China
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Achang
[acn] Yunnan province: Baoshan prefecture, Longling and Tengchong counties; Dali Bai autonomous prefecture, Yunlong county; Dehong Dai-Jingpo autonomous prefecture and Baoshan district, Liangge, Longchuan, Luxi, and Yingjiang counties, Myanmar border area. Users: 27,700 in China (1990 census). Ethnic population: 39,600 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 62,700. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Achang. Alternate Names: Acang, Ach’ang, Achung, Ahchan, Atsang, Lawng, Maingtha, Mönghsa, Ngac’ang, Ngacang, Ngatsang, Ngo Chang, Ngochang, Xiandao. Autonym: Ngachang. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern.
Ache
[yif] Yunnan province: Eshan, Lufeng, Shuangbai, and Yimen counties. Users: 35,000 (2003). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Azhe. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Ai-Cham
[aih] Guizhou province: Qiannan Buyi-Miao autonomous prefecture, Libo county, Boyao and Di’e townships. 13 villages. Users: 3,000 (2000 CASS). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Bouyei. Alternate Names: Atsam, Jiamu, Jiamuhua, Jin, Jinhua. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui.
Ainu
[aib] Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Hetian, Luopu, Moyu, Shache, Shulekuche, and Yingjisha counties; Yengixar (Shule) town, Hanalik and Paynap villages in Kashgar area, and Gewoz village near Hoban. Users: 12,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Uygur. Alternate Names: Aini, Aynu, Ejnu, Eynu, Šäyxil, “Abdal” (pej.). Classification: Turkic, Eastern.
Akeu
[aeu] Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna prefecture, most villages in Jinhong county, some in Mengla county. Users: 10,000 in China (2004 E. Johnson). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2008 T. Kosonen). Total users in all countries: 12,400. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. Alternate Names: Ake, Aki, Akui, Gokhu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern.
Akha
[ahk] Yunnan province: Simao and Xishuangbanna prefectures. Users: 240,000 in China (Bradley 2007b), increasing. Ethnic population: 240,000 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 616,600. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. Alternate Names: Ahka, Aini, Ak’a, Aka, Ikor, Yani, “Ekaw” (pej.), “Ikaw” (pej.), “Kaw” (pej.), “Kha Ko” (pej.), “Khako” (pej.), “Khao Kha Ko” (pej.), “Ko” (pej.). Autonym: A˯ka˯daw˯ (Avkavdawv). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern.
Alugu
[aub] Yunnan province: Gejiu county, Manhao township; Yuanyang county, Fengchunling township across Honghe river. Users: 3,500 (Pelkey 2011), increasing. Ethnic population: 3,500. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Muji, Phula. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Aluo
[yna] Sichuan province: Huili and Miyi counties; Yunnan province: Luquan, north Wuding, and Yuanmou counties. Users: 25,000 (2007 J. Pelkey). Ethnic population: 40,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Gan Yi, Laka, Lila, Niluo, Yala. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern.
Anong
[nun] Yunnan province: Nujian Lisu autonomous prefecture, central Fugong county, Shangpa town, Mugujia village cluster; Thanlwin (Salween) (Nu) river area. Users: 50 in China (Bradley 2007a). One-third of ethnic group are speakers and another one-third have passive knowledge (Bradley 2007a). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,300 (Bradley 2007a). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Nu. Alternate Names: Anoong, Anu, Anung, Fuch’ye, Fugong Nu, Khanung, Khupang, Kwingsang, Kwinp’ang, Lu, Lutze, Lutzu, Nu, Nung. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Nungish.
A’ou
[aou] Guizhou province: Dafang county, Jindi village; Qianxi county, Lannigou, Shawo, and Xintian villages; Zhijin county, Longjia village. Users: 50 (2011 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao. Alternate Names: Auo, Awou. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra.
Awa
[vwa] Yunnan province: Simao prefecture: Lahu and Va, Lancang Lahu, Menglian Dai, and Ximeng Va autonomous counties. Users: 98,000 (Zhou Zhizhi et al 2004). Masan Dialect: 33,000 in Ximeng County; Xiyun Dialect: 2,200 in Lancang and Menglian counties; Dawangnuo Dialect: 30,000 in Menglian and Ximeng counties; Awalei Dialect: 2,200 in Ximeng County; Awa proper: 30,600 In Lancan County. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Wa. Alternate Names: Ava, Awa Wa, Va. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Wa.
Awu
[yiu] Yunnan province: north Honghe prefecture, Luxi and Mile counties; south Qujing prefecture, Luoping and Shizong counties. Users: 20,000 (2002). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Luowu, Luwu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern.
Axi
[yix] Yunnan province: Luxi and Mile counties; Shilin county, 1 village. Users: 120,000 (2022), decreasing. Elderly and women over 35 are monolingual. Ethnic population: 170,000 (2008). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Ahi, Axibo, Axipo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Ayizi
[yyz] Yunnan province: Shilin county, Beidacun district, Aimalong village; some Banqiao and Beidacun districts’ villages. Users: 50 (2007 J. Pelkey), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern.
Azha
[aza] Yunnan province: Wenshan and Yanshan counties’ border. Users: 53,000 (2007 J. Pelkey). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: A’ndze, A’ntsaozo, Aji, Ajiwa, Azan, Black Phula, Cowtail Phula, Golden Phula, Han Phula, Hei Phula, Hua Phula, Hua Yi, Jin Phula, Nimitso, Niuweiba Phula, Phula, Phuphje, Shaoji Phula, Sifter Basket Phula. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Azhe
[yiz] Yunnan province: Huaning county, Panxi district; northeast Jianshui county, 1 village; north Kaiyuan county, Lebaidao district, Jiedian community; Mazheshao district, Chongzi community; Xiaolongtan district, Xiaolongtan community; Mile county: Jiangbian, Wushan, and Xun Jian districts. Users: 54,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 60,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Bai, Central
[bca] Guizhou province: small enclave; Yunnan province: Eryuan, Heqing, Jianchuan, Lanping, and Yunlong. Users: 800,000 (2003 census). Ethnic population: 1,930,000 (2010 census). Includes Lama Bai [lay], Panyi Bai [bfc], and Southern Bai [bfs] languages. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Bai. Alternate Names: Báiyǔ, Labbu, Minchia, Minjia, Minkia, Nama, Pai, Yunnan Bai. Autonym: 白语 (Baip‧ngvp‧zix). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Bai.
Bai, Lama
[lay] Yunnan province: Diqing Tibetan autonomous prefecture; Nujiang Lisu autonomous prefecture, Lanping Bai Pumi autonomous county, Hexi district, Lajing township; mountain area of Lancang river. Users: 80,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Bai. Alternate Names: Lama, Lan-Bi Bai, Lanping, Nama, Northern Bai. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Bai.
Bai, Panyi
[bfc] Yunnan province: Nujiang prefecture, Lushui county, Luobenzhuo Bai autonomous district, Chenggan, Gudeng, and Shangjiang districts, Liuku and Pianma townships; Baoshan municipality, Mangkuan township; Pu’er municipality. Users: 35,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Bai. Alternate Names: Bijiang Bai, Lan-Bi Bai, Leme, Lemei, Lemo, Lushui, Northern Bai, Panyi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Bai.
Bai, Southern
[bfs] Yunnan province: Dali Bai autonomous prefecture, Xiangyun. Users: 680,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Bai. Autonym: 白语 (Baip‧ngvp‧zix). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Bai.
Baima
[bqh] Gansu province: Wenxian county; Sichuan province: Jiuzhaigou, Pingwu, and Songpan counties. Users: 10,000 (Bradley 2007a). Older adults and a few middle aged are monolingual. Ethnic population: 14,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Bai Ma, Pe, To Pu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Baima.
Biao
[byk] Guangdong province: Fengkai county, Chang’an, Jinzhuang, and Qixing districts, several villages; southwest Huaiji county, Dagang, Liangcun, Qiaotou, Shidong, and Yonggu districts. Users: 80,000 (Liang and Zhang 2002). 10,000 monolinguals. Women and small children are monolingual. Ethnic population: 120,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Gang Bau, Kang Bau, Kang Beu, Kang Pau, Kangpau. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui.
Biao Mon
[bmt] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Gongcheng, Lipu, Mengshan, Pingle, and Zhaoping counties. Users: 20,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. Alternate Names: Biao Mien, Biao-Mian, Biaoman, Byaumon, Changping, Min Yao, Sida Min Yao. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin.
Biao-Jiao Mien
[bje] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Gongcheng Yao, Guanyang, and Quanzhou autonomous counties; Hunan province: Daoxian and Shuangpai counties. Users: 43,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Biaomin (Dongshan) has a much larger speaker population (approximately 35,700) than Jiaogong (Shikou; approximately 10,900). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. Alternate Names: Ao Biao, Biao Chao, Biao-Jiao, Biaomin, Byau Min, Dongshan Biao Min. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Biao-Jiao.
Biyo
[byo] Yunnan province: southeast Simao prefecture, Jiangcheng, Jingdong, Mojiang, and Zhenyuan counties. Users: 120,000 (Bradley 1997). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. Alternate Names: Bio, Biyue, Piyo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern.
Blang
[blr] Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Jinghong county, Damengnong district; Menghai county, Bada, Bulangshan, Daluo, and Xiding districts. Users: 42,000 in China (2000 census). Ethnic population: 120,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 55,200. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Blang. Alternate Names: Bulang, Bulang Yu, K’ala, Kawa, Kontoi, Plang, Pula, Pulang. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Bulang.
Bokha
[ybk] Yunnan province: Hekou county, Lianhuatan township; Jinping county, Mengqiao and Ma’andi townships; Pingbian county, Dishuiceng township. Users: 10,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 12,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Akapa, Aphu, Black Muji, Bokho, Flowery Phula, Hei Muji, Hua Phula, Lao Phula, Pao Tle. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Bolyu
[ply] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: borders of Guizhou and Yunnan provinces, Longlin and Xilin counties, in 2 groups; possibly in Yunnan. Users: 500 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 1,770 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao. Alternate Names: Baliu, Buliu, Lai, Lai Yu, Lailai, Paliu, Palju, Palyu, Polyu. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Palyu.
Bonan
[peh] Gansu province: Linxia Hui autonomous prefecture, Jishishan Bao’an-Dongxiang-Sala autonomous county; Qinghai province: Tongren county. Users: 10,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). 6,000 Jishishan, 4,000 Tongren (Shearer and Sun 2017). Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 20,100 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Baoan. Alternate Names: Bao’an, Baonan, Boan, Manikacha, Paoan, Paonang. Classification: Mongolic, Eastern, Mongour.
Bouyei
[pcc] Guizhou province: Buyi-Miao and Miao-Dong autonomous prefectures, Guanling and Zhenning counties on Guizhou-Yunnan plateau; Sichuan province: Huidong and Ningnan counties; Yunnan province: Luoping county. Users: 2,970,000 in China (Shearer and Sun 2017). Total users in all countries: 3,043,740. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Bouyei. Alternate Names: Bo-I, Bui, Buyei, Buyi, Buyui, Chung-Chia, Dioi, Giay, Pu-I, Pu-Jui, Pui, Pujai, Puyi, Puyoi, Shuihu, Tujia, Yay, Zhongjia. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern.
Bugan
[bbh] Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang and Miao autonomous prefecture, Guangnan and Xichou counties, Guangnan Nasa township, Laowalong, Nala, Xinwalong, and Xinpingzhai villages; Guangnan county, Zhuanjiao district, Jiuping and Shibeipo villages; Yanshan county, Jijie district, Manlong and 6 other villages. Users: 2,700 (Yunbin 2005). Ethnic population: 2,700 (2005). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Ben’gan Yu, Bengan, Bogan, Bugeng, Hualo, Hualuo, Huazu, Pakan, Pukan, Pukeng, Puqeng. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Palyu.
Bumang
[bvp] Yunnan province: Honghe and Yi autonomous prefectures, Jinping Miao-Yao-Dai autonomous county, Mengla district, Manzhang-Shangzhai and Mangzhang-Xiazhai villages. Users: 200 (Jie 2007). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. Alternate Names: Manzhang Dai. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Bit-Khang.
Bunu, Bu-Nao
[bwx] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: 22 counties, Bama, Bose, Dahua, Debao, Donglan, Du’an, Fengshan, Hechi, Laibin, Leye, Lingyun, Long’an, Luocheng, Mashan, Nandan, Pingguo, Shanglin, Tiandeng, Tiandong, Tianlin, Tianyang, and Xincheng; Guizhou province: Libo county; Hunan province: near Guangxi border; Yunnan province: Funing county. Users: 400,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). 97,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 439,000 (1982 census). 100,000 ethnic Bunu speak Central Hongshuihe Zhuang [zch] as L1. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. Alternate Names: Bu-Nao Bunu, Bunao, Bunu, Po-Nau, Pu Nu, Punu. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Bunu.
Bunu, Jiongnai
[pnu] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Jinxiu Yao autonomous county. Users: 1,080 (1999 Mao Zongwu). 270 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,500 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. Alternate Names: Bunu, Hualan Yao, Jiongnai, Jiongnaihua, Kiong Nai, Kjong Nai, Punu, Qiungnai. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Bunu.
Bunu, Wunai
[bwn] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: small area; Hunan province: Chengbu, Chenxi, Dongkou, Longhui, Tongdao, Xinning, and Xupu counties. Users: 20,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. Alternate Names: Hm Nai, Ngnai, Punu, Wunai. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Bunu.
Bunu, Younuo
[buh] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Longsheng and Xing’an counties. Users: 4,600 (Shearer and Sun 2017), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. Alternate Names: Pu No, Punu, Younuo, Yuno, Yunuo. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Bunu.
Buriat, China
[bxu] Nei Mongol Autonomous Region: Hulun-Buyr district, near Mongolia and Russia (Siberia) borders. Users: 80,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Mongolian. Alternate Names: Ba’erhu-Buliyate, Bargu Buriat, Buriat-Mongolian, Buryat, Northeastern Mongolian, Northern Mongolian. Classification: Mongolic, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Khalkha-Buriat, Buriat.
Buxinhua
[bgk] Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Mengla county. Users: 200 in China (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Boxing, Buxin, Buxing, Buxing Khmu, Kha Bet, Khabit, Pasing, Phsin, Phsing, Pu Sing. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Bit-Khang.
Buyang, Baha
[yha] Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang-Miao autonomous prefecture, northern Guangnan county, Bada district, Anshe village; Dixu district, Yanglian village. Users: 600 (Li 1997), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Baha, Buyang, Buyang Zhuang, Guangnan Buyang, Paha, Western Buyang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Central Kra.
Buyang, E’ma
[yzg] Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang-Miao autonomous prefecture, Funing county, Gula township, 6 villages: Dugan, E’cun, Longna, Maguan, Nada, and Zhelong. Users: 600 (Li 1997). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Buozaang, Buyang Zhuang, Eastern Buyang, Funing Buyang, Langjia Buyang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Eastern Kra.
Buyang, Langnian
[yln] Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang-Miao autonomous prefecture, Funing county, Gula district, Gutao community, Nianlang village; Longse community, Langjia village. Users: 300 (Li 1997), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Buyang Zhuang, E’cun Buyang, Eastern Buyang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Eastern Kra.
Cao Miao
[cov] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Sanjiang Dong autonomous county, South Dong area small villages; Guizhou province: Liping county; Hunan province: Tongdao Dong autonomous county. Users: 63,600 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Grass Miao, Mjiuniang, Sanjiang Miao. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui.
Chadong
[cdy] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Lingui county, Guilin muncipality; Chadong district (most villages), Liangjiang township; Yongfu county, Longjiang district. Users: 20,000 (Li 2006). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. Alternate Names: Cha Dong, Chadonghua, Chadongyu. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui.
Chesu
[ych] Yunnan province: areas in Eshan, Shuangbai, and Xinping counties. Users: 3,300 (2007 J. Pelkey), decreasing. Ethnic population: 6,600 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern.
Chinese
[zho] A macrolanguage. Population total all languages (L1 only): 1,325,248,410. Includes: Gan Chinese [gan], Hakka Chinese [hak], Huizhou Chinese [czh], Jinyu Chinese [cjy], Mandarin Chinese [cmn], Min Bei Chinese [mnp], Min Dong Chinese [cdo], Min Nan Chinese [nan], Min Zhong Chinese [czo], Northern Pinghua [cnp], Pu-Xian Chinese [cpx], Southern Pinghua [csp], Wu Chinese [wuu], Xiang Chinese [hsn], Yue Chinese [yue].
Chinese Sign Language
[csl] Scattered. Users: 4,200,000 (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL), increasing. Estimated 2,800,000–5,600,000 signing deaf in all signing varieties, assuming 0.2%–0.4% of the general population. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Zhongguo Shouyu. Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language.
Chinese, Gan
[gan] Hubei and Jiangxi provinces: including parts of Anhui, Chongyang, Dachi, Jiahu, and Xianning; Fujian and Hunan provinces. Jing’an, Nanchang city, and Xiuhui (Chang-Jing); Hunan (Liuyang); Yichun (Ichun), Jiangxi (Yi-Liu). Users: 22,200,000 (2018). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Jiangxi, Jiangxinese, Kan, Xi. Autonym: Jiangxi hua. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Hakka
[hak] Guangdong province: greatest concentrations east and northeast; Fujian, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, south Jiangxi, and Sichuan provinces: west and southwest. Widespread with other dialects. Users: 36,600,000 in China (2019). Total users in all countries: 44,065,190 (as L1: 43,817,190; as L2: 248,000). Status: 4 (Educational). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Hokka, Ke, Kechia, Kejia, Kejiahua, Majiahua, Tu Guangdonghua, Xinminhua. Autonym: 客家話 (Hakkafa). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Huizhou
[czh] Anhui province: Dongzhi, Jingde, Jixi, Ningguo, Qimen, She (Xi), Tunxi, Xiuning, and Yi, counties, Huizhou region; Jiangxi province: Dexing, Fuliang, and Wuyuan counties; Zhejiang province: Chun’an county, Jiande municipality. Users: 5,380,000 (2019). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Anhui, Hui, Hui dialect, Huizhou. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Jinyu
[cjy] Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, Shaanxi, and Shanxi provinces; some in Beijing, Gansu, west Hebei, and Henan provinces. Users: 47,100,000 (2018). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Jin Chinese, Jinese, Jinhua, Jinyu. Autonym: 晋语 (Jin). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Mandarin
[cmn] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: northwest; Guizhou province; Hubei province: except southeast corner; Hunan province: northwest; Sichuan and Yunnan provinces. Widespread north of Changjiang river, from Jiujiang (Jiangxi) to Zhenjiang (Jiangsu). Users: 1,085,000,000 in China, all users. L1 users: 907,000,000 in China (2018), increasing. 70% of Chinese language users speak a Mandarin dialect as L1. L2 users: 178,000,000. Total users in all countries: 1,118,584,040 (as L1: 919,856,040; as L2: 198,728,000). Status: 1 (National). De facto national language. Alternate Names: Beifang Fangyan, Beijinghua, Mandarin, Northern Chinese, Standard Chinese, Zhongguohua. Autonym: 普通话 (Putonghua). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Min Bei
[mnp] Fujian province: 7 counties around Jian’ou; some in Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces. Users: 11,100,000 in China (2018). Total users in all countries: 11,520,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Min Pei, Northern Fujian, Northern Min. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Min Dong
[cdo] Fujian province: Fu’an northeast to Fuzhou; Zhejiang province: border area near Luoyang. Users: 10,500,000 in China (2019). Total users in all countries: 10,818,820. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Eastern Fujian, Eastern Min. Autonym: 平話 (Bangua), 闽东话 (Mindongyu). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Min Nan
[nan] Fujian province: Xiamen; Hainan (Hainan dialect); Guangdong province: Chaozhou-Shantou far east corner (Chao-Shan dialect), Leizhou peninsula (Leizhou dialect), Shaxi and Zhongshan city south of Guangzhou (Longdu dialect island); Zhejiang province: Pingyang and Cangnan area, and Zhoushan archipelago (Zhedongnan dialect). Users: 27,700,000 in China (2018). Total users in all countries: 49,674,990 (as L1: 49,287,990; as L2: 387,000). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Banlamgi, Banlamgu, Banlamue, Minnan, Southern Fujian, Southern Min. Autonym: 闽南语 (Minnanyu). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Min Zhong
[czo] Fujian province: Sha county, Sanming and Yong’an municipalities. Users: 3,620,000 (2019). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Central Fujian, Central Min, Minzhonghua. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Pu-Xian
[cpx] Fujian province: Putian and Xianyou counties. Users: 3,140,000 in China (2019). Total users in all countries: 3,191,700. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Heng, Henghua, Hing, Hinghua, Hsien, Hsienyu, Hsing, Hsinghua, Putian, Putten, Xianyou, Xing, Xinghua. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Wu
[wuu] Anhui province; Fujian province: Pucheng; Jiangsu province: Chongming Island, Haimen, Qidong, and Qingjiang at mouth of and north of the Changjiang in Nantong area; Jiangxi province: Shangrao area; Shanghai municipality; Zhejiang province. Users: 81,700,000 in China (2018). Total users in all countries: 81,817,790 (as L1: 81,754,390; as L2: 63,400). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Ghou Nyu, Goetian, Jiāngdōng Huà, Jiangnan, Jiangsu-Zhejiang, Jiangzhe, Wu, Wu Gniu, Wuyue, Wúyuèyǔ. Autonym: Wu Nyu, 江南话 (Jiāngnánhuà), 江浙話 (Jiangsu-Zhejiang hua). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Xiang
[hsn] Hunan province: over 20 counties; parts of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Guizhou and Hubei provinces. Users: 37,400,000 (2018). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Hsiang, Hunan, Hunanese. Autonym: 湘语 (Xiang). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Yue
[yue] Guangdong province: most except Hakka-speaking areas northeast, and Min Nan-speaking areas east; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: east; Hainan and Hunan provinces. Users: 73,300,000 in China (2019). Total users in all countries: 85,576,570 (as L1: 85,174,570; as L2: 402,000). Status: 2 (Provincial). De facto provincial language in Guangdong Province. Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Cantonese, Guangdong, Gwong Dung, Yue, Yueh, Yuet, Yuet Yue, Yueyu, Yuht Yúh. Autonym: 粵語 (Yueyu). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Choni
[cda] Gansu province: east Gannan prefecture, Diebu, Lintan, Zhouqu, and Zhuoni counties; Sichuan province: north. Users: 154,000 (2004). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Chona, Chone, Cone, Jone, Zhuoni. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish.
Cun
[cuq] Hainan province: Changjiang county on Changhua river north bank, north Dongfang county on south bank of Changhua river. Users: 80,000 (1999 O. Jueya). 47,200 monolinguals. Mainly children, elders, and some women. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Cun-Hua, Cunhua, Ngao Fon. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Eastern Kra.
Darang Deng
[mhu] Xizang Autonomous Region: Chayu (Zayü) county along Dulai river valley, Gayao, Qu’antong, and Xiazayu townships, Nyingchi prefecture. Users: 850 in China (1999 Sun Hong Kai). 750 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Darang, Darang Dengyu, Digaro, Digaro-Mishmi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Digarish.
Daur
[dta] Heilongjiang province: Nenjiang prefecture, Fuyu and Nehe counties; Nei Mongol Autonomous Region: Hulun Buir league, Hailar prefecture, Morin Dawa (Molidawa) Daur autonomous banner, Oroqen autonomous banner and Ewenki autonomous banner; Qiqihar prefecture, Qiqihar city; northwest Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Tacheng prefecture (Ili dialect). Users: 96,100 in China (1999 D. Ying), decreasing. 35,000 Buteha dialect, 35,000 Qiqiha’er dialect, 15,500 Haila’er dialect, 4500 Ili dialect. 24,300 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 132,000 (2010 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Daur. Alternate Names: Daguor, Dagur, Dawar, Dawo’er, Tahuerh, Tahur. Classification: Mongolic, Eastern, Dagur.
Dong, Northern
[doc] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: 20 contiguous counties; Guizhou province: Yuping autonomous county; conjunction of west Hunan province and north Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Users: 463,000 in China (2003). Ethnic population: 2,880,000 (2010 census). Includes Southern Dong [kmc]. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Dong. Alternate Names: Gam, Kam, Tong, Tung, Tung-Chia. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui.
Dong, Southern
[kmc] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: 20 contiguous counties; Guizhou province: Yuping autonomous county; conjunction of west Hunan province and north Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Users: 1,000,000. Ethnic population: 2,880,000 (2010 census), including Northern Dong [doc]. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Dong. Alternate Names: Gam, Kam, Tong, Tung, Tung-Chia. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui.
Dongxiang
[sce] Gansu province: Linxia Hui autonomous prefecture, 7 counties and a city; Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Ili Kazak autonomous prefecture, Huocheng and Yining counties. Users: 200,000 (Bradley 2007a). Half in Suonanba dialect. 80,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 622,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Dongxiang. Alternate Names: Tung, Tunghsiang. Autonym: Santa. Classification: Mongolic, Eastern, Mongour.
Drung
[duu] Yunnan province: Gongshan Dulong-Nu autonomous county (Dulong River dialect (5,500)); Xizang Autonomous Region: Gongshan Dulong-Nu autonomous county west to Chayu (Zayü) county; Gongshang county, Bingzhongluo; Tibet: Chayu county, Chawalong district (Nu River dialect (8,500). Users: 14,000 in China (2000 census). 8,500 in Nu River dialect, 5,500 in Dulong River dialect. Total population all countries: 14,000. 13,300 monolinguals (2000). Total users in all countries: 14,225. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Dulong. Alternate Names: Dulong, Kiao, Kiu, Kiupa, Kiutze, Qiu, Qiuzi, Taron, Trung, Tvrung. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Nungish.
Duoluo
[giw] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Longlin county, Muji village; Guizhou province: Guanling county, Dingyinxiao village; Langdai county, Ruojiao and Zhuijiao villages; Zhijin county, Agong village; Zunyi county, Jianshan village; Yunnan province: Malipo (Tu’lu dialect). Users: 1,200 in China (1987 Z. Guo-qiao). Total users in all countries: 1,220. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao. Alternate Names: Bai Gelo, White Gelao. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra.
Dzao Min
[bpn] Guangdong province: Liannan and Yangshan counties; Hunan province: Yizhang county. Users: 60,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. Alternate Names: Ba Pai Yao, Yao Min, Yau Min, Zaomin, dzau min. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Zaomin.
E
[eee] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Rongshui Hmong autonomous county, Yongle district, Simo, Xiatan, Xinglong (Xingyou) and other villages; Luocheng Mulam autonomous county border areas. Users: 7,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Ai Hua, E Hwen, E Xwen, Ea, Eahua, Ei, Kjang E, “Wuse Hua” (pej.), “Wusehua” (pej.). Classification: Mixed language.
English
[eng] Users: 15,620,000 in China, all users. L1 users: 120,000 in China (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. L2 users: 15,500,000 (Wei and Su 2012). Status: 4 (Educational). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English.
Enu
[enu] Yunnan province: Honghe prefecture, Luchun county; Jiangcheng county, Jiahe and Qushui townships; Mojiang county, Baliu, Sinanjiang, and Yayi townships, Simao municipality. Users: 30,000 (Dai and Duan 1995). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. Alternate Names: Ximoluo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern.
Ersu
[ers] Sichuan province: Ganzi Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Jiulong county; Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture, Ganluo, Mianning, Muli and Yuexi counties; Ya’an prefecture, Hanyuan and Shimian counties; all on lower Dadu river dispersed among Chinese, Tibetan, and Yi peoples. Users: 20,000 (Shearer and Sun 2002), decreasing. Eastern Ersu (Ersu) 13,000, Central Ersu (Duoxu) 10 or less, Western Ersu (Lizu) 4,000. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Bu’erci, Bu’erzi, Bu’erzi Ersu, Doxu, Duoxu, Erhsu, Lizu, Lusu, T’osu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Ersuish.
Evenki
[evn] Heilongjiang province: Nale prefecture; a few in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region; Nei Mongol Autonomous Region: Hulunbuir banners in Arong, Chen Bargu, Ergune East, Ewenki, Huisuomu, Moriadawa, Oronchon. Users: 11,000 in China (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 30,900 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 15,800. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Ewenki. Alternate Names: Ewenk, Ewenke, Ewenki, Khamnigan, Owenke, Solon, Solong, Sulong, Suolun. Classification: Tungusic, Northern, Evenki.
Ge
[hmj] Guizhou province: Huangping county, Chong’an township; Longchang township, Kaili municipality. Users: 60,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Chonganjiang Miao, Ge Jia, Ge-Mong, Gedang, Gedong, Gedou, Gedou Miao, Gedoudiu, Gedu, Gejia, Gho-mhon, Keh Deo. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Gelao, Red
[gir] Yunnan province: Wenshan prefecture, Malipo county, Tianba and Xinzhai villages; Guizhou province: Puding and Zhenning counties, Guizhou Zunyi, Bigong and Maocaozhai villages. Users: A few speakers. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra.
Geman Deng
[mxj] Southeast Xizang Autonomous Region: Nyingchi prefecture, Chayu (Zayü) county, townships on lower Chayu (Zayü) river in small villages. Users: 200 in China (1999 Sun Hong Kai), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kaman, Keman, Miji, Miju, Mishmi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Mijish.
Gepo
[ygp] Yunnan province: Dongchuan, Fumin, Huize, Luoping, Luquan, Luxi, Malong, Mile, Shilin, Shizong, Songming, and Xundian counties. Users: 100,000 (2007), decreasing. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Baiyi, Gepu, Guo, Gupu, Guzu, Jiantouyi, Kopu, Köpu, Nasu, Pingtouyi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern.
Groma
[gro] Xizang Autonomous Region: Chambi Valley, between Bhutan and Sikkim. Users: 12,800 in China (1993). Total users in all countries: 26,800. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Gromo, Tromawa, Tromowa. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, Southern.
Guiqiong
[gqi] Sichuan Province: Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan autonomous prefecture, 4 townships: Maibeng, Qianqi, Shelian West, Shiji; also Guza town; north Dadu river plateaus. Users: 6,000 (2000 Sun Hong Kai). 1,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,000 (2000 D. Bradley). About 1,000 ethnic Guiqiong reportedly understand Guiqiong, but do not speak it. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Guichong, Guiqiang, Yutong. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic.
Hagei
[giq] Guangxi province: Longlin county, Sanchong village; Guizhou province: Guanling county, Dingying village; Qinglong county, Liangshuiyang; Qingzhen county, Maixiang village; Renhuai county, Anliang and Taiyang villages; Zhenning county, Huajiangzhen and Ma’ao villages; Zunyi county, Qinglong village. Users: Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao. Alternate Names: Hagei Gelao, Hakei. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra.
Hani
[hni] Yunnan province: Jingdong and Jinggu counties, Lancang (Mekong) and Yuanjiang river basins, Ailao mountains. Users: 740,000 in China (Bradley 2007b). 444,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,660,000 (2010 census). Includes Akeu [aeu], Akha [ahk], Biyo [byo], Chadong [cdy], Enu [enu], Honi [how], Kaduo [ktp], Muda [ymd], and Sangkong [sgk] languages. Total users in all countries: 766,240. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. Alternate Names: Hanhi, Hani Proper, Haw. Autonym: Ha Nhi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern.
Hlai
[lic] Hainan province: Baisha, Chengmai, Danxiang, Tunchang, and Wanning. Users: 667,000 (1999 O. Jueya). 160,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,460,000 (2010 census). Includes Jiamao [jio] speakers. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Li. Alternate Names: Bli, Dai, Day, Dli, Klai, La, Lai, Le, Li, Loi, Slai. Classification: Kra-Dai, Hlai.
Hlersu
[hle] Yunnan province: Eshan county, 6 villages; Shiping county, 5 villages; Shuangbai and Zhenyuan counties, scattered mountaintop locations; Xinping county, 40 villages; Yuanjiang county, 38 villages. Users: 15,000 (2007), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Lesu, Sansu, Shansu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Hmong
[hmn] A macrolanguage. Population total all languages (L1 only): 7,973,150. Includes: Central Huishui Miao [hmc], Central Mashan Miao [hmm], Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao [cqd], Eastern Huishui Miao [hme], Eastern Qiandong Miao [hmq], Eastern Xiangxi Miao [muq], Ge [hmj], Hmong Daw [mww], Hmong Njua [hnj] (Laos), Horned Miao [hrm], Large Flowery Miao [hmd], Luopohe Miao [hml], Northern Guiyang Miao [huj], Northern Huishui Miao [hmi], Northern Mashan Miao [hmp], Northern Qiandong Miao [hea], Sinicized Miao [hmz], Small Flowery Miao [sfm], Southern Guiyang Miao [hmy], Southern Mashan Miao [hma], Southern Qiandong Miao [hms], Southwestern Guiyang Miao [hmg], Southwestern Huishui Miao [hmh], Western Mashan Miao [hmw], Western Xiangxi Miao [mmr].
Hmong Daw
[mww] Guangxi province: northwest; Guizhou province: south and southwest; Yunnan province: southeast and southwest. Users: 233,000 in China (2004). Ethnic population: All Hmong in China: 8,950,000 (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 2,020,400. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Bai Miao, Banded Arm Hmong, Forest Miao, Hmong Dao, Hmong Dleu, Hmong Qua Mpa, Hmong Rongd, Meo Do, Meo Kao, Mong Do, Mong Trang, Pe Miao, Peh Miao, Striped Arm Hmong, Striped Hmong, White Hmong, White Lum, White Meo, White Miao. Autonym: Hmongb Dleub. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Hmong Njua
[hnj] Guangxi province: far west; Guizhou province: southwest; Sichuan province: south; Yunnan province: Maguan and Malipo counties, scattered areas west. Users: 40,000 in China (Hattaway 2003). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Blue Hmong, Blue Meo, Ching Miao, Green Hmong, Green Meo, Hmong Leng, Hmong Nzhua, Hmoob Leeg, Lu Miao, Meo Dam, Meo Lai, Mong Leng, Mong Ntsua, Qing Miao, Tak Miao. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Honi
[how] Yunnan province: Simao prefecture, Dai, Mojiang Hani, Pu’er Hani, and Yi autonomous counties; Yuxi prefecture: Dai, Yi, and Yuanjiang Hani autonomous counties. Users: 140,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. Alternate Names: Baihong, Hao-Bai, Haoni, Ho, Ouni, Uni, Woni. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern.
Horpa
[ero] Sichuan province: Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Danba (Rong-brag), Daofu (rTau, sTau, Dawu), Luhuo, Xinlong (Brag-’go), and Xinlong (Nyagrong) counties. Users: 45,000 (Shearer and Sun 2002). sTau: 23,000, Geshitsa: 21,000, Nyagrong-Minyak: 1,000. 15,000 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Bawang, Bopa, Danba, Daofu, Daofuhua, Dawu, Ergong, Geshitsa, Geshiza, Geshizahua, Hor, Huo’er, Hórsók, Nyagrong-Minyag, Pawang, Rgu, Western Gyarong, Western Jiarong, Xinlong-Muya, rTau, sTau. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, rGyalrongic.
Hu
[huo] Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Jinghong and Mengla counties, 5 villages, including Nahuopa village in Mengyang township. Users: 1,000 (Li 2006). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Angku, Āng-kú. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic.
Ili Turki
[ili] Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Ili Kazak autonomous prefecture, Gongliu, Nilka, Tekes, Xinyuan, Zhaosu, and other counties, Ili valley near Kuldja. Users: 120 in China (1980 R. Hahn), decreasing. The language of about 30 families (Salminen 2007). Total users in all countries: 240. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Uzbek. Alternate Names: Ili Turk, T’urk, Taranchi, Tu’erke, Tuerke. Classification: Turkic, Eastern.
Iu Mien
[ium] Guangdong province: Ruyuan county; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Dayao mountains; Guizhou province: Congjiang, Libo, and Rongjiang counties; Hunan, Jiangxi, and Yunnan provinces. Users: 383,000 in China (Wang and Mao 1995). Ethnic population: 2,800,000 (2010 census). Includes Biao Mon [bmt], Biao-Jiao Mien [bje], Bu-Nao Bunu [bwx], Jiongnai Bunu [pnu], Wunai Bunu [bwn], Younuo Bunu [buh], Dzao Min [bpn], Kim Mun [mji], Lakkia [lbc], Pa-Hng [pha], and Yerong [yrn] languages. Total users in all countries: 837,400. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. Alternate Names: Ban Yao, Highland Yao, Man, Mian, Mien, Mienh, Mjen, Myen, Pan Yao, Yao, Yao Mienh, Yiu Mien, Youmian. Autonym: Iu Mienh. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin.
Jiamao
[jio] Hainan province: Baoting, Lingshui, and Qiongzhong counties, near Wuzhi mountain. Users: 52,300 (Wurm et al 1987). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Li. Alternate Names: Gevou, Kamau, Ku vou, Tai. Classification: Kra-Dai, Hlai.
Jiarong
[jya] Sichuan province: Dangba, Songgang, Suomo, Zhuokeji (Situ dialect); Aba county, Kehe and Rongan townships; Maerkang county, Chabao district, Dazang, Longerjia, and Shaerzong townships (Chabao); Maerkang county, Sidaba district, Caodeng, Kangshan, and Ribu townships (Sidaba); Rangtang county, between Shili and Wuyi and townships along middle Duke river; Seda county, a small town; Duke and Seda rivers’ confluence. Users: 83,000 (1999 Sun Hong Kai). 25,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 151,000 (Lin 1993). Includes 139,000 in Situ Jiarong, 12,200 in Chabao and Sidaba. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Chiarong, Gyarong, Gyarung, Jarong, Jyarung, Keru, Rgyarong, dGyarung. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, rGyalrongic.
Jingpho
[kac] Yunnan province: Baoshan prefecture, Tengchong county; Dehong Dai-Jingpo autonomous prefecture, Longchuan, Ruili, and Yingjiang counties. Users: 40,000 in China (1999 X. Xijian). 20,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 148,000 (2010 census). Includes Lashi [lsi], Lhaovo [mhx], Pela [bxd], and Zaiwa [atb] speakers (2010 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Jingpo. Alternate Names: Chingp’o, Chingpaw, Dashanhua, Jinghpaw, Jinghpo, Jingpo, Kachin, Marip. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Jingppaw-Asakia, Jingphaw.
Jinuo, Buyuan
[jiy] Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, near Laos and Myanmar borders, east of Jinghong in Youle mountains. 40 villages. Users: 1,000 (1994). Most monolingual. Ethnic population: All Jinuo: 23,100 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jinuo. Alternate Names: Buyuan, Jino. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Jinuo, Youle
[jiu] Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, near Laos and Myanmar borders, east of Jinghong in Youle mountains. 40 villages. Users: 10,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 23,100 (2010 census). Includes Buyuan Jinuo [jiy]. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jinuo. Alternate Names: Jino, Youle. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Kaduo
[ktp] Yunnan province: primarily southeast Simao prefecture, Jiangcheng, Mojiang, and Pu’er counties. Users: 180,000 in China (Bradley 2007b), increasing. Many monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 180,200. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. Alternate Names: Kado, Khatu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern.
Kalmyk-Oirat
[xal] Gansu province: northern border area; Nei Mongol Autonomous Region: Alashan league; Qinghai province: Kukunor region, Lake Qinghai northwest; Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Jungaria region. Users: 130,000 in China (Salminen 2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Mongolian. Alternate Names: Oirat, Weilate, Western Mongol, Xinjiang Mongolian. Classification: Mongolic, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Oirat-Kalmyk-Darkhat.
Kang
[kyp] Yunnan province: southwest. Users: 34,100 in China (1993). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. Alternate Names: Tai Khang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui.
Kangjia
[kxs] Qinghai province: Tongren county. Users: 1,000 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 2,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Hui. Alternate Names: Kangyang Hui. Classification: Mongolic, Eastern, Mongour.
Kathu
[ykt] Yunnan province: Guangnan county, Balong district; possibly Guangxi province. Users: 5,000 (2007), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Gasu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Katso
[kaf] Yunnan province: Yuxi prefecture, Tonghai county, Xingmeng Mongolian autonomous township. Users: 4,000 (Bradley 2007a), decreasing. Most young people are semi-speakers, speaking Chinese instead (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 6,340 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Mongolian. Alternate Names: Gazhuo, Gezhuo, Kazhuo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern.
Kazakh
[kaz] Gansu province: Akesai Kazakh autonomous county; Qinghai province: northwest; Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Yili Kazakh autonomous prefecture, Balikun Kazakh and Mulei Kazakh autonomous counties. Users: 1,250,000 in China (2000 census). 830,000 Northeastern Kazakh, 70,000 Southwestern Kazakh (1982). 1,060,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,460,000 (2010 census). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Language of recognized nationality: Kazakh. Alternate Names: Hāsàkè yǔyán, Hazake, Kazak, Kazax. Classification: Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian.
Kemiehua
[kfj] Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Jinghong county. Users: 1,000 (1991). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Unclassified.
Khakas
[kjh] Heilongjiang province: Fuyu county north of Qiqihar. Users: 10 in China (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 880. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Kyrghyz. Alternate Names: Abakan Tatar, Fuyu Ka’erkezi, Fuyü Gïrgïs, Hakasi, Khakhas, Khakhass, Manchurian Kirghiz, Yenisei Tatar. Classification: Turkic, Northern.
Khlula
[ykl] Yunnan province: southeast Wenshan county, Liujin township; north and central Maguan county, Dalishu, Miechange, Muchang, and Renhe townships. Users: 21,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 34,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Alapha, Black Phula, Black Zokhuo, Hei Phula, Mo, Namupha, Pao, Phulapha, Shaoji Phula, Sifter Basket Phula, Tula, Zokhuo Na. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Khmu
[kjg] Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Jinghong county, 9 villages, some in Mengla county. Users: 7,000 in China (2010), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Chaman, Damai, Damailao, Damaile, Kamhmu, Kammu, Kamu, Kemu, Khamu, Khamuk, Khmu’, Khomu, Lao Terng, Mou, Pouteng, Theng. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Khmu’.
Khuen
[khf] Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Mengla county. Users: 1,000 in China (1993). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Khouen, Khween, Kween. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu’, Khmu’.
Kim Mun
[mji] Guizhou province: 17 counties. Users: 200,000 in China (Wang and Mao 1995). 61,000 in Hainan Province (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 374,500. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. The majority officially classified within Yao nationality. Alternate Names: Chasan Yao, Gem Mun, Hainan Miao, Jim Mun, Jinmen, Kem Mun, Kimmun, Lan Tin, Lanten, Lowland Yao, Man Lantien, Men, Mun, Shanzi Yao. Autonym: Kem di mun, Kim Mun. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Mienic, Mian-Jin.
Kon Keu
[kkn] Yunnan province: Baoshan, Dai Lincang, Simao, and Xishuangbanna autonomous prefectures. Users: 6,300 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Blang. Alternate Names: Kong Ge, Kongge. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic.
Korean
[kor] Jilin province: Yanbian (Hyanbian) Korean autonomous prefecture; Hebei, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, and Shandong provinces, and Nei Mongol Autonomous Region; some in Beijing municipality. Users: 2,710,000 in China (2012 census). 1,200,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,460,000 (2019 Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Language of recognized nationality: Chaoxian (Korean). Alternate Names: Chaoxian, Chaoxianyu, Chaoyu, Hangouyu, Hanguohua, Hanyu. Classification: Koreanic.
Kua-nsi
[ykn] Yunnan province: Heqing county, Liuhe township. Users: 5,000 (2009 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Baiyi ren, Kua’ensi, Kua’eshi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Kuamasi
[yku] Yunnan province: Heqing county, Liuhe township. Users: 1,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Kuanhua
[xnh] Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Jinghong county. Users: 1,000 (1991). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Damai. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Unclassified.
Kucong
[lkc] Yunnan province: Jiangcheng, Jinggu, Jinping, Luchun, Mengla, Xinping, Yuanjiang, and other counties. Users: 40,000 in China (Bradley 2007b), decreasing. Ethnic population: 53,000 (2003). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu. Alternate Names: Cosung, Lahlu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Kyerung
[kgy] Xizang Autonomous Region: Shigatse prefecture, Kyirong district, lower Kyirong (26 villages) and Lende valley (16 villages). Users: 100 in China (2002). Total users in all countries: 600. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Kyerong, Kyirong, Kyirong kai. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang.
Kyrgyz
[kir] Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Akqi, Akto, Baicheng, Tekes, Wuqia, Wushi, and Zhaosu counties. Users: 160,000 in China (2000 census). 60,000 Northern Kirghiz, 40,000 Southern Kirghiz (Shearer and Sun 2002). Older adults monolingual. Ethnic population: 187,000 (2010 census). Status: 2 (Provincial). Language of recognized nationality: Kyrgyz. Alternate Names: Kara, Ke’erkez, Kirgiz. Classification: Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian.
Lachi
[lbt] Yunnan province: Miao and Wenshan Zhuang autonomous prefectures, southern Maguan county, several villages. Users: 200 in China (Bradley 2007a), decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,600. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: I To, Ku Te, La Chi, Laji, Lati, Lipuljo, Tai Lati, Y Mia, Y Poong, Y To. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra.
Ladakhi
[lbj] Western Xizang Autonomous Region. Users: 12,000 in China (1995). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Ladak, Ladaphi, Ladhakhi, Ladwags. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Western.
Lahu
[lhu] Yunnan province: Lincang prefecture, Gengma Dai, and Va autonomous counties; Simao prefecture, Lahu, Lancang Lahu, Menglian Dai, and Va autonomous counties. Users: 280,000 in China (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 486,000 (2010 census). Includes Kucong [lkc], Lahu Shi [lhi], Lamu [llh], Laomian [lwm], and Lawu [lwu] (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 543,300. Status: 4 (Educational). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu. Alternate Names: Black Lahu, Kaixien, Kucong, Kutsong, Lahu Na, Lahuna, Laku, Moso, Muhso, Muhsur, Mussar, Musser Dam, Musso, Mussur, Na, Namen, Northern Lahu, “Lohei” (pej.). Autonym: Ladhof. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Lahu Shi
[lhi] Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Menghai county, Menghai district, Menghai township; Simao prefecture, Lancang Lahu autonomous county, Nuofu district, other areas. Users: 117,000 in China (Bradley 2007b), increasing. Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 120,000. Total users in all countries: 196,200. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu. Alternate Names: Kur, Kwi, Lahu Si, Lahu Xi, Lahu-Xi, Lahu-shi, Lahusi, Shi, Yellow Lahu. Autonym: Lad hur Si. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Lakkia
[lbc] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Jinxiu Yao autonomous county. Users: 9,000 (Bradley 2007a). 4,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 12,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. Alternate Names: Chashan Yao, Lajia, Laka, Lakia, Lakja, Lakkja, Tai Laka, Tea Mountain Yao. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Lakkja.
Lalo, Central
[ywt] Yunnan province: Changning, Fengqing, Jingdong, Midu, Nanjian, Weishan, Yangbi, and Yunlong counties. Users: 213,000 (2010 SIL). Over 500,000 in subgroup; many living further west, south or east do not speak the language; less than half are speakers, not all fluent and not many children (Bradley 2007a). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Lalaw, Lalo, Lalopa, Lalu, Laluo, Misapa, Western Yi, Xishanba Lalo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Lalo, Dongshanba
[yik] Yunnan province: Baoshan, Lancang, Midu, Weishan, Xiaguan, Yangbi, and Yongping counties. Users: 30,000 (2002). Over 500,000 in the ethnic group. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Jiantou, Lalu, Lalupa, Lalupu, Maganfang. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Lalu, Eastern
[yit] Yunnan province: Mojiang, Xinping, Yuanjiang, and Zhenyuan counties. Users: 38,000 (2002). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Lalu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Lalu, Western
[ywl] Yunnan province: Baoshan, Longling, Luxi, Shidian, and Zhenkang counties. Users: 38,000 (2002). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Lalu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Lamu
[llh] Yunnan province: Dali prefecture, northeast Binchuan county. Users: 120 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 300. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Lang’e
[yne] Yunnan province: southwest Yongsheng county. Users: 2,000 (2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: La’u. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Laomian
[lwm] Yunnan province: Lancang, Menglian, and Ximeng counties. Menghai county, Mengzhe township, Van Phin (Laopinzhai) village (Laopin dialect). Users: 4,000 (Bradley 2007a), decreasing. Less than 1,000 Laopin (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 5,000 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population does not include Laopin. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu. Alternate Names: Bisu, Guba, Lawa, Lawmeh, Lua, Mbi, Mbisu, Mibisu, Misu, Pin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern, Bisoid.
Lashi
[lsi] Yunnan province: Dehong Dai-Jingpo autonomous prefecture, Longchuan, Luxi, Ruili, and Yingjiang counties. Users: 1,800 in China (1997). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jingpo. Alternate Names: Acye, Chashanhua, Lachik, Lachikwaw, Lacid, Laji, Laqi, Lasi, Leqi, Leshi, Letsi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern.
Lavrung
[jiq] Sichuan province: northwest Jinchuan county; Maerkang county southwest tip on Jinchuan river tributaries; southeast Rangtang county. Users: 50,000 (Lin 1993). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Guanyingqiao, Khroskyabs, Western Jiarong, Zhongzhai. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, rGyalrongic.
Lawu
[lwu] Yunnan province: Yuxi prefecture, Xinping county, Shuitang district, Jiuha village; possibly in Pu’er prefecture, Zhenyuan county, Jijujia district. Users: 50 (2012 C. Yang). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Lhaovo
[mhx] Yunnan province: Dehong Dai-Jingpo autonomous prefecture, Lianghe, Longchuan, Luxi, Ruili, and Yingjiang counties. Users: 3,500 in China (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jingpo. Alternate Names: Diso, Lang’e, Langsu, Langwa, Laungaw, Laungwaw, Lawng, Liangsu, Lovo, Malu, Maru, Matu, Nyky, Zi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern.
Lhomi
[lhm] Xizang Autonomous Region. Users: 1,000 in China. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Lhoket, Lhomi dzyükki keccyok, Lhomiki keccyok, Shing Saapa. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang.
Limi
[ylm] Yunnan province: Fengqing, Yongde, and Yunxian counties. Users: 29,000 (2002). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Liumi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Lingao
[onb] Hainan province: Lingao county, parts of Chengmai, Danxian, and Qiongshan counties on north central coast; Haikou city suburbs. Users: 600,000 (2000 Liang Min). 350,000 Lincheng, 170,000 Qiongshan. 100,000 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Bê, Limkow, Linkow, Ong-Be, Ongbe, Vo Limkou. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Lakkja.
Lipo
[lpo] Sichuan province: Renhe county; Yunnan province: Binchuan, Dayao, Lufeng, Luquan, Wuding, Yao’an, Yongren, Yongsheng, and Yuanmo counties. Users: 250,000 (Bradley 2007b). Few monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Only those in Dayao and Yongren counties of Western Chuxing Prefecture. Language of recognized nationality: Lisu. Alternate Names: Central Lisu, Dayao, Eastern Lisu, Lolongo, Lolopo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Lisu
[lis] Sichuan province: southwest Liangshan prefecture; Yunnan province: 11 prefectures, 63 counties, upper reaches of Mekong and Salween rivers. Users: 600,000 in China (2000 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 703,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 942,700. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Language of recognized nationality: Lisu. Some 7,000 members of the Nu nationality in China, and more in Myanmar, speak only Lisu. Alternate Names: Chedi, Cheli, Chung, Khae, Leisu, Leshuoopa, Lesuo, Li, Li-Hsaw, Li-Shaw, Lip’a, Lisaw, Lishu, Liso, Lissu, Loisu, Lu-Tzu, Lusu, Yao Yen, Yaw Yin, Yaw-Yen, Yeh-Jen. Autonym: Lisu, ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ (Li-su). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Lolopo
[ycl] Yunnan province: Chuxiong, Jingdong, Lufeng, Mouding, Nanhua, Shuangbai, and Yao’an counties primarily. Users: 380,000 (2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Bai Yi, Central Yi, Gaoshanzu, Hei Yi, Lolopho, Lulupu, Luolu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Lolopo, Southern
[ysp] Yunnan province: Jingdong, Jinggu, Lancang, Pu’er, Simao, and Zhenyuan counties. Users: 190,000 (2002). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Lopi
[lov] Yunnan province: Mojiang, Yuanjiang, and Yuanyang counties. Users: Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern.
Lü
[khb] Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, 3 counties: Jinghong (Chiang Hung, Chien Rung), Menghai, and Mengla; some in Simao municipal prefecture, Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous counties. Users: 280,000 in China (2000 census). 140,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 555,760. Status: 2 (Provincial). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. Some speakers of other languages use Lü as L2 for trade. Alternate Names: Dai, Dai Le, Lu, Lue, Ly, Pai’i’, Pai-I, Shui-Pai-I, Sipsongpanna Dai, Tai Lu, Xishuangbanna Dai. Autonym: ᦅᧄᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ (Kam Tai Lue). Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Luoba, Boga’er
[adi] Xizang Autonomous Region: Lhunze and Mainling counties, south of Yaluzangjiang river, Luoyu area. Users: 1,090 in China (1999 O. Jueya). 400 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 3,680 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Lhoba (Luoba). Alternate Names: Abor, Adi, Adi-Bokar, Bengni-Boga’er, Boga’er, Bokar, Bungni-Bogar, Lho-Pa, Lhoba, Luoba, Miri. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Tani.
Luoba, Yidu
[clk] Xizang Autonomous Region: Nyingchi prefecture, Chayu county, Xia Chayu (Zayu) zone, Ba’antong and Xia Chayu (Zayu) townships, in Danba river valley and adjoining mountain slopes. Users: 80 in China (1999 Sun Hong Kai). 50 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Lhoba (Luoba). Alternate Names: Idu Lhoba, Idu Mishmi, Lho-Pa, Lhoba, Luoba, Yidu, “Chulikata” (pej.). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Digarish.
Mak
[mkg] Guizhou province: northwest Libo county, Di’e, Fangcun, Jialiang, and Yangfeng villages; some in Dushan county. Users: 5,000 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Bouyei. Alternate Names: Ching, Mo, Mo-Hua, Mochiahua, Mohua, Mojiahua. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui.
Man Met
[mml] Yunnan province: 5 communities in Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture near the Hu. Users: 900 (1990 J-O. Svantesson). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Manmi, Manmit. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic.
Manchu
[mnc] Beijing, Hebei, Jilin, and Liaoning provinces; Heilongjiang province: some villages in Aihui and Fuyu counties; Nei Mongol Autonomous Region: small enclave northeast. Users: 20 (Bradley 2007a). Some additional semi-speakers in 3 remote villages (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 10,400,000 (2010 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Manchu (Man). Alternate Names: Man, Manju Gisun. Classification: Tungusic, Southern, Southwest.
Mang
[zng] Yunnan province: Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefectures, Jinping county, Mengla district; 4 villages: Dadui Leigongdaniu Zhai, Heping Xia Zhai, Heping Zhong Zhai, and Nanguo Xin Zhai. Users: 500 in China. Ethnic population: 1,220 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ba’e, Chaman, Manbu, Mang U, Nieng Ó, Xamang, Xá Lá Vàng, Xá Mang, Xá Ó. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Mang.
Maonan
[mmd] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Huanjiang Maonan autonomous county, Xianan area: Nandan, Yishan, and Yizhou; a few in Du’an and Hechi counties; Guizhou province: south central small border area. Users: 30,000 (GXLOUS 2005), decreasing. A few thousand women and children are monolingual. Ethnic population: 101,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Maonan. Alternate Names: Ai Nan. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui.
Miao, Central Huishui
[hmc] Guizhou province: Changshun and Huishui counties, south Guiyang municipality suburbs. Users: 40,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Central Huishui Hmong, Hmo, Hsiung, Hunan Miao. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Miao, Central Mashan
[hmm] Guizhou province: Luodian, Wangmo, and Ziyun counties. Users: 70,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Central Mashan Hmong. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Miao, Chuanqiandian Cluster
[cqd] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: west; Guizhou province; Sichuan province: south; Yunnan province: southeast and northeast. Users: 1,400,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Chuanchientien Miao, Chuanqiandian Miao, Core Farwestern Hmongic, Hua Miao, Sichuan-Guizhou-Yunnan Miao, Western Miao. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Miao, Eastern Huishui
[hme] Guizhou province: Huishui, Luodian, and Pingba counties. Users: 14,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Eastern Huishui Hmong. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Miao, Eastern Qiandong
[hmq] Guizhou province: Jianhe, Jinping, and Liping counties; Hunan province: Huitong, Jingzhou, and Tongdao counties. Users: 350,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Black Miao, Central Miao, Chientung Miao, Eastern East-Guizhou Miao, Eastern Hmu, Hei Miao, Hmu, mo˧. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Qiandong.
Miao, Eastern Xiangxi
[muq] Hunan province: Guzhang, Jishou, Longshan, and Luxi counties; some in Chongqing, Guizhou, and Hubei provinces; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Users: 80,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Eastern Ghao-Xong, Eastern Miao, Eastern West-Hunan Miao, Ghao-Xong, Hsianghsi Miao, Meo Do, Northern Miao, Red Meo, Red Miao. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Xiangxi.
Miao, Horned
[hrm] Guizhou province: Dafang, Nayong, and Zhijin counties, Anshun, Bijie, Guiyang, and Qingzhen municipalities; Yunnan province: Zhenxiong county. Users: 50,000 (Hattaway 2003). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: A-Hmo, Bai Miao, Changjiao Miao, Forest Miao, Hmo, Hmong Khua Shua Ndrang, Hmong Ndong, Hmong Ndou, Hmong Sou, Jiao Miao, Jiaojiao Miao, Kha-Nzi, Longhorn Miao, Qing Miao, White Miao. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Miao, Large Flowery
[hmd] Guizhou province: Hezhang, Pu’an, Shuicheng, Weining, Zhenning, and Ziyun counties, Liupanshui municipality; Sichuan province: Panzhihua municipality; Yunnan province: Zhaotong area, Daguan, Fumin, Lufeng, Luquan, Qiaojia, Suijiang, Wuding, Xundian, Yongshan, and Yiliang counties, Anning, Chuxiong, Kunming, Qujing, and Xuanwei municipalities. Users: 300,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 5* (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: A-Hmaos, Ad Hmaob lul, Big Flowery Miao, Da Hua Bei Miao, Da Hua Miao, Diandongbei Miao, Flowery Miao, Great Flowery Tribe, Hua Miao, Hwa Miao, Northeastern Dian Miao, Northeastern Yunnan Miao, Ta Hwa Miao. Autonym: A-Hmao. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Miao, Luopohe
[hml] Guizhou province: Guiding, Kaiyang, Longli, and Weng’an counties, Fuquan and Kaili municipalities. Users: 61,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Most officially classified within Miao nationality, except for Xijia group. Alternate Names: Lobohe Miao, Luobo River Miao, Luobohe Hmong, Luopohe Hmong, Xi, Xijia Miao, Ximahe Miao. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Miao, Northern Guiyang
[huj] Guizhou province: Jinsha, Kaiyang, Pingba Guiding, Qianxi, Xifeng, and Xiuwen counties, west Guiyang municipality suburbs. Users: 84,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Northern Guiyang Hmong. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Miao, Northern Huishui
[hmi] Guizhou province: Guiding, Huishui, and Longli counties, Gaopo district, Guiyang municipality. Users: 70,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Gaopo, Kwei-chu, Kwei-chu Miao, Northern Huishui Hmong. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Miao, Northern Mashan
[hmp] Guizhou province: Changshun, Huishui, and Luodian counties. Users: 35,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Northern Mashan Hmong. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Miao, Northern Qiandong
[hea] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Longlin county; Guizhou province: Anlong, Danzhai, Fuquan, Guanling, Huangping, Jianhe, Leishan, Majiang, Pingba, Sansui, Shibing, Taijiang, Xingren, Zhenfeng, Zhenning, Zhenyuan, and Ziyun counties, Kaili and Qingzhen municipalities. Users: 1,250,000 (Wang and Mao 1995), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Black Miao, Central Miao, Chientung Miao, East Guizhou Miao, Eastern Guizhou Hmu, Gha Ne, Gha Ne Dlai, Heh Miao, Hei Miao, Hmu, Kuv tsis has lug Moob tau, Northern East Guizhou Miao, Northern Hmu, Qián-Dōng fāngyán, m̥ə˧, m̥hu˧. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Qiandong.
Miao, Small Flowery
[sfm] Guizhou province: Guanling, Hezhang, Nayong, Shuicheng, and Zhenning counties. Users: 84,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Atse, Gha-Mu, Ghab-Mvb Ghab-Svd, Ghuab-Hmongb Ghuab-Soud, Hsiao Hwa Miao, Xiao Hua Miao. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Miao, Southern Guiyang
[hmy] Guizhou province: Changshun, Zhenning, and Ziyun counties, Anshun municipality. Users: 28,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Southern Guiyang Hmong. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Miao, Southern Mashan
[hma] Guizhou province: Wangmo county. Users: 10,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Hsiung, Hunan Miao, Southern Mashan Hmong, Southern Mashan Miao. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Miao, Southern Qiandong
[hms] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Rongshui and Sanjiang counties; Guizhou province: Danzhai, Libo, Rongjiang Congjiang, and Sandu counties. Users: 500,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). All Miao in China: 8,950,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Black Miao, Central Miao, Chientung Miao, Hei Miao, Hmu, Southern East-Guizhou Miao, Southern Hmu. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Qiandong.
Miao, Southwestern Guiyang
[hmg] Guizhou province: Changshun and Pingba counties, suburbs of Guiyang, Anshun and Qingzhen municipalities. Users: 70,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Southwestern Guiyang Hmong. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Miao, Southwestern Huishui
[hmh] Guizhou province: Changshun, Huishui, and Sandu counties. Users: 56,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Miao, Southwestern Huishui Hmong. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Miao, Western Mashan
[hmw] Guizhou province: Wangmo and Ziyun counties. Users: 14,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Western Mashan Hmong. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Miao, Western Xiangxi
[mmr] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Nandan county, Hechi municipality; Guizhou province: Songtao county, southeast Chongqing and Tongren municipalities, Xiushan and Youyang counties; Hubei province: Xuan’en county; Hunan province: Baojing, Fenghuang, Guzhang, Huadan, Jishou, Longshan, and Xinhuang Mayang counties. Users: 820,000 (Wang and Mao 1995), decreasing. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Eastern Miao, Ghao-Xong, Hsianghsi Miao, Huayuan Miao, Meo Do, Northern Miao, Red Meo, Red Miao, West Hunan Miao, Western Ghao-Xong, Western West-Hunan Miao, Xong. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Xiangxi.
Mili
[ymh] Yunnan province: Jingdong, Xinping, Yunxian, and Zhenyuan counties. Users: 23,000 (2002). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Minyag, Eastern
[emq] Sichuan Province: Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Jiulong and Shimian counties, Ya’an city and county. Users: 2,000 (2020 A. Conrad), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Munya, Muya, Shimian Minyag, Shimian Munya, Shimian Muya. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic.
Minyag, Western
[wmg] Sichuan province: Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Kangding and Shimian counties. Users: 11,500 (2020 A. Conrad). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Darmdo Minyag, Menya, Munya, Muya. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic.
Miqie
[yiq] Yunnan province: Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Wuding county, Chadian, Jincheng, and Jiuchang districts; Dayao, north Fumin, Jingdong, Jinggu, north Lufeng, south Luquan, Nanhua, Yao’an, Yimen, Yongren, and Zhenyuan counties. Users: 30,000 (Bradley 2007b), decreasing. Ethnic population: 50,000. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Micha, Mielang, Minqi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Moji
[ymi] Yunnan province: possibly east Fumin county, south and southwest Wenshan county, west Xichou county, Luchaichong village. Users: 2,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 7,000. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Flathead Phulai, Muji, Phula, Phulawa, Pingtou Phula. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Monba, Cuona
[twm] Xizang Autonomous Region: Shannan prefecture, Cuona county, Lebu district; Linzhi prefecture, Motuo county, Dexing district, Wenlang village. Users: 1,300 in China (2000 census). 600 Southern Cuona, 700 Northern Cuona. Less than half monolingual: Young children, older people, some young adults. Ethnic population: 10,600 (2010 census). Includes Tshangla [tsj] speakers. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Menba. Alternate Names: Buruomiba, Cona Monba, Cuona Menba, Cuona Monpa, Dakpa, Dwags, Menba, Menpa, Moinba, Momba, Mompa, Monba, Monpa, Pramipa, Takpa, Tawan Monba. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, East Bodish.
Mongolian, Peripheral
[mvf] Nei Mongol Autonomous Region; Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region; Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning provinces, and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Urumchi to Hailar. Users: 3,380,000 in China (1982). Population includes 299,000 Chakhar, 317,000 Bairin, 1,347,000 Khorchin (Horchin), 593,00 Kharchin (Harchin), 123,000 Ordos, 34,000 Ejine. 2,500,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 5,980,000 (2010 census). Includes China Buriat [bxu], Kalmyk-Oirat [xal], Katso [kaf], Narua [nru], and Tuvan [tyv] languages. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Mongolian. Alternate Names: Inner Mongolian, Menggu, Monggol, Mongol, Southern-Eastern Mongolian. Classification: Mongolic, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Khalkha-Buriat, Mongolian Proper.
Muak Sa-aak
[ukk] Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Jinghong, 4 villages. Users: Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic.
Muda
[ymd] Yunnan province: Jinghong county, Nanpianshan district. Users: 2,000 (2007), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern.
Muji, Northern
[ymx] Yunnan province: south Mengzi county, Lengquan, Qilubai, and Shuitian townships; west Pingbian county, Xinxian township. Users: 9,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 15,000. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Bokha, Hlaka Mujima, Phula. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Muji, Qila
[ymq] Yunnan province: south Jinping county. 2 isolated villages. Users: 1,500 (2008), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,500. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Doka, Mujitsu, Phutsu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Muji, Southern
[ymc] Yunnan province: southeast Gejiu county, north, southwest, and east Jinping county, south Mengzi county. Users: 26,000 (Pelkey 2011), increasing. Ethnic population: 28,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Aga, Khlaka, Lahi, Muzi, Phula, Tjeki, Tshebu, Tshibu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Mulam
[mlm] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Hechi prefecture, Luocheng Mulao autonomous county (90% in Dongmen and Siba communes); Yizhou county. Users: 86,000 (2005 GXLOUS). Fewer than 10,000 monolinguals (including women and preschool children). Ethnic population: 216,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Mulao. Alternate Names: Abo, Kyam, Molao, Mulao, Mulao Miao, Muliao, Mulou. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui.
Mulao
[giu] Guizhou province: Majiang county, Longli. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker likely survived into the 2010s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao. Alternate Names: Ayo, Gelao, Longli, Longli Mulao. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra.
Muzi
[ymz] Yunnan province: south and east Gejiu county; west Mengzi county, scattered villages. Users: 10,000 (2008). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Mogeha, Muji. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Naaba
[nao] Xizang Autonomous Region, Shigatse prefecture, Dinggyê county, Nadhang and Tsanga villages. Users: Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Unclassified.
Naluo
[ylo] Sichuan province: western Panzhihua city; Yunnan province: southern Huaping and eastern Yongsheng counties. Users: 15,000 (Bradley 2007a). Mostly in Yunnan, with about 2,000 in Pingjiang and Futian townships of Panzhihua (Bradley 2007a). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Aluo Naluo, Gan Yi, Laluo, Naruo, Shui Yi, Shuitian. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern.
Namuyi
[nmy] Sichuan Province, Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture, Mianning, Muli, Xichang, and Yanyuan counties; southwest Sichuan, Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Jiulong (Gyaisi) county. Users: 5,000 (Bradley 2007a). 200 monolinguals. Mainly older adults. Ethnic population: 5,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Naimuci, Naimuzi, Namuzi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Naic.
Nanai
[gld] Northeast corner of Heilongjiang Province, near merge of Heilong, Songhua, and Wusuli rivers, Tongjiang county, Bacha and Jiejinkou villages; Raohe county, Sipai village. Users: 40 in China (Salminen 2007). About half speak Sungari dialect, half speak Nanai proper (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 5,350 (2010 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Hezhe. Alternate Names: Gold, Goldi, Hezhe, Hezhen, Juchen, Nanay, Sushen. Classification: Tungusic, Southern, Southeast, Nanaj.
Narua
[nru] Sichuan and Yunnan provinces border area near Lugu lake, Ninglang Yi autonomous county, Muli Tibetan autonomous county and Yanuyuan county. Users: 47,000 (2010 SIL). Ethnic population: 47,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Naxi. Yunnan Province speakers officially classified within Naxi nationality. Language of recognized nationality: Mongolian. Sichuan Province speakers assigned to the Mongolian nationality. Alternate Names: Eastern Naxi, Meng yu, Moso, Mosso, Mosuo, Musuo yu, Na, Naru, Nazu, Yongning Na. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Naic.
Nasu, Wumeng
[ywu] Yunnan Province: Zhaotong prefecture, Huize and Xuanwei counties. Users: 150,000 (2018 M. Gerner). Ethnic population: 200,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Neisu, Nersu, Nesu, Wumeng Yi, Wusa Yi, Yuan-Mo Yi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern.
Nasu, Wusa
[yig] Guizhou Province: Hezhang, Nayong, Shuicheng, Weining, and Zhijin counties. Users: 600,000 (2018 M. Gerner), decreasing. Ethnic population: 700,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Eastern Yi, Wusa Nesu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern.
Naxi
[nxq] Northwest Yunnan Province, a majority (over 200,000) in Yulong (formerly Lijiang) Naxi autonomous county. Some scattered through Weixi, Zhongdian, Ninglang, Deqing, Yongsheng, Heqing, Jianchuan, and Lanping counties. Some in Sichuan Province, Yanyuan, Yanbian, and Muli counties. A few in Tibet Autonomous Region, Mangkang county. Users: 300,000 (2000 census). 100,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 326,000 (2010 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Naxi. Official ethnic language of the Narua nationality. Alternate Names: Lomi, Mu, Nahsi, Nakhi, Nasi, “Mo-Su” (pej.), “Moso” (pej.), “Mosso” (pej.). Autonym: Naqxi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Naic.
Nisi
[yso] Southeast Yunnan Province, Wenshan, Yanshan, Maguan, Funing, Xichou, Malipo, and Honghe counties. Users: 36,000 (2002), decreasing. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Lolo, Southeastern Lolo Yi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Nisu, Eastern
[nos] Yunnan Province, Jianshui, Tonghai, Gejiu, Kaiyuan, Mengzi, Pingbian, and Hekou counties. Users: 75,000 (2004), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Nisu, Nisupho, Shiping-Jianshui Nisu, Shiping-Jianshui Yi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Nisu, Northern
[yiv] Yunnan povince: Chengjiang, Ehan, Jiangchuan, Jinning, north Shiping, Shuangbai, Xinping, north Yuanjiang, Yimen, and Yuxi counties. Users: 160,000, decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: E-Xin Yi, Nasupho, Nisupho. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Nisu, Northwestern
[nsf] Yunnan province: Dali Bai autonomous prefecture, Yangbi county, Fuheng district; Yongping county, Beidou Yi district; Yunlong county, Tuanjie Yi district. Users: 24,000 (2004 SIL). 7,000 in Yunlong, 7,000 in Yangbi, 8,000 in Yongping districts (2004). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Nisu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Nisu, Southern
[nsd] Yunnan province: Honghe, Jinping, east Lüchun, south Shiping, southeast Yuanjiang, and Yuanyang counties. Users: 210,000 (2007), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Nisupho, Yuan-Mo Yi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Nisu, Southwestern
[nsv] Yunnan province: Jiangcheng, west Lüchun, Mojiang, Pu’er, and Simao counties. Users: 15,000 (2007), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Nuosu
[iii] Sichuan and Yunnan provinces: over 40 counties mainly in Greater and Lesser Liangshan mountains. Users: 2,000,000 (2000 census), increasing. 1,200,000 monolinguals (Jiafa 1994). Status: 4 (Educational). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Black Yi, Liangshan Yi, Liangshan Yi-Nuosu, Lolo, Northern Yi, Nosu, Nosu Yi, Sichuan Yi, Yi-Nuosu. Autonym: Nuosu, ꆈꌠꉙ (Nuosuhxop). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern.
Nusu
[nuf] Yunnan province: Nujiang Lisu autonomous prefecture, southern Fugong county, Pihe town area. Kongtong, Wawa, and Youduoluo villages (Northern Nusu); Guoke, Jiajiu, Puluo, and Tuoping (Tongping) villages (Southern Nusu); Laomudeng, Miangu, Shawa, Zhiziluo, and Zileng villages (Central Nusu). Users: 12,000 in China (Bradley 2007b). 2,000 Northern Nusu; 4,000 Southern; 6,000 Central. 1,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 12,670. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Nu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Oroqen
[orh] Heilongjiang province: Da Hinggan Ling prefecture, Huma and Tahe counties; Heihe prefecture, Xunke county; Yichun prefecture, Jiayin county, Heihe city; Nei Mongol Autonomous Region: Hulun Buir league, Butha and Oroqen banners. Users: 1,200 (Li and Whaley 2009). 30% of ethnic group (Salminen 2007). Only 12 fluent speakers in 1990, all over 65 yrs (Li and Whaley 2009). 800 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 8,660 (2010 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Oroqen. Alternate Names: Elunchun, Olunchun, Orochen, Orochon, Oronchon, Ulunchun. Classification: Tungusic, Northern, Evenki.
Pa Di
[pdi] Yunnan province: Honghe Hani and Yi prefectures, Hekou and Jinping counties. Users: 1,000 in China. Total users in all countries: 1,300. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. Alternate Names: Padi. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Pa-Hng
[pha] Guizhou Province: Congjiang and Liping counties; northeastern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Lingui, Longsheng, Rong’an, Rongshui, and Sanjiang counties. Users: 26,800 in China (McConnell 1995). 10,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 48,700 (Bradley 2007a). Total users in all countries: 35,050. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. Alternate Names: Baheng, Bahengmai, Man Pa Seng, Meo Lai, Pa Hng, Pa Ngng, Pa Then, Paheng, Tóng. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Pa-hng.
Palaung, Ruching
[pce] Yunnan province: Dehong prefecture, Luxi county, east of Rumai. Users: 10,300 in China (2010). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: De’ang. Alternate Names: Da’ang, De’ang, Dlang, Ngwe Palaung, Palay, Pale, Pale Palaung, Ru-Jing Palaung, Silver Palaung, Southern Ta’ang. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung.
Palaung, Rumai
[rbb] Yunnan province: Dehong prefecture, Longchuan and Ruili counties, on Myanmar border. Users: 4,100 in China (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: De’ang. Alternate Names: Black De’ang, Humai, Ru-Mai Palaung, Rumai, Ta’ang. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung.
Palaung, Shwe
[pll] Yunnan province: Baoshan prefecture, Longyang county; Lincang prefecture, Zhenkang county. Users: 2,000 in China (1995 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: De’ang. Alternate Names: Flowery De’ang, Golden Palaung, Liang Palaung, Saam-Loong, Shwe, Ta-ang. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Palaung.
Parsi
[prp] Users: 5,000 in China (2000). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran.
Pela
[bxd] Yunnan province: Dehong prefecture, Luxi county, Santaishan township; Lianghe and Yingjiang counties. Users: 400 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2001 J. Edmondson). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jingpo. Alternate Names: Bela, Bola, Bula, Pala, Pola, Polo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern.
Phala
[ypa] Yunnan province: Honghe and Shiping counties, both banks of Yuanjiang (Honghe) river; Jianshui and Yuanyang counties, a few isolated villages downriver. Users: 12,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 13,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Black Phula, Bola, Hei Phula, Khapho, Phula, Phulepho. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Phola
[ypg] Yunnan province: Honghe, Shiping, and Yuanjiang counties, along confluence of Yuanjiang (Honghe) and Xiaohedi rivers. Users: 13,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 13,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Bola, Flowery Phula, Hua Phula, Phula, Phulepho, Tsha Phula. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Phola, Alo
[ypo] Yunnan province: Yuanjiang county, Tuguozhai village. Users: 500 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 500. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Bola, Pula. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Pholo
[yip] Yunnan province: west Guangnan, northeast Malipo, southeast Qiubei, northeast and east Yanshan counties. Users: 30,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 34,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Black Phula, Flowery Phula, Phu, Phula. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Phowa, Ani
[ypn] Yunnan province: south Kaiyuan county, Yangjie district; north central Mengzi county, Xibeile district. Users: 10,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 10,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Anipho, Flowery Phu, Hua Phu, Laotshipu, Pho, Phula. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Phowa, Hlepho
[yhl] Yunnan province: Kaiyuan county, east Beige township; north Mengzi, north Pingbian, west Weshan counties; Yanshan county, southeast Ashe township. Users: 36,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 50,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Abo, Boren, Bozi, Conehead Phula, Cowtail Phula, Daizhanpho, Digaopho, Flowery Phula, Hua Phula, Jiantou Phula, Minjia, Niuweiba Phula, Paola, Pho, Phula, Sandaohong Phula, Shaoji Phula, Sifter Basket Phula, Thrice Striped Red Phula, Xiuba. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Phowa, Labo
[ypb] Yunnan province: central, north-central and southeast Kaiyuan county, west Beige township; Laozhai, Lebaidao, Mazheshao, Yanggai, and Zhongheying townships. Users: 17,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 21,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Asaheipho, Asahopho, Ekhepho, Labopho, Pho, Phula, White Phu, Zemapho. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Phukha
[phh] Yunnan province: southeast Maguan and southwest Malipo counties. Users: 5,000 in China (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 7,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Fu Khla, Phu Khla, Phù Lá, Phù Lá Hán. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Phuma
[ypm] Yunnan province: east central Pingbian county, Baihe township; Baiyun and Wantang townships. Users: 8,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 8,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Black Muji, Hei Muji, Muji, Paotlo, Phula, Phuli, Shaoji Phula, Sifter Basket Phula. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Phupa
[ypp] Yunnan province: southwest Mengzi county, southeast Lengquan and southeast Shuitian townships on southeast Gejiu panhandle. Users: 3,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 4,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Hlagho, La’ou, Laghï, Lala, Lamu, Lapa, Larhwo, Muzi, Phula, Phupha, Tshebu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Phupha
[yph] Yunnan province: southwest Gejiu county, 4 villages; Yuangyang county, 1 village across Honghe river. Users: 1,300 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,500. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Phula, Phupho, Tsapho. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Phuza
[ypz] Yunnan province: southeast Gejiu county, southeast Kafang township; southwest Mengzi county, west Lengquan township. Users: 6,000 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Hei Phu, Phu’a, Phujitsu, Phula. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Pinghua, Northern
[cnp] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: outskirts of Guilin city; Hunan province: Tongdao Dong autonomous county. Users: 1,760,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Guìběi Pínghuà, Northern Guangxi, Northern Ping Chinese. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Pinghua, Southern
[csp] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Nanning suburbs, scattered towns throughout southern Guangxi. Users: 2,370,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Guìnán Pínghuà, Southern Guangxi, Southern Ping Chinese. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Pumi, Northern
[pmi] Sichuan province: Jiulong, Muli, and Yanyuan counties; Yunnan province: Ninglang county, Yongning district. Users: 35,000 (1999). 5,000 in Pumi nationality, 30,000 in Tibetan nationality (1994). 10,000 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Ch’rame, P’rome, P’umi, P’ömi, Pimi, Primmi, Pruumi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic.
Pumi, Southern
[pmj] Yunnan province: Lanping, Lijiang, Weixi, and Yongsheng counties; Ninglang county, Xinyingpan district. Users: 19,000 (1999). 6,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 42,900 (2010 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Pumi. Alternate Names: P’rome, P’umi, P’ömi, Pimi, Primmi, Prinmi, Pruumi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic.
Qabiao
[laq] Yunnan province: Malipo county, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao autonomous prefectures, Donggan township, Makun, Matong, Pucha, and Punong on Vietnam border; Babu district, Longlong; Liuhe district, Meitang and Xinfa; Longlin; Tiechang district, Pufeng. Users: 18 in China (2002 Li Yunbing), decreasing. A few fluent elderly speakers in 2001 (Li 2006). Ethnic population: 400 (Li 2006). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Bendi Lolo, Ka Bao, Ka Beo, Ka Biao, Kabeo, Laqua, Man La Qua, Phubyau, Pu Beo, Pu Péo, Pubiao, Pupeo, Qa Biao, Qa Qiau, Qabiau, Qaqiau. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Eastern Kra.
Qau
[gqu] Guizhou province: Anshun county, Mosu and Wanzi; Langdai county, Longxia; Pingba county, Dagoufang; Puding county, Wozi; Shuicheng county, Dongkou; Zhijin county, Niudong. Users: 2,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao. Alternate Names: Aqao, Aqaw, Chilao, Gao, Gao Gelao, Gelo, Ilao, Keh-lao, Kehlao, Kelao, Keleo, Khi, Klo. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Western Kra.
Qiang, Northern
[cng] Sichuan province: Beichuan, Heishui, Mao, and Songpan counties. Users: 57,800 (1999), decreasing. 14,000 Mawo, 14,000 Weigu, 11,000 Luhua, 8,000 Cimulin, and 9,000 Yadu. 130,000 total for Northern and Southern Qiang languages, including 80,000 as Qiang nationality and 50,000 as Tibetan nationality (1990 J-O. Svantesson). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 310,000 (2010 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Qiang. Alternate Names: Ch’iang. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic.
Qiang, Southern
[qxs] Sichuan province: Li and Wenchuan counties; south Mao county. Users: 81,300 (1999 J. Evans), decreasing. 8,300 Daqishan, 4,100 Taoping, 3,100 Longxi, 14,500 Mianchi, 31,000 Hehu. Around 130,000 total for Northern and Southern Qiang. 80,000 officially classified within Qiang nationality and speakers 50,000 within Tibetan nationality (1990 J-O. Svantesson). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 310,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Qiang. Alternate Names: Ch’iang, Rrmea. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic.
Queyu
[qvy] Sichuan province: Garzê Autonomous Prefecture: Xinlong (Nyagrong) and Yajiang (Nyagquka) Litang counties. Users: 7,000 (1995). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Choyo, Zhaba. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic.
Riang Lang
[ril] Yunnan province: Baoshan prefecture, Longyang county; Lincang prefecture, Zhenkang county. Users: 3,000 in China (1995). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: De’ang. Alternate Names: Riang. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Riang.
Russian
[rus] Heilongjiang province: Heihe; Nei Mongol Autonomous Region: E’erguna Enhe Russian autonomous district, Hulunbeier banner; Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Changji, Karamay (Kelamayi), Tacheng, and Urumqi; Yili prefecture, Yi’ning. Users: 700,000 in China (Arefyev 2012), all users. L1 users: 2,940 (Shearer and Sun 2002). Ethnic population: 15,400 (2010 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Language of recognized nationality: Russian. Alternate Names: Eluosi, Olossu, Russ. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East.
Salar
[slr] Gansu province: Jishishan autonomous county; Qinghai province: Hualong Hui and Xunhua Salar autonomous counties; Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Yili, Kazakh autonomous prefecture. Users: 70,000 (2002), increasing. Less than 10,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 131,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Salar. Alternate Names: Sala. Classification: Turkic, Southern.
Samatao
[ysd] Yunnan province: Guandu district, Kunming municipality, Zijun; elderly speakers in Yongde and Zhenkang. Users: 400 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,810 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Samadu, Samaduo, Samou. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern.
Samei
[smh] Yunnan province: Guandu district, Ala and surrounding communities, Kunming, 47 villages; west Yiliang County, 7 villages. Users: 20,000 (Bradley 2007b). Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 28,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Sani. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern.
Samtao
[stu] Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna prefecture. Users: 100 in China (1993). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Blang. Alternate Names: Samtau, Samtuan. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic.
Sangkong
[sgk] Yunnan province: Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Jinghong county, Menglong (1 village) and Xiaojie (3 villages) districts. Users: 1,500 (1995 D. Bradley), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. Alternate Names: Buxia. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern.
Sani
[ysn] Yunnan province: Luxi, Mile, Qiubei, Shilin, and Yilang counties. Users: 100,000 (2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Gni Ni. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Sanie
[ysy] Yunnan province: north Anning county, Kunming municipality, Xishan district; southwest Fumin county. Users: 8,000 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 17,200 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Bai Lolo, Bai Yi, Minglang, Sa’nguie, Sanyie, Shanie, Shaniepu, White Yi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern.
Sarikoli
[srh] Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Taxkorgan (Tashkurghan) area, Sarikol valley. Users: 16,000 in China (2000 G. Erqing). Ethnic population: 20,400 (2000 G. Erqing). Total users in all countries: 16,070. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tajik. Alternate Names: Saliku’er, Salikur, Sarikuli, Sariqul, Sarykoly, Tadzik, Tajik, Tajiki. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir, Shugni-Yazgulami.
Shan
[shn] Yunnan province: Myanmar border area, 1 village. Users: Status: 5* (Dispersed). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. Alternate Names: Dehong. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
She
[shx] Guangdong province: Boluo, Haifeng, Huidong, and Zengcheng counties. More than 10 villages. Users: 910 (1999 Mao Zongwu). 580 Luofu, 390 Lianhua (McConnell 1995). 200 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 709,000 (2010 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: She. Alternate Names: Ho Nte, Huo Nte. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Ho Nte.
Sherpa
[xsr] Xizang Autonomous Region. Users: 1,000 in China (Shearer and Sun 2017). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Serwa, Sharpa, Sharpa Bhotia, Sherwi tamnye, Xarba, Xiaerba. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang.
Shuhi
[sxg] Sichuan province: Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture, Muli Tibetan autonomous county, Shuiluo township. Users: 1,800 (2000 D. Bradley). 1,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Shixing, Xumi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Naic.
Sinicized Miao
[hmz] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Longlin county; Guizhou province: Dafang, Guanling, Nayong, Pu’an, Puding, Qianxi, Qinglong, Shuicheng, Xingren, Zhenning, Zhijin, and Ziyun counties, Anshun municipality; Yunnan province: Funing, Guangnan, and Jinping counties, Gejiu municipality. Users: 250,000 in China (Hattaway 2003). Total users in all countries: 252,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Alternate Names: Biantou Miao, Changshu Miao, Curved Comb Miao, Flat Head Miao, Han Miao, Hmong Nzi, Hmong Sa, Hmong Shua, Hmong Sua, Long Comb Miao, Lopsided Comb Miao, Mushu Maio, Piān Miáo, Shuixi Miao, Sinicised Hmong, Waishu Miao, Water Miao, West of the Water Miao, Wooden Comb Miao. Autonym: Hmongb Shuat. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian.
Sonaga
[ysg] Yunnan province: Heqing county, Liuhe township. Users: 2,000 (2009 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Suoneiga. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Spanish
[spa] Users: 18,300 in China, all users. L1 users: 5,000 in China (Instituto Cervantes 2019). L2 users: 13,300 (2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian.
sTodsde
[jih] Sichuan province: south Rangthang county, Shangzhai district, Puxi, Shili, and Zongke townships; Duke and Zhongke rivers’ confluence. Users: 4,100 (2004). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Shangzhai. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, rGyalrongic.
Sui
[swi] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Nandan, and Rongshui counties; Guizhou province: Congjiang, Danzhai, Dushan, Duyun, Leishan, Libo, and Rongjiang counties, centered in Sandu; Yunnan province: Fuyuan county. Users: 300,000 in China (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 412,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 300,120. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Shui. Alternate Names: Ai Sui, Shui, Sui Li, Suipo. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui.
Tai Dam
[blt] Yunnan province: Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefectures, Dai, Jinping Miao, and Yao autonomous counties. Users: 10,000 in China (1995). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. Alternate Names: Black Tai, Hei Dai, Jinping Dai, Tailam, Tailon, ʼTáy Ðăm. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Tai Dón
[twh] Yunnan province: Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefectures, Dai, Jinping Miao, and Yao autonomous counties. Users: 15,000 in China (2000 census). Population figure 90% of Dai nationality in Jinping County in 2000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. Alternate Names: Bai Dai, Tai Jinping, White Tai. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Tai Hongjin
[tiz] Yunnan province: Chuxiong Yi autonomous prefecture, Dayao, Wuding, and Yongren counties, Kunming prefecture, Miao and Luquan Yi autonomous counties (Yongwu dialect); Miao and Wenshan Zhuang autonomous prefectures, Maguan county (Maguan dialect); Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefectures, Honghe and Yuanyang counties, and Yuxi prefecture, Dai, Yi, and Yuanjiang Hani autonomous counties (Yuanjiang dialect); Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefectures, Jianshui Lüchun, and Shiping counties (Lüshi dialect). Users: 85,000 (2000 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Tai Nüa
[tdd] Sichuan province: Liangshan autonomous prefecture; Yunnan province: Dehong Dai and Jingpo autonomous prefectures, Baoshan, Lincang, and Simao municipal prefectures. Users: 540,000 in China (Zhou and Luo 2001). Ethnic population: 1,260,000 (2010 census). Includes Lü [khb], Tai Dam [blt], Tai Dón [twh], Tai Hongjin [tiz], and Tai Ya [cuu] languages. Total users in all countries: 726,100. Status: 4 (Educational). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. Alternate Names: Chinese Shan, Chinese Tai, Dai Kong, Dai Na, Dai Nuea, Daide, Dehong Dai, Shan, Tai Dehong, Tai Le, Tai Mao, Tai Neua, Tai Nue, Tai Nü, Tai nö, Tai taü, Tai-Kong, Tai-Le, Yunannese Shan, Yunnan Shant’ou. Autonym: ᥖᥭᥰᥖᥬᥳᥑᥨᥒᥰ (tai taɯ xoŋ). Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Tai Ya
[cuu] Yunnan province: Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefectures, Honghe and Yuanyang counties; Yuxi prefecture, Xinping Yi-Dai autonomous county, Mosha district; Dai, Yi, and Yuanjiang Hani autonomous counties. Users: 50,000 in China (2000 census). Ethnic population: 50,000 (2000 census). Based on county level Dai populations. Total users in all countries: 50,400. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. Alternate Names: Cung, Daiya, Huayao Dai, Multi-colored Waistband Tai, Tai Cung, Tai-Chung, Tai-Cung, Ya, Yuanxin Hongjin Dai. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Tajik
[tgk] Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Kashgar prefecture, Taxkorgan Tajik autonomous county and Yarkant county. Users: 40,100 in China (2010 census). Ethnic population: 51,100 (2010 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Language of recognized nationality: Tajik. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian.
Talu
[yta] Yunnan province: Huaping county, Tongda township; Ninglang county, Ninglangping townhip; Yongsheng county, mainly 4 villages of Liude township. Users: 13,600 (2007), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Tagu, Taliu, Tazhi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Tanglang
[ytl] Yunnan province: south Lijiang county, Tai’an district, Hongmai community. Locals call this area Tanglangba or Tanglang basin. Users: 950 (Bradley 2007a), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Tholo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Tatar
[tat] Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Qvqek, Ürümqi, and Yining (Ghulja, Kulja). Users: 800 in China (1999 C. Zongzhen), decreasing. Ethnic population: 3,560 (2010 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Tatar. Alternate Names: Tartar, Tata’er. Classification: Turkic, Western, Uralian.
T’en
[tct] Guizhou province: Dushan, and east Pingtang counties; Huishui, south of Guiyang; some in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Users: 20,000 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 25,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Bouyei. Alternate Names: Rao, Rau, Then, Yang Hwang, Yanghuang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Kam-Sui.
Thangmi
[thf] Xizang Autonomous Region. Users: 300 in China (2002). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Dolakha, Thami. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Thangmi-Baraamu.
Thopho
[ytp] Yunnan province: Guangnan county, South central Zhetu district; northeast Zhulin district, 2 villages. Users: 200 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 500. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Black Hat Folk, Black Phula, Hei Mao Ren, Phula. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.
Tibetan Sign Language
[lsn] Tibet Autonomous Republic: scattered. Users: 500 (2018 T. Hofer). About 500 TibSL signers in the Lhasa area where it developed. Ethnic population: 45,000 (2017). Estimated 45,000–50,000 deaf in all of Tibet, most of whom are home signers (Hofer 2017). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: TSL, TibSL, bod kyi lag brda, bökyi lagda. Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language.
Tibetan, Amdo
[adx] Gansu province: Tianzhu autonomous county; Sichuan province: Aba (Ngaba) and Ganzi Tibetan autonomous prefectures; Xizang Autonomous Region: Guoluo (Golog), Haibei, Hainan, and Huangnan autonomous prefectures; Qinghai province: Gannan and Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous prefectures. Users: 1,800,000 (2005 C. Lhungrub). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Amdo, Anduo, Ngamdo, Panang. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Amdo.
Tibetan, Central
[bod] Xizang Autonomous Region; some in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Users: 1,070,000 in China (1990 census). 570,000 Dbus, 460,000 Gtsang, 40,000 Mngahris out of 4,593,000 in the official nationality. 920,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 6,280,000 (2010 census). Includes 24 Tibetan languages. Total users in all countries: 1,186,710 (as L1: 1,186,020; as L2: 690). Status: 2 (Provincial). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Bhotia, Lhasa Tibetan, Literary Tibetan, Phoke, Tibetan, Wei, Weizang, Zang. Autonym: བོད་ཡིག། (bod.yig), བོད་སྐད། (bod.skad). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central.
Tibetan, Khams
[khg] Qinghai province: Yushu Tibetan autonomous prefecture; Sichuan province: Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan autonomous prefecture; Xizang Autonomous Region: Changdu (Qamdo) and Naqu (Nagqu) districts; Yunnan province: Diqing (Dechen) Tibetan autonomous prefecture. Users: 1,380,000 in China (1994). 996,000 Eastern, 135,000 Southern, 158,000 Western, 91,000 Northern. Total users in all countries: 1,380,300. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Kam, Kami, Kang, Khamba, Khampa, Khams, Khams Bhotia, Khams-Yal. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Khams.
Tinani
[lbf] Xizang Autonomous Region: western border. Users: 450 in China (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Bhotia of Lahul, Gondla, Lahauli, Lahouli, Lahuli Tinan, Rangloi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri.
Tsat
[huq] Hainan province: Tianya district, Sanya city, Huixin and Huihui. Users: 4,000 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Hui. Alternate Names: Hainan Cham, Hui, Huihui, Poi Tsat, Sanya Hui, Utsat, Utset. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Highlands, Chru-Northern, Northern Cham.
Tseku
[tsk] Xizang Autonomous Region. Users: 12,600 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Tsuku, Tzuku. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish.
Tshangla
[tsj] Xizang Autonomous Region: Linzhi prefecture, Motuo (Medoz, Medog) county, Bangxing, Beibeng, Dexing, and Motuo districts; Linzhi (Ngingchi) county, Dongjiu district. Users: 7,000 in China (2000 census). Majority are monolingual. Ethnic population: 10,600 (2010 census). Includes Moinba (Cuona Monba) [twm] speakers. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Menba. Alternate Names: Canglo Monba, Cangluo Menba, Cangluo Monba, Central Monpa, Menba, Monba, Monpa, Motuo Menba, Sangla, Tsangla Monba, Tsanglo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish.
Tu
[mjg] Gansu province; Qinghai province: Hui, Huzhu Tu, and Minhe Tu autonomous counties. Users: 152,000 (2000 census), decreasing. Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 290,000 (2010 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tu. Alternate Names: Mongor, Mongour, Monguor, Qighaan Mongghul. Classification: Mongolic, Eastern, Mongour.
Tujia, Northern
[tji] Chongqing province: southeast; Guizhou province; Hubei province: southwest; Hunan province: Yanhe and Yingjiang counties. Wuling mountain range. Users: 70,000 (Brassett and Brassett 2005). 100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 8,350,000 (2010 census). Includes Southern Tujia [tjs]. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tujia. Alternate Names: Tuchia, Tudja, pi tsi kha. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Tujia.
Tujia, Southern
[tjs] Northwest Hunan Province, Luxi county, 3 villages. Users: 1,500 (Brassett and Brassett 2005), decreasing. Monolinguals are mainly women, children, and older adults. Ethnic population: 8,030,000 (2000 census). Includes 70,000 in Northern Tujia. Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Tujia. Alternate Names: Mong Tsi, Tuchia. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Tujia.
Tuvan
[tyv] Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Altay prefecture, Burjin, Habahe, Fuyun, and Altay counties. Users: 2,400 in China (1999 W. Hongwei). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 3,000 (1993). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Mongolian. Alternate Names: Diba, Kök Mungak, Tuva, Tuvin, Tuwa. Classification: Turkic, Northern.
U
[uuu] Southwest Yunnan Province, Baoshan municipal prefecture, Shidian and Changning counties. May be in Myanmar. Users: 30,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Blang. Alternate Names: A’erwa, Awa, Awa Blang, P’uman, Puman, Wa, Wu, Wu Blang. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Angkuic.
Uyghur
[uig] Northwest, many separate enclaves in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region; also in northernmost Gansu Province, border enclave on Mongolia border; possibly scattered in other Chinese provinces and regions. Users: 10,100,000 in China (2010 census). Some are monolingual. Ethnic population: 10,100,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 10,411,822. Status: 2 (Provincial). Language of recognized nationality: Uygur. Alternate Names: Uighuir, Uighur, Uiguir, Uigur, Uygur, Weiwu’er, Wiga. Autonym: ئۇيغۇر تىلى (Uyghur tili), ئۇيغۇرچە (Uyghurche). Classification: Turkic, Eastern.
Uzbek, Northern
[uzn] North and west Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region; Urumqi, Kashgar, and Yining (Ghulja) cities, especially Ili. Users: 5,000 in China (2000 Chen Shiliang). Ethnic population: 10,600 (2010 census). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Language of recognized nationality: Uzbek. Alternate Names: O’zbek, Ouzbek, Usbaki, Usbeki. Classification: Turkic, Eastern.
Vietnamese
[vie] South coast of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, on Shanxin, Wanwei, and Wutou peninsulas (referred to as the 3 peninsulas), Fangcheng Pan-Nationality autonomous county; Jiangping region. Users: 7,200 in China (1999 O. Jueya). Ethnic population: 28,200 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jing. Alternate Names: Annamese, Ching, Gin, Jing, Kinh, Tiếng Việt, Yuenan-yu. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Vietnamese.
Wa, Parauk
[prk] Southwest Yunnan Province, Lincang prefecture, Cangyuan Va autonomous, Shuangjiang Lahu, Blang, Dai autonomous, Gengma Dai, and Yongde counties; Simao prefecture, Lancang Lahu autonomous county; Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture, Menghai county, Mengman district. Users: 399,000 in China (2008 P. Hopple). Speaker population based on 2000 census. Status: 5 (Dispersed). Language of recognized nationality: Blang. Around 10,000 Parauk speakers are classified as being within Blang nationality. Language of recognized nationality: Wa. The vast majority of speakers are assigned to the Wa nationality. Alternate Names: Barao, Baraog, Baraoke, Baroke, Buliu, Bulu, Burao, Phalok, Praok, Wa. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Wa.
Wa, Vo
[wbm] Southwest Yunnan Province, Lincang prefecture, Yongde and Zhenkang counties; Simao prefecture, Lancang Lahu autonomous county. Users: 40,000 in China (Zhou Zhizhi et al 2004). Many monolinguals. Ethnic population: 430,000 (2010 census). Includes Awa [vwa] (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 40,700. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Wa. Alternate Names: Ban, K’awa, Kawa, La, Pan, Pinyin, Pun, Va, Vo, Wa Pwi, Wakut. Autonym: Vax. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Waic, Wa.
Wakhi
[wbl] Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Taxkorgan Tajik autonomous county (especially Daftar); mountains south of Pishan. Users: 6,000 in China. Ethnic population: 41,000 (2000 census). Includes Sarikoli [srh] speakers. Status: 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tajik. Alternate Names: Khik, Khikwar, Vakhan, Wakhani, Wakhigi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir.
Walungge
[ola] Xizang Autonomous Region: Dinggyê county, Xigazê prefecture, Goma, Luda, Rhiu, Salmaru, and Samdok villages. Users: Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Unclassified.
Waxianghua
[wxa] Hunan province: Chunxi, Dayong, Guzhang, Jishou, and Yuanling; a 6,000 square km area in Wuling mountains. Users: 300,000 (1995). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Han. Alternate Names: Wogang, Xianghua. Classification: Unclassified.
Wutunhua
[wuh] Qinghai province: Huangnan Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Tongren county, Longwu township, Jiangchama and Upper and Lower Wutun villages. Users: 4,000 (2016 E. Sandman). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tu. Alternate Names: Ngandehua, Sanggaixiong, Wutong, Wutun. Classification: Mixed language, Chinese-Tibetan-Bonan Mongour.
Xibe
[sjo] Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Gongliu, Huocheng, Nilka, Qapqal, Tekes, Xinyuan, and Zhaosu counties; Bortala prefecture, Bole county, Ürümqi city; Ili prefecture, Yining city; Tacheng prefecture, Tacheng county. Users: 30,000 (2000 A. Jun). Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 190,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Xibe. Alternate Names: Sibe, Sibin, Sibo, Xibo. Classification: Tungusic, Southern, Southwest.
Yerong
[yrn] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Baise prefecture, Napo county, Longhe district, Gonghe village; Pohe district, Guoba, Shanhe, and Yong’an Guoba villages; Debao county, Batou district, Rongtun village on Yunnan province and Vietnam borders. Users: 500 (Shearer and Sun 2017). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. Alternate Names: Ban Yao, Da Ia, Daban Yao, Eastern Buyang, Guangxi Buyang, Ia Hrong, Iron Yao, Khyung Buyang, Liu Yao, Napo Buyang, Rongtun Buyang, Six Yao, Tie Yao, Tu Yao, Yalang, Yang Khyung, Yerong Buyang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kra, Eastern Kra.
Yi, Wuding-Luquan
[ywq] Sichuan province: Huili county; Yunnan province: Huize, Lufeng, Luquan, Qujing, Wuding, Xundian, Yongren, and Yuanmou counties. Users: 250,000 (2007). Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Black Yi, Dian Dongbei Yi, Hei Yi, Nasu, Nasupho, Wu-Lu Yi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Northern.
Yugur, East
[yuy] Gansu province: east Sunan Yugur autonomous county, Dahe, Kangle, and Mati districts; some in Qinghai province. Users: 4,000 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 6,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Yugur. Alternate Names: Eastern Yogor, Enge’er, Enger, Shera Yogur, Shira Yughur, Yellow Uighur, Yogor, Yugar, Yugu, Yögur. Classification: Mongolic, Eastern, Mongour.
Yugur, West
[ybe] Gansu province: Sunan Yugur autonomous county near Zhangye (Kanchow). Users: 4,600 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 7,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Yugur. Alternate Names: Sari Yogur, Sarig, Sary-Uighur, Sarygh Uygur, Ya Lu, Yellow Uighur, Yugu, Yuku. Classification: Turkic, Eastern.
Zaiwa
[atb] Yunnan province: Dehong Dai-Jingpo autonomous prefecture, Bangwa, Longchuan, Luxi, Ruili, and Yingjiang counties. Users: 120,000 in China (2021). 20,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 153,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Jingpo. Alternate Names: Aci, Aji, Atshi, Atsi, Atsi-Maru, Atzi, Azi, Szi, Tsaiva, Tsaiwa, Xiaoshanhua. Autonym: Zaiwâ. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Northern.
Zakhring
[zkr] Xizang Autonomous Region: Zayul county, Lower Zayul township, 3 villages: Lading, Songgu, and Tama. Users: 600 in China (Bradley 2007a). Total users in all countries: 1,000. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Charumba, Songgu Zhahua, Zaiwa, Zha. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Keman.
Zauzou
[zal] Yunnan province: Nujiang Lisu autonomous prefecture, Lanping county, Biji, Guoli, Jiangmo, Tu’e, Wupijiang, and Xiaocun districts; Lushui county, Liukuzhen, Luzhang, and Shuilizhai districts and townships. Users: 2,100 (Bradley 2007b). 210 monolinguals. Mainly older adults. Ethnic population: 2,500 (1999 Sun Hong Kai). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Nu. Alternate Names: Jaojo, Raorou, Rourou. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Zhaba
[zhb] Sichuan province: Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Daofu (Dawu) county, Zhaba district; Yajiang (Nyagquka) county, Zhamai district. Users: 7,800 (Gengxua and Hu 2008), decreasing. Many young monolingual speakers in Zhaba and Zhamai districts. Ethnic population: 9,000 (Gong 2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. Alternate Names: Bazi, Bozi, Draba, Zaba, Zha, nDrapa. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Northeastern Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic.
Zhuang
[zha] A macrolanguage. Population total all languages (L1 only): 14,936,200. Includes: Central Hongshuihe Zhuang [zch], Dai Zhuang [zhd], Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang [zeh], Guibei Zhuang [zgb], Guibian Zhuang [zgn], Lianshan Zhuang [zln], Liujiang Zhuang [zlj], Liuqian Zhuang [zlq], Minz Zhuang [zgm], Nong Zhuang [zhn], Qiubei Zhuang [zqe], Yang Zhuang [zyg], Yongbei Zhuang [zyb], Yongnan Zhuang [zyn], Youjiang Zhuang [zyj], Zuojiang Zhuang [zzj].
Zhuang, Central Hongshuihe
[zch] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Dahua, Du’an, Mashan, north Shanglin, possibly east Pingguo; both sides of central Hongshuihe river. Users: 1,080,000 (2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern.
Zhuang, Dai
[zhd] Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guangnan county, Zhulin township; Maguan and Malipo (west) counties; Wenshan county, Dehou, Kaihua, Laohuilong, Matang, and Panzhihua townships; Yanshan county, Pingyuan township. Users: 100,000 in China (Wang and Johnson 2008). Very few monolinguals, though it is L1 learned by children in most Dai Zhuang villages. Ethnic population: 120,000. Total users in all countries: 100,200. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Bu Dai, Kau Ndae, Khaau Daai, Thu Lao, Tu, Tuliao, Tuzu, Wen-Ma Southern Zhuang, Zhuangyu Nanbu Fangyan Wen-Ma Tuyu, Zhuangyu Nanbu fangyan Dejing tuyu. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central.
Zhuang, Eastern Hongshuihe
[zeh] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: south Shanglin county, south Xincheng district, south Xingbin district, north Guigang city, west Guiping city, and south Wuxuan county; some in Guangdong province; south of Hongshuihe and Qianjiang rivers. Users: 1,200,000 (2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern.
Zhuang, Guibei
[zgb] Guizhou and Hunan provinces; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Bama, Donglan, Hechi, Huanjiang, Longsheng, Luocheng, Nandan, Rongan, Rongshui, Sanjiang, Tian’e, and Yongfu. Users: 1,500,000 (2007). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern.
Zhuang, Guibian
[zgn] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Fengshan, Leyun, Lingyun, Longlin, Tianlin, and Xilin; Yunnan province: Funing, and north Guangnan. Users: 1,000,000 (2007). 420,000 monolinguals. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. In concentrated Guibian areas, the main trade language on market days. Alternate Names: Buyei, Buyoi, Kang Yei, Northern Zhuang, Vahcuengh. Autonym: 壮语 (Zhuàngyǔ). Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern.
Zhuang, Lianshan
[zln] Guangdong province: Huaji county, Xiashuai and Zhongzhou districts; Lianshan Zhuang Yao autonomous county; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Users: 48,000 (2007 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Lianshan. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern.
Zhuang, Liujiang
[zlj] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: north Laibin, Liucheng, Liujiang, north Xincheng, and Yishan. Users: 1,560,000 (2007). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern.
Zhuang, Liuqian
[zlq] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Luzhai, north Wuxuan, and Xiangzhou; possibly Hezhou, Pingle, and Yangshuo; east of Liujiang and north of Qianjiang rivers. Users: 370,000 (2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern.
Zhuang, Minz
[zgm] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Dejing area, Debao, Jingxi, and Napo counties; Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Funing county, Langheng district, Tianbeng township, Anha, Bagan, Gecai, Getao, Gezao, Longnong, Na’en, Sankeshu, Shangmabu, Tianfang, and Xionggu villages. Users: 173,000 (2004). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Black Zhuang, Bu Xiong, Heiyi Zhuang, Kon Min, Sung, Zong Zhuang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central.
Zhuang, Nong
[zhn] Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, central and west Guangnan, Maguan, Malipo, north Wenshan, Xichou, and east Yanshan counties; a few in Funing and Qiubei counties. Users: 500,000 (Wang and Johnson 2008). 125,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 600,000 (2007). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Daez, Kau Nong, Khau Nong, Noangx, Nong hua, Phu Nong, Phu Tei, Tei Nong, Yan-Guang Southern Zhuang, Zhuangyu Nanbu fanyan Yan-Guang tuyu, puj Daez, puj Noangz, puj Nuangz. Autonym: kauq Daez, kauq Noangz. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central.
Zhuang, Qiubei
[zqe] Yunnan province: Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, west edge Guangnan and Qiubei counties; Qujing municipal prefecture, Shizong county, Longqing Yi-Zhuang and Wulong Zhuang autonomous districts. Users: 140,000 (2007 census). 28,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 150,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Bau i, Bui, Buyi, Northern Zhuang, Qiubei Sha. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern.
Zhuang, Yang
[zyg] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Debao, Jingxi, and Napo counties; Yunnan province: Funing county, scattered in Bo’ai, Banlun, Dongbo, Guichao, Xinhua, and Zhesang townships and districts. Users: 765,000 in China (2004). 745,000 in the Dejing area (Jingxi, Napo, and Debao Counties, Guangxi). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Can Yang, Dejing Zhuang, Dianbao, Gen Yang, Jingxi Zhuang, Káang Thó, Lang, Nong, Nung Giang, Yangzhou, Zhuangyu Nanbu fangyan Dejing tuyu. Autonym: 佒壯 (Yang zhuàng), 壮语徳靖 (Deijing Zhuang). Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central.
Zhuang, Yongbei
[zyb] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Binyang, Hengxian, Pingguo, Wuming, and north Yongning. Users: 1,980,000 (2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern.
Zhuang, Yongnan
[zyn] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Fangcheng, Fusui, Jingxi, Longan, Quinzhou, Shangsi, and south Yongning counties; Yunnan province: Funing county. Users: 1,800,000 in China (2000 J. Edmondson). Total users in all countries: 1,810,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Bou Rau, Boux Toj, Long An, Long’an, Nongz Anx, Nung An, Southern Zhuang, Yongnan Vernacular of the Southern Dialect of the Zhuang Language, Zhuangyu nanbu fangyan Yongnan tuyu. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central.
Zhuang, Youjiang
[zyj] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Baise, Tiandong, and Tianyang; some in Yunnan province. Users: 870,000 (2007). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Northern.
Zhuang, Zuojiang
[zzj] Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Chongzuo, Daxin, Jingxi, Longzhou, Ningming, Pingxiang, and Tiandeng counties; Yunnan province: Funing county, a few villages. Users: 1,500,000 in China (2000 census). 35,000 in Jingxi and Napo counties. Total users in all countries: 1,840,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. Alternate Names: Canto, Ken Tho, Longyin, Longzhou, Nongz Anx, Pho Thai, Potai, Pu Tho, Puto, Southern Zhuang, Zhuangyu nanbu fangyan Zuojiang tuyu. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Central.
Zokhuo
[yzk] Yunnan province: southeast Wenshan county, south Dongshan and north Zhuiligai townships; south Yanshan county. Users: 13,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 17,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Alternate Names: Cowtail Phula, Nimitso, Niuweiba Phula, Phula, Ruoke, Tshokha, Zekhe, Zuoke. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southeastern.