Tombonuo
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A language of Malaysia
Alternate Names
Lobu, Paitan, Sungai, Sungei, Tambanua, Tambanuo, Tambanuva, Tambanwas, Tambenua, Tambunwas, Tembenua, Tombonuva, Tombonuwo, Tumbunwha, Tunbumohas, “Lobou nu Tindal” (pej.), “Pagan” (pej.)
Autonym
Tangar nu Tombonuo
User Population
Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 SIL). 3,000 Lingkabau.
Location
Sabah state: Beluran, Kota Marudu, and Pitas districts.
Language Maps
Language Status
6b (Threatened).
Dialects
Lingkabau Sugut (Linkabau), Sugut (Sungoi).
Language Use
Mixed use: Home, Family, Work, Education, Religion. Some young people, all adults. Few children, some adolescents, many adults, all elderly. Positive attitudes. A few also use Rungus [drg]. Also use Kadazan Dusun [dtp]. Also use Kimaragang [kqr]. Also use Sabah Malay [msi]. Used as L2 by Dumpas [dmv], Rungus [drg].
Language Development
Literacy rate in L1: 65%. Literacy rate in L2: 80% in Standard Malay [zsm]. Literature. Dictionary. NT: 2002. Agency: Kota Kinabalu Tombonuo Association, Persatuan Bangsa Tombonuo Pitas, Persatuan Bangsa Tombonuo Beluran.