Côte d’Ivoire
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Abé
[aba] Lacs district: Bongouanou subprefecture; Lagunes district: Agboville subprefecture (except Krobou canton), Tiassale subprefecture, Abbe canton, 70 villages. Users: 268,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Abbey, Abbé, Abi. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Agneby.
Abidji
[abi] Lagunes district: Dabou and Sikensi subprefectures, Agboville area. 12 villages. Users: 85,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Abiji. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Agneby.
Abron
[abr] Zanzan distict: Bondoukou and Tanda subprefectures. Users: 223,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bron, Brong, Doma, Gyaman. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Akan.
Abure
[abu] Comoé district: Bonoua subprefecture; Lagunes district: Grand Bassam subprefecture; Abidjan. Users: 93,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Abonwa, Abouré, Abule, Akaplass, Ehie, Eyive, Obule oyve, Ossouon. Autonym: ɔbule ɔyʋɛ. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Western.
Adioukrou
[adj] Lagunes district: Dabou subprefecture. 49 villages. Users: 140,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Adjukru, Adyoukrou, Adyukru, Ajukru, Mojukru. Autonym: Mↄjukru. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Agneby.
Aizi, Aproumu
[ahp] Lagunes district: Dabou subprefecture, Allaba village; Jacqueville subprefecture, Attoutou A, Attoutou B, Bapo (Allaba B, Taboth), Koko, and Tefredji villages on Ebrié lagoon banks. Users: 6,500 (1999 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Ahizi, Apro, Aproin, Aprou, Aproumu, Aprwe, Oprou. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Aizi.
Aizi, Mobumrin
[ahm] Lagunes district: Jacqueville subprefecture, Ebrié lagoon north bank, Abraco and Abraniamiambo villages. Users: 2,000 (1999 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Ahizi, Ed-eyng, Ezibo, Frukpu, Mouin. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Aizi.
Aizi, Tiagbamrin
[ahi] Lagunes district: Jacqueville subprefecture, Ebrié lagoon banks, Attoutou B, Nigui-Assoko, Nigui-Saff, Tiagba, and Tiémié villages. Users: 9,000 (1999 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ahizi, Ed-eyng, Ezibo, Kropko, Lélémrin, Prokpo, Tiagba, Tiagbamrin. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Aizi.
Alladian
[ald] Lagunes district: Jacqueville subprefecture, plain between the coast and Ebrie lagoon. 21 villages. Users: 23,000 (1993 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Aladian, Alladyan, Allagia, Allagian. Autonym: Alladian. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Avikam-Alladian.
American Sign Language
[ase] Scattered. Users: 130,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 77,000–155,000, based on 0.3%–0.6% of the total population. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: LSAF, LSAF Ivoirienne, LSCI, Langue des signes d’Afrique francophone, Langue des signes de Côte d’Ivoire, Langue des signes de l’Afrique francophone. Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language.
Anyin
[any] Comoé and Lagunes districts; Lacs district: Bongouanou, Daoukro, and M’bahiakro subprefectures; Zanzan district: Bondoukou and Tanda subprefectures. Users: 1,450,000 in Côte d’Ivoire, all users. L1 users: 1,440,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). L2 users: 10,000. Total users in all countries: 1,516,400 (as L1: 1,506,400; as L2: 10,000). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Agni, Agni Sanvi, Agny, Anyi. Autonym: Anyin. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern.
Anyin Morofo
[mtb] Lacs district: Moronou area; Lagunes district: central, southern, and eastern departments. Users: 300,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Morofo. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern.
Arabic, North Levantine Spoken
[apc] Users: 30,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Attié
[ati] Lacs district: southeast; Lagunes district: Adzopé, Affery, Agou, Akoupé, Alépé, Anyama, and Yakassé-Attobrou subprefectures. Users: 642,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: -Atye” (pej.), Akie, Akye, Atche, Atie, Atshe. Autonym: -Atshe. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Attie.
Avikam
[avi] Gôh-Djiboua district: coast west of Tagbo Lagoon; Lagunes district: Grand Lahou coastal plain area, Avikam canton. Users: 21,000 (1993 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Avekom, Brignan, Brinya, Gbanda, Kwakwa, Lahu. Autonym: Avikam. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Avikam-Alladian.
Bakwé
[bjw] Bas-Sassandra district: San Pedro, Sassandra, and Soubre prefectures. Users: 10,300 (1993 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Autonym: Bakʋɛwii. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Bakwe.
Bambara
[bam] Denguélé district: center and northeast; Savanes district: Tingréla department, Ségélon subprefecture; Malian diaspora in all major cities. Users: 5,500 in Côte d’Ivoire (1993 SIL). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Bamako, Bamana, Bamanakan, Bamanankan. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Northeastern Manding, Bamana.
Baoulé
[bci] Lacs, Lagunes, Gôh-Djiboua, Sassandra-Marahoué, Vallée du Bandama, Woroba, and Yamoussoukro regions. Widespread in the south. Users: 4,650,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Total users in all countries: 4,654,060. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Baoule, Baule, Baule-Ando, Bawolɛ, Bawule. Autonym: Wawle. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Northern.
Beng
[nhb] Lacs district: M’bahiakro subprefecture, northeast corner; Prikro subprefecture. 22 villages. Users: 17,000 (1993 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ben, Gan, Ngain, Ngan, Ngen. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Nwa-Ben, Ben-Gban.
Bété, Daloa
[bev] Sassandra-Marahoué district: Daloa subprefecture. Users: 130,000 (1993 SIL). All Bété varieties: 730,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Daloua Bété, Northern Bété. Autonym: “Bhɛtɩ Gbʋ. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Bete, Western.
Bété, Gagnoa
[btg] Bas-Sassandra district: some in north; Gôh-Djiboua district: Gagnoa subprefecture; Sassandra-Marahoué district: Sinfra subprefecture. Users: 150,000 (1989 SIL). All Bété varieties: 730,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Eastern Bété, Gagnoua-Bété, Shyen. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Bete, Eastern.
Bété, Guiberoua
[bet] Bas-Sassandra district: Soubre, Buyo, Gregbeu, and Ouaragahio subprefectures; Sassandra-Marahoué district: Daloua, Guiberoua, and Issia subprefectures; Gôh-Djiboua district. Users: 130,000 (1993 SIL). All Bété varieties: 730,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Central Bété, Western Bété, ʼbhɛtegbooʼmë. Autonym: ʼbhɛtɩgbʋʋ ʼmö. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Bete, Western.
Beti
[eot] Comoé district: Grand Bassam subprefecture, Vitre I and Vitre II villages. Users: 200 (Blench 1999b). Ethnic population: 3,180 (1988 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Eotile. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Western.
Birifor, Southern
[biv] Zanzan district: northeast corner. Users: 4,310 in Côte d’Ivoire (1993 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Birifo. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest, Dagaari-Birifor, Birifor.
Bisa
[bib] Users: 127,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Bissa.
Cerma
[cme] Savanes district: Ouangolodougou area, north of Ferkessedougou. 5 villages along main road to Banfora. Users: 1,700 in Côte d’Ivoire (1991). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Gouin, Guin, Gwe, Gwen, Kirma. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Kirma-Tyurama.
Daho-Doo
[das] Montagnes district: Tai area and south; Bas-Sassandra district: northwest. Doo are in 5 villages south of Guiglo. Users: 4,000 (1996 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Guere-Krahn.
Dan
[dnj] Montagnes district: Biankouma, Danané, and Man prefectures, Liberian border area west of Touba. 19 villages. Users: 1,300,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (2012 V. Vydrin). 650,000 in Eastern Dan, 650,000 in western Dan. Total users in all countries: 1,568,800. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Da, Dàn, Gio, Gio-Dan, Ya, Yacouba, Yakuba. Autonym: Dã̀ã̀. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Guro-Tura, Tura-Dan-Mano, Tura-Dan.
Deg
[mzw] Zanzan district. Users: 1,100 in Côte d’Ivoire (1991). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Aculo, Buro, Dɛg, Degha, Janela, Mmfo, Mo. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Western.
Dida, Lakota
[dic] Gôh-Djiboua district: Lakota town area and several small areas; Lagunes district: south of Lake Taabo. Users: 93,800 (1993 SIL). All Dida: 336,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Brabori, Dieko, Gabo, Satro, Ziki. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Dida.
Dida, Yocoboué
[gud] Gôh-Djiboua district: Guitry subprefecture, Guitry town area; Lagunes district: Tagbo Lagoon. Users: 102,000 (1993 SIL). 7,100 Guitry, 94,500 Divo. All Dida: 336,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dida de Yocoboué. Autonym: Dída. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Dida.
Ega
[ega] Gôh-Djiboua district: Diés canton, Borondoukou village near Gly. Users: 2,500 (2001 B. Connell). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Diés, Egwa. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Ega.
French
[fra] Users: 8,235,000 in Côte d’Ivoire, all users. L1 users: 45,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (2017). L2 users: 8,190,000 (Beck et al 2018). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (2000, Constitution, Article 29). Alternate Names: Français. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French.
Fulfulde, Maasina
[ffm] Savanes district: scattered. Users: 479,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Fulfulde, Maasinankoore. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, West Central.
Gban
[ggu] Gôh-Djiboua district: Oume subprefecture, also area south of Laouda. Users: 60,000 (2012 V. Vydrin). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gagou, Gagu, Kago, Sodua. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Nwa-Ben, Ben-Gban.
Glio-Oubi
[oub] Bas-Sassandra district: east bank of Cavally north of Tabou. Users: 2,500 in Côte d’Ivoire (1991). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Glio, Oubi, Ubi. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Grebo, Glio-Oubi.
Godié
[god] Bas-Sassandra district: Fresco and Sassandra subprefectures, Kotrohou canton; some in Gôh-Djiboua district. Users: 26,400 (1993 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: -gwödyéwale, Betɩgwʋʋ, Dadjriwalé, Godye. Autonym: -gwëjewälɩɩ’. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Bete, Western.
Goo
[gov] Montagnes district: Biankoma and Man departments, Deiné, Déoulé, Glagwin, Gouanlé, Mengouen, Mampleu, Sangoué, Zagoué, and Zeikpopleu villages. Users: 8,000 (2021 V. Vydrin). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Goh, Gụ̏ụ̏, Guse, Guu. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Guro-Tura, Tura-Dan-Mano, Tura-Dan.
Grebo, Southern
[grj] Bas-Sassandra district: near Liberia border. Users: 71,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Grebo, Liberian.
Guébie
[gie] Gôh-Djiboua district: Gnagbodougnoa subprefecture, Dodougnoa, Gnagbodougnoa, Gnamagnoa, and Gragbalilie villages. Users: 7,000 (2015 H. Sande). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Dida.
Guro
[goa] Mainly Sassandra-Marahoué and Gôh-Djiboua districts: Bouaflé, Gouitafla, Oumé, Sinfra, Vavoua, and Zuénoula subprefectures; smaller areas in Lacs, Vallée du Bandama, and Woroba districts. Users: 500,000 (2012 V. Vydrin). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Baba, Dalo, Dipa, Gouro, Ku, Kweni, Kwéndré, Lo. Autonym: Golo. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Guro-Tura, Guro-Yaoure.
Hausa
[hau] Abidjan. Users: 395,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Ethnic population: 1,000,000. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.1.
Jeri Kuo
[jek] Savanes district: Korhogo area, 3 enclaves. Users: 1,500 (1990 R. Kastenholz). Ethnic population: 20,000 (1990 R. Kastenholz). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Celle, Jeli Kuo. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Jogo-Jeri.
Jula
[dyu] Savanes and Zanzan districts; widespread in all major cities. Users: 8,500,000 in Côte d’Ivoire, all users. L1 users: 1,500,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (2012 V. Vydrin). L2 users: 7,000,000 (2012 V. Vydrin). Total users in all countries: 12,504,000 (as L1: 2,226,000; as L2: 10,278,000). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Widespread in all major cities. Alternate Names: Dioula, Diula, Djula, Dyoula, Dyula, Jula Kong, Kong Jula, Tagboussikan. Autonym: Julakan. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Northeastern Manding, Bamana.
Karaboro, Eastern
[xrb] Users: 5,610 in Côte d’Ivoire (2000). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Karaboro.
Khisa
[kqm] Zanzan district: north. Users: 5,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Vanderaa 1991). Total users in all countries: 8,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Khi Khipa, Komono, Kumwenu. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Gan-Dogose.
Kla-Dan
[lda] Montagnes district: Biankouma department, Zouzoupleu village; Woroba district: Touba department, 25 villages. Users: 25,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (2001 V. Vydrin). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kla. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Guro-Tura, Tura-Dan-Mano, Tura-Dan.
Kodia
[kwp] Bas-Sassandra district. Users: 840 (1993 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kwadia, Kwadya. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Kwadia.
Koro
[kfo] Woroba district: Mankono department, Tiéningboué subprefecture. Users: 58,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Koro Jula. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding, Maninka-Mori.
Kouya
[kyf] Sassandra-Marahoué district: Vavoua subprefecture, Kouya canton; small area west of Bonefla. 12 villages. Users: 10,100 (1993 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kowya, Kuya, Sokuya, Sokya. Autonym: Sɔkɔwɛlɩ. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Bete, Eastern.
Koyaga
[kga] Woroba district: Mankono department, 4 subprefectures west. Users: 84,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Koya, Koyaa, Koyaga Jula, Koyagakan, Koyaka, Koyara. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding, Maninka-Mori.
Krahn, Eastern
[kqo] Lacs, Sassandra-Marahoué, and Vallée du Bandama districts: Lake Kossou area; Montagnes district. Users: 10,600 in Côte d’Ivoire. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Konobo.
Krahn, Western
[krw] Montagnes district: Toulépleu subprefecture. Users: 12,200 in Côte d’Ivoire (1993 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Krahn, Northern Krahn. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Guere-Krahn.
Krobu
[kxb] Lagunes district: Agboville subprefecture. 4 villages. Users: 9,920 (1993 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Krobou. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Krobu.
Krumen, Plapo
[ktj] Bas-Sassandra district: between Bapo and Honpo dialects of Tepo Krumen [ted]. Users: 100 (2004). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Plapo. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Grebo, Ivorian.
Krumen, Pye
[pye] Bas-Sassandra district: Bereby, San Pedro, and Tai subprefectures. Users: 20,000 (1993 SIL). All Krumen: 48,300 (1993 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kroumen, Northeastern Krumen, Southeastern Krumen. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Grebo, Ivorian.
Krumen, Tepo
[ted] Bas-Sassandra district: Grabo and Tabou subprefectures. Users: 28,300 in Côte d’Ivoire (1993 SIL). All Krumen: 48,300 (1993 SIL). Total users in all countries: 33,910. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Krou tepo, Kroumen, Kroumen tépo, Kru, Krumen, Southern Krumen, Southwestern Kroumen, Tepo Krou. Autonym: -tepowin. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Grebo, Ivorian.
Kulango, Bondoukou
[kzc] Zanzan district: Bondoukou subprefecture. Users: 77,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (1993 SIL). All Kulango: 372,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Total users in all countries: 104,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bondoukou, Bonduku, Koulango, Kulange, Kulango, Nkuraeng, Nkurange. Autonym: Kolango. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Kulango.
Kulango, Bouna
[nku] Zanzan district: Nassian subprefecture. Users: 14,400 in Côte d’Ivoire (1998). All Kulango: 372,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Total users in all countries: 29,900. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Koulango, Kulange, Nkuraeng, Nkurange. Autonym: Bouna Kulango. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Kulango.
Ligbi
[lig] Zanzan district: Bouna department, Bineto village; Woroba district: Slil town near Boundoukou. Users: 4,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Vanderaa 1991). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Jogo-Jeri, Jogo.
Lobi
[lob] Zanzan district: north strip. Users: 270,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: ’Lobiire, Lobiri, Miwa. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Lobi.
Loma
[loi] Zanzan district: Kulango and Téén areas. Users: 8,010 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lomakka, Lomapo, Lomasse, Malinke. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Teen.
Mahou
[mxx] Denguélé district: south of Bako; Montagnes district: northeast; Woroba district: Touba department. Users: 300,000 (2012 V. Vydrin). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mahu, Maou, Mau, Mauka, Mauke, Mawu, Mawukakan. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding, Maninka-Mori.
Mbato
[gwa] Comoé district: Comoé river east bank; Lagunes district: Petit Alépé subprefecture. Users: 25,000 (1993 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Goaa, Gwa, M’bato, Mbatto, Mgbato, N-Batto, Nglwa, Ogwia, Potu. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Potou.
Mbre
[mka] Vallée du Bandama district: Marabadiassa area, Bondosso village. Users: 50 (Tiote 2017). Ethnic population: 700. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Bɛrɛ, Bere, Bre, Pɛrɛ, Pɛrɛpisjà, Pre, Pre Pisia. Classification: Niger-Congo, Unclassified.
Mòoré
[mos] Users: 1,360,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest.
Mwan
[moa] Woroba district: Kongasso and south Mankono subprefectures. Users: 20,000 (2012 V. Vydrin). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mona, Mouna, Muan, Muana, Mwa. Autonym: Mwan. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Nwa-Ben, Wan-Mwan.
Nafaanra
[nfr] Zanzan district: Transua department. Users: Few in Côte d’Ivoire. Status: 5* (Developing). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Nafaanra.
Neyo
[ney] Bas-Sassandra district: Sassandra subprefecture, Kébé and Neyo cantons, from Niégba west to Dagbégo east and Niabayo north. Users: 9,200 (1993 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gwibwen, Towi. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Dida.
Ngen
[gnj] Abidjan district; Lacs district: M’bahiakro subprefecture, Djonkrou and Mangofla villages. Users: 1,000 (2021 T. Korol). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gan, Ngɛn, Ngain, Ngan, Ngin, Nguin. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Nwa-Ben, Ben-Gban.
N’ko
[nqo] Scattered. Users: No known L1 speakers in Côte d’Ivoire. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Status: 9 (Second language only). Classification: Mixed language.
Nyabwa
[nwb] Bas-Sassandra district: northwest; Sassandra-Marahoué district: Vavoua subprefecture, Kouya canton; Buyo, Daloua, Issia, Vavoua (Nyedebwa), and Zoukougbeu (Nyabwa) subprefectures, 12 southwest villages; all in Lake Buyo area. Users: 72,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Niaboua, Nyaboa, Nyabobɔgo, Nyabwa-Nyédébwa, “Bété” (pej.). Autonym: Nyabobɔgʋ. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Nyabwa.
Nzema
[nzi] Comoé district: Aboisso department, Tiapoum subprefecture, southeast coast; Abidjan. Users: 113,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Appolo, Nzima. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, Southern.
Sénoufo, Cebaara
[sef] Denguélé and Woroba districts; Savanes district: Korhogo city area and west; Vallée du Bandama district: west of Bandama Blanc river. Users: 862,000 (1993 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Senadi, Senari, Syenere, Sénoufo-Sénanri, Tiebaara, Tyebala. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Senari.
Sénoufo, Djimini
[dyi] Lacs district: northwest of Kouandkro; Savanes district: Ferkessedougou department; Vallée du Bandama district: Dabakala department, northeast corner. Users: 95,500 (1993 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Djimini, Dyimini, Jinmini. Autonym: Jinmiire. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Tagwana-Djimini.
Sénoufo, Nyarafolo
[sev] Savanes district: northeast Ferkessédougou area; Vallée du Bandama district: some border areas north. Users: 60,000 (2009 L. Boese). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Niafolo, Niarafolo. Autonym: Nyaʔafolido. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Tagwana-Djimini.
Sénoufo, Palaka
[plr] Savanes district: east of Bandama Blanc river; Vallée du Bandama district: Sikolo area. Users: 8,000 (1995 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kpalaga, Kpalagha, Palaka, Palara, Pallakha, Pilara. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Kpalaga.
Sénoufo, Shempire
[seb] Savanes district: north of Tingréla. Users: 100,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (1996). Total users in all countries: 114,800. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Shenpire, Syempire. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Suppire-Mamara.
Sénoufo, Tagwana
[tgw] Savanes district: east of Korhogo city; Vallée du Bandama district: north central area; Woroba district: north of Lake Kossou. Users: 138,000 (1993 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tagbana, Tagouna, Tagwana. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Tagwana-Djimini.
Soninke
[snk] Major cities. Users: 185,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Soninke.
Spanish
[spa] Users: 302,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (2019), L2 users. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian.
Tchaman
[ebr] Urban Abidjan and Lagunes districts: Bingerville and Dabou subprefectures. 57 villages, with 27 in Abidjan. Users: 152,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Cama, Caman, Kyama, Tsama, Tyama, “Ebrié” (pej.). Autonym: Tyaman. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Nyo, Potou-Tano, Potou.
Téén
[lor] Zanzan district. Users: 6,100 in Côte d’Ivoire (1991). Total users in all countries: 8,100. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Loghon, Lorhon, Loron, Nabe, Tegesie, Touni, Tuni, Ténhé. Autonym: Téén. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Teen.
Tonjon
[tjn] Vallée du Bandama district. Users: No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Jogo-Jeri, Jogo.
Toura
[neb] Montagnes district: east Biankouma department, mountainous region east of Man to Touba main road, north of Man to Séguéla main road, north of Bafing river; Bafing and Sassandra rivers from north and east borders. Users: 67,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Tura, Ween. Autonym: Wɛɛn. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Guro-Tura, Tura-Dan-Mano, Tura-Dan.
Wan
[wan] Sassandra-Marahoué and Vallée du Bandama districts: Lake Bossou north shore; Woroba district: west Beoumi and Kounahiri subprefectures. Users: 22,000 (1993 UBS). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nwa. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Nwa-Ben, Wan-Mwan.
Wané
[hwa] Bas-Sassandra district: Kounoukou area on southwest coast. Users: 2,100 (1993 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Hwane, Ngwané. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Eastern, Bakwe.
Wè Northern
[wob] Montagnes district: Fakobly and Kouibly subprefectures. Users: 265,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ouobe, Wobé, Wèè, Wê. Autonym: Wɛɛ. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Wobe.
Wè Southern
[gxx] Bas-Sassandra district: Lake Buyo area; Montagnes district: Bangolo, Duékoué, Guiglo, and Tai subprefectures. Users: 422,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Central Guéré, Gere, Guéré, Wèè. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Guere-Krahn.
Wè Western
[wec] Montagnes district: Toulépleu subprefecture. Users: 25,200 (1998 SIL). 20,000 Kaoro (1995 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Gere, Guéré, Neyo. Autonym: Wèè. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Wee, Guere-Krahn.
Wojenaka
[jod] Denguélé district: Odienné department; Woroba district: Boundiali department. Users: 147,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Malinké, Odiennekakan, Odienné Jula. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding, Maninka-Mori.
Worodougou
[jud] Denguélé, Montagnes, and Sassandra-Marahoué districts; Woroba district: Mankono and Séguéla departments, Tiéningboué subprefecture. Users: 115,000 (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bakokan, Ouorodougou, Worodougou Jula, Worodougoukakan, Worodugu. Autonym: Wüödughukakan. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding, Maninka-Mori.
Yaouré
[yre] Sassandra-Marahoué district: Bouaflé department, Bouaflé subprefecture, Yaouré canton, bounded south by Red Bandama, east by White Bandama river, north by Lake Kossou, west by Bouaflé. Users: 40,000 (2012 V. Vydrin). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Yaure, Yohowré, Youré. Autonym: Yɔwlɛ. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Eastern, Southeastern, Guro-Tura, Guro-Yaoure.
Yoruba
[yor] Users: 115,000 in Côte d’Ivoire (Leclerc 2017c). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri.