Australia

English

[eng] 1 (National). De facto national language. 24,200,000 in Australia (2020), all users. L1 users: 17,000,000 (2016 census).

3 (Wider communication)

Djambarrpuyngu

[djr] 3 (Wider communication). Originated in northern Australia around 1920 through a Methodist mission settlement. Associated with the Galiwin’ku community and the large Djambarrpuyngu clan. Lingua franca for six sub-clans. 4,280 (2016 census).

Kriol

[rop] 3 (Wider communication). Originated in northern Australia after European contact in late eighteenth century. Now widespread, with input from local Aboriginal languages. 17,160, all users. L1 users: 7,160 (2016 census). L2 users: 10,000 (1991 SIL).

Torres Strait Creole

[tcs] 3 (Wider communication). Adopted as a de facto Torres Strait language between 1890 and 1940. Lingua franca of Torres Strait. Used as trade language, church language, and in other domains. 6,170 (2016 census).

4 (Educational)

Arrernte, Eastern

[aer] 4 (Educational). 1,910 (2016 census).

Dhuwaya

[dwy] 4 (Educational). 1,500, all users. L1 users: 500 (2015 C. Bow). L2 users: 1,000 (2015 C. Bow).

Pitjantjatjara

[pjt] 4 (Educational). 4,050, all users. L1 users: 3,550 (2016 census). 3,130 Pitjantjatjara and 420 Yankunytjatjara (2016 census). L2 users: 500. 2,580 monolinguals (2006).

5 (Developing)

Alyawarr

[aly] 5* (Developing). 1,550 (2016 census).

Arrarnta, Western

[are] 5* (Developing). 440 (2016 census).

Burarra

[bvr] 5* (Developing). 1,050 (2016 census). 1,000 Burarra and 50 Gun-narpta (2016 census).

Kala Lagaw Ya

[mwp] 5* (Developing). 960 (2016 census).

Martu Wangka

[mpj] 5* (Developing). 1,080 (2016 census). 720 Martu Wangka, 21 Kartujarra, 310 Manyjilyjarra, 10 Wangkajunga, 16 Yulparitja (2016 census).

Murrinh-Patha

[mwf] 5* (Developing). 1,970 (2016 census).

Ngaanyatjarra

[ntj] 5* (Developing). 1,110 (2016 census).

Pintupi-Luritja

[piu] 5* (Developing). 1,110 (2016 census). 150 Pintupi and 960 Luritja (2016 census). 1,000 monolinguals.

Tiwi

[tiw] 5* (Developing). 2,040 (2016 census).

Warlpiri

[wbp] 5* (Developing). 2,300 (2016 census).

Auslan

[asf] 5 (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in New South Wales. 10,100 (2016 census). Estimates vary from 7,000–15,000 by various researchers from 1986–2004 (Johnston 2004).

5 (Dispersed)

Chinese, Mandarin

[cmn] 5* (Dispersed). 597,000 in Australia (2016 census).

Chinese, Yue

[yue] 5* (Dispersed). 281,000 in Australia (2016 census).

Estonian, Standard

[ekk] 5* (Dispersed). 1,840 in Australia (2016 census).

German, Standard

[deu] 5* (Dispersed). 79,400 in Australia (2016 census).

Italian

[ita] 5* (Dispersed). 272,000 in Australia (2016 census).

Japanese

[jpn] 5* (Dispersed). 56,000 in Australia (2016 census).

6a (Vigorous)

Anindilyakwa

[aoi] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,480 (2016 census).

Dhuwal

[dwu] 6a* (Vigorous). 300 (2015 C. Bow).

Gurindji Kriol

[gjr] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (Meakins 2013).

Maung

[mph] 6a* (Vigorous). 370 (2016 census).

Pintiini

[pti] 6a* (Vigorous). 230 (2016 census).

Yindjibarndi

[yij] 6a* (Vigorous). 380 (2016 census).

6b (Threatened)

Anmatyerre

[amx] 6b* (Threatened). 640 (2016 census).

Australian Aborigines Sign Language

[asw] 6b* (Threatened).

Dhangu-Djangu

[dhg] 6b* (Threatened). 230 (2016 census). 67 Dhangu, 89 Gaalpu, 17 Rirratjingu, 58 Wangurri (2016 census).

Djeebbana

[djj] 6b* (Threatened). 280, all users. L1 users: 180 (2016 census). L2 users: 100 (1991).

Djinang

[dji] 6b (Threatened). 130 (2016 census). 120 Djinang, 10 Wulaki (2016 census).

Djinba

[djb] 6b (Threatened). 70 (2016 census). 14 Djinba, 54 Ganalbingu, 3 Mandjalpingu (2016 census).

Gumatj

[gnn] 6b* (Threatened). 120 (2016 census).

Gunwinggu

[gup] 6b (Threatened). 2,130 (2016 census). 50 Gundjeipme, 180 Gunei, 1,760 Gunwinggu, 140 Mayali (2016 census).

Gupapuyngu

[guf] 6b* (Threatened). 1,250, all users. L1 users: 300 (2016 census). 130 Dhuwala, 150 Gupapuyngu, 8 Madarrpa, 15 Wubulkarra (2016 census). L2 users: 950.

Gurr-goni

[gge] 6b (Threatened). 46 (2016 census).

Guugu Yimidhirr

[kky] 6b (Threatened). 780 (2016 census).

Iwaidja

[ibd] 6b (Threatened). 120 (2016 census).

Kaytetye

[gbb] 6b (Threatened). 120 (2016 census), decreasing.

Kukatja

[kux] 6b (Threatened). 130 (2016 census).

Kuku-Yalanji

[gvn] 6b (Threatened). 320 (2016 census).

Kumbainggar

[kgs] 6b (Threatened). 90 (2016 census).

Kuuk Thayorre

[thd] 6b (Threatened). 210 (2016 census). Kuuk-Yak dialect recently extinct (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 350 (1982 A. Hall).

Meriam Mir

[ulk] 6b* (Threatened). 220 (2016 census).

Nunggubuyu

[nuy] 6b (Threatened). 280 (2016 census).

Nyangumarta

[nna] 6b (Threatened). 210 (2016 census).

Pitcairn-Norfolk

[pih] 6b* (Threatened). 1,040 in Australia (2016 census).

Rembarrnga

[rmb] 6b (Threatened). 43 (2016 census).

Wik-Iiyanh

[wij] 6b (Threatened). 40 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Wik-Mungkan

[wim] 6b (Threatened). 1,050, all users. L1 users: 450 (2016 census), decreasing. L2 users: 600.

7 (Shifting)

Dayi

[dax] 7 (Shifting). 80 (2016 census). 62 Dhalwangu and 18 Dayi speakers (2016 census). No monolinguals.

Gurindji

[gue] 7 (Shifting). 410 (2016 census). 405 Gurinji and 4 Malngin (2016 census).

Jaru

[ddj] 7 (Shifting). 220 (2016 census).

Kija

[gia] 7 (Shifting). 170 (2016 census).

Kunbarlang

[wlg] 7 (Shifting). 45 (Kapitonov 2019).

Ngan’gityemerri

[nam] 7 (Shifting). 26 (2016 census). Ngenkiwumerri dialect is endangered, moving towards seriously endangered (Wurm 2007).

Ngarinyin

[ung] 7 (Shifting). 12 (2011 ELDP).

Nyamal

[nly] 7 (Shifting). 25 (2016 census), decreasing.

Nyikina

[nyh] 7 (Shifting). 61 (2016 census).

Ritharrngu

[rit] 7 (Shifting). 40 (2016 census).

Walmajarri

[wmt] 7 (Shifting). 280 (2016 census).

Warumungu

[wrm] 7 (Shifting). 320 (2016 census).

Wikalkan

[wik] 7 (Shifting). 86 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Yanyuwa

[jao] 7 (Shifting). 39 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 130 (2006 census).

Yolngu Sign Language

[ygs] 7 (Shifting). 50 (2012 D. Adone). About 40–50 deaf users (Adone et al 2012); unknown number of hearing L1 and L2 users.

8a (Moribund)

Ami

[amy] 8a (Moribund). 30 (Wurm 2007).

Australian Irish Sign Language

[isg] 8a (Moribund). 50 in Australia (2016 R. Adam), decreasing. Estimated 50–100 users left, no monolinguals.

Bandjalang

[bdy] 8a (Moribund). 110 (2016 census).

Banyjima

[pnw] 8a (Moribund). 100 (2016 census).

Bardi

[bcj] 8a (Moribund). 30 (2005 AUSTLANG), decreasing. Ethnic population: 320 (2016 census).

Bunuba

[bck] 8a (Moribund). 41 (2016 census).

Djabugay

[dyy] 8a (Moribund). 46 (2016 census).

Djamindjung

[djd] 8a (Moribund). 29 (2016 census). 29 Ngaliwuru; no remaining Djadmindjung speakers (2016 census).

Dyirbal

[dbl] 8a (Moribund). 52 (2016 census). 8 Dyirbal and 44 Girramay (2016 census).

Garrwa

[wrk] 8a (Moribund). 130 (2016 census).

Gooniyandi

[gni] 8a (Moribund). 130 (2016 census).

Greek

[ell] 8a (Moribund). 238,000 in Australia (2016 census), decreasing.

Jingulu

[jig] 8a (Moribund). 23 (2016 census).

Karajarri

[gbd] 8a (Moribund). 41 (2016 census).

Miriwoong Sign Language

[rsm] 8a (Moribund). 3 monolinguals (2014 D. Adone). Mostly used by hearing people. 3 deaf people identified by the Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring Language and Culture Centre. Ethnic population: A few hundred Miriwoong people; unclear how many use the sign language (2014 D. Adone).

Na-kara

[nck] 8a (Moribund). 58 (2016 census).

Ngarinyman

[nbj] 8a (Moribund). 50 (2005 AUSTLANG). Only one L1 speaker of Bilinarra left (Meakins and Nordlinger 2014).

Wambaya

[wmb] 8a (Moribund). 61 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 88 (2006 census).

Wardaman

[wrr] 8a (Moribund). 50 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 89 (2006 census).

Wik-Me’anha

[wih] 8a (Moribund). 12 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Wikngenchera

[wua] 8a (Moribund). 30 (2005 AUSTLANG).

Yan-nhangu

[jay] 8a (Moribund). 64 (2005 AIATSIS).

Yankunytjatjara

[kdd] 8a (Moribund). 70 (2005 AUSTLANG). Ethnic population: 560 (2006 census).

8b (Nearly extinct)

Adnyamathanha

[adt] 8b (Nearly extinct). 140 (2016 census).

Alawa

[alh] 8b (Nearly extinct). 4 (2016 census).

Amurdak

[amg] 8b (Nearly extinct). 1 (2015). No reports of the death of the last known speaker, Charlie Mungulda, in 2021.

Arabana

[ard] 8b (Nearly extinct). 15 (2016 census).

Badimaya

[bia] 8b (Nearly extinct). 3 (2016 census).

Batjala

[xby] 8b (Nearly extinct). 24 (2016 census).

Dalabon

[ngk] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (2010 ELDP).

Dhalandji

[dhl] 8b (Nearly extinct). 6 (2005 AUSTLANG).

Diyari

[dif] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 600.

Djauan

[djn] 8b (Nearly extinct). 16 (2016 census).

Githabul

[gih] 8b (Nearly extinct). 4 (2016 census).

Golpa

[lja] 8b (Nearly extinct). 3 (2015 ELDP).

Kayardild

[gyd] 8b (Nearly extinct). 8 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 25 (2006 census).

Keerray-Woorroong

[wkr] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (2005 AUSTLANG).

Kokata

[ktd] 8b (Nearly extinct). 16 (2016 census).

Koko-Bera

[kkp] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (2016 census).

Kunjen

[kjn] 8b (Nearly extinct). 7 (2005 AUSTLANG), decreasing. Ethnic population: 300 (1991 B. Sommer).

Kurnai

[unn] 8b (Nearly extinct). 4 (2016 census).

Kurrama

[vku] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (2005 AUSTLANG).

Kuuku-Ya’u

[kuy] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (2016 census).

Lamalama

[lby] 8b (Nearly extinct). 3 (2016 census).

Laragia

[lrg] 8b (Nearly extinct). 14 (2016 census).

Lardil

[lbz] 8b (Nearly extinct). 65 (2016 census). More semi-speakers (Wurm 2007).

Malak Malak

[mpb] 8b (Nearly extinct). 8 (2012 ELDP). Ethnic population: 37 (2006 census).

Mangarrayi

[mpc] 8b (Nearly extinct). 1 (2019 M. Richards). Some semi-speakers (2019 M. Richards).

Maranunggu

[zmr] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (2005 AUSTLANG).

Maridjabin

[zmj] 8b (Nearly extinct). 1 (2012).

Maringarr

[zmt] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (2016 census).

Mariyedi

[zmy] 8b (Nearly extinct). 20 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). A few speakers (Wurm 2007).

Marra

[mec] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (2010 ELDP).

Marriammu

[xru] 8b (Nearly extinct). 2 (Mansfield 2019).

Marrithiyel

[mfr] 8b (Nearly extinct). 65, all users. L1 users: 15 (2016 census). L2 users: 50.

Miriwoong

[mep] 8b (Nearly extinct). 12 (2017 Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring Language and Culture Centre). Ethnic population: 160 (2016 census).

Mirning

[gmr] 8b (Nearly extinct). 4 (2004 AUSTLANG).

Mudburra

[dmw] 8b (Nearly extinct). 92 (2016 census).

Narungga

[nnr] 8b (Nearly extinct). 25 (2016 census).

Ngandi

[nid] 8b (Nearly extinct). 1 (2017).

Ngardi

[rxd] 8b (Nearly extinct). 3 (2016 census).

Ngarluma

[nrl] 8b (Nearly extinct). 42 (2016 census).

Nhanda

[nha] 8b (Nearly extinct). In 1995, a few speakers were reported. Some still survive (Wurm 2007).

Nyiyaparli

[xny] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (2016 census).

Olkol

[olk] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (2005 AUSTLANG).

Paakantyi

[drl] 8b (Nearly extinct). 4 (2005 AUSTLANG).

Tjungundji

[tjj] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (2005 AUSTLANG).

Tjupany

[tjp] 8b (Nearly extinct). 6 (2018 Goldfields Aboriginal Language Centre). Ethnic population: 250 (2018 Goldfields Aboriginal Language Centre).

Umpila

[ump] 8b (Nearly extinct). 12 (2005 AUSTLANG).

Unserdeutsch

[uln] 8b (Nearly extinct). 100 in Australia (2016 P. Maitz).

Wadjiginy

[wdj] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (2005 AUSTLANG). Ethnic group members understand the language when old people speak it, but use Kriol [rop] as L1 (Wurm 2007).

Wagiman

[waq] 8b (Nearly extinct). 18 (2016 census).

Wajarri

[wbv] 8b (Nearly extinct). 20 (2005 AUSTLANG). Ethnic population: 200 (1981 W. Douglas).

Wangkangurru

[wgg] 8b (Nearly extinct). 3 (2016 census).

Warlmanpa

[wrl] 8b (Nearly extinct). 26 (2016 census).

Warnman

[wbt] 8b (Nearly extinct). 3 (2016 census).

Wergaia

[weg] 8b (Nearly extinct). 14 (2016 census).

Wik Ngathan

[wig] 8b (Nearly extinct). 3 (2016 census).

Wiradjuri

[wrh] 8b (Nearly extinct). 30 (2005 AUSTLANG). Ethnic population: 460 (2016 census).

Worrorra

[wro] 8b (Nearly extinct). 7 (2016 census).

Wunambal

[wub] 8b (Nearly extinct). 9 (2016 census).

Yan-nhangu Sign Language

[yhs] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (2014 D. Adone).

Yidiny

[yii] 8b (Nearly extinct). 19 (2016 census). Ethnic population: 140 (2006 census).

Yinhawangka

[ywg] 8b (Nearly extinct). 39 (2016 census).

9 (Dormant)

Andajin

[ajn] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker may have survived into the 2010s.

Andegerebinha

[adg] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers (2016 census). 5 remaining speakers were reported in 2005.

Angkamuthi

[avm] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Survived late into the 20th century.

Anguthimri

[awg] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker, Don Fletcher, died in 1985.

Antikarinya

[ant] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers (2016 census). Last known speakers survived into the early 2010s.

Aranda, Lower Southern

[axl] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker, Brownie Doolan Perrurle, died in 2011.

Awabakal

[awk] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Survived late into the 19th century.

Barngarla

[bjb] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The language died out in the 1960s.

Bayungu

[bxj] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Last known speaker likely died in 2006.

Biri

[bzr] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Dadi Dadi

[dda] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers (2016 census). The last fluent speakers probably died in the early 1900s.

Darkinyung

[xda] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speakers probably died in the early 1900s.

Daungwurrung

[dgw] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speakers probably died in the late 1800s.

Dharawal

[tbh] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 1970s.

Dhargari

[dhr] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 2000s.

Dharuk

[xdk] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Eva Webb, died in 1970.

Dharumbal

[xgm] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker died in 1973.

Dhungaloo

[dhx] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Roy Hatfield was probably the last speaker, who died ca. 2012.

Dhurga

[dhu] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last speakers survived into the 1970s.

Djabwurrung

[tjw] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers (2016 census). Last known speaker survived into the 2010s (2016 census).

Gabi-Gabi

[gbw] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. In 1983 there were only a few rememberers of the language (Holmer 1983).

Gadjerawang

[gdh] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker may have survived into the 2010s.

Ganggalida

[gcd] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker likely survived into the 2010s. 6 semi-speakers (Wurm 2007).

Gugu Badhun

[gdc] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Gundungurra

[xrd] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in the 1970s.

Gurdjar

[gdj] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 2000s.

Gureng Gureng

[gnr] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker survived into the 1980s.

Kanju

[kbe] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker may have survived into the 2010s.

Karenggapa

[eaa] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died before the 1950s (Hercus and Austin 2004).

Kariyarra

[vka] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in 1991. Some people still know some words (Wurm 2007).

Karuwali

[rxw] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died during or before the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Kugu-Muminh

[xmh] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers (2016 census). Last speakers survived into the 2000s.

Kunggari

[kgl] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 1980s.

Kuwema

[woa] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (Black 1983).

Kwini

[gww] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker probably survived into the 2010s.

Ladji Ladji

[llj] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers (census). Probably became extinct early in 20th century.

Madhi Madhi

[dmd] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Jack Long, died in 1978 (Blake et al 2011).

Mangala

[mem] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers.

Maridan

[zmd] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers (census). Last speakers survived into the 2000s.

Marimanindji

[zmm] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers (census). Last speakers survived into the 2000s.

Marti Ke

[zmg] 9 (Dormant). 50, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers (Mansfield 2019). The last known speaker, Patrick Palibu Nudjulu, died in 2014 (Mansfield 2019). L2 users: 50. Ethnic population: 100.

Muruwari

[zmu] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Ngadjunmaya

[nju] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Probably recently extinct (Wurm 2007); last known speakers probably survived into the first decade of the 2000s.

Ngarla

[nrk] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers (2010 P. Austin). Last speaker, Alexander Brown, died on November 5, 2010.

Ngarrindjeri

[nay] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in the 1960s. Ethnic population: 310 (2016 census).

Nhuwala

[nhf] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers likely survived into the late 1990s.

Nyungar

[nys] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers (2005 AUSTLANG). Recently extinct (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 480 (2016 census).

Pakanha

[pkn] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1990s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Pinigura

[pnv] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). The last speaker died in the 1980s.

Thaypan

[typ] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Tommy George, died in 2016.

Umiida

[xud] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker lived into the late 1980s (McGregor 1988).

Unggumi

[xgu] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker, Billy ‘Morndi’ Munro, died in the early 1990s.

Waanyi

[wny] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker likely survived into the 2010s. 2 semi-speakers (Wurm 2007).

Wadi Wadi

[xwd] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers.

Wakawaka

[wkw] 9 (Dormant). 2, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Last native speaker of Duunidjawu dialect died in 1965; Wakawaka dialect has been extinct for decades (Wurm 2007). L2 users: 2 (Wurm 2007).

Wamin

[wmi] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Warrgamay

[wgy] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Warungu

[wrg] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Alf Palmer, died in 1981.

Wemba Wemba

[xww] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last speakers survived into the 1960s.

Wirangu

[wgu] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker may have survived into the 2010s.

Woiwurrung

[wyi] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Probably became extinct late in the 19th century.

Worimi

[kda] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died in the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Yangman

[jng] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Jimmy Daniels, died in 1986. Ethnic population: 50 (Black 1983).

Yarluyandi

[yry] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1970s.

Yawijibaya

[jbw] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by the early 1990s.

Yinggarda

[yia] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last know speaker probably survived into the 2010s.

Yir-Yoront

[yyr] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 2000s.

Yirrk-Mel

[yrm] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 2010s.

Yitha Yitha

[xth] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Yuyu

[yxu] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

9 (Reawakening)

Gamilaraay

[kld] 9 (Reawakening). 110, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers, but emerging L2 speakers. Recently extinct in its original form, but spoken by many as a mixture of English [eng] and Gamilaraay (Wurm 2007). It stopped being used daily in the first half of 20th century (Austin and Nathan 1998). L2 users: 110 (2016 census).

Kaurna

[zku] 9 (Reawakening). 53, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers, but emerging L2 speakers. Last speaker, Ivaritji, died in 1929 (2015 R. Amery). L2 users: 53 (2016 census).

Yawuru

[ywr] 9 (Reawakening). No known L1 speakers, but emerging L2 speakers. Last known native speakers died between 2001 and 2007 (Wurm 2007) and (2001 K. Hosokawa).

9 (Second language only)

Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin

[bpl] 9 (Second language only). Lingua franca on pearling boats between Malays, Japanese, Chinese, and Aborigines. 40, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers. Probably never used as L1, although some locals of Broome have retained some of it as part of their jargon. Most active use happened between 1900 and 1930 (Wurm et al 1996). L2 users: 40. Ethnic population: No ethnic community.

10 (Extinct)

Adithinngithigh

[dth] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died in the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Aghu-Tharnggala

[gtu] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers.

Alngith

[aid] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Arakwal

[rkw] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Critically endangered by 1960s (Capell 1963).

Areba

[aea] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm 2003).

Atampaya

[amz] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm 2003).

Awngthim

[gwm] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker likely died in the mid 1960s (Capell 1963).

Ayabadhu

[ayd] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the late 1980s or early 1990s (Wurm 2003).

Ayerrerenge

[axe] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. On the brink of extinction in the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Badjiri

[jbi] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the late 1980s or early 1990s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Barababaraba

[rbp] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 2006 (2006 census).

Barbaram

[vmb] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Barrow Point

[bpt] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Bayali

[bjy] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 1960s.

Bibbulman

[xbp] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 1990s.

Bidjara

[bym] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Ruhlen 1987).

Bigambal

[xbe] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 1996.

Bindal

[xbd] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Extinct by the middle of the 20th century.

Birrpayi

[xbj] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, James Davis, survived into the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Bunganditj

[xbg] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speakers probably died in the late 1800s (Blake 2003).

Burduna

[bxn] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the early 1990s.

Dagoman

[dgn] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Martha Hart, died in 1982.

Djadjawurrung

[dja] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by the end of the 19th century.

Djangun

[djf] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Djawi

[djw] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Djiwarli

[dze] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Jack Butler, died in 1986.

Dyaberdyaber

[dyb] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Dyangadi

[dyn] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the 1980s (Wurm 2007).

Dyugun

[dyd] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Erre

[err] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Flinders Island

[fln] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Johnny Flinders, died circa 2000.

Gagadu

[gbu] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Big Bill Neidjie, died in May 2002.

Gambera

[gma] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Gangulu

[gnl] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died in the 1980s.

Garig-Ilgar

[ilg] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 2003.

Garingbal

[xgi] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Garlali

[gll] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Peter Hood, died sometime between 1999 and 2009.

Giyug

[giy] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Goreng

[xgg] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker and possibly the entire tribe died before 1963 (Capell 1963).

Gudang

[xgd] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Gudang or Djagaraga was presumed to be either almost extinct or extinct already in 1963, so the last speaker probably died in the 1960s or earlier (Capell 1963).

Gudanji

[nji] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers (2015 SIL). A few elderly speakers survived into the twenty-first century (Nordlinger 1998).

Gugadj

[ggd] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Gugu Warra

[wrw] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by 1960 (Capell 1963).

Gunditjmara

[gjm] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Frances M. Alberts, died in 1963 (Hercus 1986).

Gungabula

[gyf] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Gunya

[gyy] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Margaret McKellar, died in 1972 (Breen 1981).

Guwa

[xgw] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker survived into the 1970s.

Guwamu

[gwu] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the late 1990s.

Guyani

[gvy] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Alice Oldfield, died in 1978.

Ikaranggal

[ikr] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Probably became extinct early in 20th century.

Jaitmatang

[xjt] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Jandai

[jan] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in the 1980s (Wurm 2007).

Kalaamaya

[lkm] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Kalarko

[kba] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Probably became extinct in the 1960s.

Kalkutung

[ktg] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 1970s.

Kamu

[xmu] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1970s.

Kok-Nar

[gko] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in the early 1970s.

Koko Babangk

[okg] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker lived into the late 1970s.

Kuku-Mangk

[xmq] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Kuku-Mu’inh

[xmp] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the late 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Kuku-Ugbanh

[ugb] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Kuku-Uwanh

[uwa] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Kungarakany

[ggk] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker, Madeline England, died in 1989.

Kungardutyi

[gdt] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s.

Kungkari

[lku] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers.

Kuthant

[xut] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Kuuk-Yak

[uky] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Estimated 40 speakers in 1975, but the date of last speaker’s death unknown.

Lanima

[lnw] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survivied into the 1970s.

Leningitij

[lnj] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The ‘most knowledgeable speaker’, Sam Kerindun, died ‘several years ago’ (Hale 1983).

Limilngan

[lmc] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Malgana

[vml] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last fluent speakers died in the 1990s.

Malyangapa

[yga] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker, Laurie Quayle, died in 1976.

Manangkari

[znk] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by the mid 20th century.

Manda

[zma] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 1990s.

Mandandanyi

[zmk] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Mangerr

[zme] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Margany

[zmc] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Margu

[mhg] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in September 2003.

Martuyhunira

[vma] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker, Algy Paterson, died in 1995.

Matngala

[zml] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (Black 1983).

Mayaguduna

[xmy] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speakers survived into the 1970s.

Mayawali

[yxa] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker survived into the 1970s.

Mayi-Kulan

[xyk] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker survived into the 1970s.

Mayi-Thakurti

[xyt] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by 1960 (Capell 1963).

Mayi-Yapi

[xyj] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died no later than the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Mbara

[mvl] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Mbariman-Gudhinma

[zmv] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Minang

[xrg] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Minjungbal

[xjb] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers.

Miwa

[vmi] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Morrobalama

[umg] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The two last speakers, Nancy Gunnawarra and Mabel Kullakulla, lived into the 1990s (1994 S. Ogilvie).

Mpalitjanh

[xpj] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Muluridyi

[vmu] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Nari Nari

[rnr] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last know speaker likely survived into the late 1960s (Wurm 1972).

Nauo

[nwo] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. There were two potential speakers in the 1920s.

Ndra’ngith

[dgt] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Ngadjuri

[jui] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Ngalakgan

[nig] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last fluent speaker died in 2004 (Baker 2007).

Ngamini

[nmv] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Nganakarti

[xnk] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by the mid 20th century.

Ngantangarra

[ntg] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Nganyaywana

[nyx] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speakers probably lived into the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Ngarigu

[xni] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker likely survived into early 2010s.

Ngawun

[nxn] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Cherry O’Keefe (Tjapun), died in 1977.

Ngayawung

[nwg] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died before the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Ngumbarl

[xnm] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker likely died in the early 1970s.

Ngunawal

[xul] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speakers probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Ngurmbur

[nrx] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Nhirrpi

[hrp] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker survived into the 1960s.

Nimanbur

[nmp] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 1982.

Nugunu

[nnv] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Nungali

[nug] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Nunukul

[xnu] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last known speaker, (Mary) Jane Sunflower, died in 1964 (Holmer 1983).

Nyangga

[nny] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Nyawaygi

[nyt] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Willie Seaton, died in 2009.

Nyulnyul

[nyv] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Mary Carmel Charles, died in 1999.

Pallanganmiddang

[pmd] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died ca. 1800.

Pinjarup

[pnj] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by the mid 20th century.

Pirlatapa

[bxi] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by the 1960s.

Pirriya

[xpa] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Albert Upperty (or Uppity), died in 1969 (Breen 1990).

Pitta Pitta

[pit] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Ivy Nardoo, died in 1981.

Punthamara

[xpt] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker probably died by the 1990s (Holmer 1988).

Tagalaka

[tgz] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker likely survived into the early 2010s.

Thawa

[xtv] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Thiin

[iin] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by 2004.

Tjurruru

[tju] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. 2 speakers left in 1967.

Umbindhamu

[umd] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Joan Liddy, died in 2012 (Verstraete 2010).

Umbugarla

[umr] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Butcher Knight, is believed to have died in 2000.

Unggaranggu

[xun] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by the 1980s.

Uradhi

[urf] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Urningangg

[urc] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (Black 1983).

Wadikali

[wdk] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Ned Palpilina, died in the 1930s.

Wadjabangayi

[wdy] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the early 1960s (Capell 1963).

Wadjigu

[wdu] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Wagaya

[wga] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1990s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Wajuk

[xwj] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Wakabunga

[wwb] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Walangama

[nlw] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Waluwarra

[wrb] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Wandarang

[wnd] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Isaac Joshua, died in 1974.

Wangaaybuwan-Ngiyambaa

[wyb] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers may have survived into the early 2010s.

Wanggamala

[wnm] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker may have died in 2003.

Wangkayutyuru

[wky] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1970s.

Wangkumara

[xwk] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1980s.

Waray

[wrz] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Wardandi

[wxw] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Wariyangga

[wri] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1980s.

Warrwa

[wwr] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Maudie Lennard, died in 2016.

Wathawurrung

[wth] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last known competent speaker, Ellen Richards, died in 1921 (Blake et al 1998).

Wik-Epa

[wie] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Wik-Keyangan

[wif] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Wilawila

[wil] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Wotjobaluk

[xwt] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Wuliwuli

[wlu] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker was probably Queenie Dodd Meldrum, who died in 1986 (Holmer 1983).

Wulna

[wux] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Wunumara

[wnn] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1970s.

Yabula Yabula

[yxy] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Yagara

[yxg] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1960s.

Yalarnnga

[ylr] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Lardie Moonlight, died in 1980 (Breen and Blake 2007).

Yanda

[yda] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Yandjibara

[xyb] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Probably became extinct early in the 20th century.

Yandruwandha

[ynd] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Benny Kerwin, died in 1976 (Breen 2015).

Yardliyawarra

[yxl] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the late first decade of the 2000s (Hercus and Austin 2004).

Yatay

[yty] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct before mid 20th century.

Yawarawarga

[yww] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Yaygir

[xya] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Sandy Cameron, died in 1973.

Yindjilandji

[yil] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Yiningayi

[ygi] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Yinwum

[yxm] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Probably extinct by 1960s (Capell 1963).

Yirandali

[ljw] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Yorta Yorta

[xyy] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speakers died in the 1960s (Bowe and Morey 1999).

Yugambal

[yub] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by the 1970s (Dixon and Barry 1979).

Yugul

[ygu] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers.

Yuru

[ljx] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by the 1960s (Capell 1963).

Unestablished

Afrikaans

[afr] Unestablished. 43,700 in Australia (2016 census).

Akan

[aka] Unestablished. 3,100 in Australia (2016 census).

Albanian, Gheg

[aln] Unestablished. 4,590 in Australia (2016 census). Census figure of 9,180 does not distinguish between Gheg [aln] and Tosk [als].

Albanian, Tosk

[als] Unestablished. 4,590 in Australia (2016 census). Census figure of 9,180 does not distinguish between Gheg [aln] and Tosk [als].

Amharic

[amh] Unestablished. 6,810 in Australia (2016 census).

Arabic, Egyptian Spoken

[arz] Unestablished. 51,600 in Australia (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Australia: 322,000 (2016 census).

Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken

[acm] Unestablished. 73,100 in Australia (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Australia: 322,000 (2016 census).

Arabic, North Levantine Spoken

[apc] Unestablished. 159,000 in Australia (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Austalia: 322,000 (2016 census).

Arabic, Sudanese Spoken

[apd] Unestablished. 38,600 in Australia (2016). Total Arabic speakers in Australia: 322,000 (2016 census).

Armenian, Western

[hyw] Unestablished. 10,200 in Australia (2016 census).

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

[aii] Unestablished. 28,300 in Australia (2016 census).

Bengali

[ben] Unestablished. 54,600 in Australia (2016 census).

Bosnian

[bos] Unestablished. 15,800 in Australia (2016 census).

Bulgarian

[bul] Unestablished. 2,680 in Australia (2016 census).

Burmese

[mya] Unestablished. 16,300 in Australia (2016 census).

Cebuano

[ceb] Unestablished. 6,880 in Australia (2016 census).

Chaldean Neo-Aramaic

[cld] Unestablished. 17,200 in Australia (2016 census).

Chin, Hakha

[cnh] Unestablished. 4,810 in Australia (2016 census).

Chinese, Hakka

[hak] Unestablished. 8,990 in Australia (2016 census).

Chinese, Min Nan

[nan] Unestablished. 17,900 in Australia (2016 census).

Chinese, Wu

[wuu] Unestablished. 3,380 in Australia (2016 census).

Cook Islands Maori

[rar] Unestablished. 5,110 in Australia (2016 census).

Croatian

[hrv] Unestablished. 56,900 in Australia (2016 census).

Czech

[ces] Unestablished. 7,940 in Australia (2016 census).

Danish

[dan] Unestablished. 5,780 in Australia (2016 census).

Dari

[prs] Unestablished. 30,400 in Australia (2016 census).

Dutch

[nld] Unestablished. 33,800 in Australia (2016 census).

Fijian

[fij] Unestablished. 8,150 in Australia (2016 census).

Finnish

[fin] Unestablished. 5,960 in Australia (2016 census).

French

[fra] Unestablished. 70,900 in Australia (2016 census).

Gujarati

[guj] Unestablished. 52,900 in Australia (2016 census).

Hazaragi

[haz] Unestablished. 22,300 in Australia (2016 census).

Hebrew

[heb] Unestablished. 10,300 in Australia (2016 census).

Hindi

[hin] Unestablished. 160,000 in Australia (2016 census).

Hindi, Fiji

[hif] Unestablished. 2,710 in Australia (2016 census).

Hmong Njua

[hnj] Unestablished. 2,450 in Australia (2016 census).

Hungarian

[hun] Unestablished. 19,900 in Australia (2016 census).

Igbo

[ibo] Unestablished. 2,000 in Australia (2016 census).

Indonesian

[ind] Unestablished. 67,900 in Australia (2016 census).

Kannada

[kan] Unestablished. 9,700 in Australia (2016 census).

Khmer

[khm] Unestablished. 35,400 in Australia (2016 census).

Konkani

[knn] Unestablished. 2,420 in Australia (2016 census).

Korean

[kor] Unestablished. 109,000 in Australia (2016 census). Ethnic population: 167,000 (2019 Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs).

Krio

[kri] Unestablished. 2,530 in Australia (2016 census).

Kurdish, Northern

[kmr] Unestablished. 6,200 in Australia (2016 census).

Lao

[lao] Unestablished. 9,980 in Australia (2016 census).

Latvian, Standard

[lvs] Unestablished. 3,000 in Australia (2016 census).

Lithuanian

[lit] Unestablished. 2,000 in Australia (2016 census).

Macedonian

[mkd] Unestablished. 66,000 in Australia (2016 census).

Malay

[zlm] Unestablished. 17,900 in Australia (2016 census).

Malayalam

[mal] Unestablished. 53,200 in Australia (2016 census).

Maltese

[mlt] Unestablished. 32,000 in Australia (2016 census).

Maori

[mri] Unestablished. 11,700 in Australia (2016 census).

Marathi

[mar] Unestablished. 13,100 in Australia (2016 census).

Mongolian, Halh

[khk] Unestablished. 2,140 in Australia (2016 census).

Morisyen

[mfe] Unestablished. 4,200 in Australia (2016 census).

Nepali

[npi] Unestablished. 62,000 in Australia (2016 census).

Norwegian

[nor] Unestablished. 2,900 in Australia (2016 census).

Nuer

[nus] Unestablished. 2,160 in Australia (2016 census).

Pashto, Northern

[pbu] Unestablished. 9,230 in Australia (2016 census). Census does not distinguish between Central Pashto [pst], Northern Pashto [pbu] and Southern Pashto [pbt].

Persian, Iranian

[pes] Unestablished. 58,300 in Australia (2016 census).

Polish

[pol] Unestablished. 48,100 in Australia (2016 census).

Portuguese

[por] Unestablished. 48,900 in Australia (2016 census).

Punjabi, Eastern

[pan] Unestablished. 132,000 in Australia (2016 census).

Rohingya

[rhg] Unestablished. 2,250 in Australia (2016 census).

Romanian

[ron] Unestablished. 13,000 in Australia (2016 census).

Rundi

[run] Unestablished. 3,100 in Australia (2016 census).

Russian

[rus] Unestablished. 120,000 in Australia (Arefyev 2012), all users. L1 users: 50,300 (2016 census).

Samoan

[smo] Unestablished. 44,900 in Australia (2016 census).

Serbian

[srp] Unestablished. 53,800 in Australia (2016 census).

Shona

[sna] Unestablished. 11,000 in Australia (2016 census).

Sinhala

[sin] Unestablished. 64,600 in Australia (2016 census).

Slovak

[slk] Unestablished. 5,440 in Australia (2016 census).

Slovene

[slv] Unestablished. 4,090 in Australia (2016 census).

Somali

[som] Unestablished. 14,200 in Australia (2016 census).

Spanish

[spa] Unestablished. 595,000 in Australia, all users. L1 users: 141,000 in Australia (2016 census). L2 users: 454,000 (2020).

Swahili

[swh] Unestablished. 11,500 in Australia (2016 census).

Swedish

[swe] Unestablished. 8,960 in Australia (2016 census).

Tagalog

[tgl] Unestablished. 111,000 in Australia (2016 census).

Tamil

[tam] Unestablished. 73,200 in Australia (2016 census).

Telugu

[tel] Unestablished. 34,400 in Australia (2016 census).

Thai

[tha] Unestablished. 55,400 in Australia (2016 census).

Tigrigna

[tir] Unestablished. 4,580 in Australia (2016 census).

Tok Pisin

[tpi] Unestablished. 3,740 in Australia (2016 census).

Tongan

[ton] Unestablished. 17,700 in Australia (2016 census).

Turkish

[tur] Unestablished. 58,400 in Australia (2016 census).

Ukrainian

[ukr] Unestablished. 7,680 in Australia (2016 census).

Urdu

[urd] Unestablished. 69,300 in Australia (2016 census).

Vietnamese

[vie] Unestablished. 277,000 in Australia (2016 census).

Yoruba

[yor] Unestablished. 2,470 in Australia (2016 census).

Australia

Primary tabs

Browse by

25th Edition

Products

Related Sites