Canada

English

[eng] 1 (National). Statutory national language (1988, Official Languages Act, Ch. 38, Articles 1, 34). 30,000,000 in Canada, all users. L1 users: 19,500,000 in Canada (2016 census). L2 users: 10,500,000 (2016 census).

French

[fra] 1 (National). Statutory national language (1988, Official Languages Act, Ch. 38, Articles 1, 34). 10,980,000 in Canada, all users. L1 users: 7,170,000 in Canada (2016 census). 300,000 speak Acadien, 500,000 speak Franco-Ontarien, over 51,000 speak Franco-Manitoban. L2 users: 3,810,000 (Beck et al 2018).

2 (Provincial)

Inuinnaqtun

[ikt] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial working language in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Inuvik Native. 1,020 (2016 census).

Inuktitut, Eastern Canadian

[ike] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Nunavut Territory (1988, Inuit Language Protection Act, Chapter 17). Statutory provincial working language in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. 35,200 (2016 census).

4 (Educational)

Chinese, Yue

[yue] 4 (Educational). 565,000 in Canada (2016 census).

Naskapi

[nsk] 4 (Educational). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach. 1,210 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 1,300 (2017 N. Jancewicz). 900 Western Naskapi, 400 Eastern Naskapi.

5 (Developing)

Armenian, Western

[hyw] 5* (Developing). 33,500 in Canada (2016 census).

Cree, Northern East

[crl] 5* (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Cree Nation of Chisasibi, Cree Nation of Wemindji, Première nation de Whapmagoostui. 320 (2016 census).

German, Pennsylvania

[pdc] 5* (Developing). 15,000 in Canada (1995).

American Sign Language

[ase] 5 (Developing). 38,000 in Canada (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated based on 0.1% of the total population. Other estimates vary widely: 3,660 (2011 census), 357,000 (2015 Canadian Association of the Deaf).

Atikamekw

[atj] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Atikamekw d’Opitciwan, Conseil des Atikamekw de Wemotaci, Les Atikamekw de Manawan. 6,160 (2016 census).

Cree, Plains

[crk] 5 (Developing). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Ahtahkakoop, Alexander, Beardy’s and Okemasis, Big Island Lake Cree, Big River, Bigstone Cree, Blueberry River, Canoe Lake Cree, Chiniki, Driftpile Cree, Enoch Cree, Ermineskin Tribe, Flying Dust, Fort Nelson, Frog Lake, George Gordon, James Smith, Kahkewistahaw, Kawacatoose, Kehewin Cree, Little Pine, Little Red River Cree, Loon River Cree, Louis Bull, Lubicon Lake, Lucky Man, Makwa Sahgaiehcan, Mikisew Cree, Ministikwan Lake Cree, Mistawasis Nêhiyawak, Montana, Moosomin, Muskeg Lake Cree, Muskoday, Ochapowace, Okanese, One Arrow, Onion Lake Cree, Pasqua, Paul, Peepeekisis Cree, Pelican Lake, Pheasant Rump Nakota, Piapot, Poundmaker, Red Pheasant, Saddle Lake Cree, Samson, Sapotaweyak Cree, Saulteau, Sawridge, Stoney, Star Blanket Cree, Sturgeon Lake, Sunchild, Sweetgrass, Tallcree Tribal Government, Thunderchild, Waterhen Lake, Wesley, White Bear, Whitefish Lake, Witchekan Lake. 3,070 in Canada (2016 census). Total users in all countries: 3,170.

Quebec Sign Language

[fcs] 5 (Developing). 8,000 (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 8,000 deaf signers, assuming 0.1% of the total population of Quebec. Other estimates vary widely: 5,000–6,000 (Parisot et al 2015), 50,000 (2010 E. Parks).

5 (Dispersed)

Chinese, Mandarin

[cmn] 5* (Dispersed). 592,000 in Canada (2016 census).

German, Standard

[deu] 5* (Dispersed). 384,000 in Canada (2016 census).

Tagalog

[tgl] 5* (Dispersed). 431,000 in Canada (2016 census).

Yiddish, Eastern

[ydd] 5* (Dispersed). 13,600 in Canada (2016 census).

6a (Vigorous)

Hutterisch

[geh] 6a (Vigorous). 29,200 in Canada (2007 SIL). Total users in all countries: 40,000.

6b (Threatened)

Algonquin

[alq] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Algonquins of Barriere Lake, Algonquins of Pikwakanagan, Anishnaabeg of Naongashiing, Atikameksheng Anishnawbek, Communauté anicinape de Kitcisakik, Conseil de la Première Nation Abitibiwinni, Dokis, Kebaowek, Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg, Long Point, Nation Anishnabe du Lac Simon, Nipissing, Timiskaming, Wahgoshig, Wolf Lake. 1,760 (2011 census), decreasing. 180 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 5,000 (1987 SIL).

Cree, Moose

[crm] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Brunswick House, Chapleau Cree, Flying Post, Matachewan, Missanabie Cree, Moose Cree, Taykwa Tagamou, Wahgoshig. 3,000 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 5,000 (1982 SIL).

Cree, Swampy

[csw] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Albany, Attawapiskat, Chemawawin Cree, Cumberland House Cree, Fisher River, Fort Severn, Fox Lake, Gambler, God’s Lake, Manto Sipi Cree, Marcel Colomb, Mathias Colomb, Misipawistik Cree, Mosakahiken Cree, Norway House Cree, Okanese, Opaskwayak Cree, Peguis, Poplar River, Red Earth, Sapotaweyak Cree, Sawridge, Shamattawa, Shoal Lake Cree, Tataskweyak Cree, War Lake, Weenusk, Wuskwi Sipihk, York Factory. 2,500 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 2,800 (Golla 2007).

Cree, Woods

[cwd] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Barren Lands, Beaver Lake Cree, Bunibonibee Cree, Chemawawin Cree, Cross Lake Band of Indians, Duncan’s, Fort McKay, Fort McMurray, Lac La Ronge, Montreal Lake, Nisichawayasihk Cree, O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree, Peerless Trout, Peter Ballantyne Cree, Red Earth, Shoal Lake Cree, Sturgeon Lake Cree, Sucker Creek, Swan River, Woodland Cree. 1,840 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 53,000 (1982 SIL).

Dene

[chp] 6b* (Threatened). Recognized language (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Athabasca Chipewyan, Barren Lands, Birch Narrows, Black Lake, Buffalo River Dene, Chipewyan Prairie, Clearwater River Dene, Cold Lake, Deninu K’ue, English River, Fond du Lac, Fort McKay, Fort McMurray, Hatchet Lake, K’atlodeeche, Lutsel K’e Dene, Northlands Denesuline, Salt River, Sayisi Dene, Smith’s Landing, Yellowknives Dene. 10,700 (2016 census).

Gitxsan

[git] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Gitanmaax, Gitanyow, Gitsegukla, Gitwangak, Glen Vowell, Kispiox, Lax Kw’alaams, Takla Lake. 350 (FPCC 2014). 490 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 7,600 (FPCC 2014).

Innu

[moe] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Bande des Innus de Pessamit, Innu Takuaikan Uashat Mak Mani-Utenam, Innue Essipit, Innu Matimekush-Lac John, Les Innus de Ekuanitshit, Montagnais de Pakua Shipi, Montagnais de Unamen Shipu, Montagnais du Lac St-Jean, Mushuau Innu, Innus de Nutashkuan, Sheshatshiu Innu. 10,200 (2016 census).

Mi’kmaq

[mic] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Abegweit, Acadia, Annapolis Valley, Bear River, Buctouche MicMac, Eel Ground, Eel River Bar, Elsipogtog, Esgenoopetitj, Eskasoni, Fort Folly, Glooscap, Indian Island, Micmac de Gespeg, Lennox Island, Listuguj Mi’gmaq Government, Membertou, Metepenagiag Mi’kmaq, Miawpukek, Micmacs of Gesgapegiag, Millbrook, Pabineau, Paqtnkek Mi’kmaw, Pictou Landing, Potlotek, Qalipu Mi’kmaq, Sipekne’katik, Wagmatcook, We’koqma’q. 6,690 in Canada (2016 census), decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 14,200 (1998 SIL). 1,500 are in mainland Nova Scotia, 4,000 on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, 800 on Prince Edward Island and Lennox Island, 4,550 on the east coast of New Brunswick, 3,150 on the Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, 200 in Newfoundland. Total users in all countries: 6,900.

Mohawk

[moh] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Bay of Quinte Mohawk, Lower Mohawk, Mohawks of Akwesasne, Mohawks of Kahnawá:ke, Mohawks of Kanesatake, Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte, Six Nations of the Grand River, Upper Mohawk, Wahta Mohawk, Walker Mohawk. 990 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 24,000 (1999 SIL). Total users in all countries: 3,040 (as L1: 2,940; as L2: 100).

Oji-Cree

[ojs] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Albany, Animakee Wa Zhing, Aroland, Bearskin Lake, Brunswick House, Cat Lake, Constance Lake, Day Star, Deer Lake, Eabametoong, Flying Post, Garden Hill, Kasabonika Lake, Kee-Way-Win, Kingfisher, Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug, Lac Seul, Little Black Bear, Mattagami, McDowell Lake, Mishkeegogamang, Muskrat Dam Lake, Neskantaga, Nibinamik, North Caribou Lake, North Spirit Lake, Ojibway Nation of Saugeen, Red Sucker Lake, Sachigo Lake, Sandy Lake, Slate Falls, St. Theresa Point, Wapekeka, Wasagamack, Wawakapewin, Webequie, Weenusk, Wunnumin. 13,600 (2017 census).

Ojibwa, Central

[ojc] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Animbiigoo Zaagi’igan Anishinaabek, Batchewana, Biigtigong Nishnaabeg, Biinjitiwaabik Zaaging Anishinaabek, Bingwi Neyaashi Anishinaabek, Brunswick House, Chapleau Ojibway, Flying Post, Garden River, Ginoogaming, Gull Bay, Long Lake, Magnetawan, Matachewan, Michipicoten, Nipissing, Pays Plat, Pic Mobert, Red Rock, Serpent River, Shawanaga, Temagami, Thessalon, Wahnapitae. 8,000 (2007 SIL). All Ojibwa varieties in Canada: 17,900 (2016 census).

Ojibwa, Eastern

[ojg] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Alderville, Chippewas of Georgina Island, Chippewas of Rama, Curve Lake, Hiawatha, Magnetawan, Mississauga, Mississaugas of Scugog Island, Mississaugas of the Credit, Shawanaga, Wasauksing. 25,900 (1998 census).

Ojibwa, Western

[ojw] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Aamjiwnaang, Black River, Bloodvein, Brokenhead Ojibway, Buffalo Point, Cote, Couchiching, Cowessess, Dauphin River, Day Star, Eagle Lake, Ebb and Flow, Fishing Lake, Fort Alexander, George Gordon, Heart Lake, Henvey Inlet, Hollow Water, Kapawe’no, Keeseekoose, Keeseekoowenin, Kinistin Saulteaux, Kinonjeoshtegon, Lake Manitoba, Lake St. Martin, Little Saskatchewan, Long Plain, Muscowpetung, Muskoday, Muskowekwan, Nekaneet, O’Chiese, O-Chi-Chak-Ko-Sipi, Okanese, Pasqua, Peguis, Pheasant Rump Nakota, Pine Creek, Poplar River, Rolling River, Roseau River Anishinabe, Sakimay, Sandy Bay, Sapotaweyak Cree, Saulteau, Saulteaux, Sawridge, Skownan, Sturgeon Lake, The Key, Tootinaowaziibeeng, War Lake, Waywayseecappo, White Bear, Yellow Quill. 10,000 (2002 W. Poser). Ethnic population: 60,000 (1997 SIL).

Slavey, North

[scs] 6b (Threatened). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Behdzi Ahda’, Deline, Fort Good Hope, Nahanni Butte, Ross River, Tulita Dene, Yellowknives Dene. 770 (2016 census). Bearlake dialect: 580; Hare dialect: 145; Mountain dialect: 100 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,950 (Golla 2007). Bearlake dialect: 1,070. Hare dialect: 710. Mountain dialect: 170 (Golla 2007).

Tlicho

[dgr] 6b (Threatened). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted offical use. Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Dechi Laot’i, Dog Rib Rae, Gameti, Wha Ti, Yellowknives Dene. 1,650 (2016 census). 250 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 3,220 (2018).

7 (Shifting)

Babine

[bcr] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Burns Lake, Hagwilget Village, Lake Babine, Nee-Tahi-Buhn, Skin Tyee, Takla Lake, Wet’suwet’en, Witset, Yekooche. 430 (FPCC 2014). 295 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). 100 fluent speakers and 100 passive speakers of Wetsuwet’en. 200 speakers of all degrees of fluency of Babine Proper (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 3,410 (FPCC 2014).

Blackfoot

[bla] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Blood, Piikani, Siksika. 2,820 in Canada (2016 census), decreasing. Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 15,000. Total users in all countries: 2,920.

Carrier

[crx] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Burns Lake, Cheslatta Carrier, Lheidli T’enneh, Lhoosk’uz Dene, Lhtako Dene, Nadleh Whuten, Nak’azdli Whut’en, Nazko, Saik’uz, Stellat’en, Takla Lake, Tl’azt’en, Toosey, Ulkatcho, Yekooche. 680 (FPCC 2014). 1,380 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 9,350 (FPCC 2014).

Chilcotin

[clc] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Alexis Creek, Tl’etinqox Government, Toosey, Xeni Gwet’in First Nations Government, Yunesit’in Government. 860 (FPCC 2014). 760 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). 100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 4,350 (FPCC 2014).

Gwich’in

[gwi] 7 (Shifting). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Gwichya Gwich’in, Inuvik Native, Tetlit Gwich’in, Vuntut Gwitchin. 260 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 1,900 (Krauss 2007). Total users in all countries: 560.

Haisla

[has] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Haisla. 240 (FPCC 2014). 21 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 1,680 (FPCC 2014).

Heiltsuk

[hei] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Heiltsuk, Wuikinuxv. 66 (FPCC 2014). 50 semi-speakers; 6 remaining speakers of Oowekyala (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 2,530 (FPCC 2014).

Inuktitut, North Alaskan

[esi] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Aklavik.

Kaska

[kkz] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Dease River, Kwadacha, Liard, Ross River. 16 (FPCC 2014). 62 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 540 (FPCC 2014).

Nisga’a

[ncg] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Nisga’a Village of Gingolx, Nisga’a Village of Gitwinksihlkw, Nisga’a Village of Laxgalt’sap, Nisga’a Village of New Aiyansh. 2,360, all users. L1 users: 860 (FPCC 2014). 1,380 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 1,500. Ethnic population: 5,430 (FPCC 2014).

Ojibwa, Northwestern

[ojb] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Anishinabe of Wauzhushk Onigum, Aundeck-Omni-Kaning, Berens River, Big Grassy, Fort William, God’s Lake, Iskatewizaagegan, Lac Des Mille Lacs, Lac La Croix, Lac Seul, Little Grand Rapids, Martin Falls, Mitaanjigamiing, Naicatchewenin, Naotkamegwanning, Nigigoonsiminikaaning, Northwest Angle, Obashkaandagaang, Ochiichagwe’babigo’ining, Ojibways of Onigaming, Pauingassi, Pikangikum, Pinaymootang, Poplar Hill, Poplar River, Rainy River, Seine River, Shoal Lake, Wabaseemoong, Wabauskang, Wabigoon Lake Ojibway, Weenusk, Whitesand. 20,000 (2000 UBS).

Okanagan

[oka] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Lower Similkameen, Okanagan, Osoyoos, Penticton, Upper Nicola, Upper Similkameen, Westbank. 190 in Canada (FPCC 2014), increasing. Except for 12 fluent speakers on Westbank Reserve, the other reserves each have at least 50 speakers of varying fluency, Vernon Reserve perhaps 100 (Golla 2007). 170 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 5,180 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 420.

Ottawa

[otw] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Atikameksheng Anishnawbek, Aundeck-Omni-Kaning, Beausoleil, Caldwell, Chippewas of Kettle and Stony Point, Chippewas of Nawash, Chippewas of the Thames, M’Chigeeng, Mattagami, Nipissing, Sagamok Anishnawbek, Saugeen, Shawanaga, Sheguiandah, Sheshegwaning, Walpole Island, Wasauksing, Whitefish River, Wikwemikong, Zhiibaahaasing. 150 in Canada (2016 census). Nishnaabemwin is an emergent language, fusion of Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwa [ojg], having a couple thousand speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 60,000. Total users in all countries: 7,360.

Scottish Gaelic

[gla] 7 (Shifting). 1,090 in Canada (2016 census).

Slavey, South

[xsl] 7 (Shifting). Statutory language of provincial identity in NWT (1988, NWT Official Languages Act, Chapter 56 (Supplemented), Section 4), restricted official use. Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Acho Dene Koe, Deh Gáh Got’ie Dene, Dene Tha’, Fort Nelson, Jean Marie River, K’atlodeeche, Ka’a’gee Tu, Liidlii Kue, Pehdzeh Ki, Ross River, Sambaa K’e, West Point, Yellowknives Dene. 950 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 3,600 (1995 M. Krauss).

Stoney

[sto] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Alexis Nakota Sioux, Bearspaw, Chiniki, Paul, Stoney, Wesley, White Bear. 3,030 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 3,200 (Golla 2007).

Tanana, Upper

[tau] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: White River. 10 in Canada (Krauss 1997). Ethnic population: 40 (Krauss 1997).

8a (Moribund)

Assiniboine

[asb] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Carry The Kettle, Mosquito-Grizzly Bear’s Head-Lean Man, Ocean Man, Pheasant Rump Nakota. 150 in Canada (Golla 2007). This is the total of L1 speakers for Canada and the United States. Ethnic population: 3,500 in Canada and the United States (Golla 2007).

Beaver

[bea] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Beaver, Blueberry River, Doig River, Halfway River, Horse Lake, Prophet River, Saulteau, West Moberly. 160 (FPCC 2014). 450 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 1,560 (FPCC 2014).

Carrier, Southern

[caf] 8a (Moribund). 500 (1987 SIL). 2,060 identified in 2001. Census does not separate Babine [bcr], Central Carrier [crx], and Southern Carrier. All Athapaskan L1 speakers in Canada 17,400 (2016 census).

Cayuga

[cay] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Lower Cayuga, Six Nations of the Grand River, Upper Cayuga. 40 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 3,000 (Yamamoto 2007). Total users in all countries: 46.

Comox

[coo] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Homalco, K’ómoks, Klahoose, Tla’amin. 36 (FPCC 2014). 710 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 1,900 (FPCC 2014).

Cree, Southern East

[crj] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Cree Nation of Mistissini, Cree Nation of Nemaska, Eastmain, Oujé-Bougoumou Cree, The Crees of the Waskaganish. 45 (2016 census).

Halkomelem

[hur] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Aitchelitz, Beecher Bay, Chawathil, Cheam, Cowichan, Halalt, Katzie, Kwantlen, Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt, Lake Cowichan, Leq’ a: mel, Lyackson, Malahat, Matsqui, Musqueam, Nanoose, New Westminster, Penelakut Tribe, Peters, Popkum, Qualicum, Seabird Island, Shxw’ow’hamel, Shxwhá:y Village, Skawahlook, Skowkale, Skwah, Snuneymuxw, Soowahlie, Sq’éwlets, Squiala, Sts’ailes, Stz’uminus, Sumas, Tsawwassen, Tsleil-Waututh, Tzeachten, Union Bar, Yakweakwioose, Yale. 260 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 990 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 19,000 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 285.

Inuit Sign Language

[iks] 8a (Moribund). 20 (Schuit 2012), decreasing. Possibly as many as 50 deaf in 2000 (MacDougall 2000). At least 20 deaf in 2012, with an unknown number of hearing with varying proficiency, but estimated to be at least twice the number of deaf (Schuit 2012). In some communities, as many as 75% of the hearing population may have known the sign language (MacDougall 2000). Ethnic population: 150 (MacDougall 2000).

Kutenai

[kut] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Chiniki, Lower Kootenay, Stoney, Tobacco Plains, Wesley. 25 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 20 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 1,150 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 245.

Kwakwala

[kwk] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Campbell River, Cape Mudge, Da’naxda’xw, Dzawada’enuxw, Gwa’Sala-Nakwaxda’xw, Gwawaenuk Tribe, Klahoose, Kwakiutl, Kwiakah, Kwikwasut’inuxw Haxwa’mis, Kwikwetlem, Mamalilikulla, Namgis, Qualicum, Quatsino, Tlatlasikwala, Tlowitsis Tribe. 170 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 500 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 7,310 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 350.

Lakota

[lkt] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Wood Mountain. 100 in Canada (2016 Lakota Language Consortium). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2016 Lakota Language Consortium). Includes all ethnic Sioux.

Lillooet

[lil] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Bridge River, Cayoose Creek, Douglas, Lil’wat, N’Quatqua, Samahquam, Skatin, T’it’q’et, Ts’kw’aylaxw, Tsal’alh, Xaxli’p. 140 (FPCC 2014). 690 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 6,670 (FPCC 2014).

Malecite-Passamaquoddy

[pqm] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Kingsclear, Madawaska Maliseet, Oromocto, Malecite de Viger, Saint Mary’s, Tobique, Woodstock. 310 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 3,000 (1998 SIL). Total users in all countries: 410.

Oneida

[one] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Oneida, Oneida Nation of the Thames, Six Nations of the Grand River. 55 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 3,000 (Golla 2007). On Thames River near London, Ontario. Total users in all countries: 67.

Plautdietsch

[pdt] 8a (Moribund). 80,000 in Canada (Salminen 2007). Total users in all countries: 401,360.

Sarsi

[srs] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Tsuut’ina. 80 (2016 census). A small number of semi-speakers and passive speakers (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 600 (1977 SIL).

Sekani

[sek] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: McLeod Lake, Tsay Keh Dene. 30 (FPCC 2014). 240 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 0 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 1,410 (FPCC 2014).

Shuswap

[shs] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Adams Lake, Bonaparte, Canim Lake, Chiniki, Esk’etemc, High Bar, Little Shuswap Lake, Neskonlith, Shuswap, Simpcw, Skeetchestn, Soda Creek, Splatsin, Stoney, Stswecem’c Xgat’tem, Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc, Ts’kw’aylaxw, Whispering Pines/Clinton, Williams Lake. 200 (FPCC 2014), increasing. 1,190 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 0 (Golla 2007). Ethnic population: 9,860 (FPCC 2014).

Tahltan

[tht] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Iskut, Tahltan. 45 (FPCC 2014). 60 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 2,460 (FPCC 2014).

Thompson

[thp] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Ashcroft, Boothroyd, Boston Bar, Coldwater, Cook’s Ferry, Kanaka Bar, Lower Nicola, Lytton, Nicomen, Nooaitch, Oregon Jack Creek, Seabird Island, Shackan, Siska, Skuppah, Spuzzum, Yale. 130 (FPCC 2014). 340 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 6,140 (FPCC 2014).

Tsimshian

[tsi] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Gitga’at, Gitxaala, Kitasoo, Kitselas, Kitsumkalum, Lax Kw’alaams, Metlakatla. 160 in Canada, all users. L1 users: 110 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 1 speaker of Southern Tsimshian; the rest speak Coast Tsimshian (Golla 2007). L2 users: 50 (2000). Ethnic population: 6,880 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 200 (as L1: 150; as L2: 50).

Tutchone, Northern

[ttm] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Nacho Nyak Dun, Little Salmon/Carmacks, Selkirk, White River. 220 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 1,100 (Golla 2007).

Tutchone, Southern

[tce] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Aishihik, Champagne, Champagne and Aishihik, Kluane, Kwanlin Dun, Ta’an Kwach’an. 70 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 1,400 (Golla 2007).

8b (Nearly extinct)

Abenaki, Western

[abe] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Odanak, Première Nation des Abénakis de Wôlinak. 10 in Canada (Golla 2007). Total users in all countries: 14.

Bella Coola

[blc] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Nuxalk. 17 (FPCC 2014). 510 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 1,660 (FPCC 2014).

Dakota

[dak] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Birdtail Sioux, Canupawakpa Dakota, Dakota Plains, Dakota Tipi, Sioux Valley Dakota, Standing Buffalo, Wahpeton Dakota, White Bear, Whitecap Dakota. 190 in Canada (2016 W. Meya), decreasing. 2,300 L1 speakers of all Sioux dialects in a total population of 175,000, of which 5,000 reside in Canada (2016 Lakota Language Consortium). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2016 Lakota Language Consortium). Includes all ethnic Sioux.

Ditidaht

[dtd] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Ditidaht. 7 (FPCC 2014). 6 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 940 (FPCC 2014).

Haida, Northern

[hdn] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Old Massett Village Council. 2 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 7 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 4,550 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 6.

Haida, Southern

[hax] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Skidegate. 7 (FPCC 2014). 6 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 0. Ethnic population: 500 (Golla 2007).

Han

[haa] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in. 7 in Canada (Krauss 1997). Ethnic population: 300.

Maritime Sign Language

[nsr] 8b (Nearly extinct). 90 (Yoel 2009). One hundred users or less.

Michif

[crg] 8b (Nearly extinct). 470 in Canada (2016 census). L2 users: 0.

Munsee

[umu] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Delaware, Moravian of the Thames, Munsee-Delaware, Six Nations of the Grand River. 4 in Canada (2009). Ethnic population: 400 (Kinkade 1991).

Nuu-chah-nulth

[nuk] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Ahousaht, Ehattesaht, Hesquiaht, Hupacasath, Huu-ay-aht, Ka:’yu:’k’t’h’/Che:k:tles7et’h’, Mowachaht/Muchalaht, Nuchatlaht, Pacheedaht, Tla-o-qui-aht, Toquaht, Tseshaht, Uchucklesaht, Ucluelet. 130 (FPCC 2014). 200 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 7,680 (FPCC 2014).

Onondaga

[ono] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Bearfoot Onondaga, Onondaga Clear Sky, Six Nations of the Grand River. 40 in Canada (Golla 2007). Total users in all countries: 52.

Plains Indian Sign Language

[psd] 8b (Nearly extinct). Provincially recognized language in Ontario (2007, 38:2 Bill 213, Recognition of Sign Language as an Official Language Act). Small rapidly diminishing population.

Sechelt

[sec] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Sechelt. 4 (FPCC 2014). 34 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 0. Ethnic population: 1,200 (FPCC 2014).

Squamish

[squ] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Squamish. 7 (FPCC 2014). 34 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). L2 users: 0 (2000). Ethnic population: 4,080 (FPCC 2014).

Tlingit

[tli] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Carcross/Tagish, Kwanlin Dun, Taku River Tlingit, Teslin Tlingit. 2 in Canada (FPCC 2014). 7 semi-speakers (FPCC 2014). Ethnic population: 400 (FPCC 2014).

9 (Dormant)

Chinook Wawa

[chn] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers in Canada (Wurm et al 1996). A total of 1,000 L2 speakers in both Canada and the United States (Grant 2013). The last speaker died in the mid-1970s.

Clallam

[clm] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers in Canada.

Irish

[gle] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers in Canada. Last speakers likely died in the mid-2000s.

Northern Straits Salish

[str] 9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Esquimalt, Pauquachin, Semiahmoo, Songhees, T’Sou-ke, Tsartlip, Tsawout, Tseycum. 100 in Canada, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers in Canada (2021). Last fluent speaker died in 2020. 5 semi-speakers in scattered locations (2021 T. Montler). L2 users: 100. Ethnic population: 3,060 (FPCC 2014). Total users in all countries: 100 (as L1: 0; as L2: 100).

Potawatomi

[pot] 9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Aundeck-Omni-Kaning, Beausoleil, Caldwell, M’Chigeeng, Moose Deer Point, Sagamok Anishnawbek, Saugeen, Shawanaga, Walpole Island, Wasauksing, Wikwemikong. No known L1 speakers in Canada.

Seneca

[see] 9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Konadaha Seneca, Niharondasa Seneca, Six Nations of the Grand River. No known L1 speakers in Canada. Ethnic population: 900 (2013).

Tagish

[tgx] 9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Carcross/Tagish, Kwanlin Dun. No known L1 speakers. The last known fluent speaker, Lucy Wren, died in 2008. Ethnic population: 400 (Krauss 1997).

Tuscarora

[tus] 9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Six Nations of the Grand River, Tuscarora. No known L1 speakers in Canada. The last speaker in Canada, Helen Salter, died in December 1995 (Skutnabb-Kangas 2000).

Wendat

[wdt] 9 (Dormant). Language of recognized indigenous peoples: Nation Huronne Wendat. No known L1 speakers. The last speakers survived into the 1960s. Ethnic population: 4,150 (2020 M. Lukaniec).

10 (Extinct)

Tutelo

[tta] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last native speaker, Albert Green, died in 1985.

Unestablished

Afrikaans

[afr] Unestablished. 10,300 in Canada (2016 census).

Akan

[aka] Unestablished. 13,500 in Canada (2016 census).

Amharic

[amh] Unestablished. 22,500 in Canada (2016 census).

Arabic, Algerian Spoken

[arq] Unestablished. 40,200 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census).

Arabic, Egyptian Spoken

[arz] Unestablished. 21,900 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census).

Arabic, Gulf Spoken

[afb] Unestablished. 46,100 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census).

Arabic, Judeo-Moroccan

[aju] Unestablished. 2,960 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census).

Arabic, Libyan Spoken

[ayl] Unestablished. 3,310 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census).

Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken

[acm] Unestablished. 42,600 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census).

Arabic, Moroccan Spoken

[ary] Unestablished. 62,100 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census).

Arabic, Najdi Spoken

[ars] Unestablished. 3,310 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census).

Arabic, North Levantine Spoken

[apc] Unestablished. 135,000 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census).

Arabic, Sanaani Spoken

[ayn] Unestablished. 3,960 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census).

Arabic, South Levantine Spoken

[ajp] Unestablished. 34,900 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census).

Arabic, Sudanese Spoken

[apd] Unestablished. 7,690 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census).

Arabic, Tunisian Spoken

[aeb] Unestablished. 15,400 in Canada (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Canada: 420,000 (2016 census).

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

[aii] Unestablished. 16,100 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 38,000.

Azerbaijani, South

[azb] Unestablished. 3,260 in Canada (2016 census). Census does not distinguish between South Azerbaijani [azb] and North Azerbaijani [azj].

Bengali

[ben] Unestablished. 73,100 in Canada (2016 census).

Bosnian

[bos] Unestablished. 12,200 in Canada (2016 census).

Bulgarian

[bul] Unestablished. 20,000 in Canada (2016 census).

Burmese

[mya] Unestablished. 3,590 in Canada (2016 census).

Cebuano

[ceb] Unestablished. 19,900 in Canada (2016 census).

Chaldean Neo-Aramaic

[cld] Unestablished. 5,550 in Canada (2016 census).

Chinese, Hakka

[hak] Unestablished. 10,900 in Canada (2016 census).

Chinese, Min Nan

[nan] Unestablished. 31,800 in Canada (2016 census).

Chinese, Wu

[wuu] Unestablished. 12,900 in Canada (2016 census).

Croatian

[hrv] Unestablished. 48,200 in Canada (2016 census).

Czech

[ces] Unestablished. 22,300 in Canada (2016 census).

Danish

[dan] Unestablished. 12,600 in Canada (2016 census).

Dinka, Southeastern

[dks] Unestablished. 2,120 in Canada (2016 census). Identified as Dinka in the census.

Dutch

[nld] Unestablished. 103,000 in Canada (2016 census).

Estonian, Standard

[ekk] Unestablished. 5,450 in Canada (2016 census).

Finnish

[fin] Unestablished. 15,300 in Canada (2016 census).

Frisian

[fry] Unestablished. 2,100 in Canada (2016 census).

Greek

[ell] Unestablished. 107,000 in Canada (2016 census).

Gujarati

[guj] Unestablished. 109,000 in Canada (2016 census).

Haitian Creole

[hat] Unestablished. 3,040 in Canada (2016 census).

Hebrew

[heb] Unestablished. 19,500 in Canada (2016 census).

Hiligaynon

[hil] Unestablished. 6,880 in Canada (2016 census).

Hindi

[hin] Unestablished. 111,000 in Canada (2016 census).

Hungarian

[hun] Unestablished. 61,200 in Canada (2016 census).

Igbo

[ibo] Unestablished. 4,240 in Canada (2016 census).

Ilocano

[ilo] Unestablished. 26,300 in Canada (2016 census).

Italian

[ita] Unestablished. 376,000 in Canada (2016 census).

Japanese

[jpn] Unestablished. 43,600 in Canada (2016 census).

Kabuverdianu

[kea] Unestablished. 4,000 in Canada (2015 Instituto de Apoio ao Emigrante).

Kabyle

[kab] Unestablished. 13,200 in Canada (2016 census).

Kannada

[kan] Unestablished. 3,970 in Canada (2016 census).

Kashubian

[csb] Unestablished. 10,000 in Canada, L2 users.

Khmer

[khm] Unestablished. 20,100 in Canada (2016 census).

Kinyarwanda

[kin] Unestablished. 5,250 in Canada (2016 census).

Konkani

[knn] Unestablished. 3,330 in Canada (2016 census).

Korean

[kor] Unestablished. 153,000 in Canada (2016 census). Ethnic population: 242,000 (2019 Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs).

Kurdish, Northern

[kmr] Unestablished. 11,700 in Canada (2016 census).

Lao

[lao] Unestablished. 12,700 in Canada (2016 census).

Latvian, Standard

[lvs] Unestablished. 5,460 in Canada (2016 census).

Lingala

[lin] Unestablished. 3,810 in Canada (2016 census).

Lithuanian

[lit] Unestablished. 7,080 in Canada (2016 census).

Macedonian

[mkd] Unestablished. 16,800 in Canada (2016 census).

Malay

[zlm] Unestablished. 12,300 in Canada (2016 census).

Malayalam

[mal] Unestablished. 28,600 in Canada (2016 census).

Maltese

[mlt] Unestablished. 5,570 in Canada (2016 census).

Marathi

[mar] Unestablished. 8,300 in Canada (2016 census).

Nepali

[npi] Unestablished. 18,300 in Canada (2016 census).

Norwegian

[nor] Unestablished. 4,620 in Canada (2016 census).

Pampangan

[pam] Unestablished. 4,050 in Canada (2016 census).

Pashto, Northern

[pbu] Unestablished. 16,900 in Canada (2016 census).

Persian, Iranian

[pes] Unestablished. 214,000 in Canada (2016 census).

Polish

[pol] Unestablished. 182,000 in Canada (2016 census).

Portuguese

[por] Unestablished. 222,000 in Canada (2016 census).

Punjabi, Eastern

[pan] Unestablished. 502,000 in Canada (2016 census). Includes both Eastern and Western Punjabi [pnb].

Romanian

[ron] Unestablished. 96,700 in Canada (2016 census).

Rundi

[run] Unestablished. 5,850 in Canada (2016 census).

Russian

[rus] Unestablished. 530,000 in Canada (Arefyev 2012), all users. L1 users: 188,000 (2011 census).

Serbian

[srp] Unestablished. 57,400 in Canada (2016 census).

Shona

[sna] Unestablished. 3,190 in Canada (2016 census).

Sindhi

[snd] Unestablished. 11,900 in Canada (2016 census).

Sinhala

[sin] Unestablished. 16,300 in Canada (2016 census).

Slovak

[slk] Unestablished. 17,600 in Canada (2016 census).

Slovene

[slv] Unestablished. 9,790 in Canada (2016 census).

Somali

[som] Unestablished. 36,800 in Canada (2016 census).

Spanish

[spa] Unestablished. 565,000 in Canada, all users. L1 users: 459,000 in Canada (2016 census). L2 users: 106,000 (2019).

Swahili

[swh] Unestablished. 13,400 in Canada (2016 census).

Swedish

[swe] Unestablished. 6,840 in Canada (2016 census).

Tamil

[tam] Unestablished. 141,000 in Canada (2016 census).

Telugu

[tel] Unestablished. 15,700 in Canada (2016 census).

Thai

[tha] Unestablished. 9,260 in Canada (2016 census).

Tibetan, Central

[bod] Unestablished. 6,170 in Canada (2016 census).

Tigrigna

[tir] Unestablished. 16,600 in Canada (2016 census).

Turkish

[tur] Unestablished. 32,800 in Canada (2016 census).

Ukrainian

[ukr] Unestablished. 102,000 in Canada (2016 census).

Urdu

[urd] Unestablished. 211,000 in Canada (2016 census).

Vietnamese

[vie] Unestablished. 156,000 in Canada (2016 census).

Wolof

[wol] Unestablished. 3,990 in Canada (2016 census).

Yoruba

[yor] Unestablished. 9,090 in Canada (2016 census).

Canada

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