kru ISO 639

कुड़ुख़‎ (Kudukh) Autonyms

Kurux

  • Geography

    IN Chhattisgarh state: Raigarh and Surguja districts; Jharkhand state: Lohardaga and Ranchi districts; Odisha state: Jharsuguda and Sundargarh districts; West Bengal state: Jalpaigiri district; Assam, Bihar, and Tripura states.
  • Language Cloud

A language of India

kru
Kadukali, Kurka, Kurukh, Urang, Uraon
कुड़ुख़‎ (Kudukh)
1,990,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 2,084,390 (as L1: 2,083,700; as L2: 690).
Chhattisgarh state: Raigarh and Surguja districts; Jharkhand state: Lohardaga and Ranchi districts; Odisha state: Jharsuguda and Sundargarh districts; West Bengal state: Jalpaigiri district; Assam, Bihar, and Tripura states.
Central Nepal, Eastern Nepal, India, Map 3, India, Map 4, India, Map 6, Northwestern Bangladesh
6b (Threatened).
Dravidian, Northern
Oraon. Kisan [xis] and the Oraon dialect have 73% intelligibility. Oraon becoming standard. Related to Kumarbhag Paharia [kmj].
SOV; postpositions; noun head final; 2 noun classes (human, non-human); content q-word initial; 1 prefix, up to 6 suffixes; clause constituents indicated by case-marking; verbal affixation marks person, number and genders of subject and object; ergativity; tense and aspect; passives and voice; nontonal; 29 consonant and 10 vowel phonemes.
While there are written materials, the language is losing speakers (mostly due to urbanization). Some young people, all adults. Also use English [eng]. Also use Sadri [sck]. Used as L2 by Kodaku [ksz].
Literacy rate in L1: 62% Oraon in Chhattisgarh, 25% in Bihar (2001 census). Literature. Newspapers. Radio. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Texts. Bible: 2000.
Devanagari script [Deva].
Hindu, Christian.
OLAC resources in and about Kurux
Kurux
50,000 in Bangladesh (2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 50,000 (2011).
Rangpur division: Dinajpur, Panchagarn, Rangpur, Saidpur and Thakurgaon districts’ areas.
6b (Threatened)
Not as vital as other indigenous languages. Some young people, all adults. Neutral attitudes. Most also use Rangpuri [rkt]. Also use Bengali [ben], which is used in most settings outside the home or village, with positive attitudes towards it.
Different from Sadri, Oraon [sdr].
View other languages of Bangladesh
Kurux
10,000 in Bhutan (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity.
Chhukha and Samtse districts: probably scattered small groups.
6b (Threatened)
Non-indigenous.
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Kurux
34,390 in Nepal, all users. L1 users: 33,700 in Nepal (2011 census), decreasing. L2 users: 690 (2011 census). No monolinguals (2002 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 37,400 (2011 census).
Kosi province: Jhapa district, scattered; Morang district, Belbari, Biratnagar, Budhiganga, Gramthan, Kanepokhari, Katahari, Rangeli, and Sundaraicha municipalities; Sunsari district, Barah, Barju, Bhokraha, Duhabi, Dwanganj, Gadhi, Harinagara, Inarwa, and Ramdhuni municipalities; Janakpur province: Bara district, Jitpur Simara municipality; Parsa district, Birganj, Parsagadhi, Paterwasugauli, and Sakuwa Prasauni municipalities; Siraha district, Arnama, Golbazar, and Naraha municipalities.
None known. Variety spoken in Jharkhand, India 86% intelligible with Kurux in Nepal (Shackelford 2020).
6a (Vigorous)
Number of speakers is decreasing due to urbanization and overall population decrease (Shackelford 2020). Home, religion. Mixed use: Friends, work, education. Used by all. Positive attitudes. Also use Bhojpuri [bho] (Shackelford 2020). Also use Maithili [mai] (Shackelford 2020). Also use Mid-Eastern Tharu [thq] (Shackelford 2020). Also use Nepali [npi] (Shackelford 2020). Also use Sadri [sck] (Shackelford 2020).
Literacy rate in L2: 80% in Nepali [npi].
The majority of Kurux in Nepal moved to Nepal about 150 years ago, mostly to work in indigo fields across the border in Bihar state, India. A small number came about 2 generations ago, now living in Jhapa (Van Driem 2001). All names are used interchangeably for language and ethnic names. Hindu.
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