Principal Languages: Nepali
Literacy Rate: 68% (2018 UNESCO)
International Conventions: CSICH (2012), ICCPR (1966), (), UNCRPD (2006), UNDRIP (2007)
General References: Bista 1967, Bista 1973, Bista 1996, Burling 2003, Campbell and King 2011, Ebert 1994, Hale 1982, Hansson 1991, Hugoniot 1970, Matisoff et al 1996, Thurgood and LaPolla 2003, Toba 1976, Toba 1983, Toba 1991, Toba et al 2002, Toba et al 2005, Van Driem 2001, Van Driem 2007
Deaf Population: 300,000
Recognized Nationalities: The government of Nepal officially recognizes 59 indigenous nationalities, or ‘Adibasi Janajatis’ as they are called in Nepali. They are enumerated in the 2002 legislation that created the National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities, Act 20, Section 2a. Furthermore, the Interim Constitution of 2007 states in Article 5 that all languages spoken as mother tongues in Nepal are considered national languages.
Language Counts: The number of established languages listed for Nepal is 122. All are living languages. Of these, 109 are indigenous and 13 are non-indigenous. Furthermore, 8 are institutional, 20 are developing, 23 are vigorous, 61 are in trouble, and 10 are dying. Also listed is 1 macrolanguage.

Languages

Angika anp: Kosi province: Morang district, Dhanpalthan, Jahada, Katahari, Rangeli, Ratuwamai, and Sunwarshi municipalities. Users: 20,330 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 18,600 in Nepal (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 1,730 (2011 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Anga, Angikar, Chhika-Chhiki Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Unclassified
Athpariya aph: Kosi province: Dhankuta district, Dhankuta municipality. Users: 5,530 (2011 census), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Arthare, Athaphre, Athapre, Athpahariya, Athpare, Athpre, Sanango Ring Autonym: आठपहरिया‎ (Āṭhapahariyā) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern
Avadhi awa: Lumbini province: Banke district, Duduwa, Janki, Khajura, Kohalpur, and Napalgunj municipalities; Bardiya district: Badhaiyatal and Gulariya municipalities; Dang district: Lamahi, Gadhawa, and Rajpur municipalities; Kapilvastu district: widespread; Rupandehi district: Gaidahawa and Lumbini municipalities. Users: 547,400 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 502,000 in Nepal (2011 census), increasing. L2 users: 45,400 (2011 census). Status: 4 (Educational). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Kushwadiya. Alternate Names: Abadhi, Abadi, Abohi, Ambodhi, Dehati, Deshi, Gawnaru, Koseli Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Eastern, East Central
Bahing bhj: Kosi province: Khotang district, Halesi Tuwachung municipality; Okhaldhunga district, Chisankhugadhi, Manebhanjyang, Molung, Siddhicharan, and Sunkoshi municipalities; Solukhumbu district: Nechasalyan municipality. Users: 15,250, all users. L1 users: 11,700 (2011 census). L2 users: 3,550 (2011 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Baying, Bayung, Ikke lo, Kiranti-Bayung, Pai lo, Radu lo, Rai Autonym: बाहिङ‎ (bahing) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western
Bantawa bap: Kosi province: Bhojpur, Dhankuta, Ilam, Jhapa, Khotang, Morang, Panchthar, Sunsari, and Udayapur districts. Users: 161,500 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 133,000 in Nepal (2011 census). L2 users: 28,500 (2011 census). 6,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 195,100 (as L1: 166,600; as L2: 28,500). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Some varieties are used as traditional lingua franca among Rai minorities in eastern Nepal, Sikkim, India, and Bhutan, and as L1 among Rai of other origin. (Bradley 1996). Alternate Names: An Yüng, Bantaba, Bantawa Dum, Bantawa Rai, Bantawa Yong, Bantawa Yüng, Bontawa, Kirawa Yüng Autonym: बान्‍तावा‎ (bantawa) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern
Baram brd: Gandaki province: Gorkha district, Sulikot municipality, Takhu village. Users: 215, all users. L1 users: 160 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 55 (2011 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Baramou. Alternate Names: Balkura, Baraamu, Baramo, Baramu, Brahmu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Thangmi-Baraamu
Belhariya byw: Kosi province: Dhankuta district, Dhankuta municipality, Belhara village and in the hills west of Dhankuta bazaar. Users: 612, all users. L1 users: 600 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 12 (2011 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Athpagari, Athpahariya, Athpare, Athpariya, Belhare Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern
Bengali ben: Major cities. Users: 23,980 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 21,100 in Nepal (2011 census), increasing. L2 users: 2,880 (2011 census). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Bangala, Bangla-Bhasa Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese
Bhojpuri bho: Janakpur province: Bara, Parsa, and Rautahat districts; Lumbini province: West Nawalparasi and Rupandehi districts. Users: 1,740,000 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 1,580,000 in Nepal (2011 census), increasing. L2 users: 160,000 (2011 census). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Bajpuri, Bhojapuri, Bhozpuri Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bihari
Bhujel byh: Bagmati province: Chitwan district, Ichchhyakamana municipality; Gandaki province: East Nawalparasi district, Gaidakot municipality; Tanahun district, Anbukhaireni, Bandipur, and Devghat municipalities. Users: 5,190, all users. L1 users: 3,600 (Regmi 2007), decreasing. L2 users: 1,590 (2011 census). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,200 (Regmi 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Bhujel. Alternate Names: Bujal, Bujhel, Bujheli, Bujhyal, Pukhgyal Ngur, Western Chepang, “Gharti” (pej.) Autonym: भुजेल‎ (bhujel) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Chepang-Bhujel
Bote bmj: Gandaki province: East Nawalparasi district, Chitwan National Park, Devchuli, Gaidakot, Kawasoti, and Madhyabindu municipalities; Bagmati province: Chitwan district, Chitwan National Park, Bharatpur and Madi municipalities. Users: 9,150, all users. L1 users: 8,770 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 380 (2011 census). No monolinguals (2002 UNESCO). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Bote. Alternate Names: Bot, Bote-Majhi, Pakhe-Bote, Pani-Bote Autonym: बोटे‎ (bote) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Unclassified
Byangsi bee: Sudur Pashchimanchal province: Darchula district, Byas municipality. Users: 550 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 480 in Nepal (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 70 (2011 census). No monolinguals (2002 UNESCO). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Byasi. Alternate Names: Byangkho Lwo, Byanshi, Byansi, Byasi, Rang Lo, Sauka, Shauka Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Almora
Chamling rab: Kosi province: Bhojpur, Ilam, Jhapa, Khotang, Morang, Panchthar, Sankhuwasabha, Sunsari, and Udayapur districts. Users: 83,200 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 76,800 in Nepal (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 6,400 (2011 census). Very few monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 83,200 (as L1: 76,800; as L2: 6,400). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Camling, Chamlinge Rai, Rodong Autonym: चाम्लिङ‎ (Caamliṅa) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern
Chantyal chx: Gandaki province: Myagdi district, Raghuganga rural municipality, Caura Khani, Dwari, Ghyas Kharka, Kuine Khani, Malampahar, Malkabang, Mangale Khani, Patle Kharka, and Thara Khani. Users: 4,020, all users. L1 users: 3,730 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 290 (2011 census). No monolinguals (Noonan 1996). Ethnic population: 9,000 (2011 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Chhantyal. Alternate Names: Chantel, Chhantel, Chhantyal, Khamkura Autonym: छन्त्याल खाम‎ (Chantyal Kham) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Gurungic
Chepang cdm: Bagmati province: Chitwan district, widespread; Dhading district, Benighat Rorang municipality; Gorkha district: Gandaki and Sahid Lakhan municipalities; Makawanpur district: Bhimphedi, Hetauda, Kailash, Makawanpurgadhi, Manahari, and Raksirang municipalities. Users: 49,640, all users. L1 users: 48,500 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 1,140 (2011 census). No monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Chepang. Alternate Names: Chyo’bang, Cyo’bang, Praja Bhasa, Tsepang Autonym: चेपाङ‎ (chepang), च्योःबाङ् भासा‎ (cepaang bhaasaahaang) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Chepang-Bhujel
Chhiling cur: Kosi province: Dhankuta district, Khalsa Chhintang Shahidbumi municipality. Users: 2,250, all users. L1 users: 2,050 (2011 census), decreasing. L1 speakers dwindling (Van Driem 2007). L2 users: 200 (2011 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Chhilling, Chholung, Chhulung, Chhûlûng Rûng, Chiling, Chulung, Chülüng Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern
Chhintang ctn: Kosi province: Dhankuta district, Khalsa Chhintang Shahidbumi municipality. Users: 4,720, all users. L1 users: 3,710 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 1,010 (2011 census). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 5,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Chhintange, Chintang, Chintang Rûng, Teli Autonym: छिन्ताङ्‎ (Chhintang) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern
Chukwa cuw: Kosi province: Bhojpur district, Salpasilichho municipality, Jimigau village. Users: 100 (2011 SIL), decreasing. Only 5 fluent speakers (2011). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Chukuwa, Cukwa Ring, Pohing, Pohing Kha Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern
Danuwar dhw: Bagmati province: Kavrepalanchok, Lalitpur, Sindhuli, and Sindhupalchowk districts; Janakpur province: Bara, Rautahat, Dhanusa, Mahottari, Sarlahi, and Siraha districts; Kosi province: Jhapa, Morang, Sunsari, and Udayapur districts. Users: 48,650, all users. L1 users: 45,800 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 2,850 (2011 census). No monolinguals (Toba et al 2005). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Danuwar. Alternate Names: Danuwari, Danwar, Denwar, Dhanuwar, Dhanvar, Dhanwar, Donwar, Kacarya Danuwar Autonym: दनुवार‎ (danuvāra) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified
Darai dry: Bagmati province: Chitwan district, Bharatpur, Khairahani, Ratnanagar, and Rapti municipalities; Gandaki province: East Nawalparasi district, Bungdikali and Bulingtar municipalities; Tanahun district, Byas, Ghiring, and Rhishing municipalities. Users: 12,050, all users. L1 users: 11,700 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 350 (2011 census). Very few monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Darai. Autonym: दरै‎ (darai) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified
Dewas Rai dwz: Bagmati province: Makwanpur district, Bagmati municipality; Sindhuli district, Hariharpurgadhi municipality; Janakpur province: Bara district, Nijagadh municipality; Rautahat district, Chandrapur and Gujara municipalities; Sarlahi district, Bagmati municipality. Users: 10,300, all users. L1 users: 10,000 (2017 SIL). L2 users: 300 (2018 SIL). No monolinguals (2018 SIL). Ethnic population: 30,000 (2018 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Danuwar Rai, Rai Danuwar Autonym: राई‎ (rāī), राई दनुवार‎ (rāī danuwār) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified
Dhimal dhi: Kosi province: Jhapa district, Arjundhara, Buddhashanti, Damak, and Kamal municipalities; Morang district, Belbari, Kanepokhari, Miklajung, Patahrishanishchare, Sundarharaicha, and Uralabari municipalities. Users: 20,430 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 19,300 in Nepal (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 1,130 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 20,880 (as L1: 19,750; as L2: 1,130). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Dhimal. Alternate Names: Dhemal Autonym: धिमाल‎ (Dhimal) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Dhimalish
Dolpo dre: Karnali province: Dolpa district, Chharka Tangsong municipality: west of Kag village along the Barbung river valley; Dolpo Buddha municipality, north of Lang village along the Tarap river valley, and along the Panzang river valley; Shey Phoksundo municipality, along the Suli Gag river valley, in the Phoksundo lake area, and along the Nangong river valley. Users: 8,000 (2010 K. Kopp). Ethnic population: 8,000 (2010 K. Kopp). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Dolpo. Alternate Names: Dolkha, Dolpa Tibetan, Dolpali, Dolpike, Phoke Dolpa Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang
Dotyali dty: Sudur Pashchimanchal province: Bajhang, Dadeldhura, Darchula, Doti, Kailali, and Kanchanpur districts. Users: 788,000 in Nepal (2011 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Nepali. Alternate Names: Dotali, Doteli Autonym: डोट् याली‎ (Dotyali) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Eastern, Eastern Pahari
Dumi dus: Kosi province: Khotang district, Aiselukhark, Kepilasagadhi, and Rupakot Majhuwagadhi municipalities along the Rawa river. Users: 3,520, all users. L1 users: 2,500 (Rai 2017), decreasing. L2 users: 1,020 (2011 census). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,640 (2011 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Dumī Rāī, Dumi Bo’o, Dumi Bro, Hopupo Bro, Lsi Rai, Ro’do Bo’, Sotmali Autonym: दुमी‎ (Dumi) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western
Dungmali raa: Kosi province: Bhojpur district, Arun and Pauwadungma municipalities. Users: 6,470, all users. L1 users: 6,260 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 210 (2011 census). 150 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 10,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Arthare, Arthare-Khesang, Dungmali Puk, Dungmali Pûk, Dungmali-Bantawa, Khesange Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern
Dura drq: Gandaki province: Lamjung district, scattered. Users: No known L1 speakers (Schorer 2016). Last speaker survived into the 2000s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Dura. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish
English eng: Major cities. Users: 8,402,030 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 2,030 in Nepal (2011 census). L2 users: 8,400,000 (2020). Status: 4 (Educational). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English
Ghale, Northern ghh: Gandaki province: Gorkha district, Dharche rural municipality, Jagat, Korla Besi, Nyak, Philim, and Uiya villages. Users: 4,440 (2011 census). 400 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lila, Ril-Lila Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Ghale
Ghale, Southern ghe: Gandaki province: Gorkha district, Dharche and Sulikot municipalities. Users: 18,000 (2016 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Galle Gurung, Lila, Lila Ke, Ril-Lila Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Ghale
Ghandruk Sign Language gds: Gandaki province: Kaski district, Annapurna municipality, Ghandruk village. Users: 20 (2011 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Sign language, Shared sign language
Gurung gvr: Gandaki province: Gorkha, Kaski, Lamjung, Manang, Parbat, Syangja, and Tanahun districts. Users: 348,800 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 326,000 in Nepal (2011 census), increasing. L2 users: 22,800 (2011 census). 12,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 381,800 (as L1: 359,000; as L2: 22,800). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Gurung. Alternate Names: Daduwa, Tamu Kyi, Western Gurung Autonym: तमु क्यी‎ (Tamu Kyi) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Gurungic
Gyalsumdo gyo: Gandaki province: Manang district, Chame municipality, Chame village; Nashong municipality, Bagarchhap, Dharapani, Tal, Thonce, and Tilce villages. Users: 200 (Hildebrandt and Perry 2011). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang
Hindi hin: Scattered throughout the Tarai (lowlands) and in major cities. Users: 1,307,600 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 77,600 in Nepal (2011 census), increasing. L2 users: 1,230,000 (2011 census). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Dakhini, Hindi-Urdu, Hindustani Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Hindustani
Humla hut: Karnali province: Humla district, Namkha and Simkot municipalities; Sudur Pashchimanchal province. Users: 5,000 (2014 SIL). 36% of the Limi dialect are monolingual. Ethnic population: 5,000 (2014 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bhote, Humla Tibetan, Humli Lama, Kham, Phoke, “Humla Bhotia” (pej.) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang
Hyolmo scp: Bagmati province: Nuwakot district, Dupcheshwar municipality and Langtang National Park; Rasuwa district, Gosaikunda municipality; Sindhupalchok district, Helambu and Panchpokhari Thangpal municipalities; Gandaki province: Lamjung district, Besishahar municipality. Users: 10,680, all users. L1 users: 10,200 (2011 census). L2 users: 480 (2011 census). Very few monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Hyolmo. Alternate Names: Helambu Sherpa, Hyolmo Tam, Yholmo, Yohlmo, Yolmo Autonym: ह्योल्मो‎ (Hyolmo) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang
Jerung jee: Kosi province: Okhaldhunga district, Manebhanjyang and Sunkoshi municipalities. Users: 5,380, all users. L1 users: 1,760 (2011 census). L2 users: 3,620 (2011 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Jero, Jero Mala, Jerum, Jerunge, Jherung, Zero, Zero Mala, Zerum Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western
Jhankot Sign Language jhs: Karnali province: Dolpa district, Jagadulla municipality, Jhankot village. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Sign language, Shared sign language
Jirel jul: Bagmati province: Dolakha district, Baiteshwor, Gaurishankar, and Jiri municipalities. Users: 4,970, all users. L1 users: 4,830 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 140 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 5,770 (2011 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Jirel. Alternate Names: Jiri, Jirial, Ziral Autonym: जिरेल‎ (jirel) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang
Jumla Sign Language jus: Karnali province: Jumla district, Chandannath municipality, Jumla village. Users: 8 (2005 INF). 8 monolinguals. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Sign language, Shared sign language
Jumli jml: Karnali province: Humla, Jumla, Kalikot, and Mugu districts; Sudur Pashchimanchal province: Achham, Bajhang, and Bajura districts. Users: 40,000 (2001 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Nepali. Alternate Names: Central Nepali, Jumla, Jumleli, Khas Kura, Sijali, Singja, Sinjali Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Eastern, Eastern Pahari
Kaike kzq: Karnali province: Dolpa district, Kaike municipality, Belawa, Shahartara, Tarakot, and Tupatara villages. Users: 2,000 (2011 A. Regmi), decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,000 (2011 A. Regmi). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Magar Kaike, Tarali Kham Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish
Kewat kyv: Kosi province: Morang district. Users: 22,000 (2002). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kayort Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese
Khaling klr: Kosi province: Khotang district, Rupakot Majhuwagadhi municipality, Buipa and Kharmi; Ilam district, Ilam municipality, Sumbek; Maijogmai municipality, Pyang; Sandakpur municipality, Mai Pokhari; Sankhuwasabha district, Bhotkhola municipality, Tungkhaling; Solukhumbu district, Dudhkoshi municipality, Basa, Kanku, and Waku; Solududhakunda municipality, Phuleli; Kumbupasanglahmu municipality, Buksa and Jubing; Sotang municipality, widespread. Users: 15,670 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 14,500 in Nepal (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 1,170 (2011 census). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 20,000. Total users in all countries: 15,670 (as L1: 14,500; as L2: 1,170). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Kaling, Khael Baat, Khael Bra, Khael Braa, Khaling Kura, Khalinge Rai Autonym: खालङ्‎ (khaling) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western
Kham, Eastern Parbate kif: Gandaki province: Baglung district, Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Dhorpatan municipality, Diza, Kang, Kuku, Masbang, Musuri, and Sukurdung; Nisikhola municipality, Bhalkot, Budhathok, and Nisi. Users: 5,000 (2011 SIL), decreasing. No adult monolinguals. Ethnic population: 90,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Eastern Parbate, Kham, Kham-Magar, Khamkura, Magar Kham, Nisel, Nishel Kham, Nisi, Nisi Kham Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Kham-Magar, Kham
Kham, Gamal kgj: Lumbini province: Rolpa district, Sunchhahari municipality, Chalbang, Dangadhara, Gam, Ghusbang, Guwakholagau, Huiching, Jhyalgung, Kuipadhara, Maulabang, Sheram, and Tamali. Users: 10,000, all users. L1 users: 7,000 (2011 SIL), increasing. L2 users: 3,000 (2011 Name change). Ethnic population: 90,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gamale, Gamale Kham, Kham, Kham-Magar, Khamkura, Magar Kham Autonym: गामाले खाम‎ (gamale kham) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Kham-Magar, Kham
Kham, Sheshi kip: Lumbini province: Rolpa district, Duikhola municipality, Dangdung; Madi municipality, Bhabang, Korcabang; Rolpa municipality, Ghapa, Hwama, Jangkot, Kotgaon (Tapnang), and Rimsek. Users: 15,000 (2011 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 90,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kham, Kham-Magar, Khamkura, Magar Kham, “Sheshi” (pej.) Autonym: शेषी पाङ‎ (Sheshi Paang) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Kham-Magar, Kham
Kham, Western Parbate kjl: Lumbini province: East Rukum district, Putha Uttarganga municipality, Maikot and Takasera; Bhume municipality, Lukum and Mahat; Rolpa district, Thawang municipality, Thabang. Users: 69,000, all users. L1 users: 44,000 (2003 SIL), increasing. 27,100 all Kham languages in Nepal (2011 census). L2 users: 25,000 (2011). Ethnic population: 90,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kham, Kham-Magar, Khamkura, Magar Kham, Takale, Takale Kham, Western Parbate Autonym: खाम‎ (kham) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Kham-Magar, Kham
Kharia khr: Kosi province: Jhapa district, Mechenagar municipality; Morang district, Katahari municipality. Users: 256 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 240 in Nepal (2011 census). L2 users: 16 (2011 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Khadiya, Khariya, Khaɽiyā Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, South Munda, Kharia-Juang
Kisan sck: Kosi province: Jhapa district, major cities. Users: 1,225 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 1,180 in Nepal (2011 census). L2 users: 45 (2011 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Kisan. Alternate Names: Sadri Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bihari
Koyee kkt: Kosi province: Khotang district, Kepilasagadhi municipality along the Ruwa river, Sungdel. Users: 1,470, all users. L1 users: 1,270 (2011 census). L2 users: 200 (2011 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Kohi, Koi, Koi Ba’a, Koyi, Koyi Rai, Koyu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western
Kuke ght: Gandaki province: Gorkha district, Chum Nubri rural municipality, Chhak, Kwak, Namrung, and Prok villages. Users: 900 (2011 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bhotte, Kutang, Kutang Ghale Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Ghale
Kulung kle: Kosi province: Bhojpur district, Salpasilichho municipality; Sankhuwasabha district, Silichong municipality; Solukhumbu district, along the Hungu river, Mahakulung and Sotang municipalities. Users: 34,590 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 33,200 in Nepal (2011 census). L2 users: 1,390 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 34,590 (as L1: 33,200; as L2: 1,390). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Jindā, Kholung, Khulung, Khulunge Rai, Kulu Ring, Kulunge, Kulungo Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern
Kumal kra: Bagmati province: Dhading district, Jwalamukhi and Nilakantha municipalities; Gandaki province: Gorkha district, Gorkha and Palungtar municipalities; East Nawalparasi district, Binayee Tribeni, Hupsekot, and Madhyabindu municipalities; Tanahun district, Bhanu municipality; Lumbini province: Arghakhanchi district, Chhatradev and Panini municipalities; Gulmi district, Chatrakot municipality; Palpa district, Rainadevi Chhahara, Ribdikot, and Tansen municipalities. Users: 13,610, all users. L1 users: 12,200 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 1,410 (2011 census). No monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Kumal. Alternate Names: Kumali, Kumbale, Kumhale, Kumhali, Kumkale Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified
Kurux kru: Kosi province: Jhapa district, scattered; Morang district, Belbari, Biratnagar, Budhiganga, Gramthan, Kanepokhari, Katahari, Rangeli, and Sundaraicha municipalities; Sunsari district, Barah, Barju, Bhokraha, Duhabi, Dwanganj, Gadhi, Harinagara, Inarwa, and Ramdhuni municipalities; Janakpur province: Bara district, Jitpur Simara municipality; Parsa district, Birganj, Parsagadhi, Paterwasugauli, and Sakuwa Prasauni municipalities; Siraha district, Arnama, Golbazar, and Naraha municipalities. Users: 34,390 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 33,700 in Nepal (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 690 (2011 census). No monolinguals (2002 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 37,400 (2011 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kurukh, Kurukha, Nepali Kurux, Oraon, Orau, Uranw, Uraon, Urau, Uraw, “Dhagar” (pej.), “Dhangar” (pej.), “Jangad” (pej.), “Janghard” (pej.), “Jhangad” (pej.), “Jhangar” (pej.), “Jhanger” (pej.) Classification: Dravidian, Northern
Kusunda kgg: Gandaki and Lumbini provinces: scattered. Users: 87 (2014 UNESCO). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Kusunda. Alternate Names: Kusanda Classification: Language isolate
Kyirong kgy: Bagmati province: Rasuwa district, Gosaikunda municipality, Bongswadi, Bridhim, Khangim, Khangjim, Lingling, Setang, Shaphrubesi, and Thangmpuchet villages; along Chu-Lang Ho river. Users: 500 in Nepal (2013 M. Hedlin). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gyirong, Kyerung, Kyirong kai, Kyirong-nga, Kyirung Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang
Lapcha lep: Kosi province: Ilam district, east along the Indian border. Users: 7,730 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 7,500 in Nepal (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 230 (2011 census). No monolinguals. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Lepcha. Alternate Names: Lepcha, Nünpa, Rongke, Rongpa, Róng, Róngkup, “Lapche” (pej.) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Lepcha
Lhomi lhm: Kosi province: Sankhuwasabha district, Bhotkhola municipality, Chepuwa, Chyamtang, Gumba, Hatiya, Hungung, Namase, Rukuma, Shiprung, Simbung, and Syaksila villages, along the Arun river. Users: 7,000 in Nepal (2014 SIL), increasing. Ethnic population: 15,000. Total users in all countries: 9,320. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Lhomi (Shingsawa). Alternate Names: Lhoket, Lhomi dzyükki keccyok, Lhomiki keccyok, “Bho Te bhasha” (pej.), “Kar Bhote” (pej.), “Kath Bhote” (pej.) Autonym: ल्होमी‎ (Lhomi) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang
Lhowa loy: Gandaki province: Mustang district, upper Kali Gandaki river valley; Bahargaun Muktikhsetra, Dalome, and Lo Manthang municipalities. Users: 7,500 (2011). 5,000 Upper Mustang and 2,500 Baragaunle. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Bahragaunle, Lhopa. Alternate Names: Glo Skad, Lhopa, Lo Montang, Loba, Loke, Loket, Lopa, Lowa, Loyu, Mustangi Autonym: ल्होवा‎ (Lhowa) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang
Limbu lif: Kosi province: east of the Arun river, north of the Mahendra Highway; Dhankuta, Ilam, Jhapa, Morang, Panchthar, Sankhuwasabha, Taplejung, and Terhathum districts. Users: 366,200 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 344,000 in Nepal (2011 census), increasing. L2 users: 22,200 (2011 census). Relatively few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 387,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 407,000 (as L1: 384,800; as L2: 22,200). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Limbu. Alternate Names: Yakthung Pan, Yakthungpan Autonym: यक्थुङ्पन‎ (Yakthungpan) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern
Lohorung lbr: Kosi province: Sankhuwasabha district, Chichila municipality; Khandbari municipality, Angala, Bardeu, Gairiaula, Higuwa, Khorande, Malta, Pangma, and Sitalpati; Sabhapokhari municipality, Dhupu. Users: 3,980, all users. L1 users: 3,720 (2011 census). L2 users: 260 (2011 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Loarung·Khanawa, Loharung Khanawa, Lohorong, Lohorong Kha, Lohorong Khap, Lohorung Kha, Lohorung Khap, Lohrung, Lohrung Khap, Lohrung-Khanawa, Lorung, Lorung Kha, Lorung Khap, Northern Lorung, Yakkhaba Khap, Yakkhaba Lorung Autonym: लोहोरुङ्‎ (Lōhōruṅ) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern
Magahi mag: Janakpur province: Dhanusha, Mahottari, Saptari, Sarlahi, and Siraha districts; Kosi province: Jhapa, Morang, and Sunsari districts. Users: 46,400 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 35,600 in Nepal (2011 census). L2 users: 10,800 (2011 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bihari
Magar, Eastern mgp: Bagmati province: Ramechhap district, Likhu and Ramechhap municipalities; Sindhuli district, eastern municipalities; Kosi province: Khotang district, Halesi Tuwachung and Lamidanda municipalities; Okhaldhunga district, Champadevi, Chisankhugadhi, Likhu, Manebhanjyang, Siddhicharan, and Sunkoshi municipalities; Udayapur, northwestern municipalities. Users: 462,000 in Nepal (2001 census), decreasing. 789,000 all Magar in Nepal (2011 census). The identification of Magars is complicated by the fact that a number of other ethnic groups (Chantyal, Kham, Kaike, Kusunda, Raute, Raji) have claimed to be Magars to outsiders. Isolated enclaves of monolinguals are found in Nawalparasi and southern Tanahu districts. Total users in all countries: 533,700. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Magar. Alternate Names: Magar, Magari, Mangar Autonym: मगर ढुट‎ (magar ḍhuṭ) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Kham-Magar, Magar
Magar, Western mrd: Gandaki province: East Nawalparasi district, northern hills; Syangja district, southern municipalities; Tanahun district, southern municipalities; Lumbini province: Palpa district, widespread. Users: 308,000 (2001 census), decreasing. 789,000 all Magar in Nepal (2011 census). Census statistics likely include non-ethnic Magars and many that do not speak Magar. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Magar. Alternate Names: Magar, Magari, Mangar, Mangari, Syangja Magar Autonym: मगर ढुट‎ (magar ḍhuṭ) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Kham-Magar, Magar
Maithili mai: Janakpur province: widespread; Kosi province: Jhapa, Morang, Sunsari, and Udayapur districts. Users: 4,085,000 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 3,890,000 in Nepal (2011 census), increasing. 793,000 Bajjika, 3,090,000 Maithili (2011 census). L2 users: 195,000 (2011 census). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Bihari, Dehati, Deshi, Maitili, Maitli, Methli, Thenthi, Tirhutia Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bihari
Majhi mjz: Bagmati province: Kavrepalanchok, Ramechhap, Sindhuli, and Sindhupalchowk districts; Janakpur province: Bara, Dhanusa, Rautahat, and Sarlahi districts; Kosi province: Jhapa, Khotang, Morang, Okhaldhunga, Sunsari, and Udayapur districts. Scattered along waterways in all these locations. Users: 25,720 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 24,400 in Nepal (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 1,320 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 83,200 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 25,720 (as L1: 24,400; as L2: 1,320). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Majhi. Alternate Names: Manjhi Autonym: माझी‎ (Majhi) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bihari
Marwari rwr: Kosi province: Jhapa, Morang, and Sunsari districts; Janakpur province: Parsa district; Kathmandu and other urban areas. Users: 26,410 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 25,400 in Nepal (2011 census). L2 users: 1,010 (2011 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Marwadi, Rajsthani Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Rajasthani, Marwari
Meche brx: Kosi province: Jhapa district. Users: 4,380 in Nepal (2011 census). No monolinguals. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Meche (Bodo). Alternate Names: Bara, Bodi, Bodo, Boro, Boroni, Mache, Mech, Mechi, Meci Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Boro-Tiwa, Boro
Mewahang, Eastern emg: Kosi province: Sankhuwasabha district, Makalu and Silichong municipalities, along Arun river. Users: 1,570 (2011 census), decreasing. 4,650 all Mewahang (2011 census). Almost no monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Eastern Meohang, Mewahang, Newahang, Newahang Jimi, Newang, Newange Rai Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern
Mewahang, Western raf: Kosi province: Bhojpur district, Salpasilichho municipality; Sankhuwasabha district, Silichong municipality, Bala, Sisuwa, Tamku, and Yamdang. Users: 3,160, all users. L1 users: 2,930 (2011 census), decreasing. 4,650 all Mewahang (2011 census). L2 users: 230 (2011 census). Few monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Mewahang, Newahang, Newahang Jimi, Newang, Newange Rai, Western Meohang Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern
Mugali lmh: Kosi province: Dhankuta district, Pakhribas municipality, along Muga river. Users: 1,500 (2010 I. Rai), decreasing. Very few monolinguals. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Lambicchhong, Lambicchong, Lambichhong, Lambichong, Lambitshong, Mugali-Ring, Muga·Yakkha Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern
Mugom-Karmarong muk: Karnali province: Mugu district, Mugum Karmarong municipality; Jumla district, Jumla. Users: 7,000 in Nepal (2011). census. 1,630 monolinguals (2002 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 7,000 (2011). Total users in all countries: 7,500. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Mugali. Alternate Names: Mugom, Mugu Tibetan, Mugum Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang
Mundari unr: Kosi province: south Morang and south Sunsari districts. Users: 7,780 in Nepal (2006 IMB). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Horo, Mandari, Mondari, Munari, Munda, Santhali, Satar Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari
Musasa smm: Janakpur province: Dhanusa, Mahottari, Saptari, Sindhuli, and Siraha districts; Kosi province: Morang and Sunsari districts. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Musahar, Rishaidep Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bihari
Naaba nao: Kosi province: Sankhuwasabha district, Bhotkhola municipality, Chumsur, Dangkok, Kimathanka, Pharang, and Pibu (Ridak) villages. Users: 770 in Nepal (2006 IMB). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Sherpa. Alternate Names: Naapa, Naapaa, Naba, Nawa Sherpa Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Unclassified
Nachiring ncd: Kosi province: Khotang district, Aiselukharka municipality, along Lidim river, Aiselukharka, Badel, Bakachol, Bangdel, Hume, Para, Rakha, and Sumtel villages; Solukhumbu district, Sotang municipality. Users: 10,730, all users. L1 users: 10,000 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 730 (2011 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Bangdale, Bangdel Tûm, Bangdile, Mathsereng, Nacchhering, Nacering Ra, Nachering, Nachering Tûm, Nasring, Nasru Bhra Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern
Nar Phu npa: Gandaki province: Manang district, Narphu municipality, Nar and Phu villages. Users: 800 (2021 J. Grimes). 200 in Phu village, 400 in Nar village, 200 in diaspora. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nar-Phu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Gurungic
Nepalese Sign Language nsp: Scattered. Users: 20,000 (2014 NDFN). Approximately 20,000 deaf signers, less than 0.1% of total population; estimated 300,000 total deaf (2014 NDFN). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Nepali Sign Language, NpSL Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language
Nepali nep: Users: Population total all languages (L1 only): 17,487,490. Status:
Nepali npi: Widespread. Users: 20,780,000 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 12,100,000 in Nepal (2011 census), increasing. 143,000 Achhami, 67,600 Bajhangi, 10,700 Bajureli, 490 Dadeldhuri, 3,100 Dailekhi, 5,930 Darchuleli, and 11,800,000 Nepali (2011 census). L2 users: 8,680,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 25,379,490 (as L1: 16,699,490; as L2: 8,680,000). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1990, Interim Constitution, 2063, Article 5(2)). Alternate Names: Eastern Pahadi, Gorkhali, Gurkhali, Khaskura, Nepalese, Parbate Autonym: नेपाली‎ (Nepālī) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Eastern, Eastern Pahari
Newar new: Bagmati province: Kathmandu valley; scattered throughout Gandaki, Janakpur, Kosi, and Lumbini provinces. Users: 879,600 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 847,000 in Nepal (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 32,600 (2011 census). Many women are monolingual. Ethnic population: 1,250,000. Total users in all countries: 893,600 (as L1: 861,000; as L2: 32,600). Status: 4 (Educational). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Newar. Alternate Names: Newa Bhaye, Newaah Bhaae, Newaah Bhaaye, Newah, Newal Bhaye, “Newari” (pej.) Autonym: नेपाल भाषा‎ (Nepal Bhasa), नेवाः भाय्‎ (Newah Bhay) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Newar
Nubri kte: Gandaki province: Gorkha district, upper Budhi Gandaki river, from Namrung to Prok and Samdo. Users: 2,000 (2001 census). 500 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Larke. Alternate Names: Bhote, Bhotia, Kutang, Kutang Bhotia, Larkye Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang
Nyeshangte nmm: Gandaki province: Manang district, Neshyang municipality, Braka, Ghyaru, Humde, Khangsar, Manang, Ngawal, Pisang, and Tengki villages. Users: 12,000 (2021), decreasing. Ethnic population: 15,000 (2021). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Manang, Manang Ke, Manangba, Manange, Manangi, Nyangmi, Nyangmi ke, Nyeshang, Nyeshangte Ke, Nyisang, Nyishang, Nyishangba, “Manangbhot” (pej.) Autonym: ङ्‍येश्याङ्‍ते‎ (Nyeshangte) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Gurungic
Pahari phj: Bagmati province: Kathmandu, Kavrepalanchok, Lalitpur (60% of Pahari speakers), Makwanpur, Ramechhap, Sindhuli, and Sindhupalchok districts; Janakpur province: Rautahat district; Kosi province: Sunsari district; Sudur Pashchimanchal province: Kanchanpur district. Users: 3,500 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 13,600 (2011 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Pahara, Pahi, Pahibhāe, Pihi, Pihi bhya Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Newar
Phangduwali phw: Kosi province: Dhankuta district, Pakhribas municipality, Muga river headwaters. Users: 290 (2011 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Phangduvali, Phangduwali Poti Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern
Puma pum: Kosi province: Khotang district, Barahapokhari and Jantedhunga municipalities; Udayapur, north Chaudandigadhi municipality, along Sunkoshi river. Users: 7,010, all users. L1 users: 6,690 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 320 (2011 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Puma Kala, Puma La, Puma Pima Autonym: पुमा‎ (Pumā) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern
Rajbanshi rjs: Kosi province: south Jhapa, and south Morang districts. Users: 168,300, all users. L1 users: 147,000 (2011 census), increasing. 2,080 Koche, 122,000 Rajbanshi, 18,800 Tajpuriya, 3,610 Gangai. L2 users: 21,300 (2011 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rajbanshi (Koch). Alternate Names: Deshi Bhasa, Gangai, Koch, Koche, Rajbangsi, Rajbansi, Tajpuria Autonym: राजबंशी‎ (Rājbanshi), কোচ ৰাজবংশী‎ (Koch Rajbangshi) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese
Raji rji: Karnali province: Surkhet district, Barahtal, Chaukune, and Panchipuri municipalities; Sudur Pashchimanchal province: Kailali district, Mohanyal municipality. Users: 3,814, all users. L1 users: 3,760 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 54 (2011 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rajhi. Alternate Names: Ban Raji, Janggali, Phaan Bhaasaa, Phaan Boli, Rajibar, Rawati, Rjya Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Raute-Raji
Raute rau: Sudur Pashchimanchal province: Dadeldhura district, Parashuram municipality. Users: 501, all users. L1 users: 460 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 41 (2011 census). All nomadic Raute are monolingual. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Raute. Alternate Names: Boto boli, Khamchi, Ra’te, Raji, Rajwar, Rautya, Rautye Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Raute-Raji
Saam raq: Kosi province: Bhojpur district, Salpasilichho and Shadananda municipalities, Dangmaya, Dobhane, Khartangma, and Okharbote villages along Irkhuwa river. Users: 530 (2011 census). 130 Lingkhim, 400 Saam (2011 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Lingkhim, Saam Rai, Saama Kha, Sam, Samakha Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern
Sampang rav: Kosi province: Bhojpur district, Shadananda municipality, Dingla bazaar; Khotang district, along Tap river, Baspani, Khartamcha, Patheka, and Phedi villages. Users: 20,300, all users. L1 users: 18,300 (2011 census), decreasing. Phali dialect spoken by a few elderly speakers. L2 users: 2,000 (2011 census). No monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Sampang Gun, Sampang Gung, Sampang Kha, Sampange Rai, Sangpang, Sangpang Gun, Sangpang Gîn, Sangpang Kha Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern
Sanskrit san: Users: 3,000 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers in Nepal. L2 users: 3,000 (2011 census). Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Status: 9 (Second language only). Alternate Names: Deva Bhasha, Deva vani, Sanskrit bhasha Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan
Santhali sat: Kosi province: Jhapa and Morang districts. Users: 50,880 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 49,900 in Nepal (2011 census), increasing. L2 users: 980 (2011 census). Very few monolinguals. Status: 5 (Dispersed). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Satar (Santhal). Alternate Names: Har, Har Rar, Hor, Sainti, Sandal, Sangtal, Santal, Santali, Santhal, Satar, Sentali, Sonthal Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Santali
Seke skj: Gandaki province: Mustang district, Baharagaun Muktikhsetra municipality, Chuksang, Gyakar, Tangbe, Tetang, and Tsaile villages; diaspora communities in Jomsom and Pokhara. Users: 700 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Tangbe. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Gurungic
Sherpa xsr: Bagmati province: Sindhupalchok district, Barhabise and Bhotekoshi municipalities; Dolakha district, Ghaurishankar and Jiri municipalities; Kosi province: Okaldunga district, Khijidemba, Likhu, Molung, and Siddhicharan municipalities; Ramechhap district, Gokulganga and Umakunda municipalities; Sankhuwasabha district, Makalu municipality; Solukumbu district, Dudhkoshi, Kumbupasanglahmu, Likhupike, Nechasalyan, and Solududhakunda municipalities. Users: 153,180 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 145,000 in Nepal (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 8,180 (2011 census). A few elderly monolinguals in remote villages (UNESCO). Total users in all countries: 170,180 (as L1: 162,000; as L2: 8,180). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Sherpa. Alternate Names: Serwa, Sharpa, Sherwi tamnye, Xiaerba, “Sharpa Bhotia” (pej.) Autonym: शेर्वी तम्ङे‎ (sherwi tamnge) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang
Sonha soi: Lumbini province: Bardiya district, Geruwa and Rajapur municipalities; Sudur Pashchimanchal province: Kanchanpur district, Bhimdatta. Users: 20,000 (2020 UBS), decreasing. No monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sonaha, Sonahaa, Sunah, Sunha Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Unclassified
Sunwar suz: Bagmati province: Dolakha district, Jiri and Tamakoshi municipalities; Ramechhap district, Gokulganga, Likhu, and Umakunda municipalities; Kosi province: Okhaldhunga district, Khijidemba municipality. Users: 39,760, all users. L1 users: 38,200 (2011 census). 37,900 Sunwar, 290 Surel (2011 census). L2 users: 1,560 (2011 census). Very few monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Surel, Sunuwar. Alternate Names: Bhujuwar, Kiranti-Kõits, Kiranti-Kõits Lo, Kirati-Koits, Koic, Kõits Lo, Mukhiya, Pirthwar, Sunuwar, Sunwari Autonym: कोँइच‎ (kõicə) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western
Syuba syw: Bagmati province: Ramechhap district, Gokulganga and Lukhu municipalities. Users: 1,500 (2012 SIL). Very few monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Sherpa. Alternate Names: Kagate, Shuba, Shuuba, Shuva, Shuwa, Shyuuba, Syuba Tam, Syuuba, Yholmo, Yholmoli, Yholmu, “Kagate Bhote” (pej.) Autonym: स्युबा‎ (Syuba) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang
Tamang, Eastern taj: Widespread across Bagmati and Kosi provinces. Users: 1,213,500 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 1,180,000 in Nepal (2001 census), increasing. Southwestern Tamang: 109,000 (1991 census). Population for all Tamang varieties: 1,350,000 (2011 census). L2 users: 33,500 (2011 census). In some remote communities, particularly women, children and elderly people are monolingual. Total users in all countries: 1,233,700 (as L1: 1,200,200; as L2: 33,500). Status: 4 (Educational). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Tamang. Alternate Names: Ishang, Murmi, Sei, Tamang, “Bhotia” (pej.) Autonym: तामाङ‎ (tāmāng), རྟ་དམག‎ (tāmāng) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Tamang
Tamang, Eastern Gorkha tge: Gandaki province: north Gorkha district, Aarughat and Dharche municipalities, eastern slopes of the Budhi Gandaki river. Users: 3,980 (2000). Population for all Tamang varieties: 1,350,000 (2011 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Tamang. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Tamang
Tamang, Northwestern tmk: Bagmati province: Nuwakot district, central mountainous strip. Users: 67,200 (2011 census), increasing. Population for all Tamang varieties: 1,350,000 (2011 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Tamang. Alternate Names: Kath-Bhotiya, Lama Bhote, Murmi, Rongba, Sain, Tamang Gyoi, Tamang Gyot, Tamang Lengmo, Tamang Tam Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Tamang
Tamang, Western tdg: Bagmati province: Dhading district, Gangajamuna, Kaniyabash, Netrawati, Nilkantha, and Rubi Valley municipalities, along Aku river; Nuwakot district, east of Trishuli river; Rasuwa district, widespread. Users: 356,500, all users. L1 users: 323,000 (2000), increasing. Population for all Tamang varieties: 1,350,000 (2011 census). L2 users: 33,500 (2011 census). Mostly monolingual below school age or over 60 years of age. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Tamang. Alternate Names: Murmi, Sain, Tamang Gyot, Tamang Tam Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Tamang
Thakali ths: Gandaki province: Mustang district, Gharapjhong and Thasang municipalities, Bhurjungkot, Dampu, Ghansa, Khanti, Kobang, Kunjo, Larjung, Lete, Nakung, Naurikot, Taglung, Tithi, and Tukuche villages. Users: 6,000, all users. L1 users: 5,240 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 760 (2011 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Thakali, Chhairotan, Marphali Thakali, Tieengaule Thakali. Apparently 3 other nationalities share Thakali as their language. Alternate Names: Barhagaule, Panchgaunle, Tapaang, Thaksya Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Gurungic
Thangmi thf: Bagmati province: Dolakha district, Bhimeshwor, Bigu, and Kalinchok municipalities; Sindhupalchok district, Barhabise and Tripurasundari municipalities, east of Bote Koshi river. Users: 23,580 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 23,200 in Nepal (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 380 (2011 census). 100 monolinguals (2002 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 35,000 (Turin 2007). 28,700 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 24,380 (as L1: 24,000; as L2: 380). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Thami. Alternate Names: Thami, Thangmi Kham, Thangmi Wakhe, Thani Autonym: थाङ्मी खाम‎ (thaangmi khaam) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Thangmi-Baraamu
Tharu, Central the: Bagmati province: Chitwan district; Gandaki province: East Nawalparasi district; Janakpur province: Bara and Parsa districts, northern municipalities; Lumbini province: West Nawalparasi, northern municipalities. Users: 285,000 in Nepal (2001 census), increasing. Population for all Tharu varieties: 1,530,000 (2011 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Tharu. Alternate Names: Chhetriya Tharu, Chitawan Tharu, Chitoniya Tharu, Chitwan Tharu, Chitwania Tharu, Madhya Chhetriya Tharu, Madhya Ksetriya Tharu Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Tharu, Eastern Tharu
Tharu, Dangaura thl: Lumbini province: Banke, Bardiya, Dang, and Kapilvastu districts; Sudur Pashchimanchal province: Kailali and Kanchanpur districts. Users: 500,000 in Nepal (2003), increasing. Population for all Tharu varieties: 1,530,000 (2011 census). 28,500 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 674,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Tharu. Alternate Names: Dangaha, Dangali, Dangauli, Dangora, Dangura, Tharu Autonym: थारु‎ (thaaru) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Tharu, Eastern Tharu
Tharu, Kathariya tkt: Sudur Pashchimanchal province: Kailali district, Bardagoriya, Bhajani, Ghodaghodi, Joshipur, and Kailari municipalities. Users: 106,000 in Nepal (2006). Population for all Tharu varieties: 1,530,000 (2011 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Tharu. Alternate Names: Kathariya, Kathoriya Tharu, Tharu Autonym: थारु‎ (thaaru) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Tharu
Tharu, Mid-Eastern thq: Janakpur province: Mahattari district, Bhangaha municipality; Saptari district, northern municipalities; Sarlahi district, Haripur, Ishworpur, and Lalbandi municipalities; Siraha district, Lahan; Kosi province: Morang district, Belhari, Budhiganga, and Biratnagar municipalities; Sunsari district; Udayapur district, Belaka, Chaudandigadhi, and Triyuga municipalities. Users: 258,000 in Nepal (2003), increasing. Population for all Tharu varieties: 1,530,000 (2011 census). Mostly illiterate older women are monolingual. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Tharu, Dhanuk. Alternate Names: Kochila Tharu, Madhya-Purbiya Tharu Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Tharu, Eastern Tharu
Tharu, Rana thr: Sudur Pashchimanchal province: Kanchanpur district, southern municipalities; Kailali district, Danghadi. Users: 336,000 in Nepal (2006), increasing. Population for all Tharu varieties: 1,530,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 486,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rana Tharu. Alternate Names: Tharu, Tharuwa Autonym: राना थारू‎ (raanaa thaaru) Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Tharu
Thulung tdh: Kosi province: Khotang district, Aineselukhark municipality; Okhaldhunga district, Chisankhugadhi municipality; Solukhumbu district, Dudhkaushika, Dudhkoshi, Nechasalyan, and Solududhakunda municipalities. Users: 22,300 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 20,700 in Nepal (2011 census). Thulung communities also in Bhojpur and Sankhuwasabha districts, scattered in Udayapur, Morang, Panchthar, and Ilam districts. Migrants may not speak Thulung as L1. L2 users: 1,600 (2011 census). A few elderly monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 22,300 (as L1: 20,700; as L2: 1,600). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Tholong Lo, Thulu Luwa, Thululoa, Thulung Jemu, Thulung La, Thulunge Rai, Toaku Lwa Autonym: थुलुडॱ‎ (Thuluḍa) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western
Tibetan bod: Bagmati province: mainly Kathmandu and Pokhara; small refugee communities in the mountain belt (e.g. Solukhumbu, Rasuwa, Manang and Mustang). Users: 5,140 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 4,450 in Nepal (2011 census), increasing. L2 users: 690 (2011 census). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Spoken as a trade language among Bodish groups in Nepal. Alternate Names: Bhotia, Bod Skad, Central Tibetan, Literary Tibetan, Phoke, Poke, Zang Wen Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central
Tichurong tcn: Karnali province: Dolpa district, Kaike municipality, north of Thuli Bheri river. Users: 2,420 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ticherong Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang
Tilung tij: Kosi province: Khotang district, Halesi Tuwachung municipality, along Sunkosi river. Users: 20 (2015 SIL), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Tiling, Tilling, Tilung Blama Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western
Tsum ttz: Gandaki province: north Gorkha district, Nubri Chum municipality, Chekampar (Chokong) village. Users: 4,790 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Siyar. Alternate Names: Tsumba, Tsumge, Tsumke Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang
Urdu urd: Janakpur province: scattered; Kosi province: Jhapa, Morang, and Sunsari districts, southern municipalities; Lumbini province: Banke and Kapilvastu districts, southern municipalities. Users: 737,800 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 692,000 in Nepal (2011 census). L2 users: 45,800 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Hindustani
Walungge ola: Kosi province: Sankhuwasabha district, Makalu municipality, Pawakhola village; Taplejung district, Mikwakhola municipality, Simbuk, and Papung villages; Phaktanglung municipality, Ghunsa, Lungthung, and Olangchung Gola villages; Sirijangha municipality, Yamphudin village. Users: 3,500 in Nepal (2019 SIL), decreasing. Mostly in original area. High language loss among those who have left the language area. Ethnic population: 4,000 (2019 SIL). Total users in all countries: 4,500. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Walung, Thudam, Topkegola. Alternate Names: Halung, Halungge, Olangchung Gola, Waling, Walongchung Gola, Walung, Walungchung Gola, Walunggi Keccya Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Unclassified
Wambule wme: Bagmati province: Sindhuli district, Phikkal municipality; Kosi province: Khotang district, Halesi Tuwachung municipality; Okhaldunga district, Manebhanjyang municipality. Users: 14,370, all users. L1 users: 13,500 (2011 census). L2 users: 870 (2011 census). A few elderly monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Ambule, Caurasia, Chaurasia, Chaurasya, Chourase, Chourasia, Ombule, Radu Yor, Tsaurasya, Umbule, Vambucauras Raduyor, Vambule, Vambule Radu Yor, Vambule Yor Autonym: वाम्बुले‎ (Vāmbule) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western
Wayu vay: Bagmati province: Ramechhap district, Ramechhap municipality, Mudajor and Sukajor villages; Sindhuli district, Golanjor municipality, Manedihi village, along Sunkoshi river. Users: 1,565, all users. L1 users: 1,520 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 45 (2011 census). No monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Hayu. Alternate Names: Bayu, Hayu, Vayu, Wayo Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western
Yakkha ybh: Kosi province: Dhankuta district, Mahalaxmi municipality; Sankhuwasabha district, Chainpur, Dharmadevi, Madi, and Panchakhapan municipalities. Users: 21,090 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 19,600 in Nepal (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 1,490 (2011 census). Very few monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 21,900 (as L1: 20,410; as L2: 1,490). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Yakkha. Alternate Names: Dewansala, Jimi Bhasa, Yakha, Yakkha Ceya, Yakkhaba, Yakkhaba Cea, Yakkhaba Sala, Yakthomba Autonym: याक्खा‎ (Yākkhā) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern
Yakkha, Chhathare luu: Kosi province: Dhankuta district, Mahalaxmi municipality, Chattahara village. Users: 1,200 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lumba-Yakkha, Yakkhaba Cea Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern
Yamphu ybi: Kosi province: Sankhuwasabha district, Makalu municipality, Ala, Hedangna, Karmarang, Num, Mangsimma, Peppuwa, Seduwa, Tungkhaling, Uling, Uwa, and Walung villages. Users: 9,540, all users. L1 users: 9,210 (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 330 (2011 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: Yakkhaba Khap, Yamphu Kha, Yamphu Rai, Yangphu, “Yamphe” (pej.) Autonym: याम्फु खाप‎ (Yāmphu khāpa) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern
Yamphu, Southern lrr: Kosi province: Dhankuta district, Chaubise municipality, Bodhe, Mounabudhuk, and Rajarani villages; Sangurigadhi municipality, Bhedetar village; Sankhuwasabha district, Chichila municipality, Devitar and Matsya Pokhari villages. Users: 2,500 (2011 SIL), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Rai. Alternate Names: South Lorung, Southern Lohorung, Southern Lorung, Yamphu, “Yamphe” (pej.) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern

Maps

Central Nepal
Eastern Nepal
Nepal: Index map
Western Nepal

Graphs

Language Vitality Profile
Full explanation
This graph shows the profile of languages in Nepal with respect to their level of language vitality. Each individual language that has an entry for Nepal is included in the profile. The horizontal axis represents the estimated level of vitality. The height of each bar indicates the number of languages that are estimated to be at the given level.
The vitality levels and the color coding of the bars match the scheme used in the guide on How many languages are endangered? In this scheme, the levels and colors are as follows:
- Dark green = Institutional (EGIDS 0-4) — The language has been developed to the point that it is used and sustained by institutions beyond the home and community.
- Light green = Stable (EGIDS 5-6a) — The language is not being sustained by formal institutions, but It is still the norm in the home and community that all children learn and use the language.
- Red = Endangered (EGIDS 6b-9) — It is no longer the norm that children learn and use this language.
These three summary levels have been derived by grouping levels in the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS), which is the more fine-grained scale that Ethnologue uses to assess the status of every language in terms of development versus endangerment; see the Language Status page for a description of the levels of that scale. See also the pages on Development and Endangerment for more discussion.
Language Status Profile
Full explanation
This graph shows the profile of languages in Nepal with respect to their status of language development versus language endangerment. Each individual language that has an entry for Nepal is included in the profile. The horizontal axis represents the estimated level of development or endangerment as measured on the EGIDS scale. (See the pages on Development and Endangerment for a fuller explanation.) The height of each bar indicates the number of languages that are estimated to be at the given level. Consult the Status listings for Nepal in order to see the specific languages for each level.
The color coding of the bars matches the color scheme used in the summary profile graphs on the navigation maps for the site. In this scheme, the EGIDS levels are grouped as follows:
- Purple = Institutional (EGIDS 0-4) — The language has been developed to the point that it is used and sustained by institutions beyond the home and community.
- Blue = Developing (EGIDS 5) — The language is in vigorous use, with literature in a standardized form being used by some though this is not yet widespread or sustainable.
- Green = Vigorous (EGIDS 6a) — The language is unstandardized and in vigorous use among all generations.
- Yellow = In trouble (EGIDS 6b-7) — Intergenerational transmission is in the process of being broken, but the child-bearing generation can still use the language so it is possible that revitalization efforts could restore transmission of the language in the home.
- Red = Dying (EGIDS 8a-9) — The only fluent users (if any) are older than child-bearing age, so it is too late to restore natural intergenerational transmission through the home; a mechanism outside the home would need to be developed.
- Black = Extinct (EGIDS 10) — The language has fallen completely out of use and no one retains a sense of ethnic identity associated with the language.

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Digest of the languages of Nepal ($399.95, 122 page PDF)

Nepal

Summary

Languages

Languages by Status

Maps

Central Nepal

Eastern Nepal

Nepal: Index map

Western Nepal

Graphs

Language Vitality Profile

Language Status Profile

Resources

Contributions

Editorial Action