São Tomé e Príncipe
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Angolar
[aoa] São Tomé province: most spoken in Caué district, in particular São João dos Angolares. Also spoken in Santa Catarina, Lembá district (2020 M. Bouchard). Users: 7,900 (2019 D. Eberhard), based on survey of Angolar communities in Caué and Lembá districts. Ethnic population: 12,000 (2019 D. Eberhard), based on extrapolations of 2012 census for 2019, plus estimates from community leaders for each district. Status: 6b (Threatened). Autonym: Ngola. Classification: Creole, Portuguese based.
English
[eng] Users: 10,000 in São Tomé e Príncipe (2018 World Factbook). Status: Unestablished. Alternate Names: Inglês. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English.
French
[fra] Scattered. Users: 42,200 in São Tomé e Príncipe (Beck et al 2018), L2 users. Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Inglês. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French.
Kabuverdianu
[kea] Highest concentration in Príncipe province. Others scattered throughout São Tomé province. Users: 17,500 in São Tomé e Príncipe (2019 D. Eberhard). Based on 2012 census with extrapolations for 2019. Ethnic population: Estimates of ethnic population unreliable due to high rate of mixed marriages and increased awareness of national identity (2020 M. Bouchard). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Creole, Portuguese based.
Kimbundu
[kmb] São Tomé province: Água Grande (town of Bairro da Liberdade), Lobata (town of Agostinho Neto), and Mé Zóxi (town of Monte Café) districts. Users: 160 in São Tomé e Príncipe (2019 D. Eberhard). Ethnic population: 3,000 (2019 D. Eberhard). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Tonga. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kimbundu (H.21).
Portuguese
[por] Users: 197,000 in São Tomé e Príncipe, all users. L1 users: 68,000 in São Tomé e Príncipe (2016 World Factbook). L2 users: 129,000 (2016 World Factbook). Status: 1 (National). De facto national language. Alternate Names: Português. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Portuguese-Galician.
Principense
[pre] Príncipe province. Users: 200 (Agostinho and Araujo 2021). No monolinguals (Agostinho and Araujo 2021). Ethnic population: Estimates of ethnic population unreliable due to high degree of mixed marriages and increased awareness of national identity (2020 M. Bouchard). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Dialeto, Lun’gwiye. Autonym: Lung’Ie. Classification: Creole, Portuguese based.
Sãotomense
[cri] North side of São Tomé island, spoken mostly in the districts of Agua Grande, Cantagalo, Lobata, and Me-Zóxi. Users: 45,000 in São Tomé e Príncipe (2019 D. Eberhard). Based on extrapolations of 2012 census for 2019, plus adjustments made by Ministry of Culture. Ethnic population: Current estimates of ethnic population unreliable due to high rate of mixed marriages and increased shift to a national identity. Traditonally, the language community (the Forro) considered the largest ethnicity in the country with a size at least 10 times that of the Angolar community (2020 M. Bouchard). Total users in all countries: 55,600. Status: 7 (Shifting). De facto language of provincial identity in São Tomé Island except south tip. Alternate Names: Dialeto, Forro, Fôlô, Lungwa santome, Santomense, Santomé, São Tomense. Autonym: Sãotomense. Classification: Creole, Portuguese based.