aig ISO 639
Creole Autonyms
Leeward Caribbean English Creole
Visualizations
A language of Antigua and Barbuda
- ISO 639
- aig
- Alternate Names
- Antigua and Barbuda Creole English, Broken English, Dialect, Patwa
- Autonym
- Creole
- Population
- 82,500 in Antigua and Barbuda (2019), increasing. It is difficult to substantiate the number of Creole speakers and English speakers. Total users in all countries: 176,330.
- Location
- Throughout Antigua and Barbuda.
- Language Maps
- Creole Languages of the Eastern Caribbean
- Language Status
- 6a (Vigorous). De facto language of national identity.
- Classification
- Creole, English based, Atlantic, Eastern, Southern
- Dialects
- Antiguan English Creole, Barbuda English Creole. Slight comprehension of Jamaican and perhaps Bahamas creoles. May be similar to English Creoles of the Virgin Islands and Netherlands Antilles. One dialect is spoken mainly by older generations who live in Jennings and Bolans villages, near Johnson. People perceive the Southern variety, spoken along Fig Tree Drive Road from Swetes to Bolans, as being most different and difficult to understand. Barbudan is perceived as being more linguistically distant than the Creole English of Montserrat Point (2003 K. Decker).
- Language Use
- Used by all. Negative attitudes.
- Language Development
- Oral materials available. Literature. Grammar.
- Writing
- Latin script [Latn].
- Other Comments
- Most villagers deny the existence of a creole, though they speak it. Although some negative attitudes toward it, its use in the community is quite strong. Its uniqueness and cultural role is valued. Many migrated to Antigua from Montserrat after the eruption of Soufriere Hills volcano on 18 July, 1995. Christian.
- Language Resources
- OLAC resources in and about Leeward Caribbean English Creole
Also Spoken in
- Location
- Widespread.
- Language Status
- 6a (Vigorous)
- Language Use
- Friends. Used by all. Also use English [eng].
- Other Comments
- When Creole languages exist alongside their lexifier language, a continuum forms of variations between the Creole and the lexifier language. It is therefore difficult to substantiate the exact number of Creole speakers and speakers of the lexifier language. Christian. View other languages of Anguilla
Language Name
Leeward Caribbean English Creole
User Population
11,500 in Anguilla (2001 census).
- Location
- Saint Andrew parish: Marigot, Wesley, and Woodford Hill in northeast Dominica; Saint John parish: Clifton (a suburb of Portsmouth) northwest.
- Language Status
- 6a (Vigorous)
- Language Use
- May have developed from migrants coming from Antigua and Montserrat (2011 K. Decker).
- Other Comments
- Non-indigenous. There is a continuum of variation from basilectal Creole to acrolectal English of the educated. Many left the island after Soufriere Hills volcano eruption on 18 July, 1995. View other languages of Dominica
Language Name
Leeward Caribbean English Creole
User Population
200 in Dominica (2004).
- Location
- Widespread.
- Dialects
- Nevis English Creole.
- Language Status
- 6a (Vigorous)
- Language Use
- All domains. Used by all. Negative attitudes. Also use English [eng].
- Other Comments
- There is a continuum of variation from basilectal Creole to acrolectal English of the educated. View other languages of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Language Name
Leeward Caribbean English Creole
User Population
51,000 in Saint Kitts and Nevis (2015).
- Location
- Widespread.
- Language Status
- 6a (Vigorous)
- Other Comments
- There is a continuum of variation from basilectal Creole to acrolectal English of the educated. View other languages of Saint Martin
Language Name
Leeward Caribbean English Creole
User Population
14,000 in Saint Martin (2011 SIL).
- Location
- Widespread.
- Language Status
- 6a (Vigorous)
- Other Comments
- There is a continuum of variation from basilectal Creole to acrolectal English of the educated. Many left the island after Soufriere Hills volcano eruption on 18 July, 1995. View other languages of Montserrat
Language Name
Leeward Caribbean English Creole
User Population
5,130 in Montserrat (2020).
- Location
- South Sint Martin: Philipsburg west.
- Language Status
- 6a (Vigorous)
- Other Comments
- Non-indigenous. There is a continuum of variation from basilectal Creole to acrolectal English of the educated. View other languages of Sint Maarten
Language Name
Leeward Caribbean English Creole
User Population
12,000 in Sint Maarten (2011 SIL).
