Myanmar
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Akeu
[aeu] Shan state: Kengtung and Mongla townships. Users: 1,000 in Myanmar (2004 E. Johnson). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Akheu, Aki, Akui, Gaolkheel. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern.
Akha
[ahk] Shan state: east Kengtung district. Users: 200,000 in Myanmar (Bradley 2007a). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Ahka, Aini, Ak’a, Aka, Ikor, Yani, “Ekaw” (pej.), “Ikaw” (pej.), “Kaw” (pej.), “Kha Ko” (pej.), “Khako” (pej.), “Khao Kha Ko” (pej.), “Ko” (pej.). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern.
Anal
[anm] Sagaing region: Tamu town, 10 households. Users: 50 in Myanmar (2010). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Namfau. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Northwestern.
Anong
[nun] Kachin state: Kawnglangphu, Myitkyina, Putao, Machanbaw, and Tanai townships. Users: 400 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley), decreasing. Ethnic population: 10,000 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 450. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Anoong, Anu, Anung, Fuch’ye, Fuchve, Khingpang, Kwingsang, Kwinp’ang, Naw, Nawpha, Nu. Autonym: Anong. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Nungish.
Bengali
[ben] Users: 286,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese.
Blang
[blr] Shan state: Kengtung and Mong Yang townships. Users: 12,000 in Myanmar (1994). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bulang, K’ala, Kawa, Kontoi, Plang, Pula, Pulang. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Bulang.
Burmese
[mya] Widespread in central Myanmar. Users: 42,000,000 in Myanmar, all users. L1 users: 32,000,000 in Myanmar (Bradley 2007a), increasing. 250,000 Beik, 20,000 Yaw. L2 users: 10,000,000. Total users in all countries: 42,953,240 (as L1: 32,953,240; as L2: 10,000,000). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (2008, Constitution, Chapter XV, Article 450). Alternate Names: Bama, Bama Saka, Bamachaka, Myamasa, Myamma Saka, Myanma, Myanmar, Myen. Autonym: မြန်မာ (Mranmar), မြန်မာစကား (Mranmar sakar). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern.
Chak
[ckh] Rakhine state: 17 villages. Users: 1,000 in Myanmar (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 1,600 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ashah, Sak, Thet. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Jingppaw-Asakia, Asakian.
Chakma
[ccp] Chin state: Paletwa township, a few villages; Rakhine state: Buthidaung, Kyauktaw (main concentration), Maungdaw, and Punnakyun townships. Users: Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Daingnet, Sangma. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese.
Chin, Anu-Khongso
[anl] Chin state: Paletwa and Sami townships, 14 villages, between Kaladan and Michaung rivers. Users: 4,000 (2008), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Anu-Hkongso Chin, Kaungso, Kaungtso, Khaungtso, Khawngso, Khong, Khongso, No. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Mru.
Chin, Asho
[csh] Ayeyarwady, Bago region, and Magway regions; Rakhine state. Rakhine state; Magwe region: Mindon township (Hill Asho dialect); Magway region, Bago region, and Ayeyarwady region: most of the townships; Rakhine state: Tounggup township and townships further south (Plains Asho dialect). Users: 170,000 in Myanmar (2015 LSDO). Total users in all countries: 174,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Asho, Ashu, Hyow, Khamaw, Khamoe, Khyang, Kyang, Qin, Saingbaung, Sho, Shoa. Autonym: Asho Chin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern, Cho-Asho, Asho.
Chin, Bawm
[bgr] Chin state: Paletwa township, Bahun Taung, Pi Taung, Mawtalar, and Rakan villages. Users: 700 in Myanmar (2016 LSDO), decreasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bawm, Bawm hawlh, Bawn, Bawng, Boam, Bom, Laisaw, Laizo, Langkay. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Lai.
Chin, Bualkhaw
[cbl] Chin state: Falam township, north of Falam town, Bualkhua, Phaizawl, and Khuang villages. Users: 2,500 (2006). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bualkhua, Phadei. Autonym: Bualkhaw Chin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Lai.
Chin, Daai
[dao] Chin state: Kanpetlet, Matupi, Mindat, and Paletwa townships, 142 villages. Users: 37,000 (2010). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Dai, Khyo, Kkhyou. Autonym: Daai, Daai Chin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern, Cho-Asho, Cho.
Chin, Eastern Khumi
[cek] Chin state: Matupi township, 4 villages; Paletwa township, Sami area, 85 villages. Users: 12,000 (2009 SIL). Total for all the Eastern Khumi groups. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Khami. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern.
Chin, Ekai
[cey] Rakhine state: northern Ann township. Users: 6,000 (2018 P. Nan). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ekai, Lawktu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern, Cho-Asho, Asho.
Chin, Falam
[cfm] Chin state: Falam township. Users: 69,000 in Myanmar (1983). 9,000 Taisun, 16,000 Zanniat, 7,000 Khualsim, 4,000 Lente, 14,400 Zahau, 18,600 Laizo (1983). Total users in all countries: 107,900. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Falam, Fallam, Halam, Hallam Chin. Autonym: Falam Chin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Lai.
Chin, Hakha
[cnh] Chin state: Hakha township; Magway region: 2 small border areas extreme north. Users: 177,000 in Myanmar, all users. L1 users: 137,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). L2 users: 40,000 (2013 SIL). Total users in all countries: 210,410 (as L1: 170,410; as L2: 40,000). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Used as an LWC in church, market, business, and some media in parts of Chin state: Hakha township, Thantlang township, and parts of Matupi township. Alternate Names: Baungshe, Haka, Haka Chin, Hakha, Hakha Lai. Autonym: Lai, Lai Chin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Lai.
Chin, Kaang
[ckn] Chin state: Mindat township, 3 villages. Users: 1,000 (2010 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kang, M’kaang, Makaang, Mgan, Mkan. Autonym: Kaang Chin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern, Cho-Asho, Cho.
Chin, Khumi
[cnk] Chin state: Paletwa township, Kaladan river area; Rakhine state: Kyauktaw township, a few villages. Users: 60,000 in Myanmar (2006). Total users in all countries: 64,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kaladan Khumi, Khami, Yangpan, “Khweymi” (pej.). Autonym: Khumi, Khumi Chin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern.
Chin, Laitu
[clj] Rakhine state: Sittwe district, Minpya, Mrauk-U, and Myepung townships; Chin state: Paletwa township. Users: 15,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Daitu, Hio Bei, Hle-tu, Laikhy, Laitu Kheu, Ledu, Leitu. Autonym: Laitu Chin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern, Cho-Asho, Asho.
Chin, Lautu
[clt] Chin state: Matupi and Thantlang townships, 17 villages. Users: 15,000 (2005 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Lautu, Lawhtu. Autonym: Lautu Chin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Maraic, Mara.
Chin, Mara
[mrh] Chin state: Paletwa, Matupi, and Thantlang townships, border area with Mizoram in India, 70 villages. Users: 20,000 in Myanmar (1994). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Lakher, Mara, Mara Chin, Mara reih, Maram, Mira, Miram, Zao. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Maraic, Mara.
Chin, Matu
[hlt] Chin state: Matupi township. Users: 30,000 in Myanmar (2012). Total users in all countries: 40,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Matupi, Nga La. Autonym: Matu, Matu Chin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern, Cho-Asho, Cho.
Chin, Mizo
[lus] Chin state: northwest Falam, west Tedim and Tonzang townships, near India border. Users: 12,500 in Myanmar (1983 census). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Hualngo, Ka-Lin-Kaw, Le, Lusai, Lushai, Lushay, Lushei, Mizo, Mizo Chin, Whelngo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Mizo.
Chin, Müün
[mwq] Chin state: Mindat township; Magway region: Saw and Htilin townships. Users: 15,000 (2011). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Cho, K’cho Chin, Mindat, Mün, Müün. Autonym: K’cho. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern, Cho-Asho, Cho.
Chin, Ngawn
[cnw] Chin state: north Falam township. Users: 18,600 (Leclerc 2017d). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Ngon, Ngorn. Autonym: Ngawn. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central.
Chin, Rawngtu
[weu] Chin state: Mindat township; Magway region: Htilin township, 2 villages. Users: 5,000 (2008). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Rongtu, Shimi, Welaung. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern.
Chin, Rungtu
[rtc] Magway region: Htilin, Kyaukhtu, and Saw townships, 35 villages. Users: 4,000 (2016 LSDO), decreasing. Ethnic population: 20,000 (2016 LSDO). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Rungtu, Taungtha. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern.
Chin, Senthang
[sez] Chin state: Hakha township; Thantlang township, 2 villages; Magway region: Gangaw township, 15 villages; Sagaing region: Kaleymyo township, 2 villages. Users: 33,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Hsemtang, Sentang. Autonym: Senthang Chin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Maraic.
Chin, Siyin
[csy] Chin state: south Tedim township. Users: 10,700 (Leclerc 2017d). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Siyang, Siyin. Autonym: Sizang. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern, Sizang.
Chin, Songlai
[csj] Chin state: Paletwa township (Doitu, Hettui, and Mang Um dialects); Rakhine state: Mrauk-U township (Lai dialect); along Phunglaung river. Users: 7,300 (2012 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Hio. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern.
Chin, Sumtu
[csv] Rakhine state: Ann, Minbya, and Myebon townships. Users: 14,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Ahmyo, Chang, Hmyo, Settu, Settu Hmyo, Sungtu. Autonym: Cumtu, Sumtu Chin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern.
Chin, Tawr
[tcp] Chin state: Hakha township, Laamtuk and Ruavan villages. Users: 580 (Khun 2019), decreasing. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tawr, Thawr, Thor, Thor Chin, Torr. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central.
Chin, Tedim
[ctd] Chin state: Tedim and Tonzang townships; Sagaing region: Kale and Mawlaik townships. Users: 256,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). Total users in all countries: 411,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Hai-Dim, Tiddim, Tidim, Zo pau, Zome, Zomi. Autonym: Tedim. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern, Thado.
Chin, Thado
[tcz] Sagaing region: Homalin, Khamti, Layshi, and Tamu townships, India border area. Users: 33,100 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Thado-Pao, Thado-Ubiphei, Thadou, Thadou pao, “Kuki” (pej.), “Kuki-Thado” (pej.). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern, Thado.
Chin, Thaiphum
[cth] Chin state: Matupi township, 4 villages. Users: 1,000 (2005 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Thui Phum. Autonym: Thaiphum. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin.
Chin, Uppu
[cnb] Chin state: Kanpetlet and Paletwa townships; Magway region: Saw and Sidoktaya townships; Rakhine state: Minbya township. Users: 44,400 (Leclerc 2017d). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Chin Pong, Chin Pung, Chinbon Chin, Chindwin Chin, Chinpon, Oo-pu, Sho, Tuishiip, Tuiship, Ütbü. Autonym: Uppu, Uppu Chin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern, Cho-Asho, Cho.
Chin, Zotung
[czt] Chin state: Reizwa sub-township. Users: 40,000 (1990 UBS). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Yotun, Zo Mingphuin, Zobya. Autonym: Zotung, Zotung Chin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Maraic.
Chin, Zyphe
[zyp] Chin state: Thantlang township. Users: 17,000 in Myanmar (1994). Total users in all countries: 20,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Zo-pe, Zophei, Zoptei. Autonym: Zyphe. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Maraic.
Chinese, Mandarin
[cmn] Shan state: large China border area, Kokang Self-Administered Zone in Laukkai and Konkyan townships, and Muse township. Users: 994,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Tayok. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Danau
[dnu] Shan state: Kalaw township, Ang Pan area, west of Inle lake, on the road to Heho. Users: 2,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 5,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Danaw. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Danau.
Danu
[dnv] Shan state: Danu Self-Administered Zone, Pindaya and Ywa Ngan townships; Aung Ban, and Kalaw, Taunggyi, Yak Sauk, and Ye Oo townships. Users: 100,000 (Bradley 2007a). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Intha-Yaw, Taruw, Täruw. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern.
Drung
[duu] Kachin state: Pannandin township, Talatu and Khraung villages far north. Users: 225 in Myanmar (2013 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Derung, Dulong, Durung, Qiu, Rawang, T’rung, Tarong, Thrung, Trone, Trung, Tulung, Tvrung. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Nungish.
English
[eng] Users: 45,600 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English.
Hindi
[hin] Users: 133,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Hindustani.
Hmong Njua
[hnj] Kachin state: Bhamo district, Momauk township; Shan state: Hseni, Kunlong, and Namtu townships, 6 villages. Users: 10,000 in Myanmar (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Blue Hmong, Blue Meo, Ching Miao, Green Hmong, Green Meo, Hmong Leng, Hmong Nzhua, Hmoob Leeg, Lu Man Zi, Meo Dam, Meo Lai, Miao Tsi, Mong Leng, Mong Ntsua, Qing Miao, Tak Miao. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Hpon
[hpo] Kachin state: Bhamo district, upper Ayeyarwady gorges. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1990s (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 1,500 (Bradley 2007a). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Hpun, Hpön, Megyaw, Phon, Phun, Phön, Samong. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern.
Intha
[int] Shan state: Taunggyi district, Shwe Nyaung township, Inle lake area. Important Intha-speaking villages: Heha Ywama (largest), In Chan, Nan Pan, Paw Kon, and Tha Lay. Users: 90,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Inntha, Insa, Naung Ma. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern.
Jingpho
[kac] Kachin state: large area except north and southwest; Shan state: Lashio and Muse districts; Sagaing region: western border strip. Users: 900,000 in Myanmar (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001). Total users in all countries: 940,000. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Lingua franca for Zaiwa [atb], Lashi [lsi], and Lhao Vo [mhx]. Alternate Names: Aphu, Chingp’o, Chingpaw, Jinghpaw, Jingphaw, Kachin, Phu. Autonym: Jinghpo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Jingppaw-Asakia, Jingphaw.
Kadu
[zkd] Sagaing region: Katha district, Banmauk and Indaw townships; Homalin, Paungbyin, Pinlebu, and Wuntho townships. Users: 30,000 (2007 SIL), decreasing. Over 30 villages in Mawteik dialect (nearly extinct); over 30 villages in Settaw dialect; 5 villages in Mawkhwin dialect. No monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gadu, Ka’do, Kadu-Ganaan, Kantu’, Kato, Kudo, Maw, Mawteik, Puteik, Thet. Autonym: Asak. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Jingppaw-Asakia, Asakian.
Kanan
[zkn] Sagaing region: Katha district, Banmauk township along Mu river, 24 villages; Homalin, Indaw, and Pinlebu townships, a few villages. Users: 9,000 (2007 SIL). No monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ganaan, Ganan, Ganon, Genan, Kana. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Jingppaw-Asakia, Asakian.
Karen, Bwe
[bwe] Bago region: Taungoo and Hpa-Ana townships; Kayah state: Hpruso township; Kayin state: Thandaung township, about 100 villages. Users: 17,200 (1997 F. Bennett), decreasing. No monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baghi, Bghai, Bghai Karen, Blimaw, Bwe, Dareh, Manaw. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Central.
Karen, Geba
[kvq] Bago region; Mandalay region: Pyinmana township; Kayah state; Kayin state: Thandaunggyi township, 140 villages; Shan state: Pekon and Pinlong townships. Users: 40,000 (2010 Geba Literature and Culture Committee). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Daneh, Geba, Kaba, Karenbyu, Kayinbyu, Kayinpyu, Kebar, Kono, Koo-ong, Northern Bwe, White Karen. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Central.
Karen, Geko
[ghk] Bago region: Toungoo district; Mandalay region: Yamethin district; Kayin state: Thandaunggyi township; Shan state: Pekon township. Users: 17,000 (Manson 2010). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gaikho, Gek’o, Gekho, Ghekhol, Ghekhu, Gheko, Kakhau, Kayan, Kayan Kakhau, Kekaungdu, Kekhong, Keku, Yathu Gekho. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Central.
Karen, Mobwa
[jkm] Kayin state: Thandaung township, western foot of Thandaung mountains, 9 villages; some in Bago region: Taungoo township. Users: 4,000 (2010 SIL). Also live mixed with Bwe Karen [bwe] and Paku Karen [jkp] in some villages. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bilichi, Blimaw, Dermuha, Maleh, Mobwa Karen, Monpwa, Mopwa, Pa-Le-Chi, Palachi, Palakhi, Palaychi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Southern.
Karen, Paku
[jkp] Bago region: east near Kayin state border; Kayah state: south; Kayin state: hills southeast of Taungoo. Users: 6,710 (Leclerc 2017d). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mogpha, Mogwa, Monebwa, Monnepwa, Mopaga, Mopha, Pagu, Paku, Paku Karen, Thalwepwe. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Southern.
Karen, Pwo Eastern
[kjp] Bago region: Bago and Toungoo townships; Kayin state and Tanintharyi region: a large area near the Thailand border. Users: 1,000,000 in Myanmar (1998). Total users in all countries: 1,050,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Moulmein Pwo Karen, Phlong, Pho. Autonym: ဖၠုံ (Phlou). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Peripheral.
Karen, Pwo Western
[pwo] Ayeyarwady region: Einmeh, Maubin, Pathein, Twante, others; Bago region: Kyonpyaw and Hinthada, others; Yangon region: Twante. Users: 210,000, decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bassein Pwo Karen, Delta Pwo Karen, Mon Karen, Mon Kayin, Mutheit, Pathein Pwo Karen, Phlong, Phlong Sho, Pho, Shu, Talaing Karen. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Peripheral.
Karen, S’gaw
[ksw] Ayeyarwady, Bago, and Yangon regions and Kayin state; scattered in Ayeyarwady delta area, generally among Western Pwo Karen [pwo] speakers. Users: 2,050,000 in Myanmar, all users. L1 users: 1,970,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). L2 users: 80,000 (2013 SIL). Total users in all countries: 2,250,000 (as L1: 2,170,000; as L2: 80,000). Status: 3 (Wider communication). S’gaw Karen used in the church domain for many Karen languages. Alternate Names: Burmese Karen, Kanyaw, Kayinpyu, Kyetho, Paganyaw, Pchcknya, Pwakenyaw, S’gau, S’gaw, S’gaw Kayin, White Karen, Yang Khao. Autonym: ပှၤကညီဖိ (Sgaw). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Southern.
Kawyaw
[kxf] Kayah state: West Kyèbogyi area, border of Bawlake and Hpruso townships, 23 villages. Users: 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 10,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kayah-Munu, Kayàw, Manaw, Manu, Manu Manaw, Manumanaw, Manumanaw Karen, Manö, Monu. Autonym: Kawyaw. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Central.
Kayah, Eastern
[eky] Kayah state: Shadaw township east of Thanlwin river; Shan state: Langkho district. Users: 8,000 in Myanmar (2007). Total users in all countries: 26,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Karenni, Karennyi, Kayah, Kayah Li, Kayay, Kayeh, Red Karen. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Central.
Kayah, Western
[kyu] Kayah state and Kayin state: east of Thanlwin river; Shan state: Pekon township south. Shan state: north of Loikaw (northern dialect); Dimawso and Hpruso townships south of Loikaw (southern dialect). Users: 150,000 (2007). 2,000 refugees in Thailand. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Karenni, Karennyi, Karieng Daeng, Kayah, Kayah Li, Kayahli, Red Karen, Yang Daeng. Autonym: ကယားလီ (Kayahli). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Central.
Kayan
[pdu] Kayah state; Kayin state: Thandaung township; Shan state: Pekon township; Mandalay region: Pyinmana township. Kayah state: Lahwi and northwest Dimawso townships. Shan state: south Pekon (Kayan Lahwi dialect); northwest Kayah state: Dimawso area (Kayan Kangan dialect). Users: 133,000 in Myanmar (2005 E. Phan). Total users in all countries: 133,600. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Ka-Yun, Kayang, Lahwi, “Long-Necked Karen” (pej.), “Padaung” (pej.), “Padaung Karen” (pej.). Autonym: Kayăn. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Northern.
Kayaw
[kvl] Kayah state: 30 villages east; Kayin state: Yado area; Shan state: Pekon township. Users: 20,100 (Leclerc 2017d). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Deleh, Ka-yaw, Laku, Pramano, “Bre” (pej.), “Brec” (pej.), “Brek” (pej.), “Kayaw Brek” (pej.), “Paret” (pej.), “Pre” (pej.), “Pret” (pej.). Autonym: Kayaw. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Central.
Khamti
[kht] Kachin state: Putao district (4,500) and Myitkyina area (3,500); Sagaing region. Users: 8,000 in Myanmar (2000). Total users in all countries: 13,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Hkampti Shan, Hkamti, Kam Ti, Khampti, Khampti Sam, Khampti Shan, Khamti Shan, Khandi Shan, Tai Kam Ti, Tai-Khamti. Autonym: လိꩱ့်တဲးၵမ်းတီ (Tai Khamti). Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Khün
[kkh] Shan state: Kentung valley area east. Users: 100,000 in Myanmar (Diller and Juntanamalaga 1990). Total users in all countries: 106,880. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Gon Shan, Hkun, Kengtung Dai, Khuen, Khun Shan, Khyn, Tai Khün, Tai-Khuen. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Lacid
[lsi] Kachin state: east border area. Users: 30,000 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley). Total users in all countries: 31,800. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Ac’ye, Chashan, La Chit, Lachi, Lachik, Lachikwaw, Lacik, Lashi, Lashi-Maru, Lasi, Lechi, Leqi, Letsi. Autonym: Lacid. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern.
Lahta
[kvt] Nay Pyi Taw region: Pyinmana township; Shan state: Pekon and Pinlaung townships. Users: 9,550 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kayan Lahta, Khahta, Lahta Karen, Peu, Taru, Tarulakhi, Yan Wohta. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Northern.
Lahu
[lhu] Shan state: Kentung district. Users: 200,000 in Myanmar (2012 D. Bradley), increasing. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Black Lahu, Lahu Na, Lahuna, Launa, Muhso, Museu, Musser Dam, Musso, Mussur, Na, “Lohei” (pej.). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Lahu Shi
[lhi] Shan state: Kentung district. Users: 60,000 in Myanmar (2007). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kwi, Lad hur Si, Lahu Si, Yellow Lahu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Lhao Vo
[mhx] Kachin state: Chiphwe, Sawlaw, and Waimaw townships widely dispersed in east border area; Shan state: Kutkai township north. Users: 121,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). Total users in all countries: 124,500. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Diso, Lang, Laungaw, Laungwaw, Lawgore, Lawng, Liangsu, Lovo, Malu, Mulu, Zi, “Maru” (pej.). Autonym: Lhaovo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern.
Lisu
[lis] Kachin state: Putao township toward Assam border, also Myitkyina; Mandalay region: Mogok township; Sagaing region: Katha and Tygyaing townships; Shan state: Lashio and Loilen townships. Users: 300,000 in Myanmar (Bradley 2007a). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Many use Lisu as L2. Alternate Names: Central Lisu, Li-Hsaw, Li-Shaw, Lisaw, Lu-Tzu, Southern Lisu, Yao Yen, Yaw Yin, Yaw-Yen, Yeh-Jeh. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Lü
[khb] Shan state: Muang Yong township east. Users: 60,000 in Myanmar (2013). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Lue, Pai-I, Shu-Ai-I, Tai Lu. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Mok
[mqt] Shan State: Mong Khet, Kengtung and Mong Yang townships, 10 villages. Users: 4,000 in Myanmar (2018 S. Devereux). Total users in all countries: 4,700. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: A Mŏk, Doi, Loi, Loi Cim, “Hsem” (pej.), “Hsen Hsum” (pej.), “Shim Ceem” (pej.). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic.
Moken
[mwt] Tanintharyi region: widespread in Mergui archipelago islands. Users: 4,000 in Myanmar (Bradley 2007a). Total users in all countries: 6,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Basing, Chau Ko’, Lawta, Mawken, Orang Laut, Salon, Salong, Selong, Selung. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Moklen.
Mon
[mnw] Kayin state and Mon states; Tanintharyi region: north. Users: 743,000 in Myanmar (2004), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,000,000 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 851,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Aleng, Mou, Mun, Peguan, Raman, Rman, Rmen, Takanoon, Talaing, Taleng, Teguan. Autonym: ဘာသာ မန် (bharsar maan). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Monic.
Mro-Khimi
[cmr] Chin state: Paletwa township; Rakhine state: Buthidaung, Kyauktaw, Maungdaw, Mrauk U, Pauktaw, and Ponnagyun townships. Users: 75,000 (2012 SIL). Ethnic population: 200,000 (2018). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Awa Khami, Khami, Khumi Awa, Mro, Mro-Khimi Chin, “Kwe Myi” (pej.). Autonym: Khimi, Mro-Khimi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern.
Mru
[mro] Rakhine state: Buthidaung, Maungdaw, and Ponnagyun townships. Users: 20,000 in Myanmar (1999 ABWE). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dak, Launghu, Mro, Mrucha, Mrung, Mrusa, Murung, Niopreng, Taung Mru. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Mru.
Muak Sa-aak
[ukk] Shan state: Mong Yawng township. Users: 4,500 in Myanmar (2016 E. Hall). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Doi. Autonym: Muak Sa-aak. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic.
Myanmar Sign Language
[ysm] Scattered. Users: 270,000 (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 160,000–320,000 signers, assuming 0.1%–0.5% of the general population. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Burmese Sign Language. Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language.
Naga, Akyaung Ari
[nqy] Sagaing region: Layshi township, Heinkut, Jagram, and Ngachan villages. Users: 1,000 (2004 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Akyaung Ari Naga, Ngachan. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified.
Naga, Chen-Kayu
[nqq] Sagaing region: Hkamti district, Lahe township, 13 villages, along India border. Users: 9,000 (2012 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kyan-Karyaw Naga. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga.
Naga, Jejara
[pzn] Sagaing region: Khamti district, Layshi township, 7 villages. Users: 1,500 (2004). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bara Naga, Para Naga, Parasar Naga. Autonym: Naga. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified.
Naga, Khiamniungan
[kix] Sagaing region: Khamti district, Khamti and Lahe townships, about 30 villages. Users: 10,000 in Myanmar (2010). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Khiamniungan, Makware, Nokaw, Para, Tukhemmi, Welam. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga.
Naga, Kokak
[nxk] Sagaing region: south Layshi township; 10 villages. Users: 2,000 (2004 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Goga, Kokak, Koki, Koki Naga, Konke. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified.
Naga, Konyak
[nbe] Sagaing region: Khamti district, Lahe township. Users: 2,000 in Myanmar (2010). Status: 5 (Developing). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga.
Naga, Lainong
[lzn] Sagaing region: Khamti district, Lahe township, about 25 villages. Users: 15,000 (Wayesha 2010). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Htang Ngan, Htangan, Leinong Naga, Lenaung Naga. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga.
Naga, Lao
[nlq] Sagaing region: Khamti district, Lahe township, along India border. Users: 1,000 (2012 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Law, Loh. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga.
Naga, Long Phuri
[lpn] Sagaing region: Khamti district, Layshi township, 6 villages. Users: 1,000 (2004). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Amimi Naga, Longpfuri, Longpfuru, Mimi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified.
Naga, Makuri
[jmn] Sagaing region: Khamti district, Homalin, Lahe, and Layshi townships. Users: 2,500 in Myanmar (2004). Total users in all countries: 6,500. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Makury. Autonym: Makuri. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified.
Naga, Paungnyuan
[umn] Sagaing region: Khamti district, Khamti and northeast Lahe townships, 13 villages. Users: 4,000 (2008 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lasam, Macham Naga, Makyam, Makyan Naga, Pongnyun. Autonym: Paungnyuan Naga. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga.
Naga, Ponyo-Gongwang
[npg] Sagaing region: Khamti district, Lahe township, 19 villages. Users: 4,500 (2008 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Autonym: Gongwang Naga, Ponyo Naga. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga.
Naga, Tangkhul
[ntx] Sagaing region: Homalin township; Layshi township, Somra tract. Users: 4,000 (2004 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Somara, Somra. Autonym: Tangkhul Naga. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangkhulic.
Naga, Tangshang
[nst] Sagaing region: Khamti district, Khamti, Lahe, Nanyun, and Pangsau townships; Kachin state: Myitkyina district, Shinbwiyan and Tanai townships. Users: 60,000 in Myanmar (2010). Total users in all countries: 98,600. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Haimi, Hawa, Heimi, Kuwa, Pangmi, Pangwa, Rangpan, Rangpang, Tangwa, Tase, Tase Naga. Autonym: Tangshang Naga. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga.
Nepali
[npi] Users: 299,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Eastern, Eastern Pahari.
Ngochang
[acn] Kachin state: Jahpui, Lawhkawng, Hpimaw, Uyan, and Waimaw townships, west of Ayeyarwaddy river near Bhamo (locally known as Manmaw); China border area. Users: 35,000 in Myanmar (2007). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Acang, Achang, Anchan, Atsang, Chung, Longchuan Achang, Maingtha, Manmaw, Mönghsa, Ngac’ang, Ngachang, Ngoqchangh, Tai Sa’. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern.
Nusu
[nuf] Kachin state: Myitkyina district, Chipwi, and Hsawlaw townships, about 22 villages. Users: 670 in Myanmar (2011), decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,500 (2011). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nang Tsu, No Tso, No Tsu, “Naw” (pej.), “No” (pej.), “No Pha” (pej.), “No Shi” (pej.), “Nu” (pej.). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Odia
[ory] Users: 122,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Oriya.
Palaung, Ruching
[pce] Mandalay region: Katha and Pyinoolwin townships; Shan state: Taunggyi district. Users: 258,000 in Myanmar (2000). Total users in all countries: 273,300. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Da’ang, Di-Ang, Ngwe Palaung, Palay, Silver Palaung. Autonym: ဒါအာင် (Daraarin). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung.
Palaung, Rumai
[rbb] Kachin state: Bhamo district, Mansi township; Shan state: Lashio area, north to the border in Mantong, Muse, Nam Kham, north Hsenwi, and Tawngpeng (the ancient Palaung state). Users: 158,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). Total users in all countries: 162,100. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Humai, Ngwe Palaung, Rumai, Rumai Humai, Shan Rumai, Silver Palaung, Ta’ang, Ta’ang Rumai, Tai Rumai. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung.
Palaung, Shwe
[pll] Shan state: Nam Hsan is center. Users: 231,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). Total users in all countries: 233,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Golden Palaung, Liang, Red Da’ang, Saam-Loong, Shwe Palaung, Ta’ang Samlung, Ta-Ang Palaung. Autonym: ဆာမ်လိုင် (Saam Loong). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung.
Pali
[pli] Widespread. Users: No known L1 speakers in Myanmar. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Status: 9 (Second language only). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified.
Pa’o
[blk] Kayah state: Loikaw; Kayin state: Shan state border area; Mon state: near Thaton; Shan state. Users: 858,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). Total users in all countries: 858,740. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Black Karen, Northern Taungthu, Pa Oh, Pa’o Karen, Pa-O, Pa-U. Autonym: ပအိုဝ် (Pa-O), ပအိုဝ်ႏခမ်းသား (Pa-O Kham Thar). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Peripheral.
Pyen
[pyy] Shan state: Mong Yang township, Namt Theun and Yaw Tan villages. Users: 600 (2013 Pyen Language Committee). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Biˎ suˎ, Hpinba, Hpyin, Misu, Phen, Pyin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern, Bisoid.
Rakhine
[rki] Chin state: Paletwa township; Rakhine state: widespread; Bago region, Shwegyin and Waw townships. Users: 1,820,000 in Myanmar, all users. L1 users: 800,000 in Myanmar (2013 SIL). L2 users: 1,020,000 (2013 SIL). Total users in all countries: 2,020,000 (as L1: 1,000,000; as L2: 1,020,000). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Throughout Rakhine state and in Paletwa township, Chin state. Especially in market, business, oral language at school, and in some media. Rakhine is the largest ethnic group and dominant language in the area and Rakhine people control most business, transport, and trade. Alternate Names: Arakanese, Rakhain, Rakhaing, Rakkhaine, “Mogh” (pej.), “Moghi” (pej.). Autonym: ရခိုင် (Rakhine). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern.
Rawang
[raw] Kachin state: Putao district, Kawnglangphu, Machanbaw, Naungmaw, Pannandin, and Putao townships. Users: 62,000 in Myanmar (2000). Total users in all countries: 63,000. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Matwang dialect is L2 or church language used by other dialect speakers. Alternate Names: Ch’opa, Chiutse, Ganung-Rawang, Kiutze, Nung, Nung Rawang, Qiuze, Rvwangka, “Hkanung” (pej.). Autonym: Rvwang. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Nungish.
Riang Lai
[yin] Shan state: Langkho district. Users: 12,000 (2008), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ban Roi, Liang Sek, Ranei, Red Riang, Riang Saek, Riang Sak, Striped Karen, Yang, Yang Lai, Yin Kya, Yinchia, Yinja. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Riang.
Riang Lang
[ril] Shan state: Hopang district, Pang Long area. Users: 12,500 in Myanmar (2008). Total users in all countries: 15,500. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Black Karen, Black Riang, Black Yang, Drum, Riang, Yang, Yang Lang, Yang Wan Kun, Yanglam, Yin, Yin Net, Yinnet. Autonym: Riang Lang. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Riang.
Rohingya
[rhg] Rakhine state: Buthidaung, Maungdaw, Rathedaung and Sittwe townships. Users: 484,000 in Myanmar (2017 The Arakan Project). Due to unrest, numbers are very uncertain. Total users in all countries: 2,529,250. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Rohinja. Autonym: Ruwainggya. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese.
Samtao
[stu] Shan state: east. Users: 9,550 in Myanmar (2000). Total users in all countries: 13,170. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Samtau, Samtuan. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic.
Shan
[shn] Kachin state: Mansi and Mogaung townships, Bhamo, Mohnyin, west Momauk, and south Myitkyina; Kayah state: Loikaw; Mandalay region: assorted north border areas; Sagaing region: Homalin and Tamu townships; Shan state: north in Konkyan, Muse, and Nanhkan townships, to south in Hsihseng, Langko, Mawkwa, and Mongpan townships; southeast in Matman, Mongkhet, Monghpyak, Mongyang, and Mongyawng townships. Myanmar-Yunnan border, Mu’ang Mao Long and Namkham (Tai Mao dialect). Users: 4,590,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). Total users in all countries: 4,685,000. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Burmese Shan, Great Thai, Sam, Sha, Shan Bama, Shan Gyi, Tai, Tai Long, Tai Luang, Tai Shan, Tai Yai, Tai-Lon, Thai Yai, “Ngeo” (pej.), “Ngiao” (pej.), “Ngiaw” (pej.), “Ngio” (pej.), “Ngiow” (pej.). Autonym: လိၵ်ႈတႆး (Lik Tai). Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Tai Laing
[tjl] Sagaing region: Homalin township, along Chindwin, Irrawaddy, and Uru rivers; Kachin state: Bamaw to Myitkyina townships. Users: 100,000 (2010 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Red Tai, Shan Bamar, Shan Kalee, Shan Ni, Tai Laeng, Tai Lai, Tai Lang, Tai Nai, Tai Naing. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Tai Loi
[tlq] Shan state. Users: Population information is not yet available for the other groups known as Tai Loi. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aw-aak, Bulang-Su, Doi, Khabe, Kon Doi, Kon Loi, Loi, Monglwe, Tai-Loi, Tailoi, Wakut. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic.
Tai Nüa
[tdd] Kachin state: east; Shan state: north. Users: 102,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Chinese Shan, Tai Kong, Tai Neua. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Taman
[tcl] Sagaing region: Khamti district, Homalin township, Tamanthi area. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last Taman speaker died in 1990s. Descendants intermarried and now speak other languages. Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Jingppaw-Asakia, Jingphaw.
Tamil
[tam] Users: 151,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017b). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil.
Taungyo
[tco] Shan state: Taunggyi district, Kalaw, and Pinlong townships. Users: 40,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Taru, Taung Yoe, Taung-yo, Toru, Twing Reu, Twinreu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern.
Tavoyan
[tvn] Tanintharyi region: southeast. Users: 400,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dawai, Dawe, Dawei, Tavoya, Tawe-Tavoy. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern.
Telugu
[tel] Users: 140,000 in Myanmar (Leclerc 2017d). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Telugu.
Tibetan, Khams
[khg] Kachin state: Nomung township, Da On Dam, Dahom Dam, Mading, and San Dam villages. Users: 300 in Myanmar (2010 D. Bradley). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Khams.
Wa, Parauk
[prk] Shan state: Kengtung and upper Salween river areas; resettling since 2000 in Shan state: Mong Hsat and Mong Ton townships, especially Mong Kyut, Mong Yawn, and Pong Pa Kyin town areas. Users: 400,000 in Myanmar (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 805,700. Status: 2 (Provincial). De facto provincial language in Shan state. Alternate Names: Baraog, Phalok, Praok, Standard Wa, Wa. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Wa.
Wa, Vo
[wbm] Shan state: Hopang township, 5 villages. Users: 700 in Myanmar (2012). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Meung Hom, Peung Sux, Vax, Vhax. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Wa.
Wewaw
[wea] Bago region: Karen hills, near Taungoo, Bago Yoma range between Ayeyarwady and Sittang rivers. Users: No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by late 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Wewau. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Southern.
Yinbaw
[kvu] Kayah state; Shan state: east. Users: 9,240 (Leclerc 2017d). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Yeinbaw, Yinbaw Karen. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Northern.
Yintale
[kvy] Kayah state: Bawlakhè district, Hpasawng township, 3 villages. Users: 1,000 (2000 D. Bradley), decreasing. Wa Awng village is main village, with 100 households. Ethnic population: 10,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Taliak, Yangatalet, Yangtadai, Yintale Karen, Yintalet. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Northern.
Zaiwa
[atb] Kachin state: Waimaw township, Sedan area; Shan state: Kentung district. Users: 33,000 in Myanmar (2021). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Aci, Atshi, Atsi, Atzi, Azi, Tsaiva, Tsaiwa, Zaiwâ, Zi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern.
Zayein
[kxk] Shan state: south between Mobyè and Phekon towns. Users: 11,800 (Leclerc 2017d). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gaungtou, Khaungtou, Zayein Karen. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karenic, Northern.
Zo
[zom] Sagaing region: Kalay, Khampat, and Tamu townships; Chin state: Hakha, Tedim, and Tonzang townships. Users: 61,000 in Myanmar (2012 P. Tungdim). Total users in all countries: 87,500. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Jou, Yo, Yos, Zohâm, Zou, Zou Chin. Autonym: Zokam. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern, Sizang.