Syria
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Abkhaz
[abk] Users: 5,000 in Syria (2014 NCRP). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Abkhaz-Adyghe, Abkhaz-Abazin.
Adyghe
[ady] As Suwayda’ governorate: Salkhad district; Dara’a governorate: Dar’a district. Users: 25,300 in Syria (2019). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Adygey, West Circassian. Classification: Abkhaz-Adyghe, Circassian.
Arabic, Egyptian Spoken
[arz] Users: 70,200 in Syria (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, Levantine Bedawi Spoken
[avl] As Suwayda’ and Dara’a governorates in southwest corner; Hauran region southwest, from the border to within 35 km of Damascus. Users: 71,000 in Syria (2019). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken
[acm] Ar Raqqah and Halab governorates: Buhayrat al Asad reservoir at center; Dayr az Zawr governorate: along the Euphrates; west Hamah, central Hims, and east Idlib governorates. Users: 49,200 in Syria (2019). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Furati, Mesopotamian Gelet Arabic, North Syrian Arabic. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, Najdi Spoken
[ars] Widespread; eastern Syrian desert. Users: 1,220,000 in Syria (2019). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bedawi, Najdi. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, North Levantine Spoken
[apc] Al Ladhiqiyah and Tartus governorates; widespread along Mediterranean coast. Users: 13,600,000 in Syria (2019). Total users in all countries: 31,437,480 (as L1: 29,778,480; as L2: 359,000). Status: 3 (Wider communication). De facto national working language. Alternate Names: Lebanese-Syrian Arabic, Levantine Arabic, North Levantine Arabic, Syro-Lebanese Arabic, il-lahje š-šāmiyye. Autonym: شامي (Shami). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, North Mesopotamian Spoken
[ayp] Al Hasakah governorate: Damascus toward north border with Turkey. Users: 300,000 in Syria (1992). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Maslawi, Mesopotamian Qeltu Arabic, Moslawi, Syro-Mesopotamian Arabic. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, South Levantine Spoken
[ajp] Users: 33,300 in Syria (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, Standard
[arb] Widespread. Users: 15,900,000 in Syria (2015 SIL), all users. Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1973, Constitution, Article 4). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Armenian, Western
[hyw] Al Ladhiqiyah governorate: Kessab and Latakia; Idlib governorate: Jisr al-Shughur. Users: 60,000 in Syria (2019). Status: 5* (Developing). Classification: Indo-European, Armenian.
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
[aii] Al Hasakah governorate: Khabur river banks, Turkey border, over 30 villages; some in Al Hasakah city. Users: 164,000 in Syria (2019). Ethnic population: 700,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Assyrian, Lishana Aturaya, Neo-Syriac, Suret, Sureth, Suryaya Swadaya. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern.
Azerbaijani, South
[azb] Hamah and Hims governorates: isolated central enclaves in both. Users: 31,900 in Syria (2019). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Azeri, Turkmen, Turkomen. Classification: Turkic, Southern, Azerbaijani.
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
[cld] Users: 5,430 in Syria (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern.
Chechen
[che] Users: 4,420 in Syria (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Nakh, Chechen-Ingush.
Domari
[rmt] Ar Raqqah governorate: scattered nomadic groups; north, western rural areas. Users: A few scattered and isolated speaker populations (Herin 2016). Ethnic population: 37,000 (2005). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Barake, Dom, Gypsy, Kurbat, Middle Eastern Romani, Nawar, Qurbāti, Tsigene. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Dom.
French
[fra] Users: 10,100 in Syria (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French.
Kabardian
[kbd] Dimashq governorate; Damascus, Aleppo, possibly other cities. Users: 34,800 in Syria (2019). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Abkhaz-Adyghe, Circassian.
Kurdish, Northern
[kmr] Al Hasakah governorate: Al Hasakah city northwest border; Halab governorate: north of Euphrates reservoir; Ar Raqqah governorate: area surrounding capital. Users: 1,370,000 in Syria (2019). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Ezdiki, Kurdî, Kurmancî, Kurmanji. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish.
Lomavren
[rmi] Al Hasakah governorate. Users: No known L1 speakers in Syria. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Armenian Bosha, Arnebuab Bisa, Bosa, Bosha. Classification: Mixed language, Armenian-Romani.
Mlahsö
[lhs] Al Hasakah governorate: Qamishli town. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Ibrahim Hanna, died in 1998. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Suryoyo. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northwestern.
Ossetic
[oss] Dara’a province. Users: 50,000 in Syria (2019). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Northeastern.
Persian, Iranian
[pes] Users: 47,000 in Syria (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian.
Turkmen
[tuk] Scattered. Users: 109,000 in Syria (2019). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Turkic, Southern, Turkmenian.
Turoyo
[tru] Al Hasakah governorate: far northeast corner, Tigris river near Cizre. Users: 23,200 in Syria (2019). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Surayt, Suryoyo, Syryoyo, Turani. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northwestern.
Western Neo-Aramaic
[amw] Rif Dimashq governorate: Al-Qutayfah district, Bakh’a, Jubb ’Adin, and Ma’lula villages; Qalamoun mountains, 50 km north of Damascus. Users: 17,400 (2019). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Loghtha Siryanooytha, Maaloula, Maalula, Neo-Western Aramaic, Siryoon. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Western.