Vietnam

Summary

Official Name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Population: 98,505,000
General Remarks: 54 official ethnic groups
Principal Languages: Vietnamese
Literacy Rate: 95% (2018 UNESCO)
International Conventions: CPPDCE (2006), CSICH (2012), ICCPR (1966), UNCRPD (2006), UNDRIP (2007)
General References: Bradley 2007a, Campbell and King 2011, Diller et al 2008, Edmondson and Solnit 1997, Ferlus 1996, Lebar et al 1964, Ostapirat 2000, Smith 1968, Smith 1972, Smith, K. 1973, Thomas 1969, Thomas 1976, Thomas 1980, Thomas and Headley 1970, Wurm and Hattori 1981
Recognized Nationalities: Decision No. 121-TCTK-PPCD, ‘Nomenclature of Vietnamese Ethnic Groups’, 2 Mar 1979, identified the majority ethnicity, Kinh-Viet, and 53 minority groups.
Language Counts: The number of established languages listed for Vietnam is 111. Of these, 110 are living and 1 is extinct. Of the living languages, 93 are indigenous and 17 are non-indigenous. Furthermore, 1 is institutional, 15 are developing, 45 are vigorous, 43 are in trouble, and 6 are dying. Also listed are 2 unestablished languages.

Languages

Akha ahk: Dien Bien, Lao Cai, and Lai Chau provinces. Users: 7,000 in Vietnam (Hansson 2003). Ethnic population: Hà Nhì ethnic group 21,725 (2009 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ha Nhi. Alternate Names: Ahka, Aini, Ak’a, Aka, Khao Ikor, Yani, “Ekaw” (pej.), “Ikaw” (pej.), “Kaw” (pej.), “Kha Ko” (pej.), “Khako” (pej.), “Ko” (pej.) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern
Arem aem: Quang Binh province, Bo Trach district, Tan Trach, 1 or 2 families of Thuong Trach. Users: 20 in Vietnam (Ferlus 1996). Ethnic population: 100 (Ferlus 1996). Total users in all countries: 270. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized ethnic group: Chut. Alternate Names: A-Rem, Chombrau, Chomrau, Kri, Umo Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Chut
Bahnar bdq: Gia Lai, Binh Dinh, Phu Yen, and Kon Tum provinces. Users: 287,000 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ba Na. Alternate Names: Ba Na Autonym: Bahnar Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, Central Bahnaric
Bih ibh: Dat Lak province: Krong Ana district, Buon Trap town. Users: 10 (2015 T. Nguyen). Ethnic population: 500 (Nguyen 2013). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Highlands
Brao brb: Kon Tum province: Dac Me commune, Ngoc Hoi district. Users: 530 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Brau. Alternate Names: Braou, Brau, Brou, Lave, Laveh, Love, Proue, Rawe Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Brao-Kravet
Bru, Eastern bru: Quang Binh, Quang Tri, and Dat Lak provinces. Users: 94,600 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity; includes Khua [xhv]. Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Bru Van Kieu. Alternate Names: B’ru, Baru, Brũ, Brou, Bru, Bru Van Kieu, Quang Tri Bru, Van Kieu Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Bru
Cao Lan mlc: San Chay mainly in Tuyen Quang, Lang Son, Bac Kan, and Thai Nguyen provinces; scattered in Yen Bai, Vinh Phuc, Phu Tho, Bac Giang, and Quang Ninh provinces. Users: 201,000 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: San Chay. Alternate Names: Cao, Caolan, Lan-Sán Chi, San Chay, San Chi, Sán-Chi, “Man Cao-Lan” (pej.), “Mán” (pej.) Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central
Cham, Eastern cjm: Binh Thuan, Dong Nai, and Ninh Thuan provinces: Ho Chi Minh city. Users: 132,000 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. All Cham: 178,948 (2019 census) but as many as 250,000 ({Bradley 2007a}). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Cham. Alternate Names: Bhamam, Chiem, Chiem Thành, Tjam Autonym: Chăm Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Coastal, Cham
Cham, Western cja: An Giang and Tay Ninh provinces; Ho Chi Minh city. Users: 46,500 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. All Cham: 178,948 (2019 census) but as many as 250,000 ({Bradley 2007a}). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Cham. Alternate Names: Cambodian Cham, Chăm, Cham, Chiem, New Cham, Tjam Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Coastal, Cham
Chinese, Hakka hak: Hai Phong, Quang Ninh, and Thai Nguyen provinces. Users: 1,650 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Người Ngái, Ngái Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese
Chinese, Yue yue: Mekong river delta area, Soc Trang, Can Tho, Vinh Long, Tra Vinh, Dong Nai, and Kien Giang provinces; Ho Chi Minh, Ha Noi, and Hai Phong cities; north Vietnam-China border regions. Users: 749,000 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Hoa. Alternate Names: Chinese Nung, Ha Xa Phang, Hai Nam, Han, Hoa, Kién, Liem Chau, Lowland Nung, Minh Huong, Nung, Phúc, Quang Dong, Samg Phang, Suòng Phóng, Trièu Chau Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese
Chrau crw: Dong Nai province: Xuan Loc and Chau Thanh districts; Ba Ria-Vung Tau and Binh Thuan provinces. Users: 29,500 (2019 census), decreasing, based on ethnicity. Few monolinguals. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Cho Ro. Alternate Names: Chauro, Cho Ro, Choro, Doro, Ro, Tamun Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Stieng-Chrau
Chru cje: Lam Dong province: Don Duong, Duc Trong, and Di Linh districts; Binh Thuan province: An Son and Duc Linh districts; Ninh Thuan province. Users: 23,200 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Chu Ru. Alternate Names: Cadoe Loang, Cho Ru, Choru, Chrau Hma, Chu, Chu Ru, Churu, Cru, Kru, Seyu Autonym: Chru Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Highlands, Chru-Northern
Chut scb: Quang Binh province, Thuong Hoa, Hoa Son, Dan Hoa communes, near Laos border at the same latitude as Mu Gia Pass. Users: 1,050 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007a). 450 May, 95 Ruc, 500 Sach. Ethnic population: 7,510 (2019 census). Total users in all countries: 1,250. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized ethnic group: Chut. Alternate Names: May, Ruc, Sach, Salang Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Chut
Côông cnc: Lai Chau province: Muong Te district, east of Sila, south of Mang; Ban Nam Luong, 4 villages; Kan Ho commune, Bo Lech; Nam Khao commune; Muong Toong commune, Ban Bo village; Dien Bien province: Muong Nhé district, Nam Ke and Pa Thom communes, near the Lao border. Users: 2,730 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Cong. Alternate Names: Khoong, “Xa Coong” (pej.), “Xa Xam” (pej.), “Xa Xeng” (pej.) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern
Cua cua: Quang Ngai, Kon Tum, and Quang Nam provinces. Users: 12,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 40,400 (2019 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co. Alternate Names: Bong Miew, Bòng Mieu Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, East Bahnaric
En enc: Cao Bang province: Ho Quang district, Noi Thon village, 20 km east of Ho Quang city. Users: 200 (1998 J. Edmondson). Ethnic population: 200 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ainh, Nung Ven, Nungven Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Eastern Kra
French fra: Users: 659,700 in Vietnam, all users. L1 users: 5,700 in Vietnam (2020 Joshua Project). L2 users: 654,000 (2014 OIF). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French
Gelao, Green giq: Ha Giang province, Yen Minh district, Dong Van district, Pho La and Dong Van communes. Users: 300 in Vietnam (2002 J. Edmondson). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co Lao. Alternate Names: Cape Draping Gelao, Hakhi, Hoki Gelao, Klau, Qau Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra
Gelao, Red gir: Ha Giang province: Yen Minh district, Na Khe and Bich Dich villages. Users: 50 in Vietnam (1997 J. Edmondson). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co Lao. Alternate Names: Vandu Gelao, Voa Dê Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra
Gelao, White giw: Ha Giang province, Yen Minh district, Pho La and Dong Van. Users: 20 in Vietnam (2002 J. Edmondson). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co Lao. Alternate Names: Southwestern Gelao, Telue, Tú Du Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra
Giáy pcc: Lao Cai, Yen Bai, Cao Bang, Ha Giang, and Lai Chau provinces. Users: 67,900 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Bo Y. Alternate Names: Bo-I, Bo-Y, Bouyei, Buyi, Chang Chá, Chung Cha, Cùi Chu, Dang, Dioi, Giai, Giang, Nhaang, Niang, Nyang, Pau Thin, Pu-I, Pu-Nam, Pui, Puyi, Pú Nà, Sa, Trong Ggia, Tu-Dìn, Xa Chung Chá, Yai, Yay Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern
Haiphong Sign Language haf: Hai Phong. Users: 1,800 (Woodward 2015). Estimated 1,800 prelingually-deaf people in the Haiphong area, based on 0.1% of the total population (Woodward 2015). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: HPSL, Hai Phong Sign Language, NNKHHP, Vietnamese Sign Language Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language
Halang hal: Kon Tum province. Users: 13,500 in Vietnam (2000). Total users in all countries: 17,500. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang. Alternate Names: Koyong, Salang Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Jeh-Halang
Halang Doan hld: Kon Tum province: between Sedang [sed] and Cua [cua] language areas. Users: 2,500 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007a). Total users in all countries: 4,850. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang. Alternate Names: Doan, Duan, Halang Duan Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Duan
Hani hni: North, Lai Chau and Lao Cai provinces. 1 variety is east, 1 west of Muong Te city. Users: 25,500 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ha Nhi. Alternate Names: Ha Nhi, Haw, Hànhì, U Ní, Uni, Xauni, Xá U Ní Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern
Hanoi Sign Language hab: Scattered. Ha Noi. Users: 39,000 (Woodward et al 2015a). Estimated 39,000 prelingually deaf, based on 0.1% of total population (Woodward et al 2015a). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: HNSL, Ha Noi Sign Language, NNKHHN, Northern Vietnamese Sign Language, Vietnamese Sign Language Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language
Haroi hro: Gia Lai and Phu Yen provinces. Users: 35,000 (Bradley 2007a). All Cham: 178,948 (2019 census) but as many as 250,000 (Bradley 2007a). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Cham. Alternate Names: Aroi, Bahnar Cham, Hoi, Hroi, Hroy, Hrway Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Coastal
Hmong Daw mww: North, Son La, Dien Bien, Lao Cai, and Lai Chau provinces; others resettled in south. Users: 1,390,000 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Hmong. Alternate Names: Bai Miao, Hmoob Dawb, Meo Kao, Mán Tráng, White Lum, White Meo Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian
Hmong Dô hmv: Ha Giang province: Dong Van and Meo Vae districts; Lao Cai province: Bac Ha district. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian
Hmong Don hmf: Hoa Binh, Yen Bai, and Son La provinces. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Hmong. Alternate Names: Hua Binh, Hunan Miao, Nghia Lo, YenBai Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian
Hmong Njua hnj: Son La, Nghe An, Dien Bien, Lao Cai, Thanh Hoa, Lai Chau, and Hoa Binh provinces; scattered areas. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mong Leng Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian
Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language hos: Ho Chi Minh City. Users: 45,000 (Woodward et al 2015b). Estimated 45,000 prelingually deaf, based on 0.1% of the general population of the region. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: HCMCSL, NNKHTPHCM, Southern Vietnamese Sign Language, Vietnamese Sign Language Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language
Hre hre: Binh Dinh, Gia Lai, Kon Tum, and Quang Ngai provinces. Users: 149,000 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Hre. Alternate Names: Cham-Re, Chom, Davach, Davak, Dá Vách, Hrey, Moi, Moi Da Vach, Moi Luy, Tachom Autonym: Hrê Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Sedang-Todrah, Sedang
Hung hnu: Nghe An province, Tuong Duong district, Tam Thai commune, Pong; Con Cuong district, Mon Son and Luc Da communes, Dan Lai and Ly Ha. Users: 500 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Bradley 2007b). Less than 1,000 in ethnic population. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized ethnic group: Tho. Alternate Names: Cuói, K’katiam-Pong-Houk Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Cuoi
Iu Mien ium: Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Cao Bang, Ha Giang, Hoa Binh, Lai Chau, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Phu Tho, Quang Ninh, Son La, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Phuc, and Yen Bai provinces, scattered settlements in northern regions; Dac Lak province south. Users: 350,000 in Vietnam (1999 H. Purnell). Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Dao. Alternate Names: Dao Do, Dao Thanh Phan, Dìu, Highland Yao, Iu Mienh, Kim Mien, Mien, Mienh, Myen, Red Dao, Yao, Yao Kimmien, Yao Mienh, Yao Ogang, Yu Mien, “Dong” (pej.), “Mán” (pej.), “Trai” (pej.), “Xá” (pej.) Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin
Jarai jra: Gia Lai, Kon Tum, and Binh Dinh provinces; some in Dat Lak province. Users: 514,000 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 534,800. Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Gia Rai. Alternate Names: Cho Rai, Chor, Chrai, Djarai, Drai, Gia Rai, Gio Rai, Mthur, Zrai Autonym: Jơrai Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Highlands
Jeh jeh: Kon Tum and Quang Nam provinces. Users: 15,200 in Vietnam (2002 SIL). Total users in all countries: 26,700. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Die, Gie, Yeh Autonym: Jeh Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Jeh-Halang
Katu, Eastern ktv: Quang Nam, Thua Thien-Hue, and Da Nang provinces. Users: 74,200 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co Tu. Alternate Names: High Katu Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Katu-Pacoh
Katua kta: Kon Tum province, Mang Buk area, west of Kayong [kxy] language area. Users: 4,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang. Alternate Names: Ca Tua Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric
Kayong kxy: Kon Tum province: Sa Thầy and Kon Plông districts; Quang Ngai province. Users: 25,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang. Alternate Names: Ca Giong, Cagiuong, Kagiuong, Katang Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, East
Kháng kjm: Son La, Dien Bien, Lai Chau, and Lao Cai provinces. Users: 16,200 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized ethnic group: Khang. Alternate Names: Bren, Hang, Khaang, Ksakautenh, Pouteng, Putenh, Quang Lam, Tay Hay, Tayhay, Teng, Theng, Xa, Xa Ai, Xa Bung, Xa Dang, Xa Don, Xa Hoc, Xa Xua, Xá Khao Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Bit-Khang
Khao xao: Son La and Dien Bien provinces, near Ma River, north of Pa Ma. Users: 10,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Khao
Khmer khm: An Giang, Bac Lieu, Ca Mau, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Can Tho, Dong Thap, Hau Giang, Kien Giang, Long An, Soc Trang, Tay Ninh, Tra Vinh, and Vinh Long provinces; Ho Chi Minh City. Users: 1,320,000 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Language of recognized ethnic group: Khmer Krom. Alternate Names: Cambodian, Central Khmer, Cu Tho, Cur Cul, Khmer Nam Bo, Kho Me, Khome, Krom, “Viet Goc Mien” (pej.) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Khmer
Khmu kjg: Dien Bien, Son La, Lai Chau, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, and Yen Bai provinces. Users: 90,600 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Kho Mu. Alternate Names: Cam Mu, Kha Cau, Khamu, Kho Mu, Khomu, Kmhmu, Mun Xen, Xa Cau Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Khmu’
Khua xhv: Quang Binh province: Tuyên Hóa district. Users: 1,000 in Vietnam (Phan Hữu Dật 1998). Total users in all countries: 3,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Bru Van Kieu. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Bru
Kim Mun mji: Bac Giang, Dak Nong, Dien Bien, Ha Giang, Lao Cai, Quang Ninh, Tuyen Quang, and Yen Bai provinces. Users: 170,000 in Vietnam (1999 J. Edmondson). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Coc Mun, Dao Ao Dai, Dao Lam Dinh, Dao Quan Trang, Dao Thanh Y, Great Tunic Yao, Jinmen, Kem di mun, Lan Ten, Lanten, Lantin, Lowland Yao, Mun, Red Trouser Yao, San Chi, “Man Lan-Tien” (pej.) Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin
Koho kpm: Binh Thuan, Dak Nong, Dong Nai, Lam Dong and Ninh Thuan provinces. Users: 201,000 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co Ho. Alternate Names: Caho, Co Ho, Coho, Kohor Autonym: Kơho Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Sre
Korean kor: Users: 173,000 in Vietnam (2019), based on nationality. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Koreanic
Kucong lkc: Lai Chau province, Muang Te district. Users: 5,400 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 45,400. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: La Hu. Alternate Names: Cosung, Lahlu Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central
Lachi lbt: Ha Giang province: west of Ha Giang in upper Clear River valley (Riviere Claire) on China border. Black Lachi in Manyou, Long-Haired Lachi in Manpeng. Users: 5,000 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007a). 3,990 women, in 1,450 households (Liang 1990), including Black Lachi 2,500 in 550 households, Long-Haired Lachi 4,500 in 900 households. 15,000 for all La Chi in Vietnam (2019 census). Ethnic population: 15,100 (2019 census). Total users in all countries: 5,200. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: La Chi. Alternate Names: Cu-Tê, Cù Te, La Chi, Lachí, Laji, Lati, Lipulio, Mia, Tai Lati, Y, Y Pí, Y Póng, Y To Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra
Lachi, White lwh: Ha Giang province: Manbang and Manmei. Users: 1,600 (Liang 1990). 300 households. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized ethnic group: La Chi. Alternate Names: Lipupõ, White Lachi Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra
Laghuu lgh: Lao Cai province: Sa Pa district, Nam Sa village; 15 km south and east of Sa Pa city, in the valley below the highest mountain in Vietnam, Phan Si Pan (3,198 m); small enclave in Son La province. Users: 800 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Laopa, Xá Phó Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern
Laha lha: Lai Chau and Son La provinces: along Red and Black rivers. Users: 10,200 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized ethnic group: La Ha. Alternate Names: Khlá, Khlá Don, Khlá Dung, Khlá Phlao, Klá Dong, La Ha, La Ha Ung, Laxa, Liik, Xá Chien, Xá Khao, Xá Lay Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Eastern Kra
Lahu lhu: Lai Chau province: northwest border with Laos. North of Muong Te city near China border, at Ban Kiem Tra, Phu Nam Ma, Phu Nam Cau, and Phu Nam Ha (Black Lahu); Muong Te, east of Nha Ca, 1 village (White Lahu). Users: 12,100 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: La Hu. Alternate Names: Kaixien, Lahuna, Laku, Launa, Mooso, Muhso, Mussar, Musso, Mussuh, Namen, “Lohei” (pej.) Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central
Lao lao: Scattered. Users: 17,500 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Lü khb: Lai Chau province: Tam Duong district, Ban Hon and Binh Lu communes; Lao Cai province: in a small border area. Users: 6,760 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Lu. Alternate Names: Duon, Lue, Nhuon, Pai-I, Shui-Pai-I, Tai Lu Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Maa cma: Binh Phuoc, Dong Nai, and Lam Dong provinces, widely scattered; possibly in Dac Nong province. Users: 50,300 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ma. Alternate Names: Chauma, Che Ma, Ma, Ma Krung, Ma Ngan, Ma To, Ma Xop, Maaq Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Sre
Maleng pkt: Ha Tinh province, Huong Khe district, Huong Lien commune; 3 villages bordering Laos, another southeast. Malieng dialect: Tuyen Hoa district, Thanh Hoa and Lam Hoa communes; Dan Hoa dialect: north Quang Binh province, Minh Hoa district. Users: 1,200 in Vietnam (2013). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ma Lieng, Malang, Malieng Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Chut
Mang zng: Lai Chau province, Muong Te and Sin Ho districts, triangle-shaped area between Song Da (Black River) and the Nam Na: Nam Nghe, Nam Xung, Nam Ban, Ban Nam Voi, and other communities. Users: 4,650 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 5,155. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Mang. Alternate Names: Ba’e, Chaman, Lá Vàng, Manbu, Mang U, Nieng Ó, Xá, Xá Mang, Xá Ó Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Mang
Mantsi nty: Ha Giang province, Meo Vac and Dong Van districts; also Cao Bang province. Users: 1,100 (2002 J. Edmondson). Ethnic population: 4,830 (2019 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Lo Lo. Alternate Names: Black Lolo, Flowery Lolo, Lolo, Red Mantsi Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern
Mnong, Central cmo: Mainly Binh Phuoc, Dak Nong, and west Dat Lak provinces. Users: 32,500 in Vietnam (2002 SIL). All Mnong in Vietnam, based on ethnicity: 127,000 (2019 census). Total users in all countries: 70,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Mnong. Alternate Names: Bu Nong, Budang, Budong, Central Bu Nong, Phanong, Pnong Autonym: Bunong Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Mnong, Southern-Central Mnong
Mnong, Eastern mng: Dat Lak, Dak Nong, and Lam Dong provinces. Users: 30,000 (2002 SIL). All Mnong in Vietnam, based on ethnicity: 127,000 (2019 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Mnong. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Mnong, Eastern Mnong
Mnong, Southern mnn: Mostly Dak Nong and Binh Phuoc provinces, south of Central Mnong [cmo], north of Stieng [stt] language areas; some in Lam Dong province. Users: 30,000 (2002). All Mnong in Vietnam, based on ethnicity: 127,000 (2019 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Mnong. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Mnong, Southern-Central Mnong
Monom moo: East Gia Lai and Kon Tum provinces. Users: 6,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang. Alternate Names: Bonom, Menam, Monam Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Sedang-Todrah, Todrah-Monom
Muong mtq: Hoa Binh, Thanh Hoa, Phu Tho, Ha Noi, Yen Bai, Son La, and Ninh Binh provinces. Users: 1,450,000 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Muong. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Muong
Ná-Meo neo: Cao Bang province: Thach An district, Ca Liec village; Lang Son province: Trang Dinh district, Cao Minh and Khuoi Phu Dao villages, Khanh Long hamlet; Tuyen Quang province: Yen Son district, Kim Quan sub-district, Khuan He village. Users: 1,000 (2015 A. Hsiu). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Hmong. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Qiandong
Nguôn nuo: Quang Binh province: An Duk, Ba Nuong, Kwi Dat, Tan Kieu, Than Long and 6 other villages. Users: 1,000 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 2,000 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 1,760. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ngouan Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Muong
Nung nut: Bac Kan, Cao Bang, Ha Giang, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Thai Nguyen, and Tuyen Quang provinces; possibly in Ho Chi Minh City and other southern locations. Users: 1,080,000 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Nung. Alternate Names: Bu-Nong, Highland Nung, Lungchow, Nong, Tai Nung, Tay, Tày Nùng Autonym: Nohng Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central
O’du tyh: Nghe An province: Tuong Duong district, Nga My commune. Users: 430 in Vietnam (2019 census), decreasing, based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 1,030. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized ethnic group: O Du. Alternate Names: ’Iduh, Haat, Hat, O Du, Ơ Đu, “Tay Hat” (pej.) Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Khmu’
Pa Di pdi: Lao Cai province: Muong Khuong district. Users: 300 in Vietnam (1995 J. Edmondson). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Padi Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Pa-Hng pha: Ha Giang province: Bac Quang district; Tuyen Quang province: Chiem Hoa and Yen Son districts. Users: 8,250 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Pa Then. Alternate Names: Baheng, Bahengmai, Pa Hng, Paheng, Pà Hung, Pà Then Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Pa-hng
Pacoh pac: Laos border, southern Quang Tri and western Thua Thien-Hue provinces. Users: 16,000 in Vietnam (2002). Total users in all countries: 38,600. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bo River Van Kieu, Paco, Pokoh Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Katu-Pacoh
Phu Thai pht: Ha Tinh and Nghe An provinces. Users: 209,000 in Vietnam (2002). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai. Alternate Names: Phutai, Putai, Puthai, Puthay Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Phula phh: Ha Giang province: Xin Mun district, 1 village; Lao Cai province: near Lao Cai city; Lai Chau and Son La provinces. Users: 5,000 in Vietnam (Pelkey 2008). Ethnic population: 12,500 (2019 census). Total users in all countries: 10,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Phu La. Alternate Names: Fu Khla, Phu Kha, Phu Khla, Phu La Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern
Phuong phg: Thua Thien-Hue province: southeast of Pacoh [pac] language area; possibly some in areas further southeast. Users: 15,100 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ktu. Alternate Names: Phuang, Phuong Catang Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Katu-Pacoh
Puoc puo: Lai Chau and Son La provinces, Laos border area. Users: 29,500 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 39,370. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xinh Mun. Alternate Names: Kha Puhoc, Ksing Mul, Ksingmul, Mun, Pua, Puhoc, Puok, Sing, Xin Mul, Xinh Mul, Xinh-Mun Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Xinh Mul
Qabiao laq: Ha Giang province: Dunshi, Pugao, Pula, Pubang, and Manong; Yên Minh and Mèo Vac districts; Dông Van district, Phô Là and Sung Chang villages. Users: 900 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 918. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Pu Peo. Alternate Names: Bendi Lolo, Ka Bao, Ka Beo, Ka Biao, Laqua, Lolo, Pen Ti, Pu Péo, Pubiao, Pupeo, Qabiaw Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Eastern Kra
Rade rad: Dat Lak, Dak Nong, Gia Lai, Phu Yen and Khanh Hoa provinces, Banmethuot area. Users: 177,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 399,000 (2019 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: E De. Alternate Names: De, E-De, Edeh, Raday, Rde, Rhade, Ê Dê Autonym: klei Êđê Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Highlands
Rengao ren: Kon Tum province, northwest of Dak to southeast of Kontum city between Sedang and Bahnar. Users: 18,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ba Na. Alternate Names: Ro-Ngao Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Rengao
Roglai, Cacgia roc: Ninh Thuan province, northeast of Phan Rang on the coast. Users: 2,000 (Dyen 1971). All Roglai (Ra Glai), based on ethnicity: 147,000 (2019 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ra Glai. Alternate Names: Ra-Glai Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Highlands, Chru-Northern, Northern Cham
Roglai, Northern rog: Ninh Thuan, Dat Lak, Binh Thuan, Khanh Hoa, and Lam Dong provinces, in the mountains west and south of Nhatrang; some near Dalat. Users: 22,000 (Bradley 2007b). All Roglai (Ra Glai), based on ethnicity: 147,000 (2019 census). Ethnic population: 25,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ra Glai. Alternate Names: Adlai, La-Oang, Noang, Ra-Glai, Rang Glai, Rayglay Autonym: Radlai Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Highlands, Chru-Northern, Northern Cham
Roglai, Southern rgs: Binh Thuan, Khanh Hoa, and Ninh Thuan provinces. Users: 18,000 (2007 census). All Roglai (Ra Glai), based on ethnicity: 147,000 (2019 census). Ethnic population: 20,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ra Glai. Alternate Names: Rai Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Highlands, Chru-Northern, Northern Cham
Romam rmx: Kon Tum province: Sa Thay district, Mo Rai commune, Le village. Users: 200 (2013 SIL). Ethnic population: 640 (2019 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ro Mam. Alternate Names: Ro Mam Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, Central Bahnaric
Sedang sed: Kon Tum, Quang Nam, and Quang Ngai provinces. Users: 212,000 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 212,900. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: So Dang. Alternate Names: Cadong, Dang, Hadang, Hdang, Hotea, Hoteang, Kmrang, Rotea, Roteang, Tang, Xa, Xodang Autonym: rơtéang Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Sedang-Todrah, Sedang
Sila slt: Dien Bien province: Muong Nhé district, Chung Chai commune; Lai Chau province: Muong Tè district, Kan Ho commune, Ban Xeo Hai village, on the Black river. Users: 910 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Most members of the ethnic group speak the language ({Bradley 2007a}). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Si La. Alternate Names: Sida Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern
Sinicized Miao hmz: Ha Giang province. 3 villages. Users: 2,000 in Vietnam (Hattaway 2003). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Hmong Shua Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian
Stieng, Budeh stt: Binh Phuoc province, south Stieng area. Users: 47,000 (2019 census). Part of the Xtiêng 100,752 (2019 census) official ethnic community which includes Bulo Stieng [sti]. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xtieng. Alternate Names: Lower Stieng, Southern Stieng Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric
Stieng, Bulo sti: Binh Phuoc and Dak Nong provinces. Users: 53,000 in Vietnam (2019 census). Part of the Xtiêng 100,752 (2019 census) official ethnic community which includes Budeh Stieng [stt]. Total users in all countries: 59,540. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xtieng. Alternate Names: Budíp, Northern Stieng, Rangah, Upper Stieng, Xa-Dieng, Xtieng Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Stieng-Chrau
Sui swi: Tuyen Quang province: Chiem Hoa district. Users: 120 in Vietnam (2002 J. Edmondson). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui
Ta’oih, Upper tth: Quang Tri and Thua Thien-Hue provinces. Users: 19,000 in Vietnam (2002). 13,300 monolinguals (2002). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kantua, T-Oy, Ta Hoi, Tau Oi, Toi-Oi, Tà-Oi Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, Central Katuic, Ta’oih
Tai Daeng tyr: Ha Tinh, Hoa Binh, Son La, and Yen Bai provinces; Thanh Hoa province: south of Sam Nuea; Nghe An province: around Qui Chau. Users: 80,000 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 100,000 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 105,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai. Alternate Names: Daeng, Deng, Laeng, Leng, Lèng, Red Tai, Tai Deng, Tai Laeng, Tai Rouge, Thai Dang, Thai Do, Thái Đỏ, Đanh Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Tai Dam blt: Dat Lak, Dien Bien, Lao Cai, Lai Chau, Phu Tho, Son La, and Yen Bai provinces; Gia Lai province: Pleiku city; Lam Dong province: Tung Nghia city; Thanh Hoa province: Thuong Xuan district, Tho Thanh sub district; and elsewhere. Users: 699,000 in Vietnam (2002 SIL). Total users in all countries: 777,700. Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai. Alternate Names: Black Tai, Tai Do, Tai Noir, Thái Den Autonym: ʼTáy Ðăm, ’Táy Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Tai Dón twh: North, mainly along Red and Black rivers, Dien Bien, Lai Chau, Lao Cai, and Son La provinces; some in the south; Lam Dong province: Tung Nghia. Users: 280,000 in Vietnam (2002). Total users in all countries: 328,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai. Alternate Names: Tai Blanc, Tai Kao, Tai Lai, Thái Tráng, Táy Khao, White Tai Autonym: Tãy Ðón Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Tai Nüa tdd: Son La province: near the Laos border area. Users: 70,000 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 95,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Tai Pao tpo: North, Nghe An province. Users: 10,000 in Vietnam (2002). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai. Alternate Names: Hàng Tong, Tai Hang Tong, Tai Paw, Thai Muong, Tày Muòng Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai
Tai Thanh tmm: Nghe An and Thanh Hoa provinces. Users: 20,000 (2002). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai. Alternate Names: Tai Man Thanh, Thanh, Táy Thanh Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Tai Yo tyj: North, Nghe An province. Users: 300 in Vietnam (2002). Total users in all countries: 7,500. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jò, Tai Do, Tai Muong, Tay Quy Chau, Tay Yo, Tay-Jo, Thai Muong, Thái Do, Tày Dọ’ Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai
Takua tkz: Quang Nam and Quang Ngai provinces. Users: 6,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co. Alternate Names: Langya, Quang Tin Katu Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, East
Tày tyz: Northeast of Ha Noi city, near China border, widespread, possibly in Laos; Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Cao Bang, Ha Giang, Hai Duong, Lai Chau, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Quang Ninh, Thai Nguyen, Tuyen Quang, and Yen Bai provinces. Users: 1,850,000 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Tay. Alternate Names: Ngan, Phen, T’o, Tai Tho, Thu Lao, “Thô” (pej.) Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central
Tay Boi tas: Scattered, probably mostly urban. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in 1954. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Annamite French, Tay Boy, Vietnamese Pidgin French Classification: Pidgin, French based
Tày Sa Pa tys: Lao Cai province, Muong Khuong district. Users: 300 (2002 J. Edmondson). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tai Sa Pa Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Tày Tac tyt: Son La province: Muong Tâc district. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai. Alternate Names: White Tay Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Tho tou: North Nghe An province, highland areas, Cuoi Cham dialect in Tan Ky district, Tan Hop commune; also in Thanh Hoa province. Users: 91,400 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Tho. Alternate Names: Cuoi, Cuoi Cham, Ho Muong Meridional, Keo Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Cuoi
Thu Lao tyl: Lao Cai province: Muong Khuong district; possibly in Laos. Users: 200 (2002 J. Edmondson). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern
Todrah tdr: Kon Tum province, northeast of Kon Tum city, Kon Hring to Kon Braih. Users: 6,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang. Alternate Names: Didra, Didrah, Kodra, Modra, Podra, Todrá Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Sedang-Todrah, Todrah-Monom
Trieng stg: Mainly Kon Tum and Quang Nam provinces. Users: 63,300 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Gie Trieng. Alternate Names: Dgiéh, Giang Ray, Gie-Trieng, Pin, Strieng, Ta-Rieng, Talieng, Tareh, Treng Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West
Ts’ün-Lao tsl: Northwest, scattered, Lai Chau, Dien Bien, and Son La provinces. Users: 10,000 (1993 D. Van). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Lao. Alternate Names: Lao Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central
Vietnamese vie: Widespread. Users: 82,100,000 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 85,346,470 (as L1: 84,601,470; as L2: 745,000). Status: 1 (National). De facto national language. Language of recognized ethnic group: Kinh. Alternate Names: Annamese, Ching, Gin, Jing, Kinh, Viet Autonym: Tiếng Việt Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Vietnamese
Zhuang, Dai zhd: Lao Cai province: possibly Muong Khuong district. Users: 200 in Vietnam (2007). Very few monolinguals. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Thu Lao, Tu, Tuliao, Tuzu, Wen-Ma Southern Zhuang Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central
Zhuang, Yang zyg: North, Cao Bang province, Ha Quang district. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Nung. Alternate Names: Caj coux, Can Yang, Dejing Zhuang, Dianbao, Fouh, Jingxi Zhuang, Káang Thó, Nong, Nung Giang, Tianpao, Tuhua, Yangx, Yangyu, Zhuangyu Nanbu fangyan Dejing tuyu Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central
Zhuang, Yongnan zyn: Cao Bang province: Quang Ha district, Phuc Sen village; Doan Khon, Quoc Phong, Quoc Dan, Chi Thao, and Tu Do communes 37 km from Cao Bang city; Ha Quang district, Noi Thon commune; Ba Be district, Cao Che commune. Users: 10,000 in Vietnam (2000 J. Edmondson). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Nung. Alternate Names: Boux Toj, Nongz Anx, Nung An, Southern Zhuang Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central
Zhuang, Zuojiang zzj: Lang Son province. Users: 340,000 in Vietnam (2000 census). 170,000 monolinguals (2000). Ethnic population: Over 850,000 Nung nationality people in Vietnam in 2000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Nung. Alternate Names: Canto, Nongz Anx, Nung Chao, Potai, Puto Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central

Maps

Northern Viet Nam
Northwestern Viet Nam
Southern Viet Nam
Viet Nam: Index map

Graphs

Language Vitality Profile
Full explanation
This graph shows the profile of languages in Vietnam with respect to their level of language vitality. Each individual language that has an entry for Vietnam is included in the profile. The horizontal axis represents the estimated level of vitality. The height of each bar indicates the number of languages that are estimated to be at the given level.
The vitality levels and the color coding of the bars match the scheme used in the guide on How many languages are endangered? In this scheme, the levels and colors are as follows:
- Dark green = Institutional (EGIDS 0-4) — The language has been developed to the point that it is used and sustained by institutions beyond the home and community.
- Light green = Stable (EGIDS 5-6a) — The language is not being sustained by formal institutions, but It is still the norm in the home and community that all children learn and use the language.
- Red = Endangered (EGIDS 6b-9) — It is no longer the norm that children learn and use this language.
These three summary levels have been derived by grouping levels in the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS), which is the more fine-grained scale that Ethnologue uses to assess the status of every language in terms of development versus endangerment; see the Language Status page for a description of the levels of that scale. See also the pages on Development and Endangerment for more discussion.
Language Status Profile
Full explanation
This graph shows the profile of languages in Vietnam with respect to their status of language development versus language endangerment. Each individual language that has an entry for Vietnam is included in the profile. The horizontal axis represents the estimated level of development or endangerment as measured on the EGIDS scale. (See the pages on Development and Endangerment for a fuller explanation.) The height of each bar indicates the number of languages that are estimated to be at the given level. Consult the Status listings for Vietnam in order to see the specific languages for each level.
The color coding of the bars matches the color scheme used in the summary profile graphs on the navigation maps for the site. In this scheme, the EGIDS levels are grouped as follows:
- Purple = Institutional (EGIDS 0-4) — The language has been developed to the point that it is used and sustained by institutions beyond the home and community.
- Blue = Developing (EGIDS 5) — The language is in vigorous use, with literature in a standardized form being used by some though this is not yet widespread or sustainable.
- Green = Vigorous (EGIDS 6a) — The language is unstandardized and in vigorous use among all generations.
- Yellow = In trouble (EGIDS 6b-7) — Intergenerational transmission is in the process of being broken, but the child-bearing generation can still use the language so it is possible that revitalization efforts could restore transmission of the language in the home.
- Red = Dying (EGIDS 8a-9) — The only fluent users (if any) are older than child-bearing age, so it is too late to restore natural intergenerational transmission through the home; a mechanism outside the home would need to be developed.
- Black = Extinct (EGIDS 10) — The language has fallen completely out of use and no one retains a sense of ethnic identity associated with the language.

Resources

View Terms
Each Ethnologue country digest is a licensed product with restricted terms of use. Before downloading the product, you must agree to the following terms:
- This is a license for individual use. Just as with a conventionally published book, it is a violation of copyright to make a copy and give it to others.
- You may not redistribute this work in any form, including ingesting the contents into a database that is shared with others or posting it on a web site (whether public or private).
To inquire about permission for reuse or redistribution, please use the Contact Us form in the footer.
I agree to the digest terms of use.
Digest of the languages of Vietnam ($299.95, 82 page PDF)

Vietnam

Summary

Languages

Languages by Status

Maps

Northern Viet Nam

Northwestern Viet Nam

Southern Viet Nam

Viet Nam: Index map

Graphs

Language Vitality Profile

Language Status Profile

Resources

Contributions

Editorial Action