Peru

Languages

Achuar-Shiwiar acu

Loreto region: Ecuador border, between Morona and Tigre rivers. Users: 4,420 in Peru (2007 census). Majority are monolingual. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Achual, Achuale, Achuar, Achuara, Achuár chícham, Jivaro, Maina Classification: Jivaroan, Jívaro

Aguano aga

Loreto region: lower Huallaga and upper Samiria rivers, right bank tributary of Marañón river. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in the 16th century (Onofrio 1995). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Awano, Santa Crucino, Uguano Classification: Unclassified

Ajyíninka Apurucayali cpc

Huanuco, Pasco, and Ucayali regions: Apurucayali tributary, Pachitea river. Users: 4,000 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ashaninca, Ashéninca Apurucayali, “Apurucayali Campa” (pej.), “Axininka Campa” (pej.), “Campa” (pej.), “Kampa” (pej.) Autonym: Ajyéninka Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga

Amahuaca amc

Madre de Dios and Ucayali regions: scattered on Aguaytía, Curanja, Curiuja, Inuya, Las Piedras, Mapuya, Purus, Sepahua, Upper Ucayali, and Yuruá rivers; Southeast Amazon basin. Users: 300 in Peru (2007 census), decreasing. 20 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 300 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 520. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Amaguaco, Amahuaka, Amajuaca, Amawaka, Ameuhaque, Ipitineri, Ipitnere, Sayaco Autonym: Yora Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State, Amawaka

Amarakaeri amr

Madre de Dios region: Madre de Dios and Colorado rivers. Users: 1,910 (2007 census). Includes Huachipaeri [hug]. Ethnic population: 2,090 (2013 Ministerio de Educación). Includes Huachipaeri [hug]. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Amaracaire, Amarakaire, Arakmbut, Arakmbut Háte, Harakmbut, Haté, Kareneri, Kochimberi, Küpondirideri, Wakitaneri, Wintaperi, “Mashco” (pej.) Autonym: aratbuten hua’a Classification: Harákmbut

Andoa anb

Loreto region: Andoas town on Pastaza river. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker died in 2012. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Andoa-Shimigae, Gae, Gaye, Semigae, Shimigae Autonym: Simikai Classification: Zaparoan, Záparo, Arabela-Andoa

Arabela arl

Loreto region: Arabela river, tributary of the Napo. 2 villages. Users: 50 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 400 (2007 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Chiripuno, Chiripunu, Tapueyocaca, Tapweyokwaka Autonym: Tapueyocuaca Classification: Zaparoan, Záparo, Arabela-Andoa

Asháninka cni

Apurimac, Ayacucho, Cusco, Junin, and Ucayali regions: Apurimac, Ene, Perene, and Tambo rivers and tributaries. Users: 35,200 (2007 SIL). 2007 census lists 63,000, which includes all varieties of Ashaninka and Asheninka. Ethnic population: 35,200 (2007 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ashinanca, Asháninca, “Campa” (pej.), “Kampa” (pej.) Autonym: Asháninka Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa

Ashéninka, Pajonal cjo

Junin, Pasco, and Ucayali regions: central Gran Pajonal area. Users: 12,000 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 12,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Asheninka, Ashéninca, Atsiri, Pajonal, “Campa” (pej.) Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga

Ashéninka, Perené prq

Junin region: upper Perené river. Users: 300 (Mihas 2014). Ethnic population: 5,500 (2001 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Asheninka, Perené Ashéninca, “Perené Campa” (pej.) Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga

Ashéninka, Pichis cpu

Pasco region: Pichis river and tributaries except Apurucayali. Users: 10,700 (2007 census). Includes Ajyninka Apurucayal [cpc]. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Asheninka, Pichis Ashéninca, “Pichis Campa” (pej.) Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga

Ashéninka, South Ucayali cpy

Ucayali region: upper Ucayali river and tributaries. Users: 13,000 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 14,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Asheninka Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga

Ashéninka, Ucayali-Yurúa cpb

Huanuco and Ucayali regions: Arruya, Cohengua, Inuya, Shahuaya, Sheshea rivers, Ucayali river tributaries of Pachitea, Yurúa river. Users: 7,000 in Peru (2001 SIL). Total users in all countries: 7,810. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Asheninka, Ucayali Ashéninca Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga

Atsahuaca atc

Puno province: Carama River. Users: No known L1 speakers. There were still 20 speakers in 1904. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Astahuaca, Atsahuaca-Yamiaca, Atsawaca, Atsawaka, Atsawaka-Yamiaka, Atswawaka Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Unclassified

Aushiri avs

Loreto region: Escuelacocha, Napo river right bank tributaries. Users: No known L1 speakers. One semi-speaker reported on the Napo River in 2008 and another living near Iquitos (Crevels 2012). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: A’éwa, Abijira, Auxira, Awshira, Vacacocha Classification: Language isolate

Awajún agr

Amazonas, Cajamarca, Loreto, and San Martin regions: upper west Marañon river area; Cahuapanas, Mayo, and Potro rivers. Users: 53,400 (2007 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 55,400 (2007 census). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Aents, Aguajún, Aguaruna, Ahuajún, Awajunt Autonym: Awajún Classification: Jivaroan

Awishira ash

Loreto region: Lake Vacacocha, Napo river, Puerto Elvira. Users: No known L1 speakers. Survived into mid 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Abigira, Abiquira, Abishira, Aewa, Agouisiri, Auishiri, Avirxiri, Aʔɨwa, Ixignor, Tekiraka, Tequiraca, Vacacocha Classification: Unclassified

Aymara, Central ayr

Moquegua, Puno, and Tacna regions: Lake Titicaca area. Users: 443,000 in Peru (2007 census). Ethnic population: 443,000 (2007 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Aimara, Aymara Classification: Aymaran, Aymara

Aymara, Southern ayc

Moquegua, Puno, and Tacna regions: Lake Titicaca toward the ocean. Users: 213,000 (2011 J. Leclerc). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Recognized language (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Aymar, Aymar aru Classification: Aymaran, Aymara

Bora boa

Loreto region: Ampiyacu, Putumayo, northeast Yaguasyacu rivers. 5 villages. Users: 750 in Peru (2007 census). Ethnic population: 750 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 1,350. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Booraa, Bora-Miranya, Meamuyna, Miamuna’a, Miranas, Miranya, Miraña, Mïamuna Autonym: Miamunaa Classification: Witotoan, Proto-Bora-Muinane

Cahuarano cah

Loreto region: Maynas province, Nanay river headwaters. Users: No known L1 speakers (2012 SIL). Last speaker died in the late 1980s or early 1990s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Zaparoan, Iquito-Cahuarano

Capanahua kaq

Loreto region: Tapiche-Buncuya rivers area. Users: 100 (Crevels 2012). Some may be in voluntary isolation (2013 Ministry of Education). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 380 (2007 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Capabaquebo, Capanawa, Kapanawa, Nuquencaibo, “Capacho” (pej.) Autonym: Capa Baquebo Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Shipibo

Caquinte cot

Cusco and Junin regions: Picha, Poyeni, and Mayapo rivers, upper Poyeni river, which flows into Tambo Yori and Agueni rivers which become Mipaya river flowing into the Urubamba; a few on Sensa and Vitiricaya rivers, affluents of the Urubamba. Users: 440 (2007 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 440 (2007 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Caquinte Campa, Kakinte, Poyenisati, “Cachomashiri” (pej.) Autonym: Aguenquetsatsare Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Machiguenga

Chamicuro ccc

Loreto region: Pampa Hermosa on Huallaga tributary. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker died in the early 2000s (2018 S. Parker). Ethnic population: 100 (2015 S. Parker). Virtually all inhabitants of Pampa Hermosa are ethnic Chamicuro. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Chamicolo, Chamicura Autonym: Chamekolo Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Western

Chinese zho

Users: 100,000 in Peru. Status: Unestablished.

Cholón cht

Huanuco and San Martin regions: Tingo María to Valle, Huallaga river valley. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 2000 (2000 M. Wise). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Seeptsa, Tinganeses Classification: Cholonan

Culina cul

Ucayali region: near Brazil border, upper Purus and Santa Rosa rivers. Users: 420 in Peru (2007 census), increasing. Primarily monolingual. Ethnic population: 420. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kollina, Kulina, Kulino, Kulyna, Kurina, Madiha, Madija Classification: Arauan

English eng

Users: 15,100 in Peru (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English

Ese Eja ese

Madre de Dios region: Maldonado area on Heath and Tambopata rivers. Users: 590 in Peru (2007 census). Ethnic population: 590 (2007 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ese Ejja, Ese Exa, Ese’ejja, Guarayo, Huarayo, Tambopata-Guarayo, Tiatinagua, “Chama” (pej.) Classification: Tacanan, Chama

Hibito hib

Loreto region: Bobonaje river, Huayabamba tributary entering Huallaga west, Jelache tributary. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker probably survived into the 1970s (Loukotka 1968). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Chibito, Hivito, Ibito, Jibito, Xibita, Xibitoana, Zibito Classification: Cholonan

Huachipaeri hug

Cusco region: Keros and upper Madre de Dios rivers. Users: 310 (2000). Ethnic population: 2,090 (2013 Ministerio de Educación). Includes Amarakaeri [amr]. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Huachipaire, Wachipaeri, Wacipaire, “Mashco” (pej.) Classification: Harákmbut

Iñapari inp

Madre de Dios region: Puerto Maldonado area on Piedras river, mouth of Sabaluyo. Users: 4 (1999 SIL). Ethnic population: 68 (Crevels 2012). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Inamari Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Piro

Iquitu iqu

Loreto region: Atalaya and San Antonio on Chambira, Nanay, and Pintoyacu rivers. Users: 25 (Beier et al 2011), decreasing. 1 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 520 (2007 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Amacacore, Hamacore, Ikito, Ikitu, Iquita, Iquito, Puca-Uma, Quiturran Autonym: Akenóiri Classification: Zaparoan, Iquito-Cahuarano

Isconahua isc

Loreto and Ucayali regions: Callaria river. Users: 82 (2000). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Iscobaquebu, Iskobákebo, Iskonawa Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State, Amawaka

Jaqaru jqr

Lima region: Yauyos province, Cachuy and Tupe villages; into Ica region. Users: 740 (Crevels 2012). 730 Jaqaru and 9 Cauqui (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,000 (2000 W. Adelaar). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Ak’aro, Aru, Hage aru, Haq’aru, Haqaru, Haqearu, Jacaru, Jaq’aru, Tupe Autonym: Jaqaru Classification: Aymaran, Tupe

Jebero jeb

Loreto region: Alto Amazonas province, Jeberos district, between Marañon and Huallaga rivers. Users: 30 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,500 (2000 W. Adelaar). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Chebero, Shiwilu, Xebero, Xihuila Autonym: Shiwilu la’la’ Classification: Cahuapanan

Kakataibo-Kashibo cbr

Huanuco, Loreto, and Ucayali regions: Aguaytía, San Alejandro, and Súngaro rivers. Users: 2,780 (2007 census). Some women over 50 monolingual. Ethnic population: 2,780 (2007 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Aincacatai, Cachibo, Cacibo, Cahivo, Cashibo-Cacataibo, Caxibo, Hagueti, Incauncanibo, Kashibo, Kashibo-Kakataibo, Managua Autonym: Kakataibo-Kashibo Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Cashibo

Kandozi-Chapra cbu

Loreto region: Chapuli, Huitoyacu, Morona, and Pastaza rivers. Users: 3,260 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 3,260 (2007 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Candoshi, Candoshi-Shapra, Candoxi, Kandoshi, Kandozi, Murato Autonym: Kadoazi koko Classification: Language isolate

Kashinawa cbs

Ucayali region: Curanja and Purus rivers. Users: 2,420 in Peru (2007 census). Ethnic population: 2,420 (1999 census). Total users in all countries: 7,420. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Cashinahua, Caxinahua, Caxinawá, Hantxa Kuin, Juni Kuin, Kashinahua, Kaxinawá, Kaxynawa Autonym: Hãtxa Kuī Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State

Kukama-Kukamiria cod

Loreto region: Huallaga, lower Marañon, and northeast lower Ucayali rivers’ area. Users: 250 in Peru (Crevels 2007). Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 11,300 (2007 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Cocama, Cocama-Cocamilla, Huallaga, Kokama, Kokama-Kokamilya, Kukama, Pampadeque, Pandequebo, Ucayali, Xibitaoan Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Cocama

Maijuna ore

Loreto region: Algodón, Putumayo, Sucusari, and Yanayacu rivers. Users: 190 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 300 (Crevels 2012). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Coto, Koto, Mai Ja, Maihuna, Maijɨki, Máíhɨki, Payagua, Tutapi, “Orechon” (pej.), “Oregon” (pej.), “Orejón” (pej.) Autonym: Maijuna Classification: Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan

Mashco Piro cuj

Madre de Dios region: Purús province; Upper Purús area. Users: 200 (Crevels 2012). 60 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Cujareno, Cujareño, Nomole, “Mashco” (pej.) Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Piro, Piro

Matses mcf

Loreto region: lower Yaquerana river and tributaries; lower Yavari on Chobayacu and Gálvez rivers. Users: 5,000 in Peru (2019 Y. Bueno). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2019 Y. Bueno). Total users in all countries: 6,500. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Magirona, Majoruna-Matsés, Majuruna, Matses-Mayoruna, Maxirona, Maxuruna, Mayiruna, Mayoruna, Mayuzuna Autonym: Matses Classification: Panoan, Mayoruna-Matsés

Matsigenka mcb

Cusco, Madre de Dios, and Ucayali regions: Camisea, Kompiroshiato, Picha, Manu, Mishagua, Tigompinia, Timpia, and Urubamba rivers. Users: 21,400 (2019 Ministerio de Cultura). Ethnic population: 21,400 (2019 Ministerio de Cultura). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Machiguenga, Matsiganga, Matsigenga, Matsiguenga, Mañaries, Niagantsi Autonym: Matsigenka Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Machiguenga

Mochica omc

La Libertad and Lambayeque regions: northwestern coast. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker likely died around 1920. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Chimu, Chimú, Mochika, Muchic, Muchik, Yunca, Yunga Classification: Language isolate

Muniche myr

Loreto region: Paranapura river. Users: No known L1 speakers (Michael et al 2013). Three semi-speakers, ages 60–90; 10 remember but not fluent (Michael et al 2013). The last known fluent speaker, Victoria Huancho Icahuate, died in the late 1990s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Munichi, Munichino, Otanabe, Otanave Classification: Language isolate

Nanti cox

Cusco region: headwaters of Camisea and Timpia rivers. Users: 94 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 450 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga

Nocamán nom

Ucayali region: Padre Abad province, Curimana district. Users: No known L1 speakers. Status: Unattested. Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Cashibo

Nomatsigenga not

Junin region: Anapati river system in the foothills, between Ene and Perené rivers. Users: 8,020 (2007 census). 5,500 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 8,020 (2007 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Atiri, Ina’o, Inato, Inthome, Intsome, Nomatsiguenga, “Nomatsiguenga Campa” (pej.) Autonym: Nomatsigenga Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Campa, Ashéninga

Nonuya noj

Loreto region: Maynas province, Putumayo district. Users: No known L1 speakers in Peru. Last known speaker in Peru likely survived until 2010. Ethnic population: 90. Ethnic population covers both Colombia and Peru. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Nononota Classification: Witotoan

Ocaina oca

Loreto region: Ampuyacu, Putumayo, and Yaguasyacu rivers. Users: 50 in Peru (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 100 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 55. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Okaina Autonym: Dyo’xaiya-o-lvo’tsa Classification: Witotoan, Proto-Huitoto-Ocaina

Omagua omg

Loreto region: El Porvenir, Grau, San Joaquín de Omaguas, San Salvador de Omaguas, and other settlements on lower Marañón left bank, near Ucayali river mouth. Users: 2 in Peru (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 630 (2007 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Agua, Anapia, Ariana, Cambeba, Cambeeba, Cambela, Campeba, Canga-Peba, Compeva, Kambeba, Kambéba, Macanipa, Omagua-Yete, Omágua, Pariana, Umaua, Yhuata Classification: Tupian, Tupí-Guaraní, Tupí, Cocama

Omurano omu

Loreto region. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by 1958. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Humurana, Hunurana, Mayna, Numurana, Omurana, Roamaina, Umurano Classification: Language isolate

Panobo pno

Ucayali river mixed with the Shetebo [shp] language group. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 1991. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Huariapano, Manoa, Pana, Pano, Pelado, Wariapano Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Pano

Peruvian Sign Language prl

Scattered. Users: 98,000 (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 65,000–130,000 deaf signers, assuming 0.2%–0.4% of total population. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: LSP, Lengua de Signos Peruana, Lenguaje de señas peruana, Lenguaje de señas peruano Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language

Pisabo pig

Loreto region: in Matsés [mcf] language group territory, between Tapíche and Blanco rivers. Users: 500 (2011 J. Leclerc). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Pisagua, Pisahua Classification: Panoan

Puquina puq

Puno department: Lake Titicaca area. Users: No known L1 speakers in Peru. Last speaker likely died in the 1700s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Pukina Classification: Language isolate

Quechua que

Users: Population total all languages (L1 only): 7,051,840. Status:

Quechua, Ambo-Pasco qva

Huanuco region: Ambo province, Ambo, San Francisco de Mosca, and San Rafael districts; Pasco region: Pasco province, Ticlacayán district. Users: 18,300 (2017 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: San Rafael-Huariaca Quechua Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Ap-am-ah

Quechua, Arequipa-La Unión qxu

Arequipa region: La Unión province, Cotahuasi district, Apurímac department, Antabamba province; Ayacucho and Cusco regions. Users: 18,600 (2000). 10,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 32,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Arequipa Quechua, Cotahuasi Quechua, Quechua de Arequipa, Quechua de La Unión Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Southern Chinchay, Southern Peruvian Quechua

Quechua, Ayacucho quy

Ayacucho and Huancavelica regions; Apurimac, Arequipa, Cusco, Ica, Junin, and Lima regions. Users: 900,000 (2000 SIL), decreasing. 300,000 monolinguals. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Lingua franca in the 16th century after Spanish conquest. Used in bilingual education, literature, textile making, church, and radio and television broadcasts. Alternate Names: Chanca, Chanka Autonym: Chanka runasimi, Runasimi Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Southern Chinchay, Southern Peruvian Quechua

Quechua, Cajamarca qvc

Cajamarca region: Chetilla and Los Baños districts; western dialect: Chetilla district, eastern dialect: Porcón and Cajamarca valley areas; La Libertad region: small area on west bank of Rio Marañon. Users: 5,000 (2017 A. Natarov), based on 2017 census figures. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kichwa Lingwa, Lingwa Autonym: Kichwa Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Yungay, Northern

Quechua, Cajatambo North Lima qvl

Ancash region: Pacllón, La Primavera, and Mangas (south of Llamac, east of Pativilca rivers) districts; Huanuco region; Lima region: Cajatambo, Copa, Huancapón, and northern Manas districts. Users: 7,000 (2000 SIL), decreasing. 2,800 monolinguals. Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Ap-am-ah, Alto Pativilca

Quechua, Chachapoyas quk

Amazonas region: Chachapoyas and Luya provinces. Users: 840 (2017 census). Ethnic population: 5,080 (2017 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Amazonas, Amazonas Quechua Autonym: Llakwash Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay

Quechua, Chaupihuaranga qur

Pasco region: Chacayan, Chinche, Goyllarisquizqa, Paucar, San Pedro de Pillao, Tapoc, Villcabamba, and Yanahuanca districts; sparsely populated high country, more densely populated valleys. Users: 11,000 (2017 census), decreasing. 8,000 for Chaupihuaranga proper, 3,000 for Checras (2022 A. Natarov). Ethnic population: 13,100 (2017 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Yanahuanca Pasco Quechua, Yaru Quechua Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Wankay

Quechua, Chincha qxc

Huancavelica region: northwest Castrovirreyna province; Ica region: northeast Chincha province; Lima region: southeast Yauyos province. Users: 3,000 (2017), based on 2017 census reports. Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Wankay

Quechua, Chiquián qxa

Ancash region: Bolognesi province, Chiquián district, western Bolognesi west of Pativilca river and north of Llamac river; east Ocros, Corpanqui valley border. Western Ocros may be included, but the dialect is a bit different. Users: 4,820 (2017 census), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Ancash Quechua, Chiquián Ancash Quechua Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Ap-am-ah, Alto Pativilca

Quechua, Corongo Ancash qwa

Ancash region: Corongo province, Aco, Corongo, Cusca, La Pampa, and Yanac districts. Most in Aco and Cusca. Users: 2,500 (2017 census), decreasing, including 1,740 speakers living outside the language area (based on 2017 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Corongo Quechua, Quechua de Corongo Autonym: Llaqwash Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Waylay

Quechua, Cusco quz

Apurimac, Arequipa, Cusco, Moquegua, Madre de Dios, and Puno regions. Users: 1,500,000 (1989 UBS). Total Quechua in Peru 3,500,000–4,400,000 including Quechua I 750,000, Quechua II 2,680,000 (2000 W. Adelaar). 300,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,500,000. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Lingua franca of the Andes at the time of the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. Used in everyday communication, traditional Andean music, bilingual education, the arts, church, health services, agriculture, and animal husbandry. Alternate Names: Cuzco, Cuzco Quechua, Qheswa, Qheswasimi, Quechua Cusco, Quechua Qosqo-Qollaw, Quechua de Cusco-Collao, Qusqu qhichwa simi, Qusqu runasimi Autonym: Runasimi, Runasimi Qusqu Qullaw Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Southern Chinchay, Southern Peruvian Quechua

Quechua, Eastern Apurímac qve

Apurimac region: Abancay, Andahuaylas, Antabamba Ayamaraes, Cotabambas, and Grau provinces; Arequipa region: La Unión province; Ayacucho and Cusco regions. Users: 200,000 (2002 SIL). 80,000 monolinguals. 30% in towns, 60%–70% in remote areas, especially at high altitudes. Ethnic population: 200,000. Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Apurímac Quechua, Quechua del Este de Apurímac Autonym: Quechua Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Southern Chinchay, Southern Peruvian Quechua

Quechua, Huallaga qub

Huanuco region: Huánuco province, Churubamba and Santa Maria del Valle districts. Users: 23,900 (2017 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Alto Huallaga, Huallaga Huánuco Quechua, Quechua Huallaguino, Quechua de Huánuco, Quechua de Llacón, Quechua de Matihuaca Autonym: Runa shimi Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Ap-am-ah

Quechua, Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco qvh

Huanuco region: Dos de Mayo province, Chuquis, Marias, Quivilla, Pachas, Ripán, Shunqui, Sillapata, and Yanas districts; Huamalíes province, Arancay, Chavín de Pariarca, Jacas Grande, Jircán, Llata, Miraflores, Punchao, Puños, Singa, and Tantamayo districts. Users: 44,900 (2017 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Ap-am-ah, Alto Marañón

Quechua, Huaylas Ancash qwh

Ancash region: Caraz, Carhuaz, and Huaraz provinces; Callejón de Huaylas. Users: 173,000 (2017 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Autonym: Anqas Qichwa, Qichwa Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Waylay

Quechua, Huaylla Wanca qvw

Junin region: Concepción and Huancayo provinces; some in Huancavelica and Lima regions. Users: 250,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Huanca Huaylla Quechua, Quechua Huanca, Quechua Wanca, Quechua Wanka, Southern Huancayo Quechua, Wanca, Wanka Quechua Autonym: Kichwa, Wanca Nunashimi Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Wankay

Quechua, Jauja Wanca qxw

Junin region: Jauja province; small area; Lima region. Users: 5,000 (2017 A. Natarov), based on 2017 census. Ethnic population: 77,700 (2000). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Huanca Jauja Quechua, Quechua shausha huanca, Shausha Wanka Quechua Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Wankay

Quechua, Lambayeque quf

Lambayeque region: Inkawasi, Kañaris, and Miracosta districts; Penachí and Santa Lucía communities; Cajamarca and Piura. Users: 30,000 (2017 A. Natarov), based on 2017 census figures. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ferreñafe, Inkawasi-Kañaris Runashimi, Quechua Inkawasi-Kañaris, Quechua de Lambayeque, Quechua of Incahuasi-Cañaris Autonym: Linwaras Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Yungay, Northern

Quechua, Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha qvm

Huanuco region: Ambo province, Cayna and Colpas districts; Huánuco province, Margos, Quisqui (Kichki), San Pedro de Chaulán, Yacus, and Yarumayo districts; Lauricocha province, San Francisco de Asis and San Miguel de Cauri districts; Yarowilca province, Aparicio Pomares (Chupán), Cáhuac, Chacabamba, Chavinillo, Choras, Jacas Chico, Obas, and Pampamarca districts. Users: 32,100 (2017 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dos de Mayo Quechua, Ketchwa, Quechua Margos, Quechua de Margos, Quechua de Margos-Cauri-Chavinillo Huanuco Autonym: Quechua Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Ap-am-ah, Alto Marañón

Quechua, North Junín qvn

Junin region: Carhuamayo, Junín, Ondores, and San Pedro de Cajas districts; Lima and Pasco regions. Users: 15,000 (2017 A. Natarov), based on 2017 census figures. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Junín Quechua, Quechua del Norte de Junín, Tarma Quechua, Tarma-Junín Quechua Autonym: Quechua Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Wankay

Quechua, Northern Conchucos Ancash qxn

Ancash region: Pomabamba to San Luis; northwest Huánuco department, Huarcrachuco; possibly north Marañon area. Users: 122,000 (2021 SIL), including 61,000 speakers living outside the language area (based on 2017 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Conchucos Quechua, Northern Conchucos Quechua, Quechua de Ancash, Quechua de Pomabamba (Ancash), Quechua del Norte del Callejon de Conchucos Autonym: Quechua Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Waylay, Conchucos

Quechua, Pacaraos qvp

Lima region: Pacaraos village. Users: 130 (2017 census). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2017 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua

Quechua, Panao qxh

Huanuco region: Pachitea province, Molino, Panao and Umari districts. Users: 28,900 (2017 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Pachitea Quechua, Panao runacuna, Quechua de Pachitea Autonym: Panao Quechua, Runa shimi Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Ap-am-ah

Quechua, Puno qxp

Arequipa and Cusco regions: small areas; Moquegua region: highland area; Puno region. Users: 500,000. 100,000 monolinguals (2002). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Colla Quechua, Qhishwa simi, Quechua Qollaw, Quechua of Collao Autonym: Qhichwa simi Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Southern Chinchay, Southern Peruvian Quechua

Quechua, San Martín qvs

Amazonas region: Roderigo de Menedez province; Loreto region: one enclave; San Martin region: Lamas, Sisa and other districts, and along Ucayali river. Users: 15,000 (2000 SIL), decreasing. 2,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 44,000 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kechwa de San Martin, Lama, Lamano, Lamas Kichwa, Lamas Quechua, Lamista, Lamisto, Llakwash, Llakwash Quechua, Llakwash Runashimi, Motilón, Ucayali Autonym: Kechwa, San Martin Kechwa Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay

Quechua, Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco qxt

Huanuco and Pasco regions. Users: 4,660 (2017 census). Ethnic population: 9,150 (2017 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Wankay

Quechua, Sihuas Ancash qws

Ancash region: Sihuas province, districts west of Sihuas river; Alfonso Huayllabamba, Sihuas, and west Ragash north of Rupac river, south Quiches, and Ugarte. Users: 7,120 (2021 SIL), including 3,560 speakers living outside the language area (based on 2017 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Quechua de Sihuas Autonym: Quechua Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Waylay

Quechua, Southern Conchucos qxo

Ancash region: Chavín, Llamellín, and San Luis; Huanuco region: Huacaybamba, Huacrachuco, Pinra and San Buenaventura districts; Marañon province: south. Users: 161,000 (2021 SIL), including 80,000 speakers living outside the language area (based on 2017 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Conchucos Quechua, Quechua de Conchucos, Quechua del Callejón de Huaylas, Quechua del sur de Conchucos, Quechwa, South Conchucos Quechua, Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua Autonym: Quechua Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Waylay, Conchucos

Quechua, Southern Pastaza qup

Loreto region: Anatico lake, Huasaga, Ñucuray, and Pastaza rivers; Manchari town. Users: 1,550 (2000). 310 monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Inga, Quechua del Pastaza Autonym: Inka Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay

Quechua, Yauyos qux

Huancavelica region: northeast Castrovirreyna province; Ica region: north Chincha province; Lima region: Yauyos province. Users: 600 (2017), based on 2017 census figures. Ethnic population: 1,810 (2017), based on 2017 census figures. Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Quechuan, Central Quechua, Wankay

Quichua, Napo qvo

Loreto region: Napo river area, communities on the Putumayo; Madre de Dios region: small enclave east. Users: 10,000 in Peru (2009). Total users in all countries: 24,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kicho, Kichua, Lowland Napo Quichua, Napo, Napo Kichua, Napo Kichwa, Napo Lowland Quechua, Napo Lowland Quichua, Santa Rosa Quechua, Santarrosino, Yumbo Autonym: Napo Kichwa shimi Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay

Quichua, Northern Pastaza qvz

Loreto region: Alamos, Tigre river. Users: 2,000 in Peru. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Alama, Bobonaza, Tigre Quechua Classification: Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay, Northern Chinchay

Remo rem

Ucayali regon: between Tapiche and Calleria rivers. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers may have survived into the 1960s (Olson 1991). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Môa Remo, Nucuini, Rheno Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Shipibo

Resígaro rgr

Loreto region: Bora and Ocaina villages. Users: 1 (2017). Ethnic population: 37 (2007 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Resígero Classification: Maipurean, Northern, Upper Amazon

Secoya sey

Loreto region: Boca de Angusilla and Santa Marta, a small river off Napo river near Ecuador border. Users: 920 in Peru (2007 census). Ethnic population: 920 (2007 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aido Pãi, Encabellao, Pãi kokua Classification: Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan, Macaguaje

Sensi sni

Ucayali region: Ucayali river right bank. Users: No known L1 speakers. Survived into mid 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Mananahua, Senti, Tenti Classification: Panoan

Sharanahua mcd

Madre de Dios and Ucayali regions: upper Purús river area. Users: 490 in Peru (2007 census). 300 Mastanahua (2000 SIL). 320 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 490 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 499. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Sharanawa Autonym: Sharanahuan tsain Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State

Shawi cbt

Loreto and San Martin regions: Cahuapanas, Paranapura, Shanusi, and Sillay rivers. Users: 14,000 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 21,400 (Crevels 2012). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Balsapuertino, Cahuapa, Cahuapana, Campo Piyapi, Chahui, Chawi, Chayabita, Chayahuita, Chayawita, Chayhuita, Paranapura, Shayabit, Tsaawí, Tshaahui Autonym: Shahui Classification: Cahuapanan

Shipibo-Conibo shp

Huanuco, Loreto, and Ucayali regions: Painaco, Pisqui opposite Contamana, Requena, and Sur Bolognesi; northeast middle Ucayali river area. Users: 22,500 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 22,500 (2007 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Caliseca, Chama, Manamabobo, Manava, Shipibo-Konibo, Sinabo, Xipibo Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Shipibo

Sivia Sign Language lsv

Ayacucho region: Llochegua and Sivia. Users: 62, all users. L1 users: 12 (2018 B. Clark). L2 users: 50 (2018 B. Clark). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: LSSiv, Lengua de señas de Sivia Classification: Sign language, Shared sign language

Spanish spa

Users: 32,450,000 in Peru, all users. L1 users: 28,100,000 in Peru (Instituto Cervantes 2019). L2 users: 4,350,000 (Instituto Cervantes 2019). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1993, Constitution, Article 48). Alternate Names: Castellano, Español Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian

Spanish, Charapa spq

Loreto and Ucayali regions. Users: 2,700 (2011 J. Leclerc). Some monolinguals. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Amazonic Spanish, Castellano Sharapa, Jungle Spanish, Loreto-Ucayali Spanish Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian

Taushiro trr

Loreto region: Aucayacu river and tributary. Users: 1 (2017 N. Casey). Ethnic population: 5 (2017). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Pinche, Pinchi Classification: Language isolate

Ticuna tca

Loreto region: Chimbote to San Antonio do Iça in Brazil; northeast Amazon river area. Users: 6,980 in Peru (2007 census). Ethnic population: 6,980 (2007 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Duuxugu, Ticunaga, Tikuna, Tukuna Classification: Language isolate

Urarina ura

Loreto region: Urarinas district, Chambira, Pucayacu, and Urituyacu rivers. Users: 4,850 (2007 census). Women are monolingual. Ethnic population: 4,850 (2007 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Cimarrón, Itucale, Itucali, Itukale, Kacha Edze, Kacha Ere, Oroarina, Shimacu, Simacu Autonym: Oruarinya Classification: Language isolate

Wampís hub

Amazonas and Loreto regions: high jungle of the Andes along Morona and Santiago rivers. Users: 10,200 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 10,200 (2007 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Huambisa, Huambiza, Wambisa Autonym: Wampís Classification: Jivaroan, Jívaro

Witoto, Muinani hux

Loreto region. Users: 50 in Peru (2017 K. Wojtylak). 1,130 Huitoto in Peru (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 110 (Griffiths et al 2001). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Huitoto, Huitoto Muinane, Muinane, Muinane Huitoto, Nipode Witoto, Nüpode Huitoto Classification: Witotoan, Proto-Huitoto-Ocaina, Early Huitoto

Witoto, Murui huu

Loreto region: Ampiyacu, Napo, and Putumayo rivers; between Iquitos, Peru and Leticia, Colombia. Users: 400 in Peru (2008), decreasing. 1,130 Huitoto in Peru (Crevels 2007). Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,100 (2008). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bue, Huitoto, Huitoto Murai, Murui, Murui Huitoto, Witoto Classification: Witotoan, Proto-Huitoto-Ocaina, Early Huitoto, Proto-Minica-Murai

Yagua yad

Loreto region: Iquitos to Brazil border; northeast Amazon river area. Users: 5,000 in Peru (2016 T. Payne). No monolinguals (2016). Ethnic population: 5,680 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 5,300. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Llagua, Nijyamii, Nijyamïï Nikyejaada, Yahua, Yava, Yegua Autonym: Nijya̱mi̱ Niquejada Classification: Yaguan

Yameo yme

Loreto region: Amazon and Marañon rivers from mouth of Tigre river to Nanay river. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by the 1960s (Peña 2009). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Camuchivo, Lllameo, Masamae, Masamae Yameo, Mazan, Parara, Yaméo Classification: Yaguan

Yaminahua yaa

Madre de Dios and Ucayali regions; Mapuya, and Mishagua, and Yuruá. Users: 600 in Peru (2007 census). Ethnic population: 600 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 1,951. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Yamanawa, Yuminahua Autonym: Yaminawá Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Tri-State

Yanesha’ ame

Junin region: headwaters of Pachitea and Perené rivers; Pasco region: central and east. Users: 7,520 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 7,520 (2007 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Amagues, Amagé, Amajé, Amajó, Amoishe, Amueixa, Amuese, Amuesha, Amueshua, Amuetamo, Lorenzo, Omagé, Yanešač̣ Autonym: Yaneshac̈h Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Western

Yine pib

Cusco, Junin, and Ucayali regions; Conatmana and Pucallpa, Ucayali river, east central Urubamba river area. Users: 3,260 (2007 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 3,260 (2007 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Apurinã, Chichineri, Chontaquiro, Contaquiro, Pira, Simiranch, Tokanï, Yineri tokani, Yinerï, “Piro” (pej.), “Pirro” (pej.), “Simirinche” (pej.) Autonym: Yine, Yineru tokanu Classification: Maipurean, Southern, Southern Outlier, Piro, Piro

Yora mts

Cusco and Ucayali regions: Sepahua on Urubamba river, Serjali on upper Mishagua; Madre de Dios region: Manu national park, on lower Cashpajali, upper Manu, and Panagua rivers. Users: 450 (Crevels 2012). Possibly another 400 uncontacted speakers on the Upper Piedras River (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 450 (Crevels 2012). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Manu Park Panoan, Nahua, Parquenahua, Yoranahua, Yura, Yurahahua Classification: Panoan, Mainline, Unclassified