Central African Republic
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Ali
[aiy] Lobaye prefecture: Boda subprefecture; Ombella-M’poko prefecture: Bimbo, Boali, and Yaloke-Bossembele subprefectures; Bangui. Users: 35,000 (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, East.
American Sign Language
[ase] Scattered. Users: 24,000 in Central African Republic (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 14,000–28,000, based on 0.3%–0.6% of the total population. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: ASL. Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language.
Arabic, Shuwa
[shu] Users: 63,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Banda, Mid-Southern
[bjo] Basse-Kotto prefecture: Alindao, Mingala, and Mobaye subprefectures; Mbomou prefecture: Gambo-Ouango subprefecture; Ouaka prefecture: Kouango subprefecture. Users: 100,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 102,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Banda Central Sud. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Mid-Southern.
Banda, South Central
[lnl] Basse-Kotto prefecture: Alindao, Kembé, Mingala, and Mobaye subprefectures; Mbomou prefecture: Gambo-Ouango subprefecture. Users: 150,000 in Central African Republic (1996). 55,000 Langba, 95,000 Ngbugu. Total users in all countries: 153,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, South Central.
Banda, Togbo-Vara
[tor] Haute-Kotto prefecture: Bria subprefecture; Ouaka prefecture: Bambari subprefecture. Users: 12,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Togbo-Vara.
Banda, West Central
[bbp] Kémo prefecture: Sibut (northeast of Dekol town) and southeast Dekoa subprefectures; Ouaka prefecture: Grimari, Bakala, and Bambari subprefectures. Users: 4,500 in Central African Republic (1996). 1,000 Wojo. Total users in all countries: 7,500. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, West Central.
Banda-Bambari
[liy] Basse-Kotto prefecture: Alindao and Mingala subprefectures; Haute-Kotto prefecture: Bria subprefecture; Ouaka prefecture: Bakala, Bambari, Grimari, and Ippy subprefectures. Users: 183,000 (1996). 4,000 Gbende, 2,000 Joto, mainly Linda. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Banda of Bambari, Banda-Linda, Linda. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Banda-Bambari.
Banda-Banda
[bpd] Widespread. Users: 102,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Banda-Banda.
Banda-Mbrès
[bqk] Bamingui-Bangoran prefecture: Bamingui subprefecture border small area; Nana-Grébizi prefecture: Kaga Bandoro and Mbrès subprefectures; Ouaka prefecture: Bakala subprefecture, Sabanga and Moruba towns; Ouham prefecture: Bouca subprefecture. Users: 42,500 in Central African Republic (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Banda of Mbrès, Banda-Mbre. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Banda-Mbres.
Banda-Ndélé
[bfl] Bamingui-Bangoran prefecture: Ndélé and Bamingui subprefectures; Haute-Kotto prefecture: Ouadda subprefecture; Nana-Grébizi prefecture: Kaga Bandoro subprefecture; Ouaka prefecture: Bakala and Ippy subprefectures; Vakaga prefecture: Ouanda-Djalle subprefecture. Users: 35,500 in Central African Republic (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Banda of Ndélé, Nyele. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Banda-Ndele.
Banda-Yangere
[yaj] Mambéré-Kadéï and Sangha-Mbaéré prefectures: Bambio, Berbérati and Carnot subprefectures; some in Nola subprefecture. Users: 26,500 (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Yangere, Yanguere. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Western.
Bangi
[bni] Users: 7,440 in Central African Republic (2000). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.32).
Bhogoto
[bdt] Lobaye prefecture: Boda subprefecture; Mambéré-Kadéï prefecture: Carnot subprefecture; Nana-Mambéré prefecture: Baoro subprefecture; Ombella-M’poko prefecture: Yaloke-Bossembele subprefecture; Ouham-Pendé prefecture: Bozoum subprefecture, small border areas. Users: 130,000 (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bhokoto, Bogodo, Bogoto, Bokodo, Bokoto, Bokpoto, Gbāyā ɓòkòtò, Gbäyä-Bogoto, Ɓòkòtò. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Central.
Birri
[bvq] Haut-Mbomou prefecture: scattered. Users: 200 (1996). Ethnic population: 5,000. No longer spoken in Sudan (1993). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Biri, Bviri, Viri. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi.
Bodo
[boy] Haut-Mbomou prefecture: scattered. Users: 15 (1996). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.308).
Bofi
[bff] Lobaye prefecture: Boda subprefecture; Sangha-Mbaéré prefecture: Bambio subprefecture. Users: 23,500 (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Boffi. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, East.
Buraka
[bkg] Basse-Kotto prefecture: Mobaye subprefecture, along Ubangi river. Users: 2,500 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 3,800. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bolaka, Boraka, Bouraka. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Gbanzili.
Dagba
[dgk] Ouham prefecture: Batangafo, Bossangoa, and Kabo subprefectures. Users: 34,000 in Central African Republic (2007 K. Wolff). Total users in all countries: 44,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Daba. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper.
Dendi
[deq] Mbomou prefecture: Gambo-Ouango subprefecture. Users: 10,000 (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Ngbandi.
French
[fra] Widespread. Users: 1,349,000 in Central African Republic, all users. L1 users: 9,000 in Central African Republic (1996). L2 users: 1,340,000 (Beck et al 2018). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (2004, Constitution, Article 18). Alternate Names: Français. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French.
Fulfulde, Bagirmi
[fui] Widespread. Users: 156,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Baghirmi Peul, Bagirmi Fula. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Eastern.
Furu
[fuu] Basse-Kotto prefecture: Mobaye subprefecture, 11 villages. Users: 4,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bagero, Bagiro, Baguero, Baguiro. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Kara.
Ganzi
[gnz] Nana-Grébizi and Kémo prefectures: border region, scattered. Users: 1,400 (1996). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Baka-Gundi.
Gbanu
[gbv] Lobaye prefecture: small Ombella-M’poko border areas north of Bodo town; Mambéré-Kadéï prefecture: Carnot subprefecture; Ombella-M’poko prefecture: Yaloke-Bossembélé subprefecture, north of Bogangolo; Ouham prefecture: Bossangoa subprefecture. Users: 95,000 (1996). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Banu, Gbanou. Autonym: Gbanu. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Central.
Gbanziri
[gbg] Ouaka prefecture: Kouango subprefecture, along Ubangi river. Users: 14,500 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 17,500. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Banziri, Gbandere, Gbanzili. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Gbanzili.
Gbaya
Gbaya, Northwest
[gya] Mambéré-Kadéï prefecture: north of Amada Gaza; Nana-Mambéré prefecture: Baboua and Bouar subprefectures; Ouham-Pendé prefecture: Bocaranga and Bozoum subprefectures. Users: 200,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 267,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Gbaya, Gbaya Nord-Ouest. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Northwest.
Gbaya, Southwest
[gso] Mambéré-Kadéï prefecture: Berbérati, Carnot, and Gamboula subprefectures; Nana-Mambéré prefecture: Baboua and Baoro subprefectures; Sangha-Mbaéré prefecture: Nola subprefecture. Users: 220,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Gbaya, Gbaya Sud-Ouest. Autonym: Nu Gbaya. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Southwest.
Gbaya-Bossangoa
[gbp] Ouham prefecture: Bossangoa and Batangafo (Gbabana) subprefectures; Ouham-Pendé prefecture: south of Ouham river. Users: 200,000 (2005). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Gbɛ́yá, Gbɛa, Gbaya, Gbaya de Bosangoa, Gbaya of Borro, Gbaya of Bossangoa, Gbaya-Borro, Gbea, Gbeya, Gbäyä Bossangoa. Autonym: Gbɛya. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Central.
Gbaya-Bozoum
[gbq] Nana-Mambéré prefecture: Baoro and Bouar subprefectures; Ombella-M’poko prefecture: Yaloke-Bossembele subprefecture; Ouham prefecture: Bossangoa subprefecture; Ouham-Pendé prefecture: broad area south of Ouham river. Users: 32,500 (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bozom, Gbaya de Bozoum. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Central.
Gbayi
[gyg] Basse-Kotto prefecture: north Mingala subprefecture; Haute-Kotto prefecture: Bria subprefecture; Mbomou prefecture: east bank, Kotto river, between Mbeti and Tchola Banar. Users: 5,000 (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kpasiya. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Ngbandi.
Geme
[geq] Bamingui-Bangoran prefecture: Ndélé subprefecture, 2 villages north of Ndélé. Users: 550 (1996). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gueme, Jeme, Ngba Geme. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Zande, Zande-Nzakara.
Gubu
[gox] Ouaka prefecture: Kouango subprefecture, Oubangui river north bank. Users: Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gabou, Gabu, Gobu, Ngobo, Ngobu. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Mid-Southern.
Gula
[kcm] Vakaga prefecture: Birao subprefecture, Kafia Kingi near Sudan border. Users: 13,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 13,200. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Goula, Gula du Mamoun, Kara, Kara de Soudan, Kara of Sudan, Tar Gula, Yamegi. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Kara.
Gundi
[gdi] Mambéré-Kadéï prefecture: Gamboula subprefecture; Sangha-Mbaéré prefecture: Nola subprefecture, south and east of Nola. Users: 9,000 (1988 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ngondi, Ngundi. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Baka-Gundi.
Hausa
[hau] Users: 34,000 in Central African Republic (2021 Joshua Project). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.1.
Kaba Démé, Sara
[kwg] Bamingui-Bangoran and Nana-Grébizi prefectures. Users: Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kaba ’Dem, Kaba Demi, Kaba Démé, Sara Kaba Dem, Sara Kaba Ɗem, Tà Sàra, Ɗem. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper, Sara Kaba.
Kaba Naa, Sara
[kwv] Bamingui-Bangoran prefecture: Ndélé subprefecture, near Chad border; Nana-Mambéré prefecture: Baoro subprefecture, Mbanga village; far west Vakaga prefecture: small area on Bahr Kameur river, 9 villages. Users: 4,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dana, Kaba Na, Kaba Naa, Kaba Nar, Na, Naa, Sara Kaba. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper, Sara Kaba.
Kabba
[ksp] Ouham prefecture: Markounda subprefecture; Ouham-Pendé prefecture: Paoua subprefecture. Users: 72,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 147,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kaba, Sara. Autonym: Kabba. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper.
Kako
[kkj] Mambéré-Kadéï prefecture: Gamboula town, on Cameroon border. Users: 10,400 in Central African Republic (1996). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kakɔ, Kaka, Nkoxo, Yaka. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Kaka (A.93).
Kara
[kah] Vakaga prefecture: Birao subprefecture. Users: 4,800 (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dam Fer, Fer, Fertit. Classification: Unclassified.
Kare
[kbn] Ouham-Pendé prefecture: Bocaranga and Bozoum subprefectures. Users: 93,000 in Central African Republic (1996). 57,500 Kare, 35,500 Tale. Total users in all countries: 97,460. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kali, Kareng, Kari, Karré, Kãrɛ̃, Labi-Kare, nzáà kã́rĩ́. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Karang.
Kpagua
[kuw] Ouaka prefecture: between Ouake and Oubangui rivers. Users: 3,830 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kpagwa. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Mid-Southern.
Kpatili
[kym] Basse-Kotto prefecture: south Mingala subprefecture; Mbomou prefecture: Bakouma subprefecture. Users: 4,500 (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kpatere, Kpatiri, Ngindere. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Zande, Zande-Nzakara.
Laka
[lap] Ouham-Pendé prefecture: Bocaranga subprefecture, 9 villages on Chad border. Users: 2,050 in Central African Republic (1996). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kabba Laka, Laga, Làgà. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper.
Langbashe
[lna] Kémo prefecture: Sibut subprefecture; Ouaka prefecture: Kouango subprefecture. Users: 40,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 43,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Langbase, Langbashi, Langbasi, Langbwasse, Langwasi. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, South Central.
Limassa
[bme] Sangha-Mbaéré prefecture; possibly far southwestern corner, along Republic of the Congo border. Users: Few in Ngundi [ndn] villages. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bamassa, Bomasa, Bomassa. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Baka-Gundi.
Lingala
[lin] Users: 10,700 in Central African Republic (2000). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.30).
Lutos
[ndy] Bamingui-Bangoran prefecture: Ndélé subprefecture; Nana-Grébizi prefecture: Kaga Bandoro subprefecture; Ouham prefecture: Kabo subprefecture. Users: 17,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 18,980. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Rito, Ruto. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Vale.
Mandja
[mzv] Kémo prefecture: Dekoa and Sibut subprefectures; Nana-Grébizi prefecture: Kaga Bandoro and Mbrès subprefectures; Ombella-M’poko prefecture: Damara subprefecture; Ouaka prefecture: Grimari subprefecture; Ouham prefecture: Bouca subprefecture. Users: 220,000 (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Manja, Manza. Autonym: Mänzä. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, East.
Mbandja
[zmz] Users: 1,400 in Central African Republic (1996). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Southern.
Mbangi
[mgn] Basse-Kotto prefecture: Alindao subprefecture; Mbomou prefecture: Bangassou and Gambo-Ouango subprefectures. Users: 2,750 (1996). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mbangui. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Ngbandi.
Mbati
[mdn] Lobaye prefecture: Mbaiki subprefecture. Users: 60,000 (2010 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Isongo, Issongo, Lisongo, Lissongo, Songo. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngondi (C.13).
Mbay
[myb] Ouham prefecture: Batangafo and Markounda subprefectures. Users: 8,300 in Central African Republic (1996). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mbai, Mbaï. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper.
Mbum
[mdd] Ouham-Pendé prefecture: Bocaranga subprefecture, along Cameroon border. Users: 12,500 in Central African Republic (1996). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mboum. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Southern.
Monzombo
[moj] Lobaye prefecture: Mongoumba subprefecture. Users: 1,600 in Central African Republic (1996). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mondjembo, Monjombo, Monzumbo. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Monzombo.
Mpiemo
[mcx] Mambéré-Kadéï prefecture: Gamboula subprefecture; Sangha-Mbaéré prefecture: Nola subprefecture. Users: 24,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 29,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bimu, Mbimou, Mbimu, Mbyemo, Mpo, Mpyemo. Autonym: Mpyemɔ. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.86).
Ngam
[nmc] Ouham prefecture: Kabo subprefecture. Users: 17,700 in Central African Republic (1996). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ngama, Ngàm̄. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper.
Ngando
[ngd] Lobaye prefecture: Mbaiki subprefecture. Users: 5,000 (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bagandou, Bangandou, Bodzanga, Dingando, Ngando-Kota. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngondi (C.102).
Ngbaka
[nga] Users: 3,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, East.
Ngbaka Ma’bo
[nbm] Lobaye prefecture: Mbaiki and Mongoumba subprefectures; Ombella-M’poko prefecture: Bimbo subprefecture. Users: 88,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 258,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bouaka, Bwaka, Gbaka, Ma’bo, Mbacca, Mbaka, Nbwaka, Ngbaka Limba. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Bwaka.
Ngbaka Manza
[ngg] Kémo prefecture: Sibut subprefecture; Ombella-M’poko prefecture, Boali and Damara subprefectures; Ouham prefecture: Bossangoa and Bouca subprefectures. Users: 29,000 (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, East.
Ngombe
[nmj] Mambéré-Kadéï prefecture: Gamboula subprefecture, Cameroon border. Users: 11,600 (2010 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bagando-Ngombe, Bangando-Ngombe, Ngombe-Kaka. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Southwest.
Nzakara
[nzk] Mbomou prefecture: Bakouma, Bangassou, and Gambo-Ouango subprefectures. Users: 50,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ansakara, N’sakara, Sakara, Zakara. Autonym: Nzakala. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Zande, Zande-Nzakara.
Pana
[pnz] Ouham-Pendé prefecture: Bocaranga subprefecture. Diahoke and Giriwon villages (Gonge dialect); Makele village (Pana dialect). Users: 82,000 in Central African Republic (1996). 63,000 Pana, 10,000 Pondo, 9,000 Gonge. Total users in all countries: 85,980. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Pani. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Karang.
Pande
[bkj] Mambéré-Kadéï prefecture: Berbérati subprefecture; Sangha-Mbaéré prefecture: Nola subprefecture, small area near Banga town. Users: 8,870 (2010 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ipande. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngondi (C.12).
Runga
[rou] Bamingui-Bangoran prefecture; Vakaga prefecture: Birao subprefecture. Users: 21,500 in Central African Republic (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ayki, Aykindang, Rounga, Runga de Ndele. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Runga-Kibet.
Sango
[sag] Widespread. Users: 5,100,000 in Central African Republic, all users. L1 users: 500,000 in Central African Republic (2017 SIL). L2 users: 4,600,000. Total users in all countries: 5,217,000 (as L1: 617,000; as L2: 4,600,000). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (2004, Constitution, Article 18). Alternate Names: Sangho. Autonym: Sango. Classification: Creole, Ngbandi based.
Sango, Riverain
[snj] Basse-Kotto prefecture: Mobaye subprefecture, along Ubangi river. Users: 34,500 (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Creole, Ngbandi based.
Sara Kaba
[sbz] Bamingui-Bangoran prefecture: Ndélé subprefecture; Vakaga prefecture: Birao subprefecture. Users: 13,600 (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ta Sara. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper, Sara Kaba.
Suma
[sqm] Ouham prefecture: Bossangoa and Markounda subprefectures; Ouham-Pendé prefecture: Paoua subprefecture. Users: 50,000 (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Souma. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka.
To
[toz] Scattered. Users: No known L1 speakers in Central African Republic. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Status: 9 (Second language only). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Unclassified.
Ukhwejo
[ukh] Sangha-Mbaéré prefecture: south of Nola. Ngulo (Ukhwejo dialect); Nalimo, Salo, Bayanga, and Gbaso (Bikaka dialect); Koola, Ambasila (Piiga dialect); Bomanzoku, Linjombo, both sides of Sanga river (Kamsili dialect). 7 villages. Users: 2,000 (1996 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Benkonjo, Ukwedjo. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, A, Makaa-Njem (A.802).
Vale
[vae] Nana-Grébizi prefecture: Kaga Bandoro subprefecture; Ouham prefecture: Batangafo and Kabo subprefectures. Users: 5,400 (1996). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Vale.
Yaka
[axk] Lobaye prefecture: Mbaïki and Mongoumba subprefectures, forest along Congo border; Sangha-Mbaéré prefecture: Bambio and Nola subprefectures. Users: 15,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 30,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Aka, Beká, Nyoyaka, Pygmée de Mongoumba, Pygmée de la Lobaye, Pygmées de la Sanghas, “Babinga” (pej.), “Bambenga” (pej.). Autonym: Yaâkâ. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngondi (C.104).
Yakoma
[yky] Basse-Kotto prefecture: Kembé subprefecture; Mbomou prefecture: Gambo-Ouango subprefecture; Ombella-M’poko prefecture: Bimbo subprefecture; Bangui. Oubangui river area and administrative centers. Users: 100,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 110,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Ngbandi.
Yulu
[yul] Haute-Kotto prefecture: Ouadda subprefecture; Vakaga prefecture: Ouanda-Djallé subprefecture. Users: 4,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Total users in all countries: 13,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Youlou. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Kara.
Zande
[zne] Haut-Mbomou prefecture: Obo, Rafaï, and Zémio subprefectures. Users: 62,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Azande, Badjande, Pazande, Sande, Zandi. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Zande, Zande-Nzakara.