Turkey
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Abaza
[abq] Adana, Eskisehir, Kayseri, Samsun, and Yozgat provinces. Users: 13,200 in Turkey (2019). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Abazin, Ahuwa. Classification: Abkhaz-Adyghe, Abkhaz-Abazin.
Abkhaz
[abk] Eskisehir, Izmir, and Sakarya provinces. Users: 48,600 in Turkey (2019). Ethnic population: 150,000 (2014 NCRP). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Abxazo. Classification: Abkhaz-Adyghe, Abkhaz-Abazin.
Adyghe
[ady] Balikesir, Canakkale, Duzce, Eskishehir, Kayseri, and Samsun provinces. Users: 349,000 in Turkey (2019). 6,410 monolinguals (1965 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Adəgăbză, Adygey, Cherkes. Classification: Abkhaz-Adyghe, Circassian.
Albanian, Gheg
[aln] Samsun province. Users: Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Gegnisht, Shqyp. Classification: Indo-European, Albanian, Gheg.
Albanian, Tosk
[als] Bursa, Edirne, Istanbul, Kirklareli, and Tekirdag provinces; scattered in western Turkey. Users: 72,900 in Turkey (2019). 1,100 monolinguals (1965 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Shqip. Classification: Indo-European, Albanian, Tosk.
Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken
[acm] Sanliurfa province. Users: 112,000 in Turkey (2019). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mesopotamian Gelet Arabic. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, North Levantine Spoken
[apc] Adana, Hatay, and Mersin provinces. Users: 4,250,000 in Turkey (2021), including 3,000,000 refugees from Syria (World Bank, UNHCR, Anadolu Agency). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, North Mesopotamian Spoken
[ayp] Batman, Mardin, Mus, Sanliurfa, Siirt, and Sirnak provinces. Users: 574,000 in Turkey (2019). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Maslawi, Mesopotamian Qeltu Arabic, Moslawi, Syro-Mesopotamian Vernacular Arabic. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, Standard
[arb] Scattered. Users: 686,000 in Turkey (2015 SIL), all users. Status: 4 (Educational). Recognized language (1982, Constitution, Article 3), used in education. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Armenian, Western
[hyw] All in Istanbul, except Hatay province: Samandağ district, Vakıflı Köyü village. Users: 67,300 in Turkey (2019). 1,000 monolinguals (1965 census). Ethnic population: 70,000 (1980). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Indo-European, Armenian.
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
[aii] Mardin province: Mardin Merkez district; Sirnak province: Silopi district. Both areas near Iraq border. Users: 27,600 in Turkey (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern.
Azerbaijani, South
[azb] Igdir and Kars provinces. Users: 596,000 in Turkey (2019). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Azəricə, Azeri. Classification: Turkic, Southern, Azerbaijani.
Balkan Gagauz Turkish
[bgx] Edirne province (Surguch dialect). Users: 460,000 in Turkey (2019). 7,000 Surguch (1965) and 320,000 Yuruk. Total users in all countries: 464,000. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Balkan Turkic, Rumelian Turkish. Autonym: Rumeli Türkçesi. Classification: Turkic, Southern, Turkish.
Bosnian
[bos] Users: 112,000 in Turkey (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Western.
Bulgarian
[bul] Edirne and other western provinces: scattered. Users: 395,000 in Turkey (2019). 98% Pomak (Leclerc 2014c). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Pomak. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Eastern.
Chechen
[che] Scattered: displaced-persons camps throughout the country. Users: 112,000 in Turkey (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Nakh, Chechen-Ingush.
Chinese, Mandarin
[cmn] Users: 42,000 in Turkey (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Crimean Tatar
[crh] Ankara province: Polatli district, Karakuyu, several villages. Users: 110,000 in Turkey (2019). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Crimean Turkish, Qırım Türkçesi, Qirim, Qirimtatar. Classification: Turkic, Southern.
Domari
[rmt] Scattered in the region between Mersin and Sanliurfa provinces. Users: A few scattered and isolated speaker populations (Herin 2016). Ethnic population: 28,500 (Gunnemark and Kenrick 1985). Total users in all countries: 1. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dom, Gypsy, Mıtrıp, Middle Eastern Romani, Tsigene. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Dom.
English
[eng] Users: 47,000 in Turkey (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English.
French
[fra] Users: 4,300 in Turkey (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French.
Georgian
[kat] Artvin, Ordu, Sakarya, and other provinces in north and northwest Anatolia. Users: 167,000 in Turkey (2019). 4,000 monolinguals (1965 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gruzin. Classification: Kartvelian, Georgian.
German, Standard
[deu] Users: 6,700 in Turkey (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German.
Greek
[ell] Istanbul; some in Izmir province. Users: 4,000 in Turkey (2019). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Yunan. Classification: Indo-European, Greek, Attic.
Hértevin
[hrt] Siirt province: Pervari county, Ekindüzü village. Users: 4 (2012 A. Ajansi). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Hartevan, Hertevince. Autonym: ܣܘܪܬ (Sôreth). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern.
Kabardian
[kbd] Kayseri province: Uzun Yayla plateau east of Kayseri city; Corum, Duzce, Eskisehir, Kahramanmarash, and Samsun provinces: scattered. Users: 1,170,000 in Turkey (2019 Circassian Association). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Abkhaz-Adyghe, Circassian.
Karakalpak
[kaa] Users: 81,700 in Turkey (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian.
Kazakh
[kaz] Kayseri province; Manisa province: Salihli district; Istanbul. Users: 8,500 in Turkey (2019). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Kaisak, Kazakhi, Kazax, Kosach, Qazaq tili, Qazaqşa, Qazaqi. Classification: Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian.
Kumyk
[kum] Canakkale province: Biga district, Akköprü, Aziziye, Doğancı, and Geyikkırı villages. Users: 1,600 in Turkey (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kumuk, Kumuklar, Kumyki. Classification: Turkic, Western, Ponto-Caspian.
Kurdish, Northern
[kmr] Widespread, especially east and southeast. Users: 9,000,000 in Turkey (2019), decreasing. 3,000,000 monolinguals. Especially in Hakkari and Shirnak provinces. Total users in all countries: 15,703,920. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ezdiki, Kermancî, Kirmancî, Kurdish Kurmanji, Kurdiya jorîn, Kurdmancî, Kurdî, Kurmanji Kurdish, Kurmanjî. Autonym: Kurdî-Kurmancî, Kurmancî. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish.
Kyrgyz
[kir] Kars and Van provinces. Users: Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Kyrgyz tili, Kyrgyzcha. Classification: Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian.
Ladino
[lad] Mainly Istanbul; Izmir province: scattered. Users: 8,000 in Turkey (2018). Ethnic population: 13,000 (Leclerc 2014c). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Dzhudezmo, Haketia, Hakitia, Judeo Spanish, Judeo-Espagnol, Judezmo, Sefardi, Spanyol. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian.
Laz
[lzz] Arkab, Artasen, Artvin, Atin, Bolu, Hopa, Kemer, Kocaeli, Rize, Sakarya, Sarp, and Vitse provinces. Users: 20,000 in Turkey (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 103,000 (2019). Total users in all countries: 22,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Chan, Chanuri, Chanzan, Laze, Zan. Autonym: Lazuri. Classification: Kartvelian, Zan.
Lezgi
[lez] Balikesir province: Balikesir Markesi district, central village Kirne; Yalova province. Users: 1,200 in Turkey (1996). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Lezgic, Nuclear Lezgic, East Lezgic.
Macedonian
[mkd] Users: 35,000 in Turkey (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Eastern.
Mardin Sign Language
[dsz] Mardin province: Mardin city, near the Syrian border. Users: 40 (Dikyuva 2012), deaf and hearing members of the Dilsiz family. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: MarSL. Classification: Sign language, Shared sign language.
Ossetic
[oss] Ankara and Istanbul urban areas; Antalya and Mugla provinces along Mediterranean coast; Bitlis, Erzurum, and Kars (Sankamis district) provinces east. Users: 41,000 in Turkey (2019). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Northeastern.
Persian, Iranian
[pes] Van province: Edremit and Van district on Lake Van eastern shore. Users: 682,000 in Turkey (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian.
Pontic
[pnt] Trabzon province: Of, Çaykara, Sürmene, Maçka and Tonya counties. Users: 5,000 in Turkey (Schreiber 2015). Number of speakers as reported by language community members. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Coastal Pontic, Muslim Pontic, Romayka, Romeyka, Rumca, Rumcika, Rumka, Trabzon, Trapezountiac. Classification: Indo-European, Greek, Attic.
Romani, Balkan
[rmn] Widespread west: Izmir (Sepečides) and Edirne (Rumelian) provinces. Users: 72,900 in Turkey (2019). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Romani ćhib. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Romani, Balkan.
Russian
[rus] Users: 600,000 in Turkey (Arefyev 2012), all users. L1 users: 7,500 (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East.
Serbian
[srp] Widespread, west. Users: 5,000 in Turkey (2019). 2,350 monolinguals (1965 census). Ethnic population: 61,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Serbo-Croatian. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Western.
Spanish
[spa] Users: 16,000 in Turkey, all users. L1 users: 1,000 in Turkey (Instituto Cervantes 2019). L2 users: 15,000 (Instituto Cervantes 2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian.
Syriac
[syc] Sanliurfa province. Users: No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Status: 9 (Second language only). Alternate Names: Ancient Syriac, Classical Syriac, Lishana Atiga, Suryaya, Suryoyo, Syriac Aramaic, Syrian Aramaic, Syro-Aramaic. Autonym: ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ (Leššānā Suryāyā). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern.
Tatar
[tat] Istanbul. Users: 28,700 in Turkey (2019). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Turkic, Western, Uralian.
Turkish
[tur] Widespread. Users: 83,440,000 in Turkey, all users. L1 users: 77,600,000 in Turkey (European Commission 2006). L2 users: 5,840,000 (2019). Total users in all countries: 88,098,480 (as L1: 82,228,180; as L2: 5,870,300). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1982, Constitution, Article 3). Alternate Names: Anatolian, Istanbul Turkish, Türkisch. Autonym: Türkçe. Classification: Turkic, Southern, Turkish.
Turkish Sign Language
[tsm] Scattered. Users: 250,000 (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 166,000–333,000 deaf signers, assuming 0.2%–0.4% of total population. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Recognized language (2005, Disabilities Act (Act No. 5378)), articles 15 and 30 provide for its use in education and communication, and for interpreting services. Recognized language (2006, The legislation on the identification of procedures and principles concerning the constitution and implementation of the Turkish sign language system, Official Gazette, No. 26139-14/4/2006), provides for a TİD Science and Approval Commission responsible for research and development, regulation of educational materials, and examination of interpreters; regulates sign language interpreters and teachers. Alternate Names: TİD, TID, Türk İşaret Dili. Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language.
Turkmen
[tuk] Tokat province. Users: Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Trukhmen, Türkmen dili, Türkmençe. Classification: Turkic, Southern, Turkmenian.
Turoyo
[tru] Mardin and Sirnak provinces. Users: 16,600 in Turkey (2019). Ethnic population: 50,000 (1994). Total users in all countries: 103,100. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Suryoyo, Syryoyo, Süryani, Turani. Autonym: Surayt. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northwestern.
Ubykh
[uby] Istanbul province: Sea of Marmara area, Haci Osman village. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Tevfik Esenç, died in 1992. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Oubykh, Pekhi, Ubyx. Classification: Abkhaz-Adyghe, Ubyx.
Urdu
[urd] Users: 24,300 in Turkey (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Hindustani.
Uyghur
[uig] Istanbul and Kayseri provinces. Users: Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Uighur, Uigur, Uygur. Classification: Turkic, Eastern.
Uzbek, Southern
[uzs] Hatay, Gaziantep, and Sanliurfa provinces. Users: 4,200 in Turkey (2019). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: O’zbek. Classification: Turkic, Eastern.
Zaza
Zazaki, Northern
[kiu] Bingöl province: Karkiova and Kigi districts; Elazig province: Elazig merkez and Karakoqan districts; Erzincan province; Erzurum province: Cayirli district; Malatya province; Mus province: Varto district; Sivas province, Divrigi, Imranli, Kangal, and Zara districts; Tunceli province: Hozat, Nazmiye, Ovacik, Pulumur, and Tunceli merkez districts; at least 83 total villages. Users: 203,000 in Turkey (2019). 3,000,000–4,000,000 speakers of Northern Zazaki and Southern Zazaki [diq] in Turkey and other countries (Paul 2009). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Alevica, Alevija, Dımılki, Dersımki, Dersimki, Dimilki, Kirmanjki, Northern Zaza, Shar Ma, Zaza, Zazaca, Zazaja, Zazaki. Autonym: Kırmancki, So-Bê, Zonê Ma. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Zaza-Gorani.
Zazaki, Southern
[diq] Bingöl, Diyarbakir, and Elazig provinces: primarily Bingöl, Cermik, Dicle, Egil, Gerger, Palu, and Hani cities. Users: 1,280,000 (2019), decreasing. 3,000,000–4,000,000 speakers of Southern Zazaki and Northern Zazaki [kiu] in Turkey and other countries (Paul 2009). A few elderly monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dimilî, Southern Zaza, Zaza, Zazaca. Autonym: Dimlî, Zazakî. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Zaza-Gorani.