Canada
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Abenaki, Western
[abe] Quebec province: Odanak Reserve on Saint Francois river. Users: 10 in Canada (Golla 2007). Total users in all countries: 14. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Odanak, Première Nation des Abénakis de Wôlinak. Alternate Names: Abenaki, Abenaqui, Alnombak, Saint Francis, Western Abnaki. Autonym: Alnôbak. Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian, Abenaki.
Afrikaans
[afr] Users: 10,300 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Saxon-Low Franconian, Low Franconian.
Akan
[aka] Users: 13,500 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Akan.
Algonquin
[alq] Quebec province: northwest of Ottawa, and Maniwaki; Ontario province: Golden Lake. Users: 1,760 (2011 census), decreasing. 180 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 5,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Algonquins of Barriere Lake, Algonquins of Pikwakanagan, Anishnaabeg of Naongashiing, Atikameksheng Anishnawbek, Communauté anicinape de Kitcisakik, Conseil de la Première Nation Abitibiwinni, Dokis, Kebaowek, Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg, Long Point, Nation Anishnabe du Lac Simon, Nipissing, Timiskaming, Wahgoshig, Wolf Lake. Alternate Names: Algonkin. Autonym: Anicinàbemowin. Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi.
American Sign Language
[ase] Scattered. English-speaking areas of Canada. Users: 38,000 in Canada (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated based on 0.1% of the total population. Other estimates vary widely: 3,660 (2011 census), 357,000 (2015 Canadian Association of the Deaf). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: ASL, Ameslan. Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language.
Amharic
[amh] Users: 22,500 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, South, Transversal, Amharic-Argobba.
Arabic, Algerian Spoken
[arq] Users: 40,200 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, Egyptian Spoken
[arz] Users: 21,900 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, Gulf Spoken
[afb] Users: 46,100 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, Judeo-Moroccan
[aju] Users: 2,960 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, Libyan Spoken
[ayl] Users: 3,310 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken
[acm] Users: 42,600 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, Moroccan Spoken
[ary] Users: 62,100 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, Najdi Spoken
[ars] Users: 3,310 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, North Levantine Spoken
[apc] Users: 135,000 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, Sanaani Spoken
[ayn] Users: 3,960 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, South Levantine Spoken
[ajp] Users: 34,900 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, Sudanese Spoken
[apd] Users: 7,690 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, Tunisian Spoken
[aeb] Users: 15,400 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Armenian, Western
[hyw] Ontario: Ottawa and Toronto; Quebec: Montreal; British Columbia: Vancouver. Users: 33,500 in Canada (2016 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Classification: Indo-European, Armenian.
Assiniboine
[asb] Saskatchewan province: part of Carry-the-Kettle, Mosquito-Grizzly Bear’s Head, and Whitebear. Users: 150 in Canada (Golla 2007). This is the total of L1 speakers for Canada and the United States. Ethnic population: 3,500 in Canada and the United States (Golla 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Carry The Kettle, Mosquito-Grizzly Bear’s Head-Lean Man, Ocean Man, Pheasant Rump Nakota. Alternate Names: Assiniboin, Nakhoda, Nakhona, Nakhota, Nakhóda, Nakhóna, Nakhóta, Nakoda, Nakon, Nakona, Nakota. Classification: Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dakota.
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
[aii] Users: 16,100 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 38,000. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern.
Atikamekw
[atj] Quebec province: between La Tuque and Senneterre, 200–400 km north of Montreal, along the upper reaches of Saint Maurice river, 3 isolated communities on Manuane, Obedjiwan, and Weymontachie reservations. Users: 6,160 (2016 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Atikamekw d’Opitciwan, Conseil des Atikamekw de Wemotaci, Les Atikamekw de Manawan. Alternate Names: Atihkamekw, Atikamek, Attikamek, Attimewk, Tête de Boule. Autonym: Atikamekw. Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais.
Azerbaijani, South
[azb] Users: 3,260 in Canada (2016 census). Census does not distinguish between South Azerbaijani [azb] and North Azerbaijani [azj]. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Southern, Azerbaijani.
Babine
[bcr] British Columbia province: scattered. Bulkley river and Burns lake areas(Wetsuset’en dialect); Lake Babine and Takla Lake communities (Babine Proper dialect). Users: 430 (FPCC 2014). 295 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). 100 fluent speakers and 100 passive speakers of Wetsuwet’en. 200 speakers of all degrees of fluency of Babine Proper (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 3,410 (FPCC 2014). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Burns Lake, Hagwilget Village, Lake Babine, Nee-Tahi-Buhn, Skin Tyee, Takla Lake, Wet’suwet’en, Witset, Yekooche. Alternate Names: Babine Carrier, Lake Babine, Nadot’en, Nat’oot’en, Northern Carrier. Autonym: Nedut’en. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan.
Beaver
[bea] British Columbia and Alberta provinces: Chateh (Assumption) on Hay river, and Prophet river south of Fort Nelson. Users: 160 (FPCC 2014). 450 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 1,560 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Beaver, Blueberry River, Doig River, Halfway River, Horse Lake, Prophet River, Saulteau, West Moberly. Alternate Names: Castor, Dane-zaa, Dane-zaa Záágé, Danezaa, Dunne-za, Dunneza. Autonym: Danezaa ZaageɁ (Danezaa Zaage). Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan.
Bella Coola
[blc] British Columbia province: Burke channel head, North Bentinck arm, Bella Coola river mouth. Users: 17 (FPCC 2014). 510 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 1,660 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Nuxalk. Alternate Names: Nuxalk. Classification: Salish.
Bengali
[ben] Users: 73,100 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese.
Blackfoot
[bla] Alberta province: Blackfoot, Blood, and Piegan reserves. Users: 2,820 in Canada (2016 census), decreasing. Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 15,000. Total users in all countries: 2,920. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Blood, Piikani, Siksika. Alternate Names: Blackfeet, Niitsipowahsin, Pied Noir. Autonym: Siksiká. Classification: Algic, Algonquian.
Bosnian
[bos] Users: 12,200 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Western.
Bulgarian
[bul] Users: 20,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Eastern.
Burmese
[mya] Users: 3,590 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern.
Carrier
[crx] British Columbia province: Stuart and Trembleur lake area. Users: 680 (FPCC 2014). 1,380 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 9,350 (FPCC 2014). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Burns Lake, Cheslatta Carrier, Lheidli T’enneh, Lhoosk’uz Dene, Lhtako Dene, Nadleh Whuten, Nak’azdli Whut’en, Nazko, Saik’uz, Stellat’en, Takla Lake, Tl’azt’en, Toosey, Ulkatcho, Yekooche. Alternate Names: Central Carrier, Dakelhne, Porteur, Takelne, Takulie. Autonym: Dakelh. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Carrier.
Carrier, Southern
[caf] British Columbia province: west of Quesnel and south of Cheslatta lake, Anahim Lake-Ulkatcho, toward the Fraser river and tributaries. Users: 500 (1987 SIL). 2,060 identified in 2001. Census does not separate Babine [bcr], Central Carrier [crx], and Southern Carrier. All Athapaskan L1 speakers in Canada 17,400 (2016 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Autonym: Dakelh. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Carrier.
Cayuga
[cay] Ontario province: Grand River, Six Nations Reserve. Users: 40 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 3,000 (Yamamoto 2007). Total users in all countries: 46. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Lower Cayuga, Six Nations of the Grand River, Upper Cayuga. Autonym: Gayogo̱hó:nǫ’. Classification: Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock.
Cebuano
[ceb] Users: 19,900 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, Cebuan.
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
[cld] Users: 5,550 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern.
Chilcotin
[clc] British Columbia province: west of Williams Lake. 7 reserve communities: Alexandria, Anahim, Nemiah, Redstone, Stone, Toosey, Ulkatcho. Users: 860 (FPCC 2014). 760 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). 100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 4,350 (FPCC 2014). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Alexis Creek, Tl’etinqox Government, Toosey, Xeni Gwet’in First Nations Government, Yunesit’in Government. Alternate Names: Nenqayni Ch’ih, Tsilhqút’ín, Tzilkotin. Autonym: Tŝinlhqot’in. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan.
Chinese, Hakka
[hak] Users: 10,900 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Mandarin
[cmn] British Columbia: Vancouver area; Ontario: Toronto area. Users: 592,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Min Nan
[nan] Users: 31,800 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Wu
[wuu] Users: 12,900 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Yue
[yue] British Columbia: Vancouver area; Ontario: Toronto area. Users: 565,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Guangfu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinook Wawa
[chn] British Columbia. Users: No known L1 speakers in Canada (Wurm et al 1996). A total of 1,000 L2 speakers in both Canada and the United States (Grant 2013). The last speaker died in the mid-1970s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Chinook Jargon, Chinook Pidgin, Chinuk Wawa, Jargon. Classification: Pidgin, Amerindian.
Clallam
[clm] British Columbia province: southern Vancouver island, Becher Bay Reserve. Users: No known L1 speakers in Canada. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Klallam, Na’klallam, S’klallam. Classification: Salish, Central Salish.
Comox
[coo] British Columbia, Vancouver Island, and coast north of Powell river. Users: 36 (FPCC 2014). 710 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 1,900 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Homalco, K’ómoks, Klahoose, Tla’amin. Alternate Names: Comox-Sliammon. Classification: Salish, Central Salish.
Cree
Cree, Moose
[crm] Southern tip of James Bay, Moosonee, Ontario. Moose Cree, East Cree [crl] and [crj], and Swampy Cree [csw] reside in this community and surrounding area (Moose Factory, Ontario). Users: 3,000 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 5,000 (1982 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Brunswick House, Chapleau Cree, Flying Post, Matachewan, Missanabie Cree, Moose Cree, Taykwa Tagamou, Wahgoshig. Alternate Names: Cri de Moose, West Main Cree, West Shore Cree, York Cree. Autonym: ᐃᓕᓖᒧᐧᐃᓐ (ililîmowin). Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais.
Cree, Northern East
[crl] West central Quebec, east coast of lower Hudson Bay and James Bay; some speakers likely on Nunavut islands in James Bay; Whapmagoostui, Chisasibi, Wemindji, and most in Eastmain communities. Users: 320 (2016 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Cree Nation of Chisasibi, Cree Nation of Wemindji, Première nation de Whapmagoostui. Alternate Names: Cri du Nord-Est, East Cree, East Main Cree, Eastern James Bay Cree Northern Dialect, James Bay Cree, James Bay Cree Northern. Autonym: Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin, ᐄᔨᔫ ᐊᔨᒨᓐ (Īyiyū Ayimūn). Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais.
Cree, Plains
[crk] North central Manitoba, scattered west across Saskatchewan and central Alberta to the foot of the Rocky Mountains; isolated enclave in British Columbia. Users: 3,070 in Canada (2016 census). Total users in all countries: 3,170. Status: 5 (Developing). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Ahtahkakoop, Alexander, Beardy’s and Okemasis, Big Island Lake Cree, Big River, Bigstone Cree, Blueberry River, Canoe Lake Cree, Chiniki, Driftpile Cree, Enoch Cree, Ermineskin Tribe, Flying Dust, Fort Nelson, Frog Lake, George Gordon, James Smith, Kahkewistahaw, Kawacatoose, Kehewin Cree, Little Pine, Little Red River Cree, Loon River Cree, Louis Bull, Lubicon Lake, Lucky Man, Makwa Sahgaiehcan, Mikisew Cree, Ministikwan Lake Cree, Mistawasis Nêhiyawak, Montana, Moosomin, Muskeg Lake Cree, Muskoday, Ochapowace, Okanese, One Arrow, Onion Lake Cree, Pasqua, Paul, Peepeekisis Cree, Pelican Lake, Pheasant Rump Nakota, Piapot, Poundmaker, Red Pheasant, Saddle Lake Cree, Samson, Sapotaweyak Cree, Saulteau, Sawridge, Stoney, Star Blanket Cree, Sturgeon Lake, Sunchild, Sweetgrass, Tallcree Tribal Government, Thunderchild, Waterhen Lake, Wesley, White Bear, Whitefish Lake, Witchekan Lake. Alternate Names: Cri des plaines, Nehiyaw, Western Cree. Autonym: Nēhiyawēwin, ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ (nēhiyawēwin). Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais.
Cree, Southern East
[crj] Quebec, southeastward from James Bay, inland to the watershed east of Lake Mistissini. Coastal communities of Waskaganish, some in Eastmain. Inland, in Mistissini, Waswanipi, Nemaska, Ouje-Bougoumo. Users: 45 (2016 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Cree Nation of Mistissini, Cree Nation of Nemaska, Eastmain, Oujé-Bougoumou Cree, The Crees of the Waskaganish. Alternate Names: Cri du Sud-Est, Eastern James Bay Cree Southern Dialect, James Bay Cree Southern Dialect. Autonym: ᐄᓅ ᐊᔨᒨᓐ (Īnū Ayimūn). Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais.
Cree, Swampy
[csw] Scattered communities, Ontario, Hudson Bay coast, James Bay northwest coast; inland into Manitoba, then Saskatchewan. Users: 2,500 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 2,800 (Golla 2007). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Albany, Attawapiskat, Chemawawin Cree, Cumberland House Cree, Fisher River, Fort Severn, Fox Lake, Gambler, God’s Lake, Manto Sipi Cree, Marcel Colomb, Mathias Colomb, Misipawistik Cree, Mosakahiken Cree, Norway House Cree, Okanese, Opaskwayak Cree, Peguis, Poplar River, Red Earth, Sapotaweyak Cree, Sawridge, Shamattawa, Shoal Lake Cree, Tataskweyak Cree, War Lake, Weenusk, Wuskwi Sipihk, York Factory. Alternate Names: Cri des marais, Inilîmowin, Maskekon, Moskégon, Omaškêkowak, Omushkego, West Main Cree, West Shore Cree, York Cree. Autonym: ᓀᐦᐃᓇᐍᐏᐣ (nêhinawêwin). Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais.
Cree, Woods
[cwd] Far north Manitoba into Saskatchewan, inland southwest from Churchill. Users: 1,840 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 53,000 (1982 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Barren Lands, Beaver Lake Cree, Bunibonibee Cree, Chemawawin Cree, Cross Lake Band of Indians, Duncan’s, Fort McKay, Fort McMurray, Lac La Ronge, Montreal Lake, Nisichawayasihk Cree, O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree, Peerless Trout, Peter Ballantyne Cree, Red Earth, Shoal Lake Cree, Sturgeon Lake Cree, Sucker Creek, Swan River, Woodland Cree. Alternate Names: Cri des bois. Autonym: Nīhithawīwin, ᓀᐦᐃᖬᐍᐏᐣ (nīhithawīwin). Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais.
Croatian
[hrv] Users: 48,200 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Western.
Czech
[ces] Users: 22,300 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, West, Czech-Slovak.
Dakota
[dak] Manitoba: south; Saskatchewan: Oak River and Oak Lake, Long Plain west of Winnipeg, Standing Buffalo, Birdtail, Stony Wahpeton, and Moose Woods. May be at Wood Mountain Reserve. Users: 190 in Canada (2016 W. Meya), decreasing. 2,300 L1 speakers of all Sioux dialects in a total population of 175,000, of which 5,000 reside in Canada (2016 Lakota Language Consortium). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2016 Lakota Language Consortium). Includes all ethnic Sioux. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Birdtail Sioux, Canupawakpa Dakota, Dakota Plains, Dakota Tipi, Sioux Valley Dakota, Standing Buffalo, Wahpeton Dakota, White Bear, Whitecap Dakota. Alternate Names: Sioux. Classification: Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dakota.
Danish
[dan] Users: 12,600 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, North, East Scandinavian, Danish-Swedish, Danish-Riksmal, Danish.
Dene
[chp] Northern Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, southeastern Northwest Territories (Snowdrift and Fort Resolution), Fort Smith, Fort Chipewyan, Wolliston Post, Buffalo Narrows, Brochet, and some communities in Reindeer Lake. Users: 10,700 (2016 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Recognized language (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Athabasca Chipewyan, Barren Lands, Birch Narrows, Black Lake, Buffalo River Dene, Chipewyan Prairie, Clearwater River Dene, Cold Lake, Deninu K’ue, English River, Fond du Lac, Fort McKay, Fort McMurray, Hatchet Lake, K’atlodeeche, Lutsel K’e Dene, Northlands Denesuline, Salt River, Sayisi Dene, Smith’s Landing, Yellowknives Dene. Alternate Names: Dëne Súline, “Chipewyan” (pej.). Autonym: Dënesųłıné. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan.
Dinka, Southeastern
[dks] Users: 2,120 in Canada (2016 census). Identified as Dinka in the census. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka.
Ditidaht
[dtd] British Columbia, Malachan Reserve, Nitinaht lake. Also previously used in Pacheedaht Territory in the vicinity of Port Renfrew, British Columbia. Users: 7 (FPCC 2014). 6 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 940 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Ditidaht. Alternate Names: Diidiitidq, Diitiid’aatx, Nitinaht, Nitinat. Classification: Wakashan, Southern Wakashan.
Dutch
[nld] Users: 103,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Saxon-Low Franconian, Low Franconian.
English
[eng] Users: 30,000,000 in Canada, all users. L1 users: 19,500,000 in Canada (2016 census). L2 users: 10,500,000 (2016 census). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1988, Official Languages Act, Ch. 38, Articles 1, 34). Alternate Names: Anglais. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English.
Estonian, Standard
[ekk] Users: 5,450 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
Finnish
[fin] Users: 15,300 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
French
[fra] Widespread: Québécois in Quebec; Franco-Ontarien in Ontario; Acadian on the east coast of New Brunswick, pockets in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island; Franco-Terreneuvien in Newfoundland. Some Québécois in Manitoba. Users: 10,980,000 in Canada, all users. L1 users: 7,170,000 in Canada (2016 census). 300,000 speak Acadien, 500,000 speak Franco-Ontarien, over 51,000 speak Franco-Manitoban. L2 users: 3,810,000 (Beck et al 2018). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1988, Official Languages Act, Ch. 38, Articles 1, 34). Alternate Names: Français. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French.
Frisian
[fry] Users: 2,100 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Frisian.
German, Pennsylvania
[pdc] Kitchener-Waterloo area, Ontario. Users: 15,000 in Canada (1995). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Deitsch, Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch, Pennsylvania Dutch, Pennsylvanisch. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, West Middle German.
German, Standard
[deu] Scattered. Users: 384,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Allemand, Deutsch. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German.
Gitxsan
[git] West central British Columbia, Gitxsan, middle Skeena river. Users: 350 (FPCC 2014). 490 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 7,600 (FPCC 2014). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Gitanmaax, Gitanyow, Gitsegukla, Gitwangak, Glen Vowell, Kispiox, Lax Kw’alaams, Takla Lake. Alternate Names: Giklsan, Gitksan, Gitxsen, Gityskyan, Hazelton, Nass-Gitksan. Autonym: Gitsenimx. Classification: Tsimshian, Nass-Gitksan.
Greek
[ell] Users: 107,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Greek, Attic.
Gujarati
[guj] Users: 109,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Gujarati.
Gwich’in
[gwi] Northwest Territories: Aklavik, Inuvik, Tsiigehtchic, Fort McPherson; Yukon Territory: Old Crow. Users: 260 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 1,900 (Krauss 2007). Total users in all countries: 560. Status: 7 (Shifting). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Gwichya Gwich’in, Inuvik Native, Tetlit Gwich’in, Vuntut Gwitchin. Alternate Names: Kutchin, Loucheux, Takudh, Tukkuthkutchin, Tukudh. Autonym: Dinju Zhuh K’yuu. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan.
Haida
Haida, Northern
[hdn] British Columbia province: Haida Gwaii islands, Masset village. Users: 2 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 7 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 4,550 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 6. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Old Massett Village Council. Alternate Names: Masset, X̱aad Kíl, Xaad Kil. Autonym: X̱aat Kíl. Classification: Haida.
Haida, Southern
[hax] British Columbia province: Haida Gwaii islands, Skidegate. Users: 7 (FPCC 2014). 6 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 0. Ethnic population: 500 (Golla 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Skidegate. Alternate Names: Xaaydaa Kil. Classification: Haida.
Haisla
[has] British Columbia province: Douglas Channel head, near Kitimat. Users: 240 (FPCC 2014). 21 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 1,680 (FPCC 2014). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Haisla. Alternate Names: Haishilla, Kitlope, Northern Kwakiutl, Xenaksialakala. Classification: Wakashan, Northern Wakashan.
Haitian Creole
[hat] Users: 3,040 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Creole, French based.
Halkomelem
[hur] British Columbia province: small communities along lower Fraser river, on the east coast of Vancouver Island. Users: 260 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 990 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 19,000 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 285. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Aitchelitz, Beecher Bay, Chawathil, Cheam, Cowichan, Halalt, Katzie, Kwantlen, Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt, Lake Cowichan, Leq’ a: mel, Lyackson, Malahat, Matsqui, Musqueam, Nanoose, New Westminster, Penelakut Tribe, Peters, Popkum, Qualicum, Seabird Island, Shxw’ow’hamel, Shxwhá:y Village, Skawahlook, Skowkale, Skwah, Snuneymuxw, Soowahlie, Sq’éwlets, Squiala, Sts’ailes, Stz’uminus, Sumas, Tsawwassen, Tsleil-Waututh, Tzeachten, Union Bar, Yakweakwioose, Yale. Alternate Names: Holkomelem. Classification: Salish, Central Salish.
Han
[haa] Yukon territory: Dawson City. Users: 7 in Canada (Krauss 1997). Ethnic population: 300. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in. Alternate Names: Dawson, Han-Kutchin, Hän, Moosehide, Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan.
Hebrew
[heb] Users: 19,500 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Canaanite.
Heiltsuk
[hei] British Columbia province: Bella Bella and Kitasoo villages, Rivers Inlet area. Users: 66 (FPCC 2014). 50 semi-speakers; 6 remaining speakers of Oowekyala (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 2,530 (FPCC 2014). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Heiltsuk, Wuikinuxv. Alternate Names: Hailhzaqvla. Classification: Wakashan, Northern Wakashan, Kwakiutlan.
Hiligaynon
[hil] Users: 6,880 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, Central, Peripheral.
Hindi
[hin] Users: 111,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Hindustani.
Hungarian
[hun] Users: 61,200 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Uralic.
Hutterisch
[geh] Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan provinces; isolated settlement in British Columbia. 333 colonies, about 95 people per colony. Users: 29,200 in Canada (2007 SIL). Total users in all countries: 40,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Carinthian German, Hutterian German, Hutterite German. Autonym: Hutterisch. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Upper German, Bavarian-Austrian.
Igbo
[ibo] Users: 4,240 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Igboid, Igbo.
Ilocano
[ilo] Users: 26,300 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon, Ilocano.
Innu
[moe] Newfoundland and Labrador, and Quebec provinces; Lake Saint John east along Saguenay Valley to north shore Saint Lawrence River, Gulf of Saint Lawrence east to St. Augustin, north to height of land at Schefferville and inland Labrador, Goose Bay and Lake Melville, 11 communities. Users: 10,200 (2016 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Bande des Innus de Pessamit, Innu Takuaikan Uashat Mak Mani-Utenam, Innue Essipit, Innu Matimekush-Lac John, Les Innus de Ekuanitshit, Montagnais de Pakua Shipi, Montagnais de Unamen Shipu, Montagnais du Lac St-Jean, Mushuau Innu, Innus de Nutashkuan, Sheshatshiu Innu. Alternate Names: Innu Aionun, Montagnais, Montagnais Innu. Autonym: Innu, Innu Aimun. Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais.
Inuinnaqtun
[ikt] Northwest Territories: Beaufort sea, Mackenzie river mouth east into Nunavut; Victoria Island area, Kugluktuk, Umingmatok, Bathurst Inlet, and Iquluktuuttraq communities, east to King William Island, and Boothian and Melville peninsula settlements; Hudson Bay northwest coast. Users: 1,020 (2016 census). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial working language in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Inuvik Native. Alternate Names: Western Canada Inuktun, Western Canadian Inuit, Western Canadian Inuktitut. Autonym: Inuinnaqtun, ᐃᓄᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᓐ (Inuvialuktun). Classification: Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Inuit-Inupiaq.
Inuit Sign Language
[iks] Nunavut territory: Scattered, especially Baker Lake areas, Rankin Inlet, and Taloyoak. Users: 20 (Schuit 2012), decreasing. Possibly as many as 50 deaf in 2000 (MacDougall 2000). At least 20 deaf in 2012, with an unknown number of hearing with varying proficiency, but estimated to be at least twice the number of deaf (Schuit 2012). In some communities, as many as 75% of the hearing population may have known the sign language (MacDougall 2000). Ethnic population: 150 (MacDougall 2000). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: ISL, IUR, Inuit Uukturausingit, Inuk Sign Language. Classification: Sign language, Shared sign language.
Inuktitut
Inuktitut, Eastern Canadian
[ike] Newfoundland and Labrador, Nunavut, and Quebec provinces: Hudson Strait, east through Nunavut, southern Baffin Island; northern coastal settlements in Quebec, and along North Atlantic coast. Users: 35,200 (2016 census). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Nunavut Territory (1988, Inuit Language Protection Act, Chapter 17). Statutory provincial working language in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. Alternate Names: Canadian Inuit, Inuit, Inuit of Quebec, “Eastern Arctic Eskimo” (pej.), “Eastern Canadian Eskimo” (pej.). Autonym: ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ (Inuktitut). Classification: Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Inuit-Inupiaq.
Inuktitut, North Alaskan
[esi] Northwest Territories: Mackenzie delta region, Aklavik and Inuvik areas. Users: Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Aklavik. Alternate Names: Inupiat, Iñupiaq, Iñupiatun, North Alaskan Inupiat, “Eskimo” (pej.). Classification: Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Inuit-Inupiaq.
Irish
[gle] Newfoundland and Labrador province. Users: No known L1 speakers in Canada. Last speakers likely died in the mid-2000s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Indo-European, Celtic, Insular, Goidelic.
Italian
[ita] Users: 376,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Italo-Dalmatian.
Japanese
[jpn] Users: 43,600 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Japonic.
Kabuverdianu
[kea] Users: 4,000 in Canada (2015 Instituto de Apoio ao Emigrante). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Creole, Portuguese based.
Kabyle
[kab] Users: 13,200 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Kabyle.
Kannada
[kan] Users: 3,970 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Kannada.
Kashubian
[csb] Ontario province: Barry’s Bay area, west of Ottawa. Users: 10,000 in Canada, L2 users. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, West, Lechitic.
Kaska
[kkz] British Columbia province: Dease Lake, Fireside, Good Hope Lake, Lower Post, Muncho Lake; Yukon territory: Lower Post, Ross River, Watson Lake. Users: 16 (FPCC 2014). 62 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 540 (FPCC 2014). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Dease River, Kwadacha, Liard, Ross River. Alternate Names: Caska, Eastern Nahane, Kaska Dena, Nahane, Nahani. Autonym: Danezāgé’. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Tahltan.
Khmer
[khm] Montreal, Toronto, other cities. Users: 20,100 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Khmer.
Kinyarwanda
[kin] Users: 5,250 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Ruanda-Rundi (D.61).
Konkani
[knn] Users: 3,330 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern, Konkani.
Korean
[kor] Users: 153,000 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 242,000 (2019 Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Koreanic.
Kurdish, Northern
[kmr] Users: 11,700 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish.
Kutenai
[kut] British Columbia province: Columbia Lake, Saint Mary’s, Tobacco Plains (Upper Kutenai dialect); British Columbia province: Lower Kutenai at Creston (Lower Kutenai dialect). Users: 25 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 20 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 1,150 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 245. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Chiniki, Lower Kootenay, Stoney, Tobacco Plains, Wesley. Alternate Names: Kootenai, Kootenay. Autonym: Ktunaxa. Classification: Language isolate.
Kwakwala
[kwk] British Columbia province: north Vancouver Island and adjacent mainland. Users: 170 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 500 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 7,310 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 350. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Campbell River, Cape Mudge, Da’naxda’xw, Dzawada’enuxw, Gwa’Sala-Nakwaxda’xw, Gwawaenuk Tribe, Klahoose, Kwakiutl, Kwiakah, Kwikwasut’inuxw Haxwa’mis, Kwikwetlem, Mamalilikulla, Namgis, Qualicum, Quatsino, Tlatlasikwala, Tlowitsis Tribe. Alternate Names: Kwagiutl, Kwakiutl, Kwakwaka’wakw. Autonym: Kwakwala. Classification: Wakashan, Northern Wakashan, Kwakiutlan.
Lakota
[lkt] Saskatchewan province: Wood Mountain Reserve. Users: 100 in Canada (2016 Lakota Language Consortium). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2016 Lakota Language Consortium). Includes all ethnic Sioux. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Wood Mountain. Alternate Names: Lakȟótiyapi, Lakhota, Teton. Classification: Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dakota.
Lao
[lao] Users: 12,700 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Latvian, Standard
[lvs] Users: 5,460 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Baltic, Eastern.
Lillooet
[lil] British Columbia province: Lillooet and middle Fraser river area. Users: 140 (FPCC 2014). 690 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 6,670 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Bridge River, Cayoose Creek, Douglas, Lil’wat, N’Quatqua, Samahquam, Skatin, T’it’q’et, Ts’kw’aylaxw, Tsal’alh, Xaxli’p. Alternate Names: Slatlemuk, St’at’imcets, Statimc, Stl’atl’imc, Stl’atl’imx, Stlatliumh. Classification: Salish, Interior.
Lingala
[lin] Users: 3,810 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.30).
Lithuanian
[lit] Users: 7,080 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Baltic, Eastern.
Macedonian
[mkd] Users: 16,800 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Eastern.
Malay
[zlm] Users: 12,300 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Malayalam
[mal] Users: 28,600 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam.
Malecite-Passamaquoddy
[pqm] New Brunswick province: Saint John river villages. Users: 310 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 3,000 (1998 SIL). Total users in all countries: 410. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Kingsclear, Madawaska Maliseet, Oromocto, Malecite de Viger, Saint Mary’s, Tobique, Woodstock. Alternate Names: Maliseet-Passamaquoddy. Autonym: Peskotomuhkati Wolastoqewi Latuwewakon. Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian.
Maltese
[mlt] Users: 5,570 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Marathi
[mar] Users: 8,300 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern.
Maritime Sign Language
[nsr] Scattered in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. Users: 90 (Yoel 2009). One hundred users or less. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: MSL, Nova Scotia Sign Language, Nova Scotian Sign Language, Old Signs. Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language.
Michif
[crg] Manitoba province: scattered, a short distance from the United States border. Users: 470 in Canada (2016 census). L2 users: 0. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: French Cree, Métis. Classification: Mixed language, French-Cree.
Mi’kmaq
[mic] New Brunswick province: Big Cove, Burnt Church, Eel Ground, Eel River Bar, Fort Folly, Indian Island, Pabino Falls, and Red Bank; Newfoundland and Labrador province: Newfoundland Island, 1 settlement south of Millertown; Nova Scotia: Afton, Bear River, Shubenagadie, Pictou, Truro, and Yarmouth, on Cape Breton Island: Chapel Island, Eskasoni, Memberto, Waikoqomaq, and Wakmatkuq; Prince Edward Island province; Quebec province: Gesgapeqiaq, Gespe’q, and Listuguj on east Gaspé peninsula. Users: 6,690 in Canada (2016 census), decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 14,200 (1998 SIL). 1,500 are in mainland Nova Scotia, 4,000 on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, 800 on Prince Edward Island and Lennox Island, 4,550 on the east coast of New Brunswick, 3,150 on the Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, 200 in Newfoundland. Total users in all countries: 6,900. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Abegweit, Acadia, Annapolis Valley, Bear River, Buctouche MicMac, Eel Ground, Eel River Bar, Elsipogtog, Esgenoopetitj, Eskasoni, Fort Folly, Glooscap, Indian Island, Micmac de Gespeg, Lennox Island, Listuguj Mi’gmaq Government, Membertou, Metepenagiag Mi’kmaq, Miawpukek, Micmacs of Gesgapegiag, Millbrook, Pabineau, Paqtnkek Mi’kmaw, Pictou Landing, Potlotek, Qalipu Mi’kmaq, Sipekne’katik, Wagmatcook, We’koqma’q. Alternate Names: Mi’gmaq, Mi’gmaw, Mi’gmawi’simg, Mi’kmaw, Micmac, Miigmao, Mikmak, Mikmaw, Mìgmaq, Mìkmaq. Autonym: L’nui’simk, Míkmawísimk. Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian.
Mohawk
[moh] Ontario province: Six Nations Reserve, Tyendinaga Reserve on Bay of Quinte near Kingston, and a small settlement at Wahta Mohawk Territory east of Georgian Bay; Quebec province: Kahnawà:ke and Kanehsatà:ke (Oka) near Montreal. Users: 990 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 24,000 (1999 SIL). Total users in all countries: 3,040 (as L1: 2,940; as L2: 100). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Bay of Quinte Mohawk, Lower Mohawk, Mohawks of Akwesasne, Mohawks of Kahnawá:ke, Mohawks of Kanesatake, Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte, Six Nations of the Grand River, Upper Mohawk, Wahta Mohawk, Walker Mohawk. Alternate Names: Kanien’kehaka. Autonym: Kanien’kéha. Classification: Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock, Mohawk-Oneida.
Munsee
[umu] Ontario province: Moraviantown Reserve. Users: 4 in Canada (2009). Ethnic population: 400 (Kinkade 1991). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Delaware, Moravian of the Thames, Munsee-Delaware, Six Nations of the Grand River. Alternate Names: Delaware, Lunaapeew, Munsiiw, Ontario Delaware. Autonym: Huluníixsuwaakan. Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Eastern Algonquian, Delaware.
Naskapi
[nsk] Newfoundland and Labrador provinces: Natuashish on the mainland, an isolated community in Labrador (Eastern Naskapi dialect); Quebec province: Kawawachikamach about 10 km northeast of Schefferville at watershed (Western Naskapi dialect). Users: 1,210 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 1,300 (2017 N. Jancewicz). 900 Western Naskapi, 400 Eastern Naskapi. Status: 4 (Educational). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach. Alternate Names: Innu Aimun, Iyuw Imuun, Naaskaapii iyuw iyimuuun, Naskapi Innu. Autonym: Naskapi, ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ (Iyuw Iyimuuun), ᓇᔅᑲᐱ (Naskapi). Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Cree-Montagnais.
Nepali
[npi] Users: 18,300 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Eastern, Eastern Pahari.
Nisga’a
[ncg] British Columbia province: Aiyansh (Ay’ans), Canyon City (Gitwinksihlkw), Greenville (Laxtalts’ap or Gitxat’in), Kincolith (Gingolx) villages on lower Nass river valley. Users: 2,360, all users. L1 users: 860 (FPCC 2014). 1,380 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 1,500. Ethnic population: 5,430 (FPCC 2014). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Nisga’a Village of Gingolx, Nisga’a Village of Gitwinksihlkw, Nisga’a Village of Laxgalt’sap, Nisga’a Village of New Aiyansh. Alternate Names: Nass, Nisgha, Nishga, Nishka, Nisk’a, Nisqa’a. Autonym: Nisga’a. Classification: Tsimshian, Nass-Gitksan.
Northern Straits Salish
[str] British Columbia province: southern Vancouver Island, many islands in the Salish Sea. Users: 100 in Canada, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers in Canada (2021). Last fluent speaker died in 2020. 5 semi-speakers in scattered locations (2021 T. Montler). L2 users: 100. Ethnic population: 3,060 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 100 (as L1: 0; as L2: 100). Status: 9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Esquimalt, Pauquachin, Semiahmoo, Songhees, T’Sou-ke, Tsartlip, Tsawout, Tseycum. Alternate Names: North Straits Salish, SENĆOŦEN, Straits, Straits Salish. Classification: Salish, Central Salish.
Norwegian
[nor] Users: 4,620 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, North, East Scandinavian, Danish-Swedish, Danish-Bokmal.
Nuu-chah-nulth
[nuk] British Columbia province: Vancouver Island, Pacific Ocean coast. Users: 130 (FPCC 2014). 200 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 7,680 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Ahousaht, Ehattesaht, Hesquiaht, Hupacasath, Huu-ay-aht, Ka:’yu:’k’t’h’/Che:k:tles7et’h’, Mowachaht/Muchalaht, Nuchatlaht, Pacheedaht, Tla-o-qui-aht, Toquaht, Tseshaht, Uchucklesaht, Ucluelet. Alternate Names: Aht, Nootka, Nootkans, Nutka, Nuučaan’ul, Quuquu’aca, T’aat’aaqsapa, West Coast. Classification: Wakashan, Southern Wakashan.
Oji-Cree
[ojs] Manitoba and Ontario provinces. Users: 13,600 (2017 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Albany, Animakee Wa Zhing, Aroland, Bearskin Lake, Brunswick House, Cat Lake, Constance Lake, Day Star, Deer Lake, Eabametoong, Flying Post, Garden Hill, Kasabonika Lake, Kee-Way-Win, Kingfisher, Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug, Lac Seul, Little Black Bear, Mattagami, McDowell Lake, Mishkeegogamang, Muskrat Dam Lake, Neskantaga, Nibinamik, North Caribou Lake, North Spirit Lake, Ojibway Nation of Saugeen, Red Sucker Lake, Sachigo Lake, Sandy Lake, Slate Falls, St. Theresa Point, Wapekeka, Wasagamack, Wawakapewin, Webequie, Weenusk, Wunnumin. Alternate Names: Anishinaabemowin, Cree, Northern Ojibwa, Ojibway, Ojibwe, Ojicree, Severn Ojibwa. Autonym: ᐊᓂᐦᔑᓂᓃᒧᐏᐣ (Anishininiimowin). Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi.
Ojibwa
Ojibwa, Central
[ojc] Ontario province: Lake Nipigon west to Lake Nipissing east. Users: 8,000 (2007 SIL). All Ojibwa varieties in Canada: 17,900 (2016 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Animbiigoo Zaagi’igan Anishinaabek, Batchewana, Biigtigong Nishnaabeg, Biinjitiwaabik Zaaging Anishinaabek, Bingwi Neyaashi Anishinaabek, Brunswick House, Chapleau Ojibway, Flying Post, Garden River, Ginoogaming, Gull Bay, Long Lake, Magnetawan, Matachewan, Michipicoten, Nipissing, Pays Plat, Pic Mobert, Red Rock, Serpent River, Shawanaga, Temagami, Thessalon, Wahnapitae. Alternate Names: Central Ojibwe, Ojibway, Ojibwe. Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi.
Ojibwa, Eastern
[ojg] Ontario province: north of Lake Ontario and east of Georgian Bay. East of north-south line through Bruce Peninsula base (Rhodes 1976). Users: 25,900 (1998 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Alderville, Chippewas of Georgina Island, Chippewas of Rama, Curve Lake, Hiawatha, Magnetawan, Mississauga, Mississaugas of Scugog Island, Mississaugas of the Credit, Shawanaga, Wasauksing. Alternate Names: Ojibway, Ojibwe. Autonym: Jibwemwin, Nishnaabemwin. Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi.
Ojibwa, Northwestern
[ojb] Manitoba and Ontario provinces. Users: 20,000 (2000 UBS). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Anishinabe of Wauzhushk Onigum, Aundeck-Omni-Kaning, Berens River, Big Grassy, Fort William, God’s Lake, Iskatewizaagegan, Lac Des Mille Lacs, Lac La Croix, Lac Seul, Little Grand Rapids, Martin Falls, Mitaanjigamiing, Naicatchewenin, Naotkamegwanning, Nigigoonsiminikaaning, Northwest Angle, Obashkaandagaang, Ochiichagwe’babigo’ining, Ojibways of Onigaming, Pauingassi, Pikangikum, Pinaymootang, Poplar Hill, Poplar River, Rainy River, Seine River, Shoal Lake, Wabaseemoong, Wabauskang, Wabigoon Lake Ojibway, Weenusk, Whitesand. Alternate Names: Northern Ojibwa, Ojibway, Ojibwe. Autonym: Nakawēmowin. Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi.
Ojibwa, Western
[ojw] Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan provinces; west from Lake Winnipeg. Users: 10,000 (2002 W. Poser). Ethnic population: 60,000 (1997 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Aamjiwnaang, Black River, Bloodvein, Brokenhead Ojibway, Buffalo Point, Cote, Couchiching, Cowessess, Dauphin River, Day Star, Eagle Lake, Ebb and Flow, Fishing Lake, Fort Alexander, George Gordon, Heart Lake, Henvey Inlet, Hollow Water, Kapawe’no, Keeseekoose, Keeseekoowenin, Kinistin Saulteaux, Kinonjeoshtegon, Lake Manitoba, Lake St. Martin, Little Saskatchewan, Long Plain, Muscowpetung, Muskoday, Muskowekwan, Nekaneet, O’Chiese, O-Chi-Chak-Ko-Sipi, Okanese, Pasqua, Peguis, Pheasant Rump Nakota, Pine Creek, Poplar River, Rolling River, Roseau River Anishinabe, Sakimay, Sandy Bay, Sapotaweyak Cree, Saulteau, Saulteaux, Sawridge, Skownan, Sturgeon Lake, The Key, Tootinaowaziibeeng, War Lake, Waywayseecappo, White Bear, Yellow Quill. Alternate Names: Nahkawēwin, Ojibway, Ojibwe, Plains Ojibway, Plains Ojibwe, Saulteau, Saulteaux, Saulteaux Ojibwe, Western Ojibwe. Autonym: Anishnaubemowin, Nakawēmowin. Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi.
Okanagan
[oka] British Columbia province: 7 reserves: Douglas Lake, Hedley, Keremeos, Oliver, Penticton, Vernon, Westbank; east of Fraser Valley and west of Kootenai. Users: 190 in Canada (FPCC 2014), increasing. Except for 12 fluent speakers on Westbank Reserve, the other reserves each have at least 50 speakers of varying fluency, Vernon Reserve perhaps 100 (Golla 2007). 170 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 5,180 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 420. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Lower Similkameen, Okanagan, Osoyoos, Penticton, Upper Nicola, Upper Similkameen, Westbank. Alternate Names: Colville-Okanagan, Nselxcin, Okanagan-Colville, Okanagon, Okanogan, Syilx. Autonym: Nsyilxcən. Classification: Salish, Interior, Southern.
Oneida
[one] Ontario province: Six Nations Reserve. Users: 55 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 3,000 (Golla 2007). On Thames River near London, Ontario. Total users in all countries: 67. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Oneida, Oneida Nation of the Thames, Six Nations of the Grand River. Autonym: Onʌyota’a:ka. Classification: Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock, Mohawk-Oneida.
Onondaga
[ono] Ontario province: Six Nations Reserve. Users: 40 in Canada (Golla 2007). Total users in all countries: 52. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Bearfoot Onondaga, Onondaga Clear Sky, Six Nations of the Grand River. Alternate Names: Onandaga, Ongwehonhwe. Autonym: Onoñda’géga’. Classification: Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock.
Ottawa
[otw] Ontario province: Lake Huron area islands, Manitoulin Island; Walople Island Reserve. West of a north south line through Bruce Peninsula (Rhodes 1976). Users: 150 in Canada (2016 census). Nishnaabemwin is an emergent language, fusion of Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwa [ojg], having a couple thousand speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 60,000. Total users in all countries: 7,360. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Atikameksheng Anishnawbek, Aundeck-Omni-Kaning, Beausoleil, Caldwell, Chippewas of Kettle and Stony Point, Chippewas of Nawash, Chippewas of the Thames, M’Chigeeng, Mattagami, Nipissing, Sagamok Anishnawbek, Saugeen, Shawanaga, Sheguiandah, Sheshegwaning, Walpole Island, Wasauksing, Whitefish River, Wikwemikong, Zhiibaahaasing. Alternate Names: Odawa, Ojibway, Ojibwe. Autonym: Daawaamwin, Nishnaabemwin. Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi.
Pampangan
[pam] Users: 4,050 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central Luzon, Pampangan.
Pashto, Northern
[pbu] Users: 16,900 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pashto.
Persian, Iranian
[pes] Users: 214,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian.
Plains Indian Sign Language
[psd] Scattered. Great Plains and neighboring regions, particularly on reserves of Assiniboine, Blackfeet, and Kutenai First Nations. Users: Small rapidly diminishing population. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Provincially recognized language in Ontario (2007, 38:2 Bill 213, Recognition of Sign Language as an Official Language Act). Alternate Names: First Nation Sign Language, NAISL, North American Indian Sign Language, PISL, Plains Sign Language, Plains Sign Talk. Classification: Sign language, Shared sign language.
Plautdietsch
[pdt] Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, and Saskatchewan provinces. Users: 80,000 in Canada (Salminen 2007). Total users in all countries: 401,360. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Low German, Mennonite German, Mennoniten Platt. Autonym: Plautdietsch. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Saxon-Low Franconian, Low Saxon.
Polish
[pol] Users: 182,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, West, Lechitic.
Portuguese
[por] Users: 222,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Portuguese-Galician.
Potawatomi
[pot] Ontario province: Walpole Island Reserve. Users: No known L1 speakers in Canada. Status: 9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Aundeck-Omni-Kaning, Beausoleil, Caldwell, M’Chigeeng, Moose Deer Point, Sagamok Anishnawbek, Saugeen, Shawanaga, Walpole Island, Wasauksing, Wikwemikong. Alternate Names: Neshnabémwen, Pottawottomi. Classification: Algic, Algonquian, Ojibwa-Potawatomi.
Punjabi, Eastern
[pan] Users: 502,000 in Canada (2016 census). Includes both Eastern and Western Punjabi [pnb]. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Panjabi.
Quebec Sign Language
[fcs] Scattered, especially in eastern provinces that are primarily Francophone: Quebec, eastern Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Users: 8,000 (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 8,000 deaf signers, assuming 0.1% of the total population of Quebec. Other estimates vary widely: 5,000–6,000 (Parisot et al 2015), 50,000 (2010 E. Parks). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: LSQ, Langue Signe Quebecars, Langue des signes, Langue des signes canadiens français, Langue des signes du Québec, Langue des signes québécoise, Québécoise. Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language.
Romanian
[ron] Users: 96,700 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Eastern.
Rundi
[run] Users: 5,850 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Ruanda-Rundi (D.62).
Russian
[rus] British Columbia province: Kootenay district; western Canada. Users: 530,000 in Canada (Arefyev 2012), all users. L1 users: 188,000 (2011 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East.
Sarsi
[srs] Alberta province: Calgary area. Users: 80 (2016 census). A small number of semi-speakers and passive speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 600 (1977 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Tsuut’ina. Alternate Names: Sarcee, Tsuu T’ina, Tsúùtínà. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan.
Scottish Gaelic
[gla] Nova Scotia: Cape Breton; Prince Edward Island. Users: 1,090 in Canada (2016 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Gàidhlig, Gàidhlig na h-Alba. Classification: Indo-European, Celtic, Insular, Goidelic.
Sechelt
[sec] British Columbia province: coast north of Vancouver. Users: 4 (FPCC 2014). 34 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 0. Ethnic population: 1,200 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Sechelt. Alternate Names: She Shashishalhem. Classification: Salish, Central Salish.
Sekani
[sek] British Columbia province: Beaver community of Prophet River, Fort McLeod, Iskut Tahltan community, Ware. Users: 30 (FPCC 2014). 240 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 0 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,410 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: McLeod Lake, Tsay Keh Dene. Alternate Names: Tse’khene, Tsek’ehne, Tsek’hene. Autonym: Tsek’ene. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan.
Seneca
[see] Ontario: Six Nations Reserve, near Brantford. Users: No known L1 speakers in Canada. Ethnic population: 900 (2013). Status: 9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Konadaha Seneca, Niharondasa Seneca, Six Nations of the Grand River. Alternate Names: Onödowá’ga:. Classification: Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Five Nations-Susquehannock.
Serbian
[srp] Users: 57,400 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Western.
Shona
[sna] Users: 3,190 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, S, Shona (S.10).
Shuswap
[shs] British Columbia province. Users: 200 (FPCC 2014), increasing. 1,190 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 0 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 9,860 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Adams Lake, Bonaparte, Canim Lake, Chiniki, Esk’etemc, High Bar, Little Shuswap Lake, Neskonlith, Shuswap, Simpcw, Skeetchestn, Soda Creek, Splatsin, Stoney, Stswecem’c Xgat’tem, Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc, Ts’kw’aylaxw, Whispering Pines/Clinton, Williams Lake. Alternate Names: Secwepemc, Secwepemctsín. Classification: Salish, Interior.
Sindhi
[snd] Users: 11,900 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Northwestern, Sindhi.
Sinhala
[sin] Users: 16,300 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern, Sinhalese-Maldivian.
Slave
Slavey, North
[scs] Northwest Territories: Mackenzie district, middle Mackenzie River from Fort Norman north, around Great Bear Lake; Colville Lake, Deline, Fort Good Hope, Norman Wells, and Tulita in Mackenzie Mountains; Yellowknife. Users: 770 (2016 census). Bearlake dialect: 580; Hare dialect: 145; Mountain dialect: 100 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,950 (Golla 2007). Bearlake dialect: 1,070. Hare dialect: 710. Mountain dialect: 170 (Golla 2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Behdzi Ahda’, Deline, Fort Good Hope, Nahanni Butte, Ross River, Tulita Dene, Yellowknives Dene. Alternate Names: Dene, Dené, Esclave du Nord, Mackenzian, “Slave” (pej.), “Slavi” (pej.). Autonym: Satúotine Yatí. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Slavey-Hare.
Slavey, South
[xsl] Alberta province: Hay River area and Steen River-May Creek watershed; British Columbia province: Fort Nelson-Snake river area; Northwest Territories: Mackenzie district, Great Slave Lake, upper Mackenzie River. Users: 950 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 3,600 (1995 M. Krauss). Status: 7 (Shifting). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Acho Dene Koe, Deh Gáh Got’ie Dene, Dene Tha’, Fort Nelson, Jean Marie River, K’atlodeeche, Ka’a’gee Tu, Liidlii Kue, Pehdzeh Ki, Ross River, Sambaa K’e, West Point, Yellowknives Dene. Alternate Names: Acha’otinne, Dene, Dene Tha’, Denetha, Dené, Esclave du Sud, Mackenzian, “Slave” (pej.), “Slavi” (pej.). Autonym: Deh Gáh Ghotie Zhatie. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Slavey-Hare.
Slovak
[slk] Users: 17,600 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, West, Czech-Slovak.
Slovene
[slv] Users: 9,790 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Western.
Somali
[som] Users: 36,800 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Somali.
Spanish
[spa] Users: 565,000 in Canada, all users. L1 users: 459,000 in Canada (2016 census). L2 users: 106,000 (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian.
Squamish
[squ] British Columbia province: north of Vancouver. Users: 7 (FPCC 2014). 34 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 0 (2000). Ethnic population: 4,080 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Squamish. Alternate Names: Skwxwu’mesh snichim. Classification: Salish, Central Salish.
Stoney
[sto] Alberta province: Alexis, Bighorn, Eden Valley, Morley, and Paul reserves west and northwest of Calgary and west of Edmonton. Users: 3,030 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 3,200 (Golla 2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Alexis Nakota Sioux, Bearspaw, Chiniki, Paul, Stoney, Wesley, White Bear. Alternate Names: Dakota, Nakoda, Stony. Autonym: Ĩyãħé Nakoda. Classification: Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan, Mississippi Valley Siouan, Dakota.
Swahili
[swh] Users: 13,400 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.42).
Swedish
[swe] Users: 6,840 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, North, East Scandinavian, Danish-Swedish, Swedish.
Tagalog
[tgl] Scattered, in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Saskatchewan, and Yukon. Users: 431,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Tagalog.
Tagish
[tgx] Yukon territory: some at Carcross. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last known fluent speaker, Lucy Wren, died in 2008. Ethnic population: 400 (Krauss 1997). Status: 9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Carcross/Tagish, Kwanlin Dun. Alternate Names: Dene K’e. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Tahltan.
Tahltan
[tht] British Columbia province: Telegraph Creek, Iskut. Users: 45 (FPCC 2014). 60 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 2,460 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Iskut, Tahltan. Alternate Names: Nahanni, Tāltān. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Tahltan.
Tamil
[tam] Users: 141,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil.
Tanana, Upper
[tau] Yukon territory: Beaver Creek. Users: 10 in Canada (Krauss 1997). Ethnic population: 40 (Krauss 1997). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: White River. Alternate Names: Nee’aaneegn’. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan.
Telugu
[tel] Users: 15,700 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Telugu.
Thai
[tha] Users: 9,260 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Thompson
[thp] British Columbia province: Fraser River north of Yale, lower Thompson River and tributaries. Users: 130 (FPCC 2014). 340 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 6,140 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Ashcroft, Boothroyd, Boston Bar, Coldwater, Cook’s Ferry, Kanaka Bar, Lower Nicola, Lytton, Nicomen, Nooaitch, Oregon Jack Creek, Seabird Island, Shackan, Siska, Skuppah, Spuzzum, Yale. Alternate Names: Nklapmx, Nle’kepmxcín, Ntlakapamux, Ntlakapmuk, Thompson Salish. Classification: Salish, Interior, Northern.
Tibetan, Central
[bod] Users: 6,170 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central.
Tigrigna
[tir] Users: 16,600 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South, Ethiopian, North.
Tlicho
[dgr] Northwest Territories, between Great Slave lake and Great Bear lake. 6 communities: Bechoko, Whati (formerly Lac la Martre), Gameti, Wekweti, Detah, and Ndilo (a subcommunity of Yellowknife). Rae is center. Detah and Ndilo host the Weledeh dialect. Users: 1,650 (2016 census). 250 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 3,220 (2018). Status: 6b (Threatened). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted offical use. Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Dechi Laot’i, Dog Rib Rae, Gameti, Wha Ti, Yellowknives Dene. Alternate Names: Dogrib, Flanc-de-chien, Tłı̨chǫ, Thlingchadine. Autonym: Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan.
Tlingit
[tli] British Columbia province: Atlin; Yukon territory: Carcross, Teslin. Users: 2 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 7 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 400 (FPCC 2014). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Carcross/Tagish, Kwanlin Dun, Taku River Tlingit, Teslin Tlingit. Alternate Names: Inland Tlingit, Kolosch, Kolosh, Thlinget, Tlinkit, Łingít. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Tlingit.
Tsimshian
[tsi] British Columbia province: north coast, on coast at Klemtu. Users: 160 in Canada, all users. L1 users: 110 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 1 speaker of Southern Tsimshian; the rest speak Coast Tsimshian (Golla 2007). L2 users: 50 (2000). Ethnic population: 6,880 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 200 (as L1: 150; as L2: 50). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Gitga’at, Gitxaala, Kitasoo, Kitselas, Kitsumkalum, Lax Kw’alaams, Metlakatla. Alternate Names: Chimmezyan, Maritime Tsimshianic, Tsimpshean, Zimshian. Autonym: Sm’algyax. Classification: Tsimshian.
Turkish
[tur] Users: 32,800 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Southern, Turkish.
Tuscarora
[tus] Ontario province: Six Nations Reserve. Users: No known L1 speakers in Canada. The last speaker in Canada, Helen Salter, died in December 1995 (Skutnabb-Kangas 2000). Status: 9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Six Nations of the Grand River, Tuscarora. Classification: Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Tuscarora-Nottoway.
Tutchone, Northern
[ttm] Yukon territory: Carmacks, Mayo-Stewart, Selkirk-Pelly, White River, and Whitehorse areas. Users: 220 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 1,100 (Golla 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Nacho Nyak Dun, Little Salmon/Carmacks, Selkirk, White River. Alternate Names: Selkirk, Tutchone du Nord. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Tuchone.
Tutchone, Southern
[tce] Yukon territory: Aishihik, Burwash Landing, Champagne, Haines Junction, Kloo Lake, Klukshu, Lake Laberge, and Whitehorse settlements. Users: 70 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 1,400 (Golla 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Aishihik, Champagne, Champagne and Aishihik, Kluane, Kwanlin Dun, Ta’an Kwach’an. Alternate Names: Tutchone du Sud. Classification: Eyak-Athabaskan, Athabaskan, Northern Athabaskan, Tuchone.
Tutelo
[tta] Ontario: Six Nations Reserve. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last native speaker, Albert Green, died in 1985. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Saponi, Tutelo-Saponi. Classification: Siouan-Catawban, Siouan, Mississippi Valley-Ohio Valley Siouan.
Ukrainian
[ukr] Users: 102,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East.
Urdu
[urd] Users: 211,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Hindustani.
Vietnamese
[vie] Users: 156,000 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Vietnamese.
Wendat
[wdt] Quebec province: Wendake community. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers survived into the 1960s. Ethnic population: 4,150 (2020 M. Lukaniec). Status: 9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Nation Huronne Wendat. Alternate Names: Huron, Huron-Wendat. Classification: Iroquoian, Northern Iroquoian, Five Nations-Huronian-Susquehannock, Huronian, Huron-Petun.
Wolof
[wol] Users: 3,990 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Wolof.
Yiddish, Eastern
[ydd] Scattered: Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. Users: 13,600 in Canada (2016 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Yiddish.
Yoruba
[yor] Users: 9,090 in Canada (2016 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri.