Poland

Polish

[pol] 1 (National). Statutory national language (1997, Constitution, Article 27). 36,711,000 in Poland, all users. L1 users: 36,500,000 in Poland (European Commission 2012). L2 users: 211,000 (European Commission 2012). Total users in all countries: 40,629,030 (as L1: 39,964,030; as L2: 665,000).

2 (Provincial)

German, Standard

[deu] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Opolskie and Silesian provinces (2005, Minorities Act of 2 January, Articles 2(2), 9). 7,263,600 in Poland, all users. L1 users: 63,600 in Poland (2013 UNSD). L2 users: 7,200,000 (2019).

Lithuanian

[lit] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Podlaskie Province (2005, Minorities Act of 2 January, Article 2(2)). 5,050 in Poland (2013 UNSD).

3 (Wider communication)

Esperanto

[epo] 3 (Wider communication). LWC on an international level. Esperanto was developed for intercommunication among L1 users of other languages. It is currently used by speakers in over 100 countries of the world. 101,000, all users. L1 users: 1,000 (Corsetti et al 2004), increasing. L2 users: 100,000 (2017 S.V. Nielsen).

4 (Educational)

English

[eng] 4 (Educational). 12,511,300 in Poland, all users. L1 users: 11,300 in Poland (2020 J. Leclerc). L2 users: 12,500,000 (European Commission 2012).

French

[fra] 4 (Educational). 948,890 in Poland, all users. L1 users: 8,890 in Poland (2013 UNSD). L2 users: 940,000 (2018).

5 (Developing)

Armenian, Western

[hyw] 5* (Developing). Recognized language (2005, Minorities Act of 2 January, Article 2(2)). 2,210 in Poland (2013 UNSD).

Belarusian

[bel] 5* (Developing). Recognized language (2005, Minorities Act of 2 January, Article 2(2)). 26,700 in Poland (2013 UNSD).

Romani, Baltic

[rml] 5* (Developing). Recognized language (2005, Minorities Act of 2 January, Article 2(4)). 13,600 in Poland (2013 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 34,010.

Romani, Carpathian

[rmc] 5* (Developing).

Polish Sign Language

[pso] 5 (Developing). 38,000 (2014 IMB). About 0.1% of total population. Another estimate: 50,000 signers (2021 EUD).

5 (Dispersed)

Czech

[ces] 5* (Dispersed). Recognized language (2005, Minorities Act of 2 January, Article 2(2)). 1,430 in Poland (2013 UNSD).

Romani, Sinte

[rmo] 5* (Dispersed).

Romani, Vlax

[rmy] 5* (Dispersed). 5,000 in Poland.

Russian

[rus] 5* (Dispersed). Recognized language (2005, Minorities Act of 2 January, Article 2(2)). 6,941,900 in Poland, all users. L1 users: 21,900 in Poland (2013 UNSD). L2 users: 6,920,000 (European Commission 2012).

Ukrainian

[ukr] 5* (Dispersed). Recognized language (2005, Minorities Act of 2 January, Article 2(2)). 26,400 in Poland (2013 UNSD).

6a (Vigorous)

Silesian

[szl] 6a* (Vigorous). 522,000 (2013 UNSD).

Silesian, Lower

[sli] 6a* (Vigorous). 12,000 in Poland. Total users in all countries: 22,900.

6b (Threatened)

Kashubian

[csb] 6b (Threatened). Recognized language (2005, Minorities Act of 2 January, Article 19). 107,000 in Poland (2013 UNSD). Ethnic population: 233,000 (2011). Total users in all countries: 117,000 (as L1: 107,000; as L2: 10,000).

Rusyn

[rue] 6b (Threatened). Recognized language (2005, Minorities Act of 2 January, Article 2(4)). 6,180 in Poland (2013 UNSD). Ethnic population: 11,000 (2011 census).

8b (Nearly extinct)

Wymysorys

[wym] 8b (Nearly extinct). 20 (Wicherkiewicz et al 2018).

Yiddish, Eastern

[ydd] 8b (Nearly extinct). Recognized language (2005, Minorities Act of 2 January, Article 2(2)). 37 in Poland (2002 census).

9 (Dormant)

Prussian

[prg] 9 (Dormant). 50, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers. The last L1 speaker died in the early 18th century. L2 users: 50.

Unestablished

Arabic

[ara] Unestablished. 2,380 in Poland (2013 UNSD).

Bulgarian

[bul] Unestablished. 1,700 in Poland (2013 UNSD).

Italian

[ita] Unestablished. 7,730 in Poland (2013 UNSD).

Spanish

[spa] Unestablished. 315,640 in Poland, all users. L1 users: 4,640 in Poland (2013 UNSD). L2 users: 311,000 (2019).

Vietnamese

[vie] Unestablished. 3,970 in Poland (2013 UNSD).

Poland

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