Somali

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A language of Somalia

ISO 639-3
som
Alternate Names
Af-Maxaad Tiri, Common Somali, Soomaaliga, Standard Somali
Autonym
Af-Soomaali, Afka Soomaaliga
User Population

11,200,000 in Somalia (2019). Total users in all countries: 21,930,230 (as L1: 21,834,630; as L2: 95,600).

Location

Widespread.

Language Maps
Language Status

1 (National). Statutory national language (2004, Transitional Federal Charter, Article 7(1)).

Classification
Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, East, Somali
Dialects

Northern Somali, Benaadir, Af-Ashraaf (Ashraaf). Northern Somali is basis for standard Somali. Readily intelligible to Benaadir Somali speakers, but difficult or unintelligible to most Maay [ymm]. Those in Merka and Muqdisho speak Af-Ashraaf, a distinct variety which may have limited inherent intelligibility of standard Somali.

Typology

SOV; prepositions; noun head initial; gender (masculine/feminine); enclitic definite article; verb affixes mark number, person, gender of subject; tense; comparatives; 22 consonant and 10 vowel phonemes; tonal (3 grammatical tones: high, low, falling); inclusive/exclusive pronouns.

Language Use

Language of most of the people of the country. Also use Italian [ita]. Also use Standard Arabic [arb].

Language Development

Literacy rate in L2: 25% in cities, 10% rural. Taught in primary schools. Literature. Radio. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1979.

Language Resources
OLAC resources in and about Somali
Writing

Arabic script, Naskh variant [Arab], no longer in use. Latin script [Latn], used since 1972. Osmanya script [Osma], no longer in use.

Other Comments

Muslim.

Also spoken in:

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