Vietnam
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Akha
[ahk] Dien Bien, Lao Cai, and Lai Chau provinces. Users: 7,000 in Vietnam (Hansson 2003). Ethnic population: Hà Nhì ethnic group 21,725 (2009 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ha Nhi. Alternate Names: Ahka, Aini, Ak’a, Aka, Khao Ikor, Yani, “Ekaw” (pej.), “Ikaw” (pej.), “Kaw” (pej.), “Kha Ko” (pej.), “Khako” (pej.), “Ko” (pej.). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern.
Arem
[aem] Quang Binh province, Bo Trach district, Tan Trach, 1 or 2 families of Thuong Trach. Users: 20 in Vietnam (Ferlus 1996). Ethnic population: 100 (Ferlus 1996). Total users in all countries: 270. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized ethnic group: Chut. Alternate Names: A-Rem, Chombrau, Chomrau, Kri, Umo. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Chut.
Bahnar
[bdq] Gia Lai, Binh Dinh, Phu Yen, and Kon Tum provinces. Users: 287,000 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ba Na. Alternate Names: Ba Na. Autonym: Bahnar. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, Central Bahnaric.
Bih
[ibh] Dat Lak province: Krong Ana district, Buon Trap town. Users: 10 (2015 T. Nguyen). Ethnic population: 500 (Nguyen 2013). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Highlands.
Brao
[brb] Kon Tum province: Dac Me commune, Ngoc Hoi district. Users: 530 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Brau. Alternate Names: Braou, Brau, Brou, Lave, Laveh, Love, Proue, Rawe. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, West Bahnaric, Brao-Kravet.
Bru, Eastern
[bru] Quang Binh, Quang Tri, and Dat Lak provinces. Users: 94,600 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity; includes Khua [xhv]. Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Bru Van Kieu. Alternate Names: B’ru, Baru, Brũ, Brou, Bru, Bru Van Kieu, Quang Tri Bru, Van Kieu. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Bru.
Cao Lan
[mlc] San Chay mainly in Tuyen Quang, Lang Son, Bac Kan, and Thai Nguyen provinces; scattered in Yen Bai, Vinh Phuc, Phu Tho, Bac Giang, and Quang Ninh provinces. Users: 201,000 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: San Chay. Alternate Names: Cao, Caolan, Lan-Sán Chi, San Chay, San Chi, Sán-Chi, “Man Cao-Lan” (pej.), “Mán” (pej.). Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central.
Cham, Eastern
[cjm] Binh Thuan, Dong Nai, and Ninh Thuan provinces: Ho Chi Minh city. Users: 132,000 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. All Cham: 178,948 (2019 census) but as many as 250,000 ({Bradley 2007a}). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Cham. Alternate Names: Bhamam, Chiem, Chiem Thành, Tjam. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Coastal, Cham.
Cham, Western
[cja] An Giang and Tay Ninh provinces; Ho Chi Minh city. Users: 46,500 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. All Cham: 178,948 (2019 census) but as many as 250,000 ({Bradley 2007a}). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Cham. Alternate Names: Cambodian Cham, Chăm, Cham, Chiem, New Cham, Tjam. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Coastal, Cham.
Chinese, Hakka
[hak] Hai Phong, Quang Ninh, and Thai Nguyen provinces. Users: 1,650 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Người Ngái, Ngái. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Yue
[yue] Mekong river delta area, Soc Trang, Can Tho, Vinh Long, Tra Vinh, Dong Nai, and Kien Giang provinces; Ho Chi Minh, Ha Noi, and Hai Phong cities; north Vietnam-China border regions. Users: 749,000 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Hoa. Alternate Names: Chinese Nung, Ha Xa Phang, Hai Nam, Han, Hoa, Kién, Liem Chau, Lowland Nung, Minh Huong, Nung, Phúc, Quang Dong, Samg Phang, Suòng Phóng, Trièu Chau. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chrau
[crw] Dong Nai province: Xuan Loc and Chau Thanh districts; Ba Ria-Vung Tau and Binh Thuan provinces. Users: 29,500 (2019 census), decreasing, based on ethnicity. Few monolinguals. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Cho Ro. Alternate Names: Chauro, Cho Ro, Choro, Doro, Ro, Tamun. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Stieng-Chrau.
Chru
[cje] Lam Dong province: Don Duong, Duc Trong, and Di Linh districts; Binh Thuan province: An Son and Duc Linh districts; Ninh Thuan province. Users: 23,200 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Chu Ru. Alternate Names: Cadoe Loang, Cho Ru, Choru, Chrau Hma, Chu, Chu Ru, Churu, Cru, Kru, Seyu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Highlands, Chru-Northern.
Chut
[scb] Quang Binh province, Thuong Hoa, Hoa Son, Dan Hoa communes, near Laos border at the same latitude as Mu Gia Pass. Users: 1,050 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007a). 450 May, 95 Ruc, 500 Sach. Ethnic population: 7,510 (2019 census). Total users in all countries: 1,250. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized ethnic group: Chut. Alternate Names: May, Ruc, Sach, Salang. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Chut.
Côông
[cnc] Lai Chau province: Muong Te district, east of Sila, south of Mang; Ban Nam Luong, 4 villages; Kan Ho commune, Bo Lech; Nam Khao commune; Muong Toong commune, Ban Bo village; Dien Bien province: Muong Nhé district, Nam Ke and Pa Thom communes, near the Lao border. Users: 2,730 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Cong. Alternate Names: Khoong, “Xa Coong” (pej.), “Xa Xam” (pej.), “Xa Xeng” (pej.). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern.
Cua
[cua] Quang Ngai, Kon Tum, and Quang Nam provinces. Users: 12,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 40,400 (2019 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co. Alternate Names: Bong Miew, Bòng Mieu. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, East Bahnaric.
En
[enc] Cao Bang province: Ho Quang district, Noi Thon village, 20 km east of Ho Quang city. Users: 200 (1998 J. Edmondson). Ethnic population: 200 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ainh, Nung Ven, Nungven. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Eastern Kra.
French
[fra] Users: 659,700 in Vietnam, all users. L1 users: 5,700 in Vietnam (2020 Joshua Project). L2 users: 654,000 (2014 OIF). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French.
Gelao, Green
[giq] Ha Giang province, Yen Minh district, Dong Van district, Pho La and Dong Van communes. Users: 300 in Vietnam (2002 J. Edmondson). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co Lao. Alternate Names: Cape Draping Gelao, Hakhi, Hoki Gelao, Klau, Qau. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra.
Gelao, Red
[gir] Ha Giang province: Yen Minh district, Na Khe and Bich Dich villages. Users: 50 in Vietnam (1997 J. Edmondson). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co Lao. Alternate Names: Vandu Gelao, Voa Dê. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra.
Gelao, White
[giw] Ha Giang province, Yen Minh district, Pho La and Dong Van. Users: 20 in Vietnam (2002 J. Edmondson). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co Lao. Alternate Names: Southwestern Gelao, Telue, Tú Du. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra.
Giáy
[pcc] Lao Cai, Yen Bai, Cao Bang, Ha Giang, and Lai Chau provinces. Users: 67,900 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Bo Y. Alternate Names: Bo-I, Bo-Y, Bouyei, Buyi, Chang Chá, Chung Cha, Cùi Chu, Dang, Dioi, Giai, Giang, Nhaang, Niang, Nyang, Pau Thin, Pu-I, Pu-Nam, Pui, Puyi, Pú Nà, Sa, Trong Ggia, Tu-Dìn, Xa Chung Chá, Yai, Yay. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern.
Haiphong Sign Language
[haf] Haiphong. Users: 1,800 (Woodward 2015). Estimated 1,800 prelingually-deaf people in the Haiphong area, based on 0.1% of the total population (Woodward 2015). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: HPSL, Hai Phong Sign Language, NNKHHP, Vietnamese Sign Language. Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language.
Halang
[hal] Kon Tum province. Users: 13,500 in Vietnam (2000). Total users in all countries: 17,500. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang. Alternate Names: Koyong, Salang. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Jeh-Halang.
Halang Doan
[hld] Kon Tum province: between Sedang [sed] and Cua [cua] language areas. Users: 2,500 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007a). Total users in all countries: 4,850. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang. Alternate Names: Doan, Duan, Halang Duan. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Duan.
Hani
[hni] North, Lai Chau and Lao Cai provinces. 1 variety is east, 1 west of Muong Te city. Users: 25,500 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ha Nhi. Alternate Names: Ha Nhi, Haw, Hànhì, U Ní, Uni, Xauni, Xá U Ní. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern.
Hanoi Sign Language
[hab] Scattered. Ha Noi. Users: 39,000 (Woodward et al 2015a). Estimated 39,000 prelingually deaf, based on 0.1% of total population (Woodward et al 2015a). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: HNSL, Ha Noi Sign Language, NNKHHN, Northern Vietnamese Sign Language, Vietnamese Sign Language. Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language.
Haroi
[hro] Gia Lai and Phu Yen provinces. Users: 35,000 (Bradley 2007a). All Cham: 178,948 (2019 census) but as many as 250,000 (Bradley 2007a). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Cham. Alternate Names: Aroi, Bahnar Cham, Hoi, Hroi, Hroy, Hrway. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Coastal.
Hmong Daw
[mww] North, Son La, Dien Bien, Lao Cai, and Lai Chau provinces; others resettled in south. Users: 1,390,000 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Hmong. Alternate Names: Bai Miao, Hmoob Dawb, Meo Kao, Mán Tráng, White Lum, White Meo. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Hmong Dô
[hmv] Ha Giang province: Dong Van and Meo Vae districts; Lao Cai province: Bac Ha district. Users: Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Hmong Don
[hmf] Hoa Binh, Yen Bai, and Son La provinces. Users: Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Hmong. Alternate Names: Hua Binh, Hunan Miao, Nghia Lo, YenBai. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Hmong Njua
[hnj] Son La, Nghe An, Dien Bien, Lao Cai, Thanh Hoa, Lai Chau, and Hoa Binh provinces; scattered areas. Users: Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mong Leng. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language
[hos] Ho Chi Minh City. Users: 45,000 (Woodward et al 2015b). Estimated 45,000 prelingually deaf, based on 0.1% of the general population of the region. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: HCMCSL, NNKHTPHCM, Southern Vietnamese Sign Language, Vietnamese Sign Language. Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language.
Hre
[hre] Binh Dinh, Gia Lai, Kon Tum, and Quang Ngai provinces. Users: 149,000 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Hre. Alternate Names: Cham-Re, Chom, Davach, Davak, Dá Vách, Hrey, Moi, Moi Da Vach, Moi Luy, Tachom. Autonym: Hrê. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Sedang-Todrah, Sedang.
Hung
[hnu] Nghe An province, Tuong Duong district, Tam Thai commune, Pong; Con Cuong district, Mon Son and Luc Da communes, Dan Lai and Ly Ha. Users: 500 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Bradley 2007b). Less than 1,000 in ethnic population. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized ethnic group: Tho. Alternate Names: Cuói, K’katiam-Pong-Houk. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Cuoi.
Iu Mien
[ium] Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Cao Bang, Ha Giang, Hoa Binh, Lai Chau, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Phu Tho, Quang Ninh, Son La, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Phuc, and Yen Bai provinces, scattered settlements in northern regions; Dac Lak province south. Users: 350,000 in Vietnam (1999 H. Purnell). Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Dao. Alternate Names: Dao Do, Dao Thanh Phan, Dìu, Highland Yao, Iu Mienh, Kim Mien, Mien, Mienh, Myen, Red Dao, Yao, Yao Kimmien, Yao Mienh, Yao Ogang, Yu Mien, “Dong” (pej.), “Mán” (pej.), “Trai” (pej.), “Xá” (pej.). Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin.
Jarai
[jra] Gia Lai, Kon Tum, and Binh Dinh provinces; some in Dat Lak province. Users: 514,000 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 534,800. Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Gia Rai. Alternate Names: Cho Rai, Chor, Chrai, Djarai, Drai, Gia Rai, Gio Rai, Mthur, Zrai. Autonym: Jơrai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Highlands.
Jeh
[jeh] Kon Tum and Quang Nam provinces. Users: 15,200 in Vietnam (2002 SIL). Total users in all countries: 26,700. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Die, Gie, Yeh. Autonym: Jeh. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Jeh-Halang.
Katu, Eastern
[ktv] Quang Nam, Thua Thien-Hue, and Da Nang provinces. Users: 74,200 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co Tu. Alternate Names: High Katu. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Katu-Pacoh.
Katua
[kta] Kon Tum province, Mang Buk area, west of Kayong [kxy] language area. Users: 4,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang. Alternate Names: Ca Tua. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric.
Kayong
[kxy] Kon Tum province: Sa Thầy and Kon Plông districts; Quang Ngai province. Users: 25,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang. Alternate Names: Ca Giong, Kagiuong, Katang. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, East.
Kháng
[kjm] Son La, Dien Bien, Lai Chau, and Lao Cai provinces. Users: 16,200 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized ethnic group: Khang. Alternate Names: Bren, Hang, Khaang, Ksakautenh, Pouteng, Putenh, Quang Lam, Tay Hay, Tayhay, Teng, Theng, Xa, Xa Ai, Xa Bung, Xa Dang, Xa Don, Xa Hoc, Xa Xua, Xá Khao. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Bit-Khang.
Khao
[xao] Son La and Dien Bien provinces, near Ma River, north of Pa Ma. Users: 10,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Khao.
Khmer
[khm] An Giang, Bac Lieu, Ca Mau, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Can Tho, Dong Thap, Hau Giang, Kien Giang, Long An, Soc Trang, Tay Ninh, Tra Vinh, and Vinh Long provinces; Ho Chi Minh City. Users: 1,320,000 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Language of recognized ethnic group: Khmer Krom. Alternate Names: Cambodian, Central Khmer, Cu Tho, Cur Cul, Khmer Nam Bo, Kho Me, Khome, Krom, “Viet Goc Mien” (pej.). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Khmer.
Khmu
[kjg] Dien Bien, Son La, Lai Chau, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, and Yen Bai provinces. Users: 90,600 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Kho Mu. Alternate Names: Cam Mu, Kha Cau, Khamu, Kho Mu, Khomu, Kmhmu, Mun Xen, Xa Cau. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Khmu’.
Khua
[xhv] Quang Binh province: Tuyên Hóa district. Users: 1,000 in Vietnam (Phan Hữu Dật 1998). Total users in all countries: 3,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Bru Van Kieu. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, West Katuic, Bru.
Kim Mun
[mji] Bac Giang, Dak Nong, Dien Bien, Ha Giang, Lao Cai, Quang Ninh, Tuyen Quang, and Yen Bai provinces. Users: 170,000 in Vietnam (1999 J. Edmondson). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Coc Mun, Dao Ao Dai, Dao Lam Dinh, Dao Quan Trang, Dao Thanh Y, Great Tunic Yao, Jinmen, Kem di mun, Lan Ten, Lanten, Lantin, Lowland Yao, Mun, Red Trouser Yao, San Chi, “Man Lan-Tien” (pej.). Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin.
Koho
[kpm] Binh Thuan, Dak Nong, Dong Nai, Lam Dong and Ninh Thuan provinces. Users: 201,000 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co Ho. Alternate Names: Caho, Co Ho, Coho, Kohor. Autonym: Kơho. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Sre.
Korean
[kor] Users: 173,000 in Vietnam (2019), based on nationality. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Koreanic.
Kucong
[lkc] Lai Chau province, Muang Te district. Users: 5,400 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 45,400. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: La Hu. Alternate Names: Cosung, Lahlu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Lachi
[lbt] Ha Giang province: west of Ha Giang in upper Clear River valley (Riviere Claire) on China border. Black Lachi in Manyou, Long-Haired Lachi in Manpeng. Users: 5,000 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007a). 3,990 women, in 1,450 households (Liang 1990), including Black Lachi 2,500 in 550 households, Long-Haired Lachi 4,500 in 900 households. 15,000 for all La Chi in Vietnam (2019 census). Ethnic population: 15,100 (2019 census). Total users in all countries: 5,200. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: La Chi. Alternate Names: Cu-Tê, Cù Te, La Chi, Lachí, Laji, Lati, Lipulio, Mia, Tai Lati, Y, Y Pí, Y Póng, Y To. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra.
Lachi, White
[lwh] Ha Giang province: Manbang and Manmei. Users: 1,600 (Liang 1990). 300 households. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized ethnic group: La Chi. Alternate Names: Lipupõ, White Lachi. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra.
Laghuu
[lgh] Lao Cai province: Sa Pa district, Nam Sa village; 15 km south and east of Sa Pa city, in the valley below the highest mountain in Vietnam, Phan Si Pan (3,198 m); small enclave in Son La province. Users: 800 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Laopa, Xá Phó. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Laha
[lha] Lai Chau and Son La provinces: along Red and Black rivers. Users: 10,200 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized ethnic group: La Ha. Alternate Names: Khlá, Khlá Don, Khlá Dung, Khlá Phlao, Klá Dong, La Ha, La Ha Ung, Laxa, Liik, Xá Chien, Xá Khao, Xá Lay. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Eastern Kra.
Lahu
[lhu] Lai Chau province: northwest border with Laos. North of Muong Te city near China border, at Ban Kiem Tra, Phu Nam Ma, Phu Nam Cau, and Phu Nam Ha (Black Lahu); Muong Te, east of Nha Ca, 1 village (White Lahu). Users: 12,100 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: La Hu. Alternate Names: Kaixien, Lahuna, Laku, Launa, Mooso, Muhso, Mussar, Musso, Mussuh, Namen, “Lohei” (pej.). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Lao
[lao] Scattered. Users: 17,500 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Lü
[khb] Lai Chau province: Tam Duong district, Ban Hon and Binh Lu communes; Lao Cai province: in a small border area. Users: 6,760 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Lu. Alternate Names: Duon, Lue, Nhuon, Pai-I, Shui-Pai-I, Tai Lu. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Maa
[cma] Lam Dong, Dong Nai, and Bin Phuoc provinces, widely scattered; possibly in Dac Nong province. Users: 50,300 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ma. Alternate Names: Chauma, Che Ma, Ma, Ma Krung, Ma Ngan, Ma To, Ma Xop, Maaq. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Sre.
Maleng
[pkt] Ha Tinh province, Huong Khe district, Huong Lien commune; 3 villages bordering Laos, another southeast. Malieng dialect: Tuyen Hoa district, Thanh Hoa and Lam Hoa communes; Dan Hoa dialect: north Quang Binh province, Minh Hoa district. Users: 1,200 in Vietnam (2013). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ma Lieng, Malang, Malieng. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Chut.
Mang
[zng] Lai Chau province, Muong Te and Sin Ho districts, triangle-shaped area between Song Da (Black River) and the Nam Na: Nam Nghe, Nam Xung, Nam Ban, Ban Nam Voi, and other communities. Users: 4,650 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 5,155. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Mang. Alternate Names: Ba’e, Chaman, Lá Vàng, Manbu, Mang U, Nieng Ó, Xá, Xá Mang, Xá Ó. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Mang.
Mantsi
[nty] Ha Giang province, Meo Vac and Dong Van districts; also Cao Bang province. Users: 1,100 (2002 J. Edmondson). Ethnic population: 4,830 (2019 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Lo Lo. Alternate Names: Black Lolo, Flowery Lolo, Lolo, Red Mantsi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Mnong, Central
[cmo] Mainly Binh Phuoc, Dak Nong, and west Dat Lak provinces. Users: 32,500 in Vietnam (2002 SIL). All Mnong in Vietnam, based on ethnicity: 127,000 (2019 census). Total users in all countries: 70,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Mnong. Alternate Names: Bu Nong, Budang, Budong, Central Bu Nong, Phanong, Pnong. Autonym: Bunong. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Mnong, Southern-Central Mnong.
Mnong, Eastern
[mng] Dat Lak, Dak Nong, and Lam Dong provinces. Users: 30,000 (2002 SIL). All Mnong in Vietnam, based on ethnicity: 127,000 (2019 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Mnong. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Mnong, Eastern Mnong.
Mnong, Southern
[mnn] Mostly Dak Nong and Binh Phuoc provinces, south of Central Mnong [cmo], north of Stieng [stt] language areas; some in Lam Dong province. Users: 30,000 (2002). All Mnong in Vietnam, based on ethnicity: 127,000 (2019 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Mnong. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Sre-Mnong, Mnong, Southern-Central Mnong.
Monom
[moo] East Gia Lai and Kon Tum provinces. Users: 6,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang. Alternate Names: Bonom, Menam, Monam. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Sedang-Todrah, Todrah-Monom.
Muong
[mtq] Hoa Binh, Thanh Hoa, Phu Tho, Ha Noi, Yen Bai, Son La, and Ninh Binh provinces. Users: 1,450,000 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Muong. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Muong.
Ná-Meo
[neo] Cao Bang province: Thach An district, Ca Liec village; Lang Son province: Trang Dinh district, Cao Minh and Khuoi Phu Dao villages, Khanh Long hamlet; Tuyen Quang province: Yen Son district, Kim Quan sub-district, Khuan He village. Users: 1,000 (2015 A. Hsiu). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Hmong. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Qiandong.
Nguôn
[nuo] Quang Binh province: An Duk, Ba Nuong, Kwi Dat, Tan Kieu, Than Long and 6 other villages. Users: 1,000 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 2,000 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 1,760. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ngouan. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Muong.
Nung
[nut] Bac Kan, Cao Bang, Ha Giang, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Thai Nguyen, and Tuyen Quang provinces; possibly in Ho Chi Minh City and other southern locations. Users: 1,080,000 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Nung. Alternate Names: Bu-Nong, Highland Nung, Lungchow, Nong, Tai Nung, Tay, Tày Nùng. Autonym: Nohng. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central.
O’du
[tyh] Nghe An province: Tuong Duong district, Nga My commune. Users: 430 in Vietnam (2019 census), decreasing, based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 1,030. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized ethnic group: O Du. Alternate Names: ’Iduh, Haat, Hat, O Du, Ơ Đu, “Tay Hat” (pej.). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Khmu’.
Pa Di
[pdi] Lao Cai province: Muong Khuong district. Users: 300 in Vietnam (1995 J. Edmondson). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Padi. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Pa-Hng
[pha] Ha Giang province: Bac Quang district; Tuyen Quang province: Chiem Hoa and Yen Son districts. Users: 8,250 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Pa Then. Alternate Names: Baheng, Bahengmai, Pa Hng, Paheng, Pà Hung, Pà Then. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Pa-hng.
Pacoh
[pac] Laos border, southern Quang Tri and western Thua Thien-Hue provinces. Users: 16,000 in Vietnam (2002). Total users in all countries: 38,600. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bo River Van Kieu, Paco, Pokoh. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Katu-Pacoh.
Phu Thai
[pht] Ha Tinh and Nghe An provinces. Users: 209,000 in Vietnam (2002). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai. Alternate Names: Phutai, Putai, Puthai, Puthay. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Phula
[phh] Ha Giang province: Xin Mun district, 1 village; Lao Cai province: near Lao Cai city; Lai Chau and Son La provinces. Users: 5,000 in Vietnam (Pelkey 2008). Ethnic population: 12,500 (2019 census). Total users in all countries: 10,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Phu La. Alternate Names: Fu Khla, Phu Kha, Phu Khla, Phu La. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Phuong
[phg] Thua Thien-Hue province: southeast of Pacoh [pac] language area; possibly some in areas further southeast. Users: 15,100 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ktu. Alternate Names: Phuang, Phuong Catang. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, East Katuic, Katu-Pacoh.
Puoc
[puo] Lai Chau and Son La provinces, Laos border area. Users: 29,500 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 39,370. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xinh Mun. Alternate Names: Kha Puhoc, Ksing Mul, Ksingmul, Mun, Pua, Puhoc, Puok, Sing, Xin Mul, Xinh Mul, Xinh-Mun. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Xinh Mul.
Qabiao
[laq] Ha Giang province: Dunshi, Pugao, Pula, Pubang, and Manong; Yên Minh and Mèo Vac districts; Dông Van district, Phô Là and Sung Chang villages. Users: 900 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 918. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Pu Peo. Alternate Names: Bendi Lolo, Ka Bao, Ka Beo, Ka Biao, Laqua, Lolo, Pen Ti, Pu Péo, Pubiao, Pupeo, Qabiaw. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Eastern Kra.
Rade
[rad] Dat Lak, Dak Nong, Gia Lai, Phu Yen and Khanh Hoa provinces, Banmethuot area. Users: 177,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 399,000 (2019 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: E De. Alternate Names: De, E-De, Edeh, Raday, Rde, Rhade, Ê Dê. Autonym: klei Êđê. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Highlands.
Rengao
[ren] Kon Tum province, northwest of Dak to southeast of Kontum city between Sedang and Bahnar. Users: 18,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ba Na. Alternate Names: Ro-Ngao. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Rengao.
Roglai, Cacgia
[roc] Ninh Thuan province, northeast of Phan Rang on the coast. Users: 2,000 (Dyen 1971). All Roglai (Ra Glai), based on ethnicity: 147,000 (2019 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ra Glai. Alternate Names: Ra-Glai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Highlands, Chru-Northern, Northern Cham.
Roglai, Northern
[rog] Ninh Thuan, Dat Lak, Binh Thuan, Khanh Hoa, and Lam Dong provinces, in the mountains west and south of Nhatrang; some near Dalat. Users: 22,000 (Bradley 2007b). All Roglai (Ra Glai), based on ethnicity: 147,000 (2019 census). Ethnic population: 25,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ra Glai. Alternate Names: Adlai, La-Oang, Noang, Ra-Glai, Rang Glai, Rayglay. Autonym: Radlai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Highlands, Chru-Northern, Northern Cham.
Roglai, Southern
[rgs] Binh Thuan, Khanh Hoa, and Ninh Thuan provinces. Users: 18,000 (2007 census). All Roglai (Ra Glai), based on ethnicity: 147,000 (2019 census). Ethnic population: 20,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ra Glai. Alternate Names: Rai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Highlands, Chru-Northern, Northern Cham.
Romam
[rmx] Kon Tum province: Sa Thay district, Mo Rai commune, Le village. Users: 200 (2013 SIL). Ethnic population: 640 (2019 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ro Mam. Alternate Names: Ro Mam. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, Central Bahnaric.
Sedang
[sed] Kon Tum, Quang Nam, and Quang Ngai provinces. Users: 212,000 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 212,900. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: So Dang. Alternate Names: Cadong, Dang, Hadang, Hdang, Hotea, Hoteang, Kmrang, Rotea, Roteang, Tang, Xa, Xodang. Autonym: rơtéang. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Sedang-Todrah, Sedang.
Sila
[slt] Dien Bien province: Muong Nhé district, Chung Chai commune; Lai Chau province: Muong Tè district, Kan Ho commune, Ban Xeo Hai village, on the Black river. Users: 910 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Most members of the ethnic group speak the language ({Bradley 2007a}). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Si La. Alternate Names: Sida. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern.
Sinicized Miao
[hmz] Ha Giang province. 3 villages. Users: 2,000 in Vietnam (Hattaway 2003). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Hmong Shua. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Stieng, Budeh
[stt] Binh Phuoc province, south Stieng area. Users: 47,000 (2019 census). Part of the Xtiêng 100,752 (2019 census) official ethnic community which includes Bulo Stieng [sti]. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xtieng. Alternate Names: Lower Stieng, Southern Stieng. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric.
Stieng, Bulo
[sti] Binh Phuoc and Dak Nong provinces. Users: 53,000 in Vietnam (2019 census). Part of the Xtiêng 100,752 (2019 census) official ethnic community which includes Budeh Stieng [stt]. Total users in all countries: 59,540. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xtieng. Alternate Names: Budíp, Northern Stieng, Rangah, Upper Stieng, Xa-Dieng, Xtieng. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, South Bahnaric, Stieng-Chrau.
Sui
[swi] Tuyen Quang province: Chiem Hoa district. Users: 120 in Vietnam (2002 J. Edmondson). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui.
Tai Daeng
[tyr] Ha Tinh, Hoa Binh, Son La, and Yen Bai provinces; Thanh Hoa province: south of Sam Nuea; Nghe An province: around Qui Chau. Users: 80,000 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 100,000 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 105,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai. Alternate Names: Daeng, Deng, Laeng, Leng, Lèng, Red Tai, Tai Deng, Tai Laeng, Tai Rouge, Thai Dang, Thai Do, Thái Đỏ, Đanh. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Tai Dam
[blt] Dat Lak, Dien Bien, Lao Cai, Lai Chau, Phu Tho, Son La, and Yen Bai provinces; Gia Lai province: Pleiku city; Lam Dong province: Tung Nghia city; Thanh Hoa province: Thuong Xuan district, Tho Thanh sub district; and elsewhere. Users: 699,000 in Vietnam (2002 SIL). Total users in all countries: 777,700. Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai. Alternate Names: Black Tai, Tai Do, Tai Noir, Thái Den. Autonym: ʼTáy Ðăm, ’Táy. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Tai Dón
[twh] North, mainly along Red and Black rivers, Dien Bien, Lai Chau, Lao Cai, and Son La provinces; some in the south; Lam Dong province: Tung Nghia. Users: 280,000 in Vietnam (2002). Total users in all countries: 328,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai. Alternate Names: Tai Blanc, Tai Kao, Tai Lai, Thái Tráng, Táy Khao, White Tai. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Tai Nüa
[tdd] Son La province: near the Laos border area. Users: 70,000 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 95,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Tai Pao
[tpo] North, Nghe An province. Users: 10,000 in Vietnam (2002). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai. Alternate Names: Hàng Tong, Tai Hang Tong, Tai Paw, Thai Muong, Tày Muòng. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai.
Tai Thanh
[tmm] Nghe An and Thanh Hoa provinces. Users: 20,000 (2002). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai. Alternate Names: Tai Man Thanh, Thanh, Táy Thanh. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Tai Yo
[tyj] North, Nghe An province. Users: 300 in Vietnam (2002). Total users in all countries: 7,500. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jò, Tai Do, Tai Muong, Tay Quy Chau, Tay Yo, Tay-Jo, Thai Muong, Thái Do, Tày Dọ’. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai.
Takua
[tkz] Quang Nam and Quang Ngai provinces. Users: 6,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co. Alternate Names: Langya, Quang Tin Katu. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, East.
Ta’oih, Upper
[tth] Quang Tri and Thua Thien-Hue provinces. Users: 19,000 in Vietnam (2002). 13,300 monolinguals (2002). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kantua, T-Oy, Ta Hoi, Tau Oi, Toi-Oi, Tà-Oi. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, Central Katuic, Ta’oih.
Tày
[tyz] Northeast of Ha Noi city, near China border, widespread, possibly in Laos; Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Cao Bang, Ha Giang, Hai Duong, Lai Chau, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Quang Ninh, Thai Nguyen, Tuyen Quang, and Yen Bai provinces. Users: 1,850,000 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Tay. Alternate Names: Ngan, Phen, T’o, Tai Tho, Thu Lao, “Thô” (pej.). Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central.
Tay Boi
[tas] Scattered, probably mostly urban. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in 1954. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Annamite French, Tay Boy, Vietnamese Pidgin French. Classification: Pidgin, French based.
Tày Sa Pa
[tys] Lao Cai province, Muong Khuong district. Users: 300 (2002 J. Edmondson). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tai Sa Pa. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Tày Tac
[tyt] Son La province: Muong Tâc district. Users: Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai. Alternate Names: White Tay. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Tho
[tou] North Nghe An province, highland areas, Cuoi Cham dialect in Tan Ky district, Tan Hop commune; also in Thanh Hoa province. Users: 91,400 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Tho. Alternate Names: Cuoi, Cuoi Cham, Ho Muong Meridional, Keo. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Cuoi.
Thu Lao
[tyl] Lao Cai province: Muong Khuong district; possibly in Laos. Users: 200 (2002 J. Edmondson). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Todrah
[tdr] Kon Tum province, northeast of Kon Tum city, Kon Hring to Kon Braih. Users: 6,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang. Alternate Names: Didra, Didrah, Kodra, Modra, Podra, Todrá. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West, Sedang-Todrah, Todrah-Monom.
Trieng
[stg] Mainly Kon Tum and Quang Nam provinces. Users: 63,300 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Gie Trieng. Alternate Names: Dgiéh, Giang Ray, Gie-Trieng, Pin, Strieng, Ta-Rieng, Talieng, Tareh, Treng. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Bahnaric, North Bahnaric, West.
Ts’ün-Lao
[tsl] Northwest, scattered, Lai Chau, Dien Bien, and Son La provinces. Users: 10,000 (1993 D. Van). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Lao. Alternate Names: Lao. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central.
Vietnamese
[vie] Widespread. Users: 82,100,000 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 85,342,190 (as L1: 84,597,190; as L2: 745,000). Status: 1 (National). De facto national language. Language of recognized ethnic group: Kinh. Alternate Names: Annamese, Ching, Gin, Jing, Kinh, Viet. Autonym: Tiếng Việt. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Vietnamese.
Zhuang, Dai
[zhd] Lao Cai province: possibly Muong Khuong district. Users: 200 in Vietnam (2007). Very few monolinguals. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Thu Lao, Tu, Tuliao, Tuzu, Wen-Ma Southern Zhuang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central.
Zhuang, Yang
[zyg] North, Cao Bang province, Ha Quang district. Users: Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Nung. Alternate Names: Caj coux, Can Yang, Dejing Zhuang, Dianbao, Fouh, Jingxi Zhuang, Káang Thó, Nong, Nung Giang, Tianpao, Tuhua, Yangx, Yangyu, Zhuangyu Nanbu fangyan Dejing tuyu. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central.
Zhuang, Yongnan
[zyn] Cao Bang province: Quang Ha district, Phuc Sen village; Doan Khon, Quoc Phong, Quoc Dan, Chi Thao, and Tu Do communes 37 km from Cao Bang city; Ha Quang district, Noi Thon commune; Ba Be district, Cao Che commune. Users: 10,000 in Vietnam (2000 J. Edmondson). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Nung. Alternate Names: Boux Toj, Nongz Anx, Nung An, Southern Zhuang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central.
Zhuang, Zuojiang
[zzj] Lang Son province. Users: 340,000 in Vietnam (2000 census). 170,000 monolinguals (2000). Ethnic population: Over 850,000 Nung nationality people in Vietnam in 2000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Nung. Alternate Names: Canto, Nongz Anx, Nung Chao, Potai, Puto. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central.