Vietnam

Vietnamese

[vie] 1 (National). De facto national language. Language of recognized ethnic group: Kinh. 82,100,000 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 85,342,190 (as L1: 84,597,190; as L2: 745,000).

5 (Developing)

Bahnar

[bdq] 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ba Na. 287,000 (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Bru, Eastern

[bru] 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Bru Van Kieu. 94,600 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity; includes Khua [xhv].

Hmong Daw

[mww] 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Hmong. 1,390,000 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Hre

[hre] 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Hre. 149,000 (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Iu Mien

[ium] 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Dao. 350,000 in Vietnam (1999 H. Purnell).

Jarai

[jra] 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Gia Rai. 514,000 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 534,800.

Mnong, Central

[cmo] 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Mnong. 32,500 in Vietnam (2002 SIL). All Mnong in Vietnam, based on ethnicity: 127,000 (2019 census). Total users in all countries: 70,000.

Nung

[nut] 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Nung. 1,080,000 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Rade

[rad] 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: E De. 177,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 399,000 (2019 census).

Roglai, Northern

[rog] 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ra Glai. 22,000 (Bradley 2007b). All Roglai (Ra Glai), based on ethnicity: 147,000 (2019 census). Ethnic population: 25,000 (Bradley 2007b).

Tai Dam

[blt] 5* (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai. 699,000 in Vietnam (2002 SIL). Total users in all countries: 777,700.

Jeh

[jeh] 5 (Developing). 15,200 in Vietnam (2002 SIL). Total users in all countries: 26,700.

Koho

[kpm] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co Ho. 201,000 (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

5 (Dispersed)

Khmer

[khm] 5* (Dispersed). Language of recognized ethnic group: Khmer Krom. 1,320,000 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Lao

[lao] 5* (Dispersed). 17,500 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

6a (Vigorous)

Cao Lan

[mlc] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: San Chay. 201,000 (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Chinese, Hakka

[hak] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,650 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Côông

[cnc] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Cong. 2,730 (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Haiphong Sign Language

[haf] 6a (Vigorous). 1,800 (Woodward 2015). Estimated 1,800 prelingually-deaf people in the Haiphong area, based on 0.1% of the total population (Woodward 2015).

Hanoi Sign Language

[hab] 6a (Vigorous). 39,000 (Woodward et al 2015a). Estimated 39,000 prelingually deaf, based on 0.1% of total population (Woodward et al 2015a).

Haroi

[hro] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Cham. 35,000 (Bradley 2007a). All Cham: 178,948 (2019 census) but as many as 250,000 (Bradley 2007a).

Hmong Dô

[hmv] 6a* (Vigorous).

Hmong Don

[hmf] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Hmong.

Hmong Njua

[hnj] 6a* (Vigorous).

Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language

[hos] 6a (Vigorous). 45,000 (Woodward et al 2015b). Estimated 45,000 prelingually deaf, based on 0.1% of the general population of the region.

Katu, Eastern

[ktv] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co Tu. 74,200 (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Katua

[kta] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang. 4,000 (Bradley 2007b).

Kayong

[kxy] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang. 25,000 (Bradley 2007b).

Khao

[xao] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Khua

[xhv] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Bru Van Kieu. 1,000 in Vietnam (Phan Hữu Dật 1998). Total users in all countries: 3,000.

Kim Mun

[mji] 6a* (Vigorous). 170,000 in Vietnam (1999 J. Edmondson).

Maa

[cma] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ma. 50,300 (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Mnong, Eastern

[mng] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Mnong. 30,000 (2002 SIL). All Mnong in Vietnam, based on ethnicity: 127,000 (2019 census).

Mnong, Southern

[mnn] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Mnong. 30,000 (2002). All Mnong in Vietnam, based on ethnicity: 127,000 (2019 census).

Monom

[moo] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang. 6,000 (Bradley 2007b).

Muong

[mtq] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Muong. 1,450,000 (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Ná-Meo

[neo] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Hmong. 1,000 (2015 A. Hsiu).

Phu Thai

[pht] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai. 209,000 in Vietnam (2002).

Phuong

[phg] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ktu. 15,100 (2000).

Puoc

[puo] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xinh Mun. 29,500 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 39,370.

Roglai, Cacgia

[roc] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ra Glai. 2,000 (Dyen 1971). All Roglai (Ra Glai), based on ethnicity: 147,000 (2019 census).

Roglai, Southern

[rgs] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ra Glai. 18,000 (2007 census). All Roglai (Ra Glai), based on ethnicity: 147,000 (2019 census). Ethnic population: 20,000 (Bradley 2007b).

Sedang

[sed] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: So Dang. 212,000 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 212,900.

Sinicized Miao

[hmz] 6a* (Vigorous). 2,000 in Vietnam (Hattaway 2003).

Stieng, Budeh

[stt] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xtieng. 47,000 (2019 census). Part of the Xtiêng 100,752 (2019 census) official ethnic community which includes Bulo Stieng [sti].

Stieng, Bulo

[sti] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xtieng. 53,000 in Vietnam (2019 census). Part of the Xtiêng 100,752 (2019 census) official ethnic community which includes Budeh Stieng [stt]. Total users in all countries: 59,540.

Sui

[swi] 6a* (Vigorous). 120 in Vietnam (2002 J. Edmondson).

Tai Daeng

[tyr] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai. 80,000 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 100,000 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 105,000.

Tai Dón

[twh] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai. 280,000 in Vietnam (2002). Total users in all countries: 328,000.

Tai Pao

[tpo] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai. 10,000 in Vietnam (2002).

Tai Thanh

[tmm] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai. 20,000 (2002).

Takua

[tkz] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co. 6,000 (Bradley 2007b).

Ta’oih, Upper

[tth] 6a* (Vigorous). 19,000 in Vietnam (2002). 13,300 monolinguals (2002).

Tày Tac

[tyt] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Thai.

Tho

[tou] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Tho. 91,400 (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Todrah

[tdr] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang. 6,000 (Bradley 2007b).

Trieng

[stg] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Gie Trieng. 63,300 (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Ts’ün-Lao

[tsl] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Lao. 10,000 (1993 D. Van).

Zhuang, Yang

[zyg] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Nung.

Zhuang, Yongnan

[zyn] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Nung. 10,000 in Vietnam (2000 J. Edmondson).

Zhuang, Zuojiang

[zzj] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized ethnic group: Nung. 340,000 in Vietnam (2000 census). 170,000 monolinguals (2000). Ethnic population: Over 850,000 Nung nationality people in Vietnam in 2000.

6b (Threatened)

Akha

[ahk] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ha Nhi. 7,000 in Vietnam (Hansson 2003). Ethnic population: Hà Nhì ethnic group 21,725 (2009 census).

Brao

[brb] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Brau. 530 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Cham, Eastern

[cjm] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Cham. 132,000 (2019 census), based on ethnicity. All Cham: 178,948 (2019 census) but as many as 250,000 ({Bradley 2007a}).

Cham, Western

[cja] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Cham. 46,500 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. All Cham: 178,948 (2019 census) but as many as 250,000 ({Bradley 2007a}).

Chinese, Yue

[yue] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Hoa. 749,000 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Chrau

[crw] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Cho Ro. 29,500 (2019 census), decreasing, based on ethnicity. Few monolinguals.

Chru

[cje] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Chu Ru. 23,200 (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Cua

[cua] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co. 12,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 40,400 (2019 census).

[enc] 6b (Threatened). 200 (1998 J. Edmondson). Ethnic population: 200 (Bradley 2007b).

Giáy

[pcc] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Bo Y. 67,900 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Halang

[hal] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang. 13,500 in Vietnam (2000). Total users in all countries: 17,500.

Halang Doan

[hld] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Xo Dang. 2,500 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007a). Total users in all countries: 4,850.

Hani

[hni] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ha Nhi. 25,500 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Khmu

[kjg] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Kho Mu. 90,600 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Kucong

[lkc] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: La Hu. 5,400 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 45,400.

Lachi

[lbt] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: La Chi. 5,000 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007a). 3,990 women, in 1,450 households (Liang 1990), including Black Lachi 2,500 in 550 households, Long-Haired Lachi 4,500 in 900 households. 15,000 for all La Chi in Vietnam (2019 census). Ethnic population: 15,100 (2019 census). Total users in all countries: 5,200.

Laghuu

[lgh] 6b (Threatened). 800 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Bradley 2007b).

Lahu

[lhu] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: La Hu. 12,100 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Lü

[khb] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Lu. 6,760 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Maleng

[pkt] 6b (Threatened). 1,200 in Vietnam (2013).

Mang

[zng] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Mang. 4,650 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 5,155.

Mantsi

[nty] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Lo Lo. 1,100 (2002 J. Edmondson). Ethnic population: 4,830 (2019 census).

Nguôn

[nuo] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 2,000 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 1,760.

Pa Di

[pdi] 6b* (Threatened). 300 in Vietnam (1995 J. Edmondson).

Pa-Hng

[pha] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Pa Then. 8,250 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Pacoh

[pac] 6b* (Threatened). 16,000 in Vietnam (2002). Total users in all countries: 38,600.

Phula

[phh] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Phu La. 5,000 in Vietnam (Pelkey 2008). Ethnic population: 12,500 (2019 census). Total users in all countries: 10,000.

Qabiao

[laq] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Pu Peo. 900 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 918.

Rengao

[ren] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ba Na. 18,000 (Bradley 2007b).

Romam

[rmx] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Ro Mam. 200 (2013 SIL). Ethnic population: 640 (2019 census).

Sila

[slt] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Si La. 910 in Vietnam (2019 census), based on ethnicity. Most members of the ethnic group speak the language ({Bradley 2007a}).

Tai Nüa

[tdd] 6b* (Threatened). 70,000 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 95,000 (Bradley 2007b).

Tai Yo

[tyj] 6b* (Threatened). 300 in Vietnam (2002). Total users in all countries: 7,500.

Tày

[tyz] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized ethnic group: Tay. 1,850,000 (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Tày Sa Pa

[tys] 6b* (Threatened). 300 (2002 J. Edmondson).

Thu Lao

[tyl] 6b (Threatened). 200 (2002 J. Edmondson).

Zhuang, Dai

[zhd] 6b* (Threatened). 200 in Vietnam (2007). Very few monolinguals.

7 (Shifting)

Chut

[scb] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized ethnic group: Chut. 1,050 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007a). 450 May, 95 Ruc, 500 Sach. Ethnic population: 7,510 (2019 census). Total users in all countries: 1,250.

Gelao, Red

[gir] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co Lao. 50 in Vietnam (1997 J. Edmondson).

Hung

[hnu] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized ethnic group: Tho. 500 in Vietnam (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Bradley 2007b). Less than 1,000 in ethnic population.

Lachi, White

[lwh] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized ethnic group: La Chi. 1,600 (Liang 1990). 300 households.

O’du

[tyh] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized ethnic group: O Du. 430 in Vietnam (2019 census), decreasing, based on ethnicity. Total users in all countries: 1,030.

8a (Moribund)

Kháng

[kjm] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized ethnic group: Khang. 16,200 (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

Laha

[lha] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized ethnic group: La Ha. 10,200 (2019 census), based on ethnicity.

8b (Nearly extinct)

Arem

[aem] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized ethnic group: Chut. 20 in Vietnam (Ferlus 1996). Ethnic population: 100 (Ferlus 1996). Total users in all countries: 270.

Bih

[ibh] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (2015 T. Nguyen). Ethnic population: 500 (Nguyen 2013).

Gelao, Green

[giq] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co Lao. 300 in Vietnam (2002 J. Edmondson).

Gelao, White

[giw] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized ethnic group: Co Lao. 20 in Vietnam (2002 J. Edmondson).

10 (Extinct)

Tay Boi

[tas] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in 1954.

Unestablished

French

[fra] Unestablished. 659,700 in Vietnam, all users. L1 users: 5,700 in Vietnam (2020 Joshua Project). L2 users: 654,000 (2014 OIF).

Korean

[kor] Unestablished. 173,000 in Vietnam (2019), based on nationality.

Vietnam

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