Sudan
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Acheron
[acz] South Kordofan state: Saraf Aj-Jaamous area, east of Moro hills. Users: 20,000 (2006 R. Norton). 9,830 speakers in home area (2006 R. Norton). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Aceron, Achurun, Asheron. Autonym: Garme. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Tocho.
Afitti
[aft] North Kordofan state: east Jebel ed Dair, main center is Sidra. Users: 4,000 (de Voogt 2009). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Affitti, Dinik, Ditti, Unietti. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nyimang.
Aka
[soh] Blue Nile state: Jebel Silak, southwest of Ingessana hills. Users: 300 (Bender 1983a). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Fa-c-aka, Jebel Silak, Jebels Sillok, Sillok. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Eastern Jebel, Aka-Kelo-Molo.
Ama
[nyi] South Kordofan state: Al Fous, Fuony, Hajar Sultan, Kakara, Kalara, Koromiti, Nitil, Salara, Tundia, and other villages in Jebel Mandal range, Nyimang hills. Users: 158,000 (2017). Elderly and young children are monolingual. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Inyimang, Nyima, Nyiman, Nyimang, Nyuwing. Autonym: Ámá. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nyimang.
Amharic
[amh] Users: 99,000 in Sudan (2017). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, South, Transversal, Amharic-Argobba.
Andaandi
[dgl] Northern state: Dongola district; north boundary is Burgeg. Users: 70,000 (2014 M. Jaeger). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Danaagla, Danaqla, Dongola, Dongola Nubian, Dongolawi, Dongolawi Nubian, Dongolese. Autonym: Andaandi. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Central, Dongolawi.
Arabic, Algerian Spoken
[arq] Users: 39,000 in Sudan (2017). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, North Levantine Spoken
[apc] Users: 96,000 in Sudan (2017). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, Standard
[arb] Users: 26,900,000 in Sudan (2015 SIL), all users. Status: 1 (National). Statutory national working language (2005, Interim Constitution, Article 8(3)). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, Sudanese Spoken
[apd] Widespread. Users: 39,100,000 in Sudan, all users. L1 users: 30,100,000 in Sudan (2017). L2 users: 9,000,000 (2019). Total users in all countries: 42,332,360 (as L1: 33,332,360; as L2: 9,000,000). Status: 3 (Wider communication). De facto language of national identity. Used as an L2 by all other language groups in Sudan. Alternate Names: Khartoum Arabic, Sudanese Arabic. Autonym: Dārijīya, سوداني (sūdānī). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Baygo
[byg] South Darfur state: southeast of Nyala, east Kube hills, Jebel Beygo. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers probably survived into the 1960s (Sommer 1992). Ethnic population: 850 (1978 GRN). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Baigo, Bego, Beigo, Beko, Beygo, Béogé. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Daju, Western Daju.
Bedawiyet
[bej] Red Sea state; Gedaref, Kassala, and River Nile states, southeast river Nile. Users: 2,220,000 in Sudan (2017). Total users in all countries: 2,498,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Beḍauye, Bedawi, Bedawiye, Bedja, Bedàwie, Beja, Biďaːwyéːt, Tibďaːwyě, To Bedawiat, To Bedawie, Tu Bdhaawi, Tu-Bedawie. Autonym: Bidhaawyeet, Tubdhaawi, بجاوية (Bidhaawyeet), تُبڈاوِ (Tubdhaawi). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, North.
Berta
[wti] Blue Nile state: Geissan, Kurmuk, and south Roseires districts, Ethiopia border area. Users: 180,000 in Sudan (Osman 2006). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Barta, Beni Shangul, Benishangul, Bertha, Burta, Funj, Gwami, Ndú Berthú, Rotana, Rut’ana, Wetawit. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites.
Berti
[byt] North Darfur state: Tagabo hills. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers probably died or shifted to Arabic by the 1980s (Sommer 1992). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Eastern.
Birked
[brk] North Darfur state: between Jebel Harayt and Rizaykat (Arab) country, north of Nyala; North Kordofan: south of El Obeid. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 1970s; ethnic Birked shifted to Arabic (Sommer 1992). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Birgid, Birguid, Birkit, Birqed, Kajjara, Murgi. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Central, Birked.
Bornu
[knc] Scattered, in South Darfur, South Kordofan, West Darfur, and West Kordofan states and other regions. Users: 348,000 in Sudan (2017). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bornouans, Central Kanuri, Kanouri, Kanoury, Kanuri, Kole, Sirata, Yerwa Kanuri, “Beriberi” (pej.). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Kanuri.
Burun
[bdi] Blue Nile state: north Kurmuk district. Users: 46,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Borun, Cai, Kurmuk, Lange. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Mabaan-Burun, Burun.
Dagik
[dec] South Kordofan state: Mesakin hills, Buram, Kamlela, Reikha, Taballa, and Tosari villages. Users: 61,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Dagig, Dharuwa, Duwa, Masakin Dagig, Ruwa, Thakik, “Masakin” (pej.), “Masakin Gusar” (pej.). Autonym: Dhaduwa. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Ngile-Dengebu.
Dair
[drb] North Kordofan state: west and south of Jebel Dair. Users: 1,000 (1978 GRN). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Dabab, Daier, Thaminyi. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Central, Hill, Unclassified.
Daju, Dar Fur
[daj] West Darfur state: Geneina district; South Darfur state: Daju hills 40 km northeast of Nyala; South Kordofan state: Dar el Kabira, Jebel Miheila, Lagawa, Nyukri, Silecce, Tamanyik, and Warina area villages (Lagowa dialect). Users: 98,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Beke, Dagu, Daju Ferne, Fininga, Nyala-Lagowa. Autonym: Bekke. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Daju, Western Daju.
Daju, Dar Sila
[dau] West Darfur state: Habilla district. Users: 7,000 in Sudan (2009 T. Alaki). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bokor, Bokorike, Bokoruge, Mongo-Sila, Sila, Sula. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Daju, Western Daju.
Dilling
[dil] South Kordofan state: Dilling town and surrounding hills, including Kudur. Users: 12,000 (2017), decreasing. No monolinguals. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Delen, Warkimbe. Autonym: Warki. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Central, Hill, Unclassified.
El Hugeirat
[elh] North Kordofan and South Kordofan states: Baboy, Bija, Sija, and Shenshin villages in El Hugeirat hills, divided by border. Users: 50 (2007 SIL), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: El Hagarat, Hill Nubian, Kordofan. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Central, Hill, Unclassified.
English
[eng] Users: Status: 1 (National). Statutory national working language (2005, Interim Constitution, Article 8(3)). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English.
Fulfulde, Adamawa
[fub] Blue Nile, Gederef, Sennar, and South Darfur states: Blue Nile river towns; possibly North Kordofan and South Kordofan states, scattered. Users: 204,000 in Sudan (2017). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Fellata, Fulfulde. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Eastern.
Fur
[fvr] North Darfur, South Darfur, and West Darfur states; some villages in east Sudan. Users: 744,000 in Sudan (2004 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,100,000 (2017). Total users in all countries: 745,800. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Dala, For, Fora, Fordunga, Forok, Forta, Furakang, Furawi, Kadirgi, Konjara, Korra, Kungara, Kurka, Lali, Onage, Yerge, bèle fòòr, fòòraŋ bèle. Autonym: Poor’íŋ Belé’ŋ. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Fur.
Gaam
[tbi] Blue Nile state: Baw district, Jebel Tabi and outlying hills. Users: 104,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Gaahmg, Ingassana, Ingessana, Kamanidi, Kor é Gəəmg, Mamedja, Mamidza, Metabi, Muntabi, Tabi. Autonym: Gəəməndən. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Eastern Jebel, Gaam.
Ganza
[gza] Blue Nile state: Kurmuk district, Dahmoh, Darsoma, Korbum, Tugubele, and Yeshkab villages between Daga and Yabus rivers. Users: 2,600 in Sudan (2007 A. Krell). Total users in all countries: 3,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ganzo, Gwami, Koma, Koma-Ganza. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, North, Mao.
Gbaya
[krs] South Darfur state: Radom district, Kafia Kingi and south. Users: 28,000 in Sudan (2017). Total users in all countries: 48,000 (as L1: 44,000; as L2: 4,000). Status: 5 (Developing). Autonym: Gbäyä. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Kresh.
Ghulfan
[ghl] South Kordofan state: Dabri, Karkandi, Katang, Kurgul, Namang, Ninya, Moring, Ota, Shigda, and Tarda villages in Ghulfan Kurgul and Ghulfan Morung hills south of Dilling. Users: 37,000 (2017), decreasing. No monolinguals. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Gulfan, Uncu, Uncunwee, Wunci, Wuncimbe. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Central, Hill, Kadaru-Ghulfan.
Gula
[kcm] South Darfur state: Kafia Kingi. Users: 200 in Sudan (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kara, Kara of Sudan, Yamegi. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Kara.
Gule
[gly] Blue Nile state: Damazin district, Jebel Gule, San and Roro hills. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers survived into the 1980s (Sommer 1992). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Bender 1983a). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Anej, Fecakomodiyo, Hamej. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Koman.
Gumuz
[guk] Blue Nile state: east Er Roseires district, Famaka and Fazoglo areas on the Blue Nile; Sennar state: Dinder district, north along Ethiopia border. Users: 88,000 in Sudan (2017). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Debatsa, Deguba, Dehenda, Gombo, Gumis, Kadallu, Mendeya, Sa-Gumuz, “Shankillinya” (pej.), “Shanqilla” (pej.). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, B’aga.
Hausa
[hau] Blue Nile and Khartoum states; scattered in Khartoum, along Blue Nile river; Kordofan. Users: 740,000 in Sudan, all users. L1 users: 80,000 in Sudan (2007). L2 users: 660,000 (2017). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.1.
Heiban
[hbn] South Kordofan state: Abul and Heiban towns. Users: 4,410 (Stevenson 1984). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Abul, Ebang. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Central, Ebang-Logol, Ebang-Laru.
Jumjum
[jum] Blue Nile state: west Kurmuk district, Jebels Tunga, Terta, and Wadega areas on South Sudan border. Users: 78,000 in Sudan (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Berin, Jiik Mäbaan, Olga, Wadega, Wadkai. Autonym: Tüŋ Mäbaan. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Mabaan-Burun, Mabaan.
Kadaru
[kdu] South Kordofan state: Jibaal as Sitta hills between Delami and Dilling. Users: 25,000 (2013 T. Alaki and R. Norton). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Kadaro, Kadero, Kaderu, Kodhin, Kodhinniai, Kodoro, Tamya. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Central, Hill, Kadaru-Ghulfan.
Kanga
[kcp] South Kordofan state: Miri hills, west and southwest of Kadugli; Kufa village cluster southeast of Miri, northeast of Lima, and north of Kanga. Bilenya, Dologi, Lenyaguyox, Lima, Kilag, Kufa, Mashaish, and Toole (center) villages (Kufa-Lima dialect). Users: 15,000 (2017). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Kadugli-Krongo.
Karko
[kko] South Kordofan state: Karko hills, 35 km west of Dilling, includes Dulman. Users: 7,000 (2004 A. Farah). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Garko, Kaak, Karme, Kithonirishe. Autonym: Kakenbi. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Central, Hill, Unclassified.
Katcha-Kadugli-Miri
[xtc] South Kordofan state. Belanya, Dabakaya, Farouq, Kafina, Katcha, and Tuna villages (Katcha dialect); ’Daalimo, Kadugli, Kulba, Murta, Takko, and Thappare villages (Kadugli dialect); Hayar al-Nimr, Kadoda, Kasari, Kuduru, Kya, Luba, Miri Bara, Miri Guwa, Nyimodu, Sogolle, Tulluk, and Umduiu villages (Miri dialect). Users: 75,000 (2004 SIL). 30,000 Katcha and Kadugli (2004), 4,000 Miri. Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Kadugli-Krongo.
Katla
[kcr] South Kordofan state: Katla hills southwest of Dilling. Kabog, Kabog North, Kabosh, Kambai, Karkando, Karkarya, Kary, Kimndang, Kitanngo, Kolbi, Koto Kork, Octiang, Rumber, Sabba, Tolot, (Julud dialect); Bombori, Karoka, Kateik, Kiddu, Kirkpong, and Koldrong (Katla dialect). Users: 25,000 (2009). Population for Julud. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Akalak, Kalak. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Katla.
Keiga
[kec] South Kordofan state: Jebel Demik, northwest of Kadugli; Ambong area, Ambong, Ambongadi, Arungekkaadi, Bila Ndulang, Kandang, Kuluwaring, Lakkadi, Roofik, Saadhing, Taffor, and Tingiragadi villages; Lubung area, Kuwaik, Miya Ndumuru, Miya Ntaarang, Miya Ntaluwa, Semalili, and Tungunungunu villages; Tumuro area, Jughuba, Kayide, Koolo, and Tumuro villages. Users: 6,070 (Stevenson 1984). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Deiga, Kayigang, Kayikang, Keiga-Al-Kheil, Keiga-Timero, Sani ma-yɛgaŋ, Yega. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Kadugli-Krongo.
Kelo
[xel] Blue Nile state: Geissan district, Beni Sheko and Keeli villages. Users: 200. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Kelo-Beni Sheko, Ndu-Faa-Keelo, Tornasi. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Eastern Jebel, Aka-Kelo-Molo.
Ko
[fuj] South Kordofan state: isolated hills between Talodi and the White Nile. Users: 2,680 (Stevenson 1984). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Fungor, Fungur, Kau. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, Eastern.
Koalib
[kib] South Kordofan state: Delami area. Hadra, Nyukwur, and Umm Heitan (Nginyukwur dialect); Abri area villages scattered on the plain (Ngirere dialect); Koalib hills area (Ngunduna dialect); Turum and Umm Berumbita (Nguqwurang dialect). Users: 100,000 (Quint 2009). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Abri, Kandiza Kethi Koalib, Kawaaliib, Kawalib, Kowalib, Lgalige, Nirere, Rere. Autonym: Kwɐ̀ɐlîp. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Central, Rere.
Komo
[xom] Blue Nile state: Kurmuk district, Ahmar, Tombak, and Yabus rivers area. Users: 10,000 in Sudan (1979 W. James). Total users in all countries: 37,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Central Koma, Como, Gokwom, Hayahaya, Koma of Daga, Madiin. Autonym: Tta Komo. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Koman.
Krongo
[kgo] South Kordofan state: Angolo, Tabanya, and Toroji in Krongo hills; Buram, Damaguto, Dar, Dimadragu, and Dimodongo. Users: 49,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Dimodongo, Kadumodi, Korongo, Kurungu, Tabanya. Autonym: Niino mo-di. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Kadugli-Krongo.
Lafofa
[laf] South Kordofan state: central Eliri hills. Users: 5,140 (Stevenson 1984). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kidie Lafofa. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Tegem.
Laro
[lro] South Kordofan state: Oya, Rodong (Hajar Medani), Hajar Baco, Gunisaia, Serif, Tondly, Reli, Lagau (Serfinila), Getaw (Hajar Tiya), Orme (Ando) villages in Alleira hills north of Heiban town. Users: 40,000 (Kuku 2012). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Al-Leira, Leera, Liira, Ngwullaro, Yillaro. Autonym: Laru. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Central, Ebang-Logol, Ebang-Laru.
Logol
[lof] South Kordofan state: isolated hills between Talodi and the White Nile. Users: 12,000 (2017). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Lukha. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Central, Ebang-Logol, Logol.
Logorik
[liu] South Kordofan state: Jebel Liguri and hills 15 km northeast of Kadugli. Users: 2,000 (Welmers 1971a). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Laggori, Liguri, Logori. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Daju, Eastern Daju.
Lumun
[lmd] South Kordofan state: Canya’ru, Toromathan, and To’ri villages in Limon hills. Users: 15,000 (2014 SIL). Home area population 9,500 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 20,000 (2014 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kuku-Lumun, Lomon. Autonym: Lumun. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Tocho.
Masalit
[mls] South Darfur state: scattered; West Darfur state: Geneina and Habila districts. North and east of Geneina (Northern Masalit dialect). Users: 350,000 in Sudan (2011 SIL). Total users in all countries: 462,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kana Masalaka, Kana Masaraka, Kanaa Masaraka, Masaraka, Massalit, Mesalit. Autonym: Kanaa Masarak, Masarak. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Masalit.
Midob
[mei] Khartoum state: scattered throughout, and Omdurman district, Gezirat Aba island; White Nile state; North Darfur state: Mellit district, Malha area. Users: 85,000 (2017). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Meidob, Meidob Nubian, Midobi, Tid, Tid-N-Aal, Tidda. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Western.
Molo
[zmo] Blue Nile state: Jebel Malkan. Users: 100 (1988 M. Bender), decreasing. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Malkan, Tura-Ka-Molo. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Eastern Jebel, Aka-Kelo-Molo.
Moro
[mor] South Kordofan state: Moro hills. Users: 72,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Autonym: Dhimorong. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Western.
Nding
[eli] South Kordofan state: East Nuba hills, south Eliri range. Users: 400 (Welmers 1971a). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Eliri. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Nding.
Ngile
[jle] South Kordofan state: Mesakin hills. Masakin and Togosilu villages (Masakin Tuwal dialect); Daloka and El Aheimar villages (Daloka dialect). Users: 11,700 (Stevenson 1984), including Dagik [dec] speakers. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Angire, Arra, Daloka, Darra, Masakin, Mesakin, Taloka. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Ngile-Dengebu.
Nobiin
[fia] Northern state: Wadi Halfa district, Burgeg to Wadi Halfa; possibly east of Khartoum city, New Halfa area. Users: 144,000 in Sudan (2017). Total users in all countries: 546,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Fiadidja-Mahas, Mahas-Fiadidja, Mahas-Fiyadikkya. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Northern.
Oromo, West Central
[gaz] Users: 96,000 in Sudan (2017). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Oromo.
Otoro
[otr] South Kordofan state: Otoro hills south of Heiban town. Users: 10,000 (2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dhitoro, Kawama, Kawarma, Litoro, Utoro. Autonym: Ḏuṯuɽu. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Central, Ebang-Logol, Utoro.
Shatt
[shj] South Kordofan state: Shatt Daman, Shatt Safia, and Shatt Tebeldia; Abu Hashim and Abu Sinam areas. Users: 30,000 (2014 T. Stirtz). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Caning. Autonym: Ikä Caning. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Daju, Eastern Daju.
Shwai
[shw] South Kordofan state: 20 km west of Heiban town. Users: 3,500 (1989). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ludumor, Shirumba, Shuway. Autonym: Cwaya. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Shirumba.
Sulaihab
[mde] South Kordofan: Nuba mountains. Users: 25,000 in Sudan (2017). Status: Unestablished. Alternate Names: Maba. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Maba.
Tagoi
[tag] South Kordofan state: Moreb, Tagoi, Tukum, Tuling, Tumale, Turjok, and Turum. Users: 27,000 (2017). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tagoy. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Rashad.
Talodi
[tlo] South Kordofan state: Talodi town, Tasomi and Tata villages. Users: 1,500 (1989). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Ajomang, Gajomang, Jomang. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Jomang.
Tama
[tma] South Darfur state: west of Nyala; West Darfur state. Sirba area, Abu Shadra, Abu Suruj, Agar, Bir Dagig, Budiflo, Gezin, Giilint, Goboron, Immed Marloga, Kengrem, Kondobe, Kuma Mardok, Matinoor, Muburung, Rigilmur, Saraf Jidad, Shitkol, Tord, and Zere (Erenga dialect:); Jabal Muun area, Salia town (Mileere dialect). Users: 227,000 in Sudan (2017). 155,000 Kimr and 72,000 Tama. Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Tama, Tama-Sungor.
Tegali
[ras] South Kordofan state: Tegali and Rashad hills and Rashad town. Users: 99,000 (2017). 80,000 Tegali and 19,000 Tingal. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Orig, Tagale, Tegele, Tekele, Togole, Turjok. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Rashad.
Temein
[teq] South Kordofan state: Farik, Kuris, Kwiye, Nekring, Tokoing, Tukur, and Tulu villages between Jebels Ghulfan Morung and Julud. Users: 13,000 (2006). 6,000 in home area villages; 7,000 in other towns in Sudan. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Rone, Ronge, Temainian. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Temein.
Tese
[keg] South Kordofan state: Keiga Jirru, and 6 villages northeast of Kadugli. Users: 1,400 (Welmers 1971a). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Keiga Girru, Keiga Jirru, Teis-Umm-Danab, These. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Temein.
Tigré
[tig] Red Sea state: Tokar and Garora regions; Gedaref and Kassala states. Users: 19,000 in Sudan (2017). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, North.
Tigrigna
[tir] Users: 48,000 in Sudan (2017). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, North.
Tima
[tms] South Kordofan state: Jebel Tima village, 15 km southwest of Katla, north of Lagawa. Users: Ethnic population: 5,000 (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Domurik, Lomorik, Lomuriki, Tamanik, Yibwa. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Katla.
Tira
[tic] South Kordofan state: hills between Kauda and Talodi. Users: 31,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Lithiro, Littiro, Thiro, Tiro. Autonym: Zittiro. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, West-Central, Western.
Tocho
[taz] South Kordofan state: 15 villages near Saraf aj Jamus, and Delabaya. Users: 2,650 (2013 T. Alaki and R. Norton). Home area population: 2,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tacho, Toicho. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Tocho.
Torona
[tqr] South Kordofan state: Limon hills. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last known proficient speaker died in January 2014 (Norton and Alaki 2015). Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi, Talodi Proper, Tocho.
Tulishi
[tey] South Kordofan state: Lagawa and northeast at Aabiisa, Aliyooro Manadaha, Jebels Tulishi, Kamdang, Kirakaati, Laati, Lawwa, Nattilongke, Ntukungnge, and Thudhi villages. 25km southwest of Lagawa (Dar el Kabira dialect). Users: 2,500 (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kuntulishi, Thulishi, Tulesh. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Kadugli-Krongo.
Tumtum
[tbr] South Kordofan state: Kurondi south of Eliri Hills. North Eliri hills (Talassa dialect); west Talodi hills (Tumtum dialect). Users: 15,000 (2017). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Kadugli-Krongo.
Uduk
[udu] Blue Nile state: Kurmuk district, from Belila north, south to Yabus river. Users: 22,000 in Sudan and South Sudan (split between the two not known). Few monolinguals (Killian 2015). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Cai, Kamus, Kebeirka, Korara, Kwanim Pa, Othan, Tam. Autonym: Twampa. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Koman.
Wali
[wll] South Kordofan state: 12 km northeast of Katla. Users: 9,000 (2007 SIL). Many monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Walari, Walarishe, Wele. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Nubian, Central, Hill, Unclassified.
Warnang
[wrn] South Kordofan state: isolated hills between Talodi and the White Nile. Users: 1,100 (1956 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Werni. Classification: Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban, Eastern.
Yulu
[yul] South Darfur state: Habbaniya area. Users: 3,000 in Sudan (1987 SIL). Population is total for both Sudan and South Sudan. 2,000 Yulu, 1,000 Binga. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Youlou. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Kara.
Zaghawa
[zag] North Darfur and West Darfur states, scattered. Users: 180,000 in Sudan (Osman 2006). Total users in all countries: 348,400. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Beri, Beri-Aa, Berri, Bideyat, Kebadi, Kuyuk, Merida, Soghaua, Zagaoua, Zagawa, Zauge, Zeggaoua, Zeghawa, Zorhaua. Autonym: Beria. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Eastern.