China–Taiwan

Chinese, Mandarin

[cmn] 1 (National). De facto national language. 19,580,000 in China–Taiwan, all users. L1 users: 4,580,000 in China–Taiwan (2017 J. Leclerc). L2 users: 15,000,000.

3 (Wider communication)

Chinese, Min Nan

[nan] 3 (Wider communication). De facto language of provincial identity in Taiwan. 13,500,000 in China–Taiwan (2017 J. Leclerc).

4 (Educational)

Chinese, Hakka

[hak] 4 (Educational). 4,240,000 in China–Taiwan (2017 J. Leclerc).

English

[eng] 4 (Educational). 15,300 in China–Taiwan (2018 census), based on nationality.

5 (Developing)

Bunun

[bnn] 5* (Developing). 38,000 (CIP-EY 2002). Ethnic population: 59,500 (2020 CIP).

6b (Threatened)

Amis

[ami] 6b* (Threatened). 108,000 (2015 CIP). Ethnic population: 214,000 (2020 CIP).

Paiwan

[pwn] 6b (Threatened). 15,000 (2008 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 103,000 (2020 CIP).

Rukai

[dru] 6b (Threatened). 2,000 (2008 UNESCO). Some monolingual older adults. Ethnic population: 13,500 (2020 CIP).

Taiwan Sign Language

[tss] 6b (Threatened). 24,000 (2021), decreasing. Estimated 24,000 deaf signers, assuming 0.1% of total population.

Tsou

[tsu] 6b (Threatened). 4,000 (Zeitoun 2005). Ethnic population: 6,700 (2020 CIP).

Yami

[tao] 6b (Threatened). 3,800 (Rau and Dong 2006). Ethnic population: 4,680 (2020 CIP).

7 (Shifting)

Atayal

[tay] 7 (Shifting). 10,000 (2008 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 92,100 (2020 CIP).

Saisiyat

[xsy] 7 (Shifting). 2,000 (2015 CIP). Tungho: more active use. Taai: a few speakers; nearly assimilated into Atayal [tay]. Ethnic population: 6,730 (2020 CIP).

Sakizaya

[szy] 7 (Shifting). 590 (2020 L. Hung). Ethnic population: 990 (2020 CIP).

8a (Moribund)

Puyuma

[pyu] 8a (Moribund). 1,000 (Teng 2008). Ethnic population: 14,500 (2020 CIP). About 6,800 still reside in the Taitung area (Teng 2008).

Seediq

[trv] 8a (Moribund). 650 (2015 CIP). Ethnic population: 42,800 (2020 CIP).

8b (Nearly extinct)

Japanese

[jpn] 8b (Nearly extinct). 14,100 in China–Taiwan (2018 census), based on nationality.

Kanakanabu

[xnb] 8b (Nearly extinct). 4 (2012 P. Jen-Kuei). A few other semi-speakers who have passive knowledge of the language (2012 P. Jen-Kuei). Ethnic population: 360 (2020 CIP).

Kavalan

[ckv] 8b (Nearly extinct). 70 (2015 CIP). Ethnic population: 1,490 (2020 CIP).

Pazeh

[pzh] 8b (Nearly extinct). 2 (Jen-kuei Li 2013). Pazeh dialect is extinct. Only known speakers use Kaxabu dialect (Jen-kuei Li 2013). Ethnic population: 6,000 (2021 S. Yu-Hsiang Pan).

Saaroa

[sxr] 8b (Nearly extinct). 25 (2015 CIP). Ethnic population: 410 (2020 CIP).

Thao

[ssf] 8b (Nearly extinct). 4 (2021 Center for Aboriginal Studies). Also some semi-speakers (2021 E. Zeitoun). Ethnic population: 820 (2020 CIP).

9 (Dormant)

Babuza

[bzg] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 2000s. Ethnic population: 35.

Siraya

[fos] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. No fluent native speakers since 1908. Some older semi-speakers (2008 C. Huang).

Taivoan

[tvx] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last known speaker died near the end of the 1800s.

10 (Extinct)

Basay

[byq] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers (Liu 2007). The last fluent speaker probably died by the 1910s.

Ketangalan

[kae] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by mid 20th century.

Kulon

[uon] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers (2021). Last speaker likely died in the 1940s.

Papora-Hoanya

[ppu] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker survived into the 1980s (Tsuchida 1982).

Unestablished

Indonesian

[ind] Unestablished. 239,000 in China–Taiwan (2018 census), based on nationality.

Korean

[kor] Unestablished. 4,200 in China–Taiwan (2018 census), based on nationality.

Malay

[zlm] Unestablished. 15,800 in China–Taiwan (2018 census), based on nationality.

Tagalog

[tgl] Unestablished. 149,000 in China–Taiwan (2018 census), based on nationality.

Thai

[tha] Unestablished. 64,800 in China–Taiwan (2018 census), based on nationality.

Tibetan

[bod] Unestablished. 2,000 in China–Taiwan (2017 J. Leclerc).

Vietnamese

[vie] Unestablished. 194,000 in China–Taiwan (2018 census), based on nationality.

China–Taiwan

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