Turkmenistan
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Aimaq
[aiq] Users: 245,000 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Developing). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian.
Armenian, Western
[hyw] Major cities. Users: 84,000 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Developing). Classification: Indo-European, Armenian.
Azerbaijani, North
[azj] Scattered. Users: 50,000 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Southern, Azerbaijani.
Balochi, Western
[bgn] Mary province: 2 areas, one northeast of capital, the other on Murgap river upstream from Mary city. Users: 49,000 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Baloci, Baluchi, Baluci. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Balochi.
Bashkort
[bak] Users: 7,900 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Western, Uralian.
Belarusian
[bel] Users: 5,000 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019a), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East.
Brahui
[brh] Users: 1,200 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Dravidian, Northern.
Chagatai
[chg] Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died in the 1600s (Boeschoten and Vandamme 1998). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Chaghatai, Chaghatay, Jagatai, Tschagataisch. Classification: Turkic, Eastern.
Chechen
[che] Users: 1,000 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Nakh, Chechen-Ingush.
Chinese, Mandarin
[cmn] Users: 2,900 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chuvash
[chv] Users: 3,500 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Bolgar.
Crimean Tatar
[crh] Users: 1,600 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Southern.
Dargwa
[dar] Users: 3,000 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Alternate Names: Dargan Medz. Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Dargi.
Erzya
[myv] Users: 3,900 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Uralic, Mordvin.
Georgian
[kat] Users: 1,800 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Kartvelian, Georgian.
German, Standard
[deu] Users: 1,900 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German.
Karakalpak
[kaa] Users: 5,600 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian.
Kazakh
[kaz] Users: 29,000 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian.
Korean
[kor] Scattered. Users: 1,000 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Koreanic.
Kurdish, Northern
[kmr] Ahal province: mainly Ashgabat area. Users: 49,000 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Khorasani, Khorasani Kurmanji, Kurmancî, Kurmanji. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish.
Kyrgyz
[kir] Users: 1,400 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian.
Lak
[lbe] Users: 4,400 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Lak.
Lezgi
[lez] Users: 18,000 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Lezgic, Nuclear Lezgic, East Lezgic.
Ossetic
[oss] Users: 3,800 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Northeastern.
Pashto, Northern
[pbu] Users: 9,900 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pashto.
Pashto, Southern
[pbt] Users: 1,500 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pashto.
Persian, Iranian
[pes] Ashgabat. Users: 16,000 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian.
Romanian
[ron] Users: 3,200 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Eastern.
Russian
[rus] Major cities. Users: 900,000 in Turkmenistan (Arefyev 2012), all users. L1 users: 724,000 (2020). Ethnic population: 241,000 (2020). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East.
Russian Sign Language
[rsl] Scattered. Users: 18,000 in Turkmenistan (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 12,000–24,000 deaf signers, assuming 0.2%–0.4% of total population. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language.
Tajik
[tgk] Ahal province: Ashgabat area; Balkan, Lebap, and Mary provinces. Users: 10,000 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian.
Tatar
[tat] Users: 81,000 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Western, Uralian.
Turkish
[tur] Users: 53,000 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Southern, Turkish.
Turkmen
[tuk] Widespread. Users: 4,340,000 in Turkmenistan (2020 World Factbook). Ethnic population: 5,100,000 (2020). Total users in all countries: 6,656,060. Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1992, Constitution, Article 13). Alternate Names: Trukhmen, Trukhmeny, Turkmani, Turkmanian, Turkmenian, Turkmenler, Turkomans, Türkmen dili. Autonym: Türkmençe, түркменче (Türkmençe). Classification: Turkic, Southern, Turkmenian.
Ukrainian
[ukr] Ashgabat and other urban centers. Users: 22,000 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East.
Uyghur
[uig] Users: 2,300 in Turkmenistan (Leclerc 2019b), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Eastern.
Uzbek, Northern
[uzn] Dasoguz province: Dashhowuz area; scattered elsewhere. Users: 543,000 in Turkmenistan (2020). Ethnic population: 302,000 (2020). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: oʻzbek, oʻzbek tili, oʻzbekcha. Classification: Turkic, Eastern.
Yiddish, Eastern
[ydd] Users: 3,100 in Turkmenistan (2002 J. Leclerc). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Yiddish.