South Africa

Summary

Official Name: Republic of South Africa
Population: 60,143,000
Principal Languages: Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Setswana, Southern Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu
Literacy Rate: 87% (2017 UNESCO)
International Conventions: ACHPR (1987), CDE (1960), CPPDCE (2006), ICCPR (1966), UNCRPD (2006), UNDRIP (2007)
General References: Brenzinger 1998, Campbell and King 2011, Ruhlen 1987, Van der Merwe and van Niekerk 1994, Voegelin and Voegelin 1977
Deaf Population: 383,000
Language Counts: The number of established languages listed for South Africa is 36. Of these, 31 are living and 5 are extinct. Of the living languages, 20 are indigenous and 11 are non-indigenous. Furthermore, 12 are institutional, 8 are developing, 2 are vigorous, 2 are in trouble, and 7 are dying. Also listed are 17 unestablished languages.

Languages

‡Ungkue gku: Northern Cape province: Siya Themba municipality, near the confluence of the Orange and Vaal rivers. Users: No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by late 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Vaal–Orange, ǁKxau Classification: Tuu, !Ui
Afrikaans afr: Free State, Gauteng, Northern Cape, and Western Cape states. Users: 17,160,000 in South Africa, all users. L1 users: 6,860,000 in South Africa (2013 UNSD), decreasing. L2 users: 10,300,000 (Webb 2002). Total users in all countries: 17,641,380 (as L1: 7,341,380; as L2: 10,300,000). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Art 6(1)), has been designated, along with English, as an official language in all 9 provinces. Autonym: Afrikaans Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Saxon-Low Franconian, Low Franconian
Angloromani rme: Users: 7,900 in South Africa (2012 J. Leclerc). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Mixed language, English-Romani
Arabic, Egyptian Spoken arz: Users: 60,000 in South Africa (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic
Bengali ben: Users: 300,000 in South Africa (2019), based on nationality. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese
Bhojpuri bho: Users: 57,000 in South Africa (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bihari
Birwa brl: Limpopo province: Capricorn district; near Zimbabwe border. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Sotho-Tswana (S.32)
Camtho cmt: Gauteng province: Soweto, Johannesburg, other urban settings. Users: No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Status: 9 (Second language only). Alternate Names: Iscamtho, Isicamtho, Tsotsitaal Classification: Mixed language, Zulu-Bantu
Chinese, Mandarin cmn: KwaZulu-Natal coast. Users: 10,000 in South Africa (2012 J. Leclerc). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese
Chinese, Yue yue: KwaZulu-Natal coast. Users: 15,000 in South Africa (1993). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese
Dutch nld: Users: 15,000 in South Africa (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Saxon-Low Franconian, Low Franconian
English eng: Gauteng province: Cape Town area; KwaZulu-Natal and Western Cape provinces; Tugela river to Port Edward area, and inland to Eastern Cape province; urban concentrations, Johannesburg, suburbs. Users: 19,640,000 in South Africa, all users. L1 users: 5,640,000 in South Africa (2019). L2 users: 14,000,000 (2019). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 6(1)), has been designated, along with Afrikaans, as an official language in all 9 provinces. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English
Flaaitaal fly: Major cities. Users: No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community (Makhudu 2002). Status: 9 (Second language only). Alternate Names: Bika, Flaai Taal, Fly Taal, Himbul, Himli, Hova, Iscamtho, Isikhumsha, Lingam, Lingo, Sepantsula, Setsotsi, Shalambombo, Sjita, Taal, Tsotsitaal, Withi Classification: Creole, Afrikaans based
French fra: Users: 11,000 in South Africa (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French
Gail gic: Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, and Western Cape provinces; mainly urban settings: Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, Pretoria. Users: 20,000, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers. L2 users: 20,000. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Status: 9 (Second language only). Classification: Unclassified
German, Standard deu: Users: 15,000 in South Africa (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German
Greek ell: Users: 21,000 in South Africa (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Greek, Attic
Gujarati guj: Users: 32,000 in South Africa (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Gujarati
Hindi hin: KwaZulu-Natal province. Users: 463,000 in South Africa (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Hindustani
Italian ita: Users: 20,000 in South Africa (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Italo-Dalmatian
Khoekhoe naq: Northern Cape province. Users: 2,000 in South Africa (Brenzinger 2013b). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Bergdamara, Dama, Damaqua, Damara, Khoekhoegowab, Khoekhoegowap, Khoi, Nama, Namakwa, Naman, Namaqua, Tama, Tamakwa, Tamma, “Hottentot” (pej.) Classification: Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Khoekhoe, Nama
Khwedam xuu: Northern Cape province: Platfontein. Users: 1,760 in South Africa (Louw and van Schalkwyk 2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Kalahari Khoe, Northwest
Korana kqz: Northern Cape province. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s. Ethnic population: 10,000 (1972 D. Barrett, M. Hronek, G. Mambo et al.). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: !Gora, !Kora, !Ora, Gorachouqua, Kora, Koranna, Koraqua, “Korana Hottentot” (pej.) Classification: Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Khoekhoe, Nama
Lower Nossob nsb: Northern Cape province: ZF Mgcawu district municipality, Dawid Kruiper local municipality. Users: No known L1 speakers in South Africa. Last known speaker died in 2015 (2018 UNESCO). Total users in all countries: none known. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Lower-Nosop Classification: Tuu, Taa
Morisyen mfe: Users: 42,000 in South Africa (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Creole, French based
Ndebele nbl: Mpumalanga and Gauteng (Nkangala district) provinces: northeast of Pretoria. Users: 2,490,000, all users. L1 users: 1,090,000 (2011 census). L2 users: 1,400,000 (Webb 2002). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 6(1)). Statutory provincial language in Mpumalunga province (2012, Use of Official Languages Act, No. 12, Section 4(1)). Alternate Names: Isikhethu, Ndzundza, Nrebele, Southern Ndebele, Transvaal Ndebele, isiNdebele Autonym: IsiNdebele Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Nguni (S.407)
Northwestern !Kung vaj: Northern Cape province: Diamondfields district, Kimberley, Schmidtsdrift military base. Users: 4,570 in South Africa (Louw and van Schalkwyk 2019). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: !’O!Xun, !Xun Classification: Kx’a, !Kung
Nǁng ngh: Northern Cape province: Olifantshoek and Upington towns. Users: 3 (2021), decreasing. 1 speaker of N|u dialect and 2 speakers of ||Au dialect. Ethnic population: 500 (1998 N. Crawhall). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Ng’uki, Nghuki, Nǀhuuki, Nǀu, Nǀuu, Nǀuuki, ‡Khomani Classification: Tuu, !Ui
Oorlams oor: Mpumalanga province. Users: 32,000 (2006 J. Leclerc). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Creole, Afrikaans based
Pidgin Bantu fng: Gauteng province: suburban Johannesburg and mining areas. Users: No known L1 speakers in South Africa. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Total users in all countries: 5,100 (as L1: ; as L2: 5,100). Status: 9 (Second language only). Alternate Names: Basic Zulu, Fanagoloi, Isilololo, Isipiki, Lololo, Piki, Silunguboi, “Fanagalo” (pej.), “Fanakalo” (pej.), “Fanekolo” (pej.), “Isikula” (pej.) Classification: Pidgin, Zulu based
Portuguese por: Users: 300,000 in South Africa (2010 Observatório da Emigração). Ethnic population: 1,850,000 (2020 Joshua Project). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Portuguese-Galician
Ronga rng: KwaZulu-Natal province. Users: 1,000 in South Africa (2012 J. Leclerc). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Shironga Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Tswa-Rhonga (S.54)
Seroa kqu: Free State province: Xhariep district; near Swaziland border. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the 1870s (Traill 2002). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Vaal–Orange Classification: Tuu, !Ui
Setswana tsn: Free State province: between Bloemfontein and Kimberley; Gauteng province: southwest of Pretoria; Limpopo province: Waterberg municipality; North-West province; Northern Cape province: northeast. Users: 11,770,000 in South Africa, all users. L1 users: 4,070,000 in South Africa (2013 UNSD), increasing. L2 users: 7,700,000 (Webb 2002). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 6(1)). Statutory provincial language in Northern Cape and North West provinces (2012, Use of Official Languages Act, No. 12, Section 4(1)). Alternate Names: Beetjuans, Chuana, Coana, Cuana, Sechuana, Tsiwaha, Tswana Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Sotho-Tswana (S.31)
Shona sna: Users: 18,000 in South Africa (2012 J. Leclerc). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.10)
Somali som: Users: 24,000 in South Africa (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Somali
Sotho, Northern nso: Gauteng province: Pretoria area; Limpopo province; Mpumalanga province: Ehlanzeni and Nkangala districts; North-West province: Mortele municipality. Users: 13,720,000 in South Africa, all users. L1 users: 4,620,000 in South Africa (2013 UNSD), increasing. L2 users: 9,100,000 (Webb 2002). Total users in all countries: 13,731,000 (as L1: 4,631,000; as L2: 9,100,000). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 6(1)). Statutory provincial language in Gauteng and Limpopo provinces (2012, Use of Official Languages Act, No. 12, Section 4(1)). Alternate Names: Pedi, Sepedi, Transvaal Sotho Autonym: Sesotho sa Leboa Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Sotho-Tswana (S.32)
Sotho, Southern sot: Eastern Cape province: Senqu municipality, south of Lesotho; Free State province; Gauteng province: Kempton and Tembisa Park; North-West and Mpumalanga provinces border areas. Users: 11,750,000 in South Africa, all users. L1 users: 3,850,000 in South Africa (2013 UNSD), increasing. L2 users: 7,900,000 (Webb 2002). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 6(1)). Statutory provincial language in Gauteng, East Cape, Free State, and North West provinces (2012, Use of Official Languages Act, No. 12, Section 4(1)). Alternate Names: Sesotho, Sisutho, Souto, Suthu, Suto Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Sotho-Tswana (S.33)
South African Sign Language sfs: Scattered. Users: 500,000 (Aarons and Akach 2002), all users. Estimated, including some hearing people. L1 users: 235,000 (2011 census). Approximately 0.4% of the total population. Other estimates vary widely: 12,100 (Van Cleve 1986); 400,000–500,000 (2008 WFD). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (1996, Constitution, Chapter 1, Section 6(5)(a)), although not an official language, it is recognized as a language to be promoted. Alternate Names: SASL Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language
Swahili swh: KwaZulu-Natal province: Chatsworth 1, southwest of Durban proper on the coast. Users: 2,000 in South Africa (2012 J. Leclerc). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Kiswahili Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.42)
Swati ssw: KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga provinces. Users: 3,700,000 in South Africa, all users. L1 users: 1,300,000 in South Africa (2013 UNSD). L2 users: 2,400,000 (Webb 2002). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 6(1)). Statutory provincial language in Mpumalanga province (2012, Use of Official Languages Act, No. 12, Section 4(1)). Alternate Names: Siswati, Siswazi, Swazi, Tekela, Tekeza, Thithiza, Yeyeza, siSwati Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Nguni (S.43)
Tamil tam: KwaZulu-Natal province. Users: 32,000 in South Africa (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Ethnic population: 1,030,000 (2012 J. Leclerc). Status: 4 (Educational). Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil
Telugu tel: Users: 4,900 in South Africa (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Telugu
Tsonga tso: Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces. Users: 5,680,000 in South Africa, all users. L1 users: 2,280,000 in South Africa (2013 UNSD), increasing. L2 users: 3,400,000 (Webb 2002). Total users in all countries: 10,003,500 (as L1: 6,603,500; as L2: 3,400,000). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 6(1)). Statutory provincial language in Limpopo province (2012, Use of Official Languages Act, No. 12, Section 4(1)). Alternate Names: Shangaan, Shangana, Shitsonga, Thonga, Tonga, Vatsonga Autonym: Xitsonga Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Tswa-Rhonga (S.53)
Tswa tsc: Limpopo province: near South Africa-Zimbabwe-Mozambique shared border. Users: 20,000 in South Africa (2012 J. Leclerc). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kitshwa, Sheetshwa, Shitshwa, Tshwa, Xitshwa Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Tswa-Rhonga (S.51)
Urdu urd: KwaZulu-Natal province: Durban coastal and urban areas; Gauteng province: Johannesburg area, and scattered smaller towns. Users: 15,000 in South Africa (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Hindustani
Venda ven: Limpopo province. Users: 2,910,000 in South Africa, all users. L1 users: 1,210,000 in South Africa (2013 UNSD), increasing. L2 users: 1,700,000 (Webb 2002). Total users in all countries: 3,001,400 (as L1: 1,301,400; as L2: 1,700,000). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 6(1)). Statutory provincial language in Limpopo province (2012, Use of Official Languages Act, No. 12, Section 4(1)). Alternate Names: Chivenda, Luvenda Autonym: Tshivenḓa‎ (Tshivenda) Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Venda (S.21)
Xhosa xho: Eastern Cape province: east of Middelburg and Port Elizabeth; Northern Cape province: southeast Pixley ka Seme municipality; KwaZulu-Natal province: Ugu and Sisonke municipalities; Free State: border area, west of Lesotho. Users: 19,150,000 in South Africa, all users. L1 users: 8,150,000 in South Africa (2013 UNSD). L2 users: 11,000,000 (Webb 2002). Total users in all countries: 19,216,300 (as L1: 8,216,300; as L2: 11,000,000). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 6(1)). Statutory provincial language in Eastern Cape, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Northern Cape, and Western Cape (2012, Use of Official Languages Act, No. 12, Section 4(1)), official language in 5 provinces. Alternate Names: Isixhosa, Koosa, Xosa, “Cauzuh” (pej.) Autonym: isiXhosa Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Nguni (S.41)
Xiri xii: Northern Cape province: near Namibia border. Users: 87 in South Africa (2000). Total users in all countries: 187. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Cape Hottentot, Gri, Grikwa, Griqua, Gry, Xirikwa, Xrikwa Classification: Khoe-Kwadi, Khoe, Khoekhoe, Nama
Yiddish, Eastern ydd: Major cities. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Yiddish
Zulu zul: KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga (Gert Sibande muni) provinces; northeast Free State and southeast Gauteng provinces; Eastern Cape province: Harding area. Users: 27,300,000 in South Africa, all users. L1 users: 11,600,000 in South Africa (2013 UNSD), increasing. L2 users: 15,700,000 (Webb 2002). Total users in all countries: 27,804,600 (as L1: 12,104,600; as L2: 15,700,000). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 6(1)). Statutory provincial language in Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal provinces (2012, Use of Official Languages Act, No. 12, Section 4(1)). Alternate Names: Isizulu, Zunda, isiZulu Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Nguni (S.42)
ǀXam xam: Northern Cape province. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers survived into the 1910s (Traill 1995). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: !Kham, /Kam, /Kama-ka !Ke, /Xam, Xam, ǀKamka!e, ǀKham-Ka-!k’e, ǀXam-Ka-!k’e Classification: Tuu, !Ui
ǁXegwi xeg: Limpopo province. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker, Jopi Mabinda, died in 1988 (Traill 2002). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Abathwa, Amabusmana, Amankgqwigqwi, Batwa, Boroa, Bush-C, Giǀkxigwi, Kiǁkxigwi, Kloukle, Lxloukxle, Nkqeshe, Tloue, Tloutle, ǁXegwe, ǁXekwi Classification: Tuu, !Ui

Maps

Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland
South Africa: Enlarged area

Graphs

Language Vitality Profile
Full explanation
This graph shows the profile of languages in South Africa with respect to their level of language vitality. Each individual language that has an entry for South Africa is included in the profile. The horizontal axis represents the estimated level of vitality. The height of each bar indicates the number of languages that are estimated to be at the given level.
The vitality levels and the color coding of the bars match the scheme used in the guide on How many languages are endangered? In this scheme, the levels and colors are as follows:
- Dark green = Institutional (EGIDS 0-4) — The language has been developed to the point that it is used and sustained by institutions beyond the home and community.
- Light green = Stable (EGIDS 5-6a) — The language is not being sustained by formal institutions, but It is still the norm in the home and community that all children learn and use the language.
- Red = Endangered (EGIDS 6b-9) — It is no longer the norm that children learn and use this language.
These three summary levels have been derived by grouping levels in the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS), which is the more fine-grained scale that Ethnologue uses to assess the status of every language in terms of development versus endangerment; see the Language Status page for a description of the levels of that scale. See also the pages on Development and Endangerment for more discussion.
Language Status Profile
Full explanation
This graph shows the profile of languages in South Africa with respect to their status of language development versus language endangerment. Each individual language that has an entry for South Africa is included in the profile. The horizontal axis represents the estimated level of development or endangerment as measured on the EGIDS scale. (See the pages on Development and Endangerment for a fuller explanation.) The height of each bar indicates the number of languages that are estimated to be at the given level. Consult the Status listings for South Africa in order to see the specific languages for each level.
The color coding of the bars matches the color scheme used in the summary profile graphs on the navigation maps for the site. In this scheme, the EGIDS levels are grouped as follows:
- Purple = Institutional (EGIDS 0-4) — The language has been developed to the point that it is used and sustained by institutions beyond the home and community.
- Blue = Developing (EGIDS 5) — The language is in vigorous use, with literature in a standardized form being used by some though this is not yet widespread or sustainable.
- Green = Vigorous (EGIDS 6a) — The language is unstandardized and in vigorous use among all generations.
- Yellow = In trouble (EGIDS 6b-7) — Intergenerational transmission is in the process of being broken, but the child-bearing generation can still use the language so it is possible that revitalization efforts could restore transmission of the language in the home.
- Red = Dying (EGIDS 8a-9) — The only fluent users (if any) are older than child-bearing age, so it is too late to restore natural intergenerational transmission through the home; a mechanism outside the home would need to be developed.
- Black = Extinct (EGIDS 10) — The language has fallen completely out of use and no one retains a sense of ethnic identity associated with the language.

Resources

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Digest of the languages of South Africa ($199.95, 40 page PDF)

South Africa

Summary

Languages

Languages by Status

Maps

Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland

South Africa: Enlarged area

Graphs

Language Vitality Profile

Language Status Profile

Resources

Contributions

Editorial Action