Plains Indian Sign Language
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A language of United States
75 in United States (2015 M. McKay-Cody), all users. Total users in all countries: 75.
Scattered. Great Plains and neighboring regions, particularly on reservations of Apache, Assiniboine, Blackfeet, Cheyenne, Chippewa, Crow, Hidatsa/Mandan, Kalispel, Kiowa, Kutenai, Lakota, Mandan, Navajo, Pawnee and Southern Tiwa tribes.
8b (Nearly extinct). Formerly used as a lingua franca for inter-tribal contact among at least 40 different language groups by hearing and deaf people. In 1890, a private census reported 100,000 users (McKay-Cody 1996). Wide range of genres including story-telling, prayers, inter-tribal negotiation, and bartering (Davis 2010).
Plains Standard Indian Sign Language, Navajo Sign Language. Some variation in PISL by ethnic group and region, but dialect differences generally do not impede communication among different tribes. Many signs are associated with specific tribes (2016 M. McKay-Cody), but the degree to which the different tribal varieties represent separate languages has not been systematically assessed (McKay-Cody 2019). Lexical similarity between available historical sources on PISL ranges from 80% to 92%. Comparison of these sources with American Sign Language [ase] shows 50% similarity (Davis 2010).
SOV; compounding (head-initial); verb agreement; classifier predicates.
Used by deaf people with family and friends as a primary sign language, more elaborate than its use as a lingua franca (an ‘alternative sign language’) (McKay-Cody 1996). Elderly only. Those who use it are widely scattered. Shifted to American Sign Language [ase].
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Sign language use by Native Americans is documented in many parts of North America, from the Arctic to Mexico, including the Northeastern, Southeastern, and Southwestern United States, and apparently predates European contact. In North America, these can be organized into six extant groups: Northeast (Oneida, Iroquois), Plains (esp. Cheyenne, Crow, Kiowa), Great Basin (Ute), Southwest (Navajo, Hopi, Pueblo, Apache), Northwest (Inuit), West Coastal (Chumash) (McKay-Cody 2019). Some of these varieties are recognized in ISO 639-3 as separate languages, others are clearly distinct languages but not yet with their own ISO codes (e.g. Keresan Pueblo Sign Language), while for others their relationship to PISL is not yet determined (and may never be, since some are extinct). Some specific tribal varieties bear the tribal name; many of these appear to be dialects of PISL. The names ‘(North) American Indian Sign Language’ are often used when a broader range of varieties is considered (McKay-Cody 1996, Davis 2010).