Chad

Languages

Amdang amj

Batha region: Batha Est department, Haraze Djombo Kibit and Oum Hadjer subprefectures; Ouaddaï region; Wadi Fira region: Biltine department, Biltine subprefecture, Mimi Goz and Mimi Hadjer cantons. Users: 41,100 (2000). Population lower in Wadi Fira (home region) than in Batha and Ouaddaï regions. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Andang, Andangti, Biltine, Mima, Mime, Mimi, Mututu, Simi Amdangtii Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Fur

Arabic, Chadian Spoken shu

Widespread, center and south. Users: 1,640,000 in Chad (2019), increasing. Total users in all countries: 2,062,120 (as L1: 1,992,120; as L2: 70,000). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Derived from a variety of Arabic used in Sudan; used by 11 groups as a primary language. Became a langage of wider communication at the start of the 20th century under French colonial period. Used in trade, religion, literature, music, and folklore. Alternate Names: Arabe Choa, Chad Arabic, Chadian Arabic, Chowa, L’arabe du Tchad, Shua, Shua Arabic, Shuwa, Shuwa Arabic, Suwa, Western Sudanic Arabic Autonym: العربية‎ (alearabia), العربية التشادية‎ (alearabiat alttshadia) Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Arabic, Standard arb

Users: 615,000 in Chad (2014 SIL), all users. Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 9). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic

Assangori sjg

Ouaddaï region: Assoungha department, northwest of Adré. Users: 23,500 (1993 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Asong, Assoungor, Asungore, Azanguri, Bognak-Asungorung, Goran, Madungore, Soungor, Sungor Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Tama, Tama-Sungor

Bagirmi bmi

Chari-Baguirmi region: Massenya subprefecture, Massenya area, Bousso subprefecture, Bousso area; Mayo-Kebbi Est and Moyen-Chari regions. West of Massenya and along Chari river between Guélendeng and N’Djamena (Bangri dialect); Chari river from Bousso to Guélendeng (Dam dialect); Massenya (Gol dialect); east of Massenya (Kibar dialect). Users: 44,800 in Chad (1993 census). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Originated in 1522 in the region southeast of Lake Chad. Used in slave trade in 17th century. Used in commerce, craft, and export. Alternate Names: Baghirmi, Bagrimma, Baguirme, Baguirmi, Lis, Lisi, Mbarma, Tar Bagrimma, Tar Barma Autonym: Barma Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi

Barein bva

Guéra region: Bahr Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, west (Jalkia dialect), south, southwest (Komi dialect), and east of Melfi (Sakaya dialect). Users: 4,100 (1993 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Baraïn Autonym: Barayin Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.3

Bedjond bjv

Logone Oriental region: east central; Mandoul region: Mandoul Occidental department, Bediondo area. Users: 36,000 (Caprile and Fedry 1969). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bediondo, Bediondo Mbai, Bedjondo, Bédjonde, Mbay Bediondo, Mbay Bejondo Autonym: Bedjond, Nangnda Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper

Berakou bxv

Chari-Baguirmi region: Bokoro and N’Djamena subprefectures. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the late 1990s (1995 D. Djarangar). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Babalia, Bubalia Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi

Besme bes

Tandjilé region: Kélo and Laï subprefectures, Besmé, Bodor, and 3 other villages along Logone river northwest of Lai. Users: 1,230 (1993 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: ’Unar, Beseme, Besemme, Bodor, Hounar, Huner Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Kim

Bidiyo bid

Guéra region: Guéra department, Mongo subprefecture, south of Mongo and west of Abou Telfane. Users: 14,000 (Jungraithmayr 1981). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: ’Bidio, ’Bidiyo, Bidio, Bidiyo-Waana, Bidyo Autonym: Bidiya Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1

Birgit btf

Salamat region: Aboudéïa and Barh-Azoum departments; Sila region: Djourf al Ahmar department, centered in Abgué; south Batha region. Users: 10,400 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bergit, Berguid, Birgid Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 2

Bolgo bvo

Guéra region: Bahr Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, southeast of Melfi. Users: 1,800 (1993 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua

Bon Gula glc

Guéra region: Bahr Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, Bon and Ibir villages; Salamat region: west border area. Users: 1,200 (1997 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bon, Bon Goula, Bun, Gula Guera, Poun, Taataal Autonym: Êêni Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua

Boor bvf

Moyen-Chari region: Barh Kôh department, Sarh subprefecture, Dumraw (Bwara) village on Chari river north bank. Users: 100 (1999 SIL). Ethnic population: 110 (2013 J. Roberts). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bwara, Damraw Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 2

Bua bub

Guéra region: Barh Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture; Moyen-Chari region: Barh Kôh department, Sarh subprefecture, Korbol area and northeast. Users: 7,710 (1993 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: ’Ba, Boa, Boua, Bwa Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua

Buduma bdm

Hadjer-Lamis region: Lake Chad islands and north shore; Lac region: Mamdi department, Bol subprefecture. Users: 51,600 in Chad (1993 census). Total users in all countries: 54,800. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Boudouma, Yedima, Yedina, Yidana, Yidena Autonym: Yedǝnami Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Buduma

Buso bso

Chari-Baguirmi region: Loug Chari departement, Bousso subprefecture. Users: 40 (Welmers 1971a). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Bousso, Busso, Dam de Bousso Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1

Chadian Sign Language cds

Scattered. Moundou, N’Djamena, and Sarh. Users: 80,000 (2021). Estimated 48,000–96,000 deaf signers, assuming 0.3%–0.6% of overall population. Reported 2,800 deaf signers out of 7,000 total deaf (2008 WFD). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language

Dagba dgk

Moyen-Chari region: Grande Sido department, Maro and Sido subprefectures, Ngokorio, Ntilo, and Sido villages, Jardin quartier in Sarh. Users: 10,000 in Chad (2007 S. Hossack). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper

Daju, Dar Daju djc

Batha region: south border; Guéra region: Guéra department, Mongo subprefecture, Eref and Mongo area. Users: 60,000 (2020 A. Aviles). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dadjo, Dadju, Dajo, Dajou, Daju, Daju Mongo, Daju Oum Hadjer, Saaronge Autonym: Dajiŋge Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Daju, Western Daju

Daju, Dar Sila dau

Salamat region: Barh Azoum department, camps of internally displaced people; Sila region: Goz-Beïda area and east to Sudan border. Users: 63,100 in Chad (2000). Total users in all countries: 70,100. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bokorike, Bokoruge, Dadjo, Dajou, Daju, Dar Sila, Shila, Sila, Sula Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Daju, Western Daju

Dangaléat daa

Possibly Batha region; Guéra region: Guéra department, Bang-bang subprefecture. Barlo, Koubo Adougoul area (Central dialect); Korlongo area (Eastern dialect); Korbo area (Western dialect). Users: 60,000 (2005 SIL), increasing. 45,000 in Dangaléat Canton. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Danal, Dangal, Dangla Autonym: Daŋla Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1

Day dai

Mandoul region: Barh Sara department, Moïssala; Moyen-Chari region: Barh Kôh department, Sarh. Users: 49,900 (1993 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dai Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Day

Dazaga dzg

Barh el Gazel, Batha, Borkou, Ennedi-Ouest, Hadjer-Lamis, Kanem, Lac, Wadi Fira regions. Users: 606,000 in Chad (2019). Total users in all countries: 699,200. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Native to Chad and Niger. Powerful confederation of nomadic peoples from 11th century–19th century. Used in trade and verbal communication. Also language of pastoralists. Alternate Names: Dasa, Daza, Dazza, Gorane, Teda-Daza, Tubu Autonym: Dazaga Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Tebu

Disa dsi

Guéra region: Barh Signaka department, Chinguil subprefecture. Users: 2,370 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi

Fania fni

Guéra region: Barh Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, west of Lake Iro; north of Sarh, Mouraye area, Karo, Malakonjo, Rim, Sengué, and Sisi villages. Users: 1,100 (1997 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Fagnia, Fana, Fanian, Fanya, Fanyan, Kobe, Mana Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua

Fongoro fgr

Sila region: Dar Fongoro area along Sudan border. Users: A few elderly speakers (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Gele, Kole Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi

French fra

Users: 2,268,000 in Chad, all users. L1 users: 18,000 in Chad (2022 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. L2 users: 2,250,000 (Marcoux et al 2022). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 9). Alternate Names: Français Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French

Fulfulde, Adamawa fub

Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Lac Léré department. Users: 271,000 in Chad (2019). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Adamawa Fulani, Biira, Boulbe, Domona, Dzemay, Eastern Fulani, Foulfoulde, Ful, Fula Fulbe, Fulfulde, Nagapelta, Palata, Paldena, Paldida, Pelta Hay, Peul, Peulh, Pladina, Pule, Pullo, Sanyo, Taareyo, Zaakosa, Zemay Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Eastern

Fulfulde, Bagirmi fui

Chari-Baguirmi region: Baguirmi department, Massenya subprefecture; Hadjer-Lamis region: Dababa department, Bokoro subprefecture, between Bokoro and Massenya. Users: 24,000 in Chad. Total users in all countries: 180,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Baghirmi Peul, Bagirmi Fula Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Eastern

Fulfulde, Nigerian fuv

Chari-Baguirmi region: Baguirmi department, Massenya subprefecture; Hadjer-Lamis region: Dagana department, Massakory subprefecture; Kanem region: Kanem department, Rig-Rig subprefecture; possibly Lac region; Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Léré and Pala area. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Fulbe, Fulfulde, Peul Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, East Central

Fur fvr

Sila region. Users: 1,800 in Chad. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: For, Four, Kondjara, Konjara Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Fur

Gabri gab

Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Est department, Lai subprefecture, Darbé and Dormon villages area northwest of Lai. Users: 34,400 (2000). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Gabere, Gaberi, Gabri Darbé-Dormon, Gabri Maja, Ngabre, Southern Gabri Autonym: Maja Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.2, 2

Gadang gdk

Chari-Baguirmi region: Loug Chari department, Bousso subprefecture, between Mogo and Mbarlé; Somrai area. Users: 2,500 (1997 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 2

Gidar gid

Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Lac Léré department, northwest of Léré. At least 25 villages. Users: 11,700 in Chad (1993 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Gidder, Guidar, Kada, “Baynawa” (pej.) Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, C

Gor gqr

Logone Oriental region: La Pendé department, Bodo center area; Mandoul region. Users: 159,000 (2019). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bodo Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper

Goundo goy

Tandjilé region: Kélo and Lai subprefectures, Goundo-Bengli, Goundo-Nangom, and Goundo-Yila villages. Users: 30 (1998). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Kim

Gula glu

Moyen-Chari region: Lac Iro department, Alako and Boum-Kebir subprefectures, southwest of Lake Iro; Guéra region: border area. Users: 10,300 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bayo, Goula, Sara Goula, Sara Gula Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi

Gula Iro glj

Guéra region; Moyen-Chari region: Lac Iro department; Salamat region: Barh Azoum department, Lake Iro, Boum Kabir area. Cheou (Korintal dialect); Boum Kabir, Boum Saher, Karou, Madjok, and Teonen (Pongaal dialect); Badi and Foundouk (Patool dialect); Bouni, Kore, and Masidjanga, (Tiaala dialect); west Salamat region (Tiitaal dialect). Users: 3,500 (1991 SIL). 2,000 Pongaal, 730 Tiaala, 200 Tiitaal, 350 Patool, 170 Korintal. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Goula Iro, Goula d’Iro, Kulaal, Moriil Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua

Gulay gvl

Logone Oriental (1 canton), Mandoul (6 cantons), Tandjilé (1 canton) regions, between Doba, Koumra, and Laï. Users: 163,000 (1993 census). 23,500 Pen in 26 villages (1995 D. Djarangar). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Goulai, Goulaye, Goulei, Gouley, Gulai, Gulei Autonym: Guley Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper

Hausa hau

Widespread in the south. Users: 398,000 in Chad, all users. L1 users: 100,000 in Chad (Gunnemark and Kenrick 1985). L2 users: 298,000 (2019 Joshua Project). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Widespread use as L2 in northern Chad. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.1

Herdé hed

Mayo-Kebbi Est region; Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Mayo-Dallah and Lac Léré departments, Pala and Lamé area. Users: 40,000 (1999 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: He’dé, Ka’do Herdé, Zime, Zime of Pala, “Kado” (pej.) Autonym: Zime Pala Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa

Horo hor

Moyen-Chari region. Users: No known L1 speakers. Probably became extinct in the early 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Hor Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper

Jaya jyy

Guéra region: Guéra department, Bitkine subprefecture. Users: 2,200 (1993 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Yaya Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi

Jonkor Bourmataguil jeu

Guéra region border area; Salamat region: Aboudeia department, west of Abou Deia; centered in Ader-Ader. Users: 1,500 (1993 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Djongor Bourmataguil, Dougne, Karakir Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1

Kaba ksp

Logone Oriental region: La Nya Pendé department, Goré subprefecture, Goré area and southeast. Users: 70,000 in Chad (1993 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kaba de Baibokoum, Kaba de Goré, Kaba de Paoua, Kabba, Western Kaba Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper

Kaba Démé, Sara kwg

Guéra region; Moyen-Chari region: Barh Kôh and Lac Iro departments, Banda, Bobé, Hélibongo, Kemata, and Moussafoyo villages along Chari river. Users: 40,000 in Chad (1993 UBS). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kaba ’Dem, Kaba Demi, Kaba Démé, Sara Kaba Dem, Tà Sàra Autonym: Sara Kaba Ɗem, Ɗem Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper, Sara Kaba

Kaba Naa, Sara kwv

Moyen-Chari region: Lac Iro department, centered in Kyabé. Kyabé subprefecture, Dindjebo and Dindjekono villages (Dunje dialect). Users: 35,000 in Chad (1993 UBS). 5,560 in Bale village, 4,940 in Koskabo, 4,550 in Kyabé. Total users in all countries: 39,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dana, Kaba Na, Kaba Naa, Kaba Nar, Na, Sara Kaba Autonym: Naa, Sara Kaba Naa Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper, Sara Kaba

Kabalai kvf

Tandjilé region: Lai subprefecture, Lai and south on Logone river east bank. Users: 17,900 (1993 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gablai, Kaba-Lai, Kabalay, Kabalaye, Keb-Kaye, Lai, Lay Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.2, 2

Kajakse ckq

Sila region: Djourf-Al-Ahmar department, south and southeast of Am Dam. Users: 10,000 (Bender 1983a). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kadjakse, Kajeske, Kawa Tadimini, Kujarke, Mini Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 2

Kanembu kbl

Barh el Gazel region; Hadjer-Lamis region: Dagana department, Massakory subprefecture; Lac and Kanem regions. Users: 845,000 in Chad (2019). Total users in all countries: 879,800. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Originated in northeast of Lake Chad as a trading Empire from 9th century–19th century. By the end of the 14th century the Kanembu people were forced to move to Bornu on the western edge of Lake Chad where Kanem and Bornu states merged. Was used in North African trading routes and in education of slaves serving in noble homes. Alternate Names: Kaidi-Kanembu, Kanambu, Kanembou Autonym: Kanembu Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Kanuri

Kanuri, Yerwa knc

Chari-Baguirmi, Hadjer-Lamis, Mayo-Kebbi Est regions. Users: 191,000 in Chad (2019). 34,500 in Chari-Baguirmi and 23,300 in N’Djamena. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Aga, Bornouan, Bornouans, Bornu, Central Kanuri, Kanouri, Kanoury, Kanuri, Kole, Kolere, Sirata, “Baribari” (pej.), “Beriberi” (pej.) Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Kanuri

Karang kzr

Logone Oriental region: Monts de Lam department, Baibokoum subprefecture, Lawtiko I, Lawtiko II, Loumbogo, Sarkaluki, and 2 Sakpu villages northwest of Baïbokoum. Users: 1,000 in Chad (1995 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Eastern Mbum, Karaŋ, Kareng, Laka, Lakka, Lakka Mbum, Mbum Bakal, Nzak karaŋ, Nzák Kàráng Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Karang

Karanga kth

Batha region; Ouaddaï region: Ouara department; Sila region: Djourf-Al-Ahmar department, Am Dam area to Abéché. Sila region: Djourf-Al-Ahmar department, southwest of Am Dam (Bakha dialect); northeast of Am Dam (Karanga and Koniéré dialects); Ouaddaï region: Ouara department, south of Abéché and north of Karanga dialect area (Kashmere dialect). Users: 10,000 (1999 SIL). 4,700 Karanga and 1,420 Bakha. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Karango, Kurunga Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban

Kendeje klf

Ouaddaï region: Assoungha and Ouara departments, rural Abéché and Adré subprefectures, northwest of Hadjer Hadid. Users: 1,860 (2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Kedendje, Kendeye, Kindeje, Yaali Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Kendeje

Kenga kyq

Guéra region: Guéra department, Bitkine subprefecture, Bitkine area, 52 villages, including Bolongo and Bokiyo. Users: 40,000 (1997 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Cenge, Kenge Autonym: Taar Cɛŋɛ Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi

Kera ker

Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mont d’Illi department, near Lake Tikem south of Fianga. Users: 44,500 in Chad (1993 census). Total users in all countries: 50,500. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kere Autonym: Keera Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.3

Kibet kie

Salamat region: Barh-Azoum department; northeast of Am Timan and southwest of Goz Beïda; Sila region. Users: 18,500 (Bender 1983a). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kaben, Kabentang, Kibeet, Kibeit Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Runga-Kibet

Kim kia

Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mayo Boneye department, Djouman, Eré, Kim, and Kolobo villages; Tandjilé region. Users: 15,400 (1993 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Masa Autonym: Garab Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Kim

Kimré kqp

Tandjilé region: Tandjile Est department, east of Laï. Users: 20,000 (2007 A. Oumounabidji). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Gabri-Kimré Autonym: Gawra Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.2, 1

Koke kou

Guéra region: Barh Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, southeast of Melfi, Daguéla, Djourab, and Sengué village areas. Users: 600 (1993 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Khoke, Koké Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua

Kujarge vkj

Sila region: Dar Fongoro, Jebel Mirra area, 7 villages; scattered in Fur and Sinyar in Sudanese villages along Azum and Wadi Salih rivers. Users: 1,000 (Bender 1983b). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Unclassified

Kulfa kxj

Moyen-Chari region: Kyabé subprefecture, centered in Alako and Kirimikoro southwest of Lake Iro; some in Guéra region. Users: 7,110 (1993 census). 4,000 Koulfa, 2,200 Kouroumi, 910 Bara (1993 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kulfe, Kurmi, Kurumi, “Kaba So” (pej.) Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper, Sara Kaba

Kuo xuo

Logone Oriental region: Monts de Lam department, Baibokoum subprefecture. Users: 12,300 in Chad (2011 SIL). Total users in all countries: 20,250. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ko, Koh Autonym: Kúo Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Koh

Kwang kvi

Chari-Baguirmi and Mayo-Kebbi Est regions; Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Est department; north of Lai, east of Bongor, southwest of Bousso. Mobou (Mobou dialect); Mogo (Aloa dialect). Users: 16,800 (1993 census). 10,000 or more Kwang, 2,000 Mobou, 250 Aloa. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kouang, Kuang, Kwong Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.3

Laal gdm

Moyen-Chari region: Barh Kôh department, Gori (center), Damtar, and Mailao villages between Dik and Korbol. Users: 750 (2000). Damtar village had its own dialect called Laabe with 3 speakers left in 1977. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Gori Classification: Language isolate

Lagwan kot

Chari-Baguirmi region: south N’Djamena, Logone-Gana area along Logone river. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kotoko-Logone, Lagouane, Lagwane, Logone Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, South

Laka lap

Logone Occidental region; Logone Oriental region: La Nya Pendé department, Goré subprefecture, Monts de Lam department, Baïbokoum subprefecture; 310 villages. Goré subprefecture, Ngadjibian, Békan, and Timbéri cantons (Mang dialect), Bessao and Pandzangué cantons south of Moundou (Bémour dialect), Ngamadja-Dodang II and Bessao-Oudoumian area (Maïngao dialect), Andoum and Pandzangué cantons, Pan area (Goula dialect), Oudoumian (Paï dialect). Users: 55,100 in Chad (1993 census). Total users in all countries: 57,150. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kabba Laka, Laga, Làgà Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper

Lele lln

Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Ouest department, south of Kélo. Users: 26,000 (1991 UBS). Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Lele Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.2, 1

Lutos ndy

Mandoul region; Moyen-Chari region: Grande Sido department, on Central African Republic border. Users: 1,980 in Chad (1993 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Rito-Lutos Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Vale

Maba mde

Batha region; Ouaddaï region: Djourf-al-Ahmar and Ouara departments; Sila region; Wadi Fira region: Biltine department, Biltine subprefecture; most of Ouara department and villages south of Biltine. Users: 542,000 in Chad (2019), decreasing. Very few monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 567,000. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Originated in the mountainous Wadai region of eastern Chad in the 1800s and across its border with Sudan and Central African Republic. Mainly used within the farming community. Alternate Names: Aulad Djema, Awlad Djema, Bargo, Bergo, Borgho, Borgu, Kana Mabang, Mabaa, Mabak, Mabang, Ouaddai, Ouaddaien, Uled Djemma, Wadai, Waddayen Autonym: Bura Mabang Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Maba

Mabire muj

Guéra region: Bidiyo canton, Mongo-Rural subprefecture, Oulek village. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last fluent speaker may have survived into the early 2010s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1

Majera xmj

Chari-Baguirmi region; Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mayo Lemie department, Dogwea village on Logone river east bank. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Da’a, Mazera, Mida’a, Midah Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Jina

Malgbe mxf

Hadjer-Lamis region: N’Djamena subprefecture, Douguia, Malalie, Oulio (Walia) and other villages on Chari river. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Goulfei, Goulfey, Gulfei, Kotoko-Gulfei, Malbe, Malgwe, Ngwalkwe, Sanbalbe Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, North

Mambai mcs

Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Lac Léré department, Cameroon border west of Léré. Users: 2,000 in Chad (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mambay, Mamgbay, Mamgbei, Manbai, Mangbai, Mangbaï de Biparé, Mangbei, Momboi, Mongbay Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Northern, Tupuri-Mambai

Mango mge

Logone Oriental region: La Pendé department, Bodo subprefecture; Mandoul and Tandjilé regions. Users: 96,000 (2019). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Doba, Mbay Doba, Mongo Autonym: Mangɔ Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper

Mararit mgb

Ouaddaï region: Assoungha department, Mabrone subprefecture, Mararit; Wadi Fira region: Biltine department, Am Zoer subprefecture, Abou Charib. Users: 42,400 (1993 census). 15,400 Mararit, 27,000 Abou Charib. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Abiri, Abiyi, Ebiri, Mararet, Merarit Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Tama, Mararit

Marba mpg

Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Kabbia department, north of Kélo (Léo dialect); Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Ouest department (Marba and Kolon dialects). Users: 271,000 (2019). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Azumeina Autonym: Marba Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa

Marfa mvu

Ouaddaï region: Ouara department, south of Abéché. Users: 5,000 (1999 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Marba Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Maba

Masalit mls

Ouaddaï region: Assoungha department, Adré area; Sila region. Ouaddaï region (Western Masalit dialect). Users: 112,000 in Chad (2019), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kaana Masala, Kana Masaraka, Kanaa Masarak, Kanaa Masaraka, Masale, Masara, Masarak, Masaraka, Massalit, Massolit Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Masalit

Masana mcn

Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mayo-Boneye department, Bongor subprefecture, along Logone river; small group in Chari-Baguirmi region. Users: 239,000 in Chad (2019). Total users in all countries: 342,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Masa, Massa, “Banana” (pej.) Autonym: Massana Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa

Maslam msv

Ville de N’Djamena region: Haraze Al Biar department, Mani subprefecture along Chari river. Miskini and Blabli villages (Maslam dialect); Farcha-Milezi and Ngara-Mandju villages (Sao dialect). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Kotoko-Maltam, Maltam Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, North

Masmaje mes

Batha region: Batha Est department, Oum Hadjer subprefecture, southwest of Oum Hadjer. Users: Ethnic population: 45,000 (2019 IMB). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Masmadje, Mesmedje Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 2

Massalat mdg

Batha region: Batha Est department, Oum Hadjer subprefecture; Sila region: Djourf-Al-Ahmar department, Am Dam subprefecture. Users: 10 (1991 R. Blench). Ethnic population: 29,800 (1993 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Masalit

Mawa mcw

Guéra region: Guéra department, Bitkine subprefecture, Mahoua village area. Users: 6,560 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mahoua, Mahwa Autonym: Maaw Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1

Mbara mpk

Chari-Baguirmi region: Baguirmi department, Massenya subprefecture; Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mayo-Boneye department, Bongor subprefecture; Mayo-Lémié department along Chari river, Guélengdeng area. Users: 1,000 (Tourneux et al 1986). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: G’kelendeg, G’kelendeng, Guelengdeng, Massa de Guelengdeng Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.2

Mbay myb

Mandoul region: Barh Sara department, Moïssala area. Users: 80,000 in Chad (1990 J. Keegan). Total users in all countries: 88,300. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mbai, Mbay Moissala, Mbaye, Moissala Mbai, Sara Mbai Autonym: Mbaï Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper

Mesme zim

Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Ouest department, between Kélo and Pala. Users: 20,100 (1993 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Djime, Djiwe, Zime, Zime of Kélo Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa

Migaama mmy

Guéra region: Guéra department, Mongo subprefecture, Abou Telfane canton, Abu Telfan area. Baro (Migaama dialect); Fityari (Doga dialect); Game and Julkulkili (Gamiya dialect); Mala (Dambiya dialect). Users: 20,000 (2000 W. Chesley). 2,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 23,000 (1991 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dionkor, Djonkor, Dyongor, Jongor, Jonkor, Migama, “Djonkor Abou Telfane” (pej.) Autonym: Migaama Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1

Miltu mlj

Chari-Baguirmi region: Loug Chari department, Bousso subprefecture, Miltou town area; Moyen-Chari region. Users: 270 (1993 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Miltou Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 2

Mogum mou

Guéra region: Barh Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture; Guéra department, Bitkine and Mongo subprefectures. Users: 7,000 (1997 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mogoum Autonym: Mogume Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1

Morom bdo

Guéra region: Guéra department, Bitkine subprefecture; Hadjer-Lamis region: Dababa department, Bokoro and Gama subprefectures. Users: 4,500 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bernde, Tar Murba Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi

Mpade mpi

Hadjer-Lamis region: Haraze Al Biar department, Mani subprefecture, south of Lake Chad; N’Djamena town; Mani area on Logone river, north of N’Djamena. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kotoko-Makari, Makari Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, North

Mser kqx

Chari-Baguirmi and Ville de N’Djamena regions; to Cameroon border. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Klesem, Kotoko-Kuseri, Kousseri, Kuseri Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, South

Mubi mub

Batha region: widespread; Guéra region: Guéra department, Mangalmé subprefecture, 135 villages in Mangalmé area. Users: 35,300 (1993 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Moubi Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 2

Mukulu moz

Guéra region: Guéra department, Bitkine subprefecture, Djarkatché, Doli, Gougué, Morgué, Moukoulou, and Séguine villages below Guera massif. Users: 12,000 (1990 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Diongor Guera, Djonkor Guera, Dyongor Guera, Guerguiko, Jonkor-Gera, Mokoulou, Mokulu Autonym: Gergiko Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.2

Mulgi mvh

Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Est department, Lai subprefecture. Users: 5,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mire Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 1

Mundang mua

Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mont d’Illi department, Léré area, Fianga; Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Lac Léré and Mayo-Dallah departments, Léré and Pala. Users: 351,000 in Chad (2019). Total users in all countries: 395,700. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Moundan, Moundang, Nda Autonym: záá múndàŋ Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Northern, Tupuri-Mambai

Musey mse

Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Kabbia and Mont d’Illi departments, Fianga, Gounou Gaya; Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: small border enclave; Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Ouest department, Kélo. Users: 383,000 in Chad (2019). Total users in all countries: 433,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bananna, Bananna Ho Ho, Mosi, Moussei, Moussey, Musei, Mussoi, Mussoy Autonym: Museyna Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa

Musgu mug

Chari-Baguirmi region: small area, Chari river east bank; Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mayo-Boneye department, Bongor subprefecture; Ville de N’Djamena: between Chari and Logone rivers. Users: 24,400 in Chad (1993 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mouloui, Mousgou, Mousgoum, Mousgoun, Mulwi, Munjuk, Musgum, Musuk Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.2

Muskum mje

Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mayo-Boneye and Mayo-Lemie departments, Bongor subprefecture. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker survived into the late 1970s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Muzgum Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.2

Naba mne

Barh el Gazel region: southeast; Batha region: Batha Est department, Ati subprefecture, Batha Ouest department, Oum Hadjer subprefecture; Lake Fitri area east to Ati (Bilala dialect); Bokoro subprefecture, Moïto to Bokoro, and Ati to Oum Hadjer (Kuka dialect); southwest of Ati (Medogo dialect). Users: 510,000 (2019). Status: 5* (Developing). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi

Nancere nnc

Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Ouest department, Béré, Delban, and Kélo subprefectures. Users: 144,000 (2019), increasing. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Nanchere, Nangcere, Nangtchere, Nanjeri, Nantcere Autonym: Nangjere Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.2, 1

Ndam ndm

South Chari-Baguirmi, north Mandoul, and northwest Moyen-Chari regions; Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Est department, Lai subprefecture, northeast of Lai, and southeast of Bousso d’Béré. Users: 6,500 (1990 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dam, Ndamm Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 1

Ngam nmc

Mandoul region: Barh Sara department, Dembo subprefecture, Maro area; Moyen-Chari region: Grande Sido department, Maro. Nara in Djéké canton (Kle dialect); Djéké canton (Kon Ngam dialect); Barh Kôh department, Maro canton and Moussafoyo subprefecture (Ngam Tel dialect); Maro, Moyo, and Danamadji (Ngam Tira dialect). Users: 43,700 in Chad (1993 census). Total users in all countries: 61,400. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ngahm, Ngama, Ngamh, Ngàm̄, Sarngam Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper

Ngambay sba

Logone Occidental region; Logone Oriental region: Lanya department, Bébedjia; La Nya Pendé department, Goré subprefecture; Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Mayo-Dallah department; Mayo-Kebbi Est and Tandjilé regions; centered in Moundou area. Users: 1,320,000 in Chad (2013 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 1,377,000. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Spoken widely in Chad and some in Cameroon. In the 17th century used as slave trade language and in agriculture. Alternate Names: Gamba, Gambaye, Gamblai, Ngambai, Sara Ngambai, Sara-Ngambay Autonym: Ngambay Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper

Ngete nnn

Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Mayo-Dallah department, Ngeté village area east of Pala; south Mayo-Kebbi Est region. Users: 10,000 (1991 UBS). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ka’do Ngueté, Nge’dé, Nguetté, Ngueté, Zime Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa

Niellim nie

Moyen-Chari region: Barh Kôh department, Niellim town area, Chari river southwest bank. Niou on the northeast bank (Niou dialect). Users: 5,160 (1993 census). 1,000 in Sarh city; 400 in Niou dialect. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Lua, Lwaà, Mjillem, Nielim, Nyilem Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua

Noy noy

Users: 36 (1993 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Loo Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua

Nzakambay nzy

Logone Oriental region: Monts de Lam department, Baïbokoum subprefecture on Cameroon border near Baïbokoum. Monts de Lam area (Zoli dialect). Users: 18,500 in Chad (2000). Total users in all countries: 31,500. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mboum, Mbum, Mbum Nzakambay, Njakambai, Nzak Mbai, Nzaka Mbay, Nzakmbay Autonym: Nzakambay Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Karang

Pana pnz

Logone Oriental region: Diahoke and Giriwon villages (Gonge dialect); Makele village (Pana dialect). Users: 1,000 in Chad (1999 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Pani Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Karang

Pévé lme

Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Lamé is center. Users: 30,000 in Chad (1999 SIL). Total users in all countries: 35,720. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Lamé, Peve, Zime, “Ka’do Pevé” (pej.), “Kado” (pej.) Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa

Runga rou

Ouaddaï region; Salamat region: Haraze-Mangueigne department; Sila region. Users: 21,500 in Chad (1993 census), decreasing. Total users in all countries: 43,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aiki, Ayki, Aykindang, Rounga, Roungo Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Runga-Kibet

Saba saa

Guéra region: Bahr Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, northeast of Melfi. Users: 1,340 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jelkung, Saba Sorki Autonym: Saɓɓoŋ Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.3

Sango sag

Widespread in southern Chad. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Sangho Classification: Creole, Ngbandi based

Sar mwm

Mandoul and Moyen-Chari regions: Balimba, Bédaya, Bessada, Djoli, Koumogo, Koumra, Matékaga, and Sarh cantons. Users: 183,000 (1993 census). 74,700 Madjingay (1964), 16,300 No (1964), 32,000 Nar (1977). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Language of wider communication since French colonial time around 1870. Used in agriculture, communication, radio network, and religion. Alternate Names: Sara, Sara Madjingay, Sàᶉ̄ Autonym: tà Sàᶉ̄ Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper

Sarua swy

Chari-Baguirmi region: Loug Chari department, Bousso subprefecture, between Bousso and Miltou along Chari river. Users: 2,000 (1997 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Saroua, Sarwa Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 2

Sinyar sys

Ouaddaï region; Sila region: near confluence of Azum, Kaja, and Salih rivers. Users: 12,300 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Shamya, Shamyan, Shemya, Sinya, Symiarta, Taar Shamyan, Zimirra Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sinyar

Sokoro sok

Guéra region: Bahr Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, Badanga to Gogmi; Hadjer-Lamis region: southeast. Users: 5,000 (1994 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Soŋoroŋ Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.3

Soumraye sor

Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Est department, Lai subprefecture northeast of Lai, Domogou is center. Users: 7,410 (1993 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Chibne, Chibné, Shibne, Sibine, Somrai, Somray, Somre, Somrei, Soumrai, Soumray, Sounrai, Sumrai Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 1

Surbakhal sbj

Ouaddaï region: Assoungha department, Adré subprefecture, between Alacha and Hadjer Hadid. Users: 7,890 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sourbakhal Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Surbakhal

Tama tma

Wadi Fira region: Dar Tama department, Guéréda area; some in Ouaddaï region. Users: 62,900 in Chad (1993 census). Total users in all countries: 289,900. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Miisiirii, Tamok, Tamongobo, Tamot Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Tama, Tama-Sungor

Tamki tax

Guéra region: Bahr Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, Tamki village. Users: 500 (1999 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Temki Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.3

Tedaga tuq

Borkou, Ennedi-Ouest, and Kanem regions; Tibesti region: Bardai area; all in far north desert. Users: 28,500 in Chad (1993 census). Total users in all countries: 59,590. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tebou, Tebu, Teda, Teda-Daza, Tibbu, Toda, Todaga, Todga, Toubou, Tubu, Tuda Autonym: Tudaga Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Tebu

Tobanga tng

Mayo-Kebbi Est region: west; Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Est department, Deressia subprefecture. Users: 30,000 (1999 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gabri, Gabri-Nord, Gabri-North, Northern Gabri Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.2, 2

Toram trj

Salamat region: Aboudeïa department, in and west of Ter. Users: 8,460 (2000). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Torom, Torum Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 2

Tumak tmc

Mandoul region: Mandoul Oriental department, Gouindi subprefecture; northwest Moyen-Chari and east Tandjilé regions. Users: 25,200 (1993 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bə̀g ɗə təmàgə́ə̀n, Dije, Sara Toumak, Toumak, Tumac, Tumag, Tummok Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 1

Tunia tug

Moyen-Chari region: Barh Kôh department, Sarh and 3 small villages north. Users: 2,260 (1993 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tounia, Tun, Tunya Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua

Tupuri tui

Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mont d’Illi department, Fianga area. Users: 191,000 in Chad (2019). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ndore, Toubouri, Toupouri, Tuburi Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Northern, Tupuri-Mambai

Ubi ubi

Guéra region: Guéra department, Mongo subprefecture, Oubi village area. Users: 1,100 (1995 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Oubi Autonym: Ubu Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1

Zaghawa zag

Ennedi-Est and Ennedi-Ouest regions; Wadi Fira region: Kobé department, Iriba, Matadjana, and Tiné Djagaraba subprefectures. Users: 159,000 in Chad (2019). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Beri, Beri-Aa, Beria, Berri, Kebadi, Kuyuk, Merida, Soghaua, Zagaoua, Zagawa, Zauge, Zeggaoua, Zeghawa, Zorhaua Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Eastern

Zan Gula zna

Guéra region: Bahr Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, Chinguil; Moyen-Chari region: northwest of Lake Iro. Users: 5,000 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Goula, Gula Guera, Moriil, Morre Autonym: More Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua

Zerenkel zrn

Guéra region: Mongo subprefecture, Canton Dadjo I, Dambiro, Nikel, and Sirbodom villages. Users: 2,240 (1993 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Zirenkel Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 2