hlb ISO 639
हलबी (Halabi) Autonyms
Halbi
Visualizations
A language of India
- ISO 639
- hlb
- Alternate Names
- Halabi, Halba, Halvas, Halvi, Holva, aia jaia got
- Autonym
- हलबी (Halabi)
- Population
- 966,000, all users. L1 users: 766,000 (2011 census). L2 users: 200,000 (2001 C. Thomas).
- Location
- Andhra Pradesh state; Chhattisgarh state: Bastar district plains; Madhya Pradesh state: Balaghat district; Maharashtra state: Gondia district; Odisha state: Koraput district.
- Language Maps
- India, Map 6
- Language Status
- 3 (Wider communication). Became dominant in the 19th century under British rule. Main means of communication for various groups across the central part of India. Used in trade, music, and communication among the less educated.
- Classification
- Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese
- Dialects
- Adkuri, Bastari, Bhunjia, Chandari, Gachikolo, Govari of Balaghat, Kawari, Kunbi, Mahari (Mahara, Mehari), Muri (Muria), Sundi. Bhunjia and Kawari dialects considered more divergent dialects. Reportedly a creole language. Grierson and Konow called it a dialect of Marathi [mar] for convenience, but noted similarities to Bhatri [bgw], a dialect of Odia [ory] (Grierson and Konow 1903–1928).
- Typology
- SOV; postpositions; genitives, articles, adjectives, numerals before noun heads; 2 or 3 affixes per word; word order distinguishes given and new information; noun affixes indicate case; verb affixes mark person, number, gender of subject; passives; causatives; comparatives; CV, CVC, CVV; nontonal.
- Language Use
- Also use Bhatri [bgw]. Also use Hindi [hin], especially educated men, for trading and common topics. Used as L2 by Bhatri [bgw], Duruwa [pci], Eastern Muria [emu], Maria [mrr], Mirgan [zrg].
- Language Development
- Literacy rate in L2: 74% for Chhattisgarh plains (2001 census). Government literacy program uses Hindi [hin] primers. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2017.
- Writing
- Devanagari script [Deva].
- Other Comments
- Traditional religion, Hindu.
- Language Resources
- OLAC resources in and about Halbi
