China

Chinese, Mandarin

[cmn] 1 (National). De facto national language. 1,085,000,000 in China, all users. L1 users: 907,000,000 in China (2018), increasing. 70% of Chinese language users speak a Mandarin dialect as L1. L2 users: 178,000,000. Total users in all countries: 1,118,584,040 (as L1: 919,856,040; as L2: 198,728,000).

2 (Provincial)

Chinese, Yue

[yue] 2 (Provincial). De facto provincial language in Guangdong Province. Language of recognized nationality: Han. 73,300,000 in China (2019). Total users in all countries: 85,576,570 (as L1: 85,174,570; as L2: 402,000).

Kyrgyz

[kir] 2 (Provincial). Language of recognized nationality: Kyrgyz. 160,000 in China (2000 census). 60,000 Northern Kirghiz, 40,000 Southern Kirghiz (Shearer and Sun 2002). Older adults monolingual. Ethnic population: 187,000 (2010 census).

Lü

[khb] 2 (Provincial). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. Some speakers of other languages use Lü as L2 for trade. 280,000 in China (2000 census). 140,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 555,760.

Tibetan, Central

[bod] 2 (Provincial). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 1,070,000 in China (1990 census). 570,000 Dbus, 460,000 Gtsang, 40,000 Mngahris out of 4,593,000 in the official nationality. 920,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 6,280,000 (2010 census). Includes 24 Tibetan languages. Total users in all countries: 1,186,710 (as L1: 1,186,020; as L2: 690).

Uyghur

[uig] 2 (Provincial). Language of recognized nationality: Uygur. 10,100,000 in China (2010 census). Some are monolingual. Ethnic population: 10,100,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 10,411,822.

3 (Wider communication)

Kazakh

[kaz] 3 (Wider communication). Language of recognized nationality: Kazakh. 1,250,000 in China (2000 census). 830,000 Northeastern Kazakh, 70,000 Southwestern Kazakh (1982). 1,060,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,460,000 (2010 census).

Lisu

[lis] 3 (Wider communication). Language of recognized nationality: Lisu. Some 7,000 members of the Nu nationality in China, and more in Myanmar, speak only Lisu. 600,000 in China (2000 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 703,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 942,700.

Zhuang, Guibian

[zgn] 3 (Wider communication). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. In concentrated Guibian areas, the main trade language on market days. 1,000,000 (2007). 420,000 monolinguals.

Zhuang, Nong

[zhn] 3 (Wider communication). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. 500,000 (Wang and Johnson 2008). 125,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 600,000 (2007).

4 (Educational)

Chinese, Hakka

[hak] 4 (Educational). Language of recognized nationality: Han. 36,600,000 in China (2019). Total users in all countries: 44,065,190 (as L1: 43,817,190; as L2: 248,000).

English

[eng] 4 (Educational). 15,620,000 in China, all users. L1 users: 120,000 in China (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. L2 users: 15,500,000 (Wei and Su 2012).

Lahu

[lhu] 4 (Educational). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu. 280,000 in China (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 486,000 (2010 census). Includes Kucong [lkc], Lahu Shi [lhi], Lamu [llh], Laomian [lwm], and Lawu [lwu] (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 543,300.

Nuosu

[iii] 4 (Educational). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 2,000,000 (2000 census), increasing. 1,200,000 monolinguals (Jiafa 1994).

Tai Nüa

[tdd] 4 (Educational). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. 540,000 in China (Zhou and Luo 2001). Ethnic population: 1,260,000 (2010 census). Includes Lü [khb], Tai Dam [blt], Tai Dón [twh], Tai Hongjin [tiz], and Tai Ya [cuu] languages. Total users in all countries: 726,100.

5 (Dispersed)

Korean

[kor] 5 (Dispersed). Language of recognized nationality: Chaoxian (Korean). 2,710,000 in China (2012 census). 1,200,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,460,000 (2019 Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs).

Russian

[rus] 5* (Dispersed). Language of recognized nationality: Russian. 700,000 in China (Arefyev 2012), all users. L1 users: 2,940 (Shearer and Sun 2002). Ethnic population: 15,400 (2010 census).

Shan

[shn] 5* (Dispersed). Language of recognized nationality: Dai.

Tajik

[tgk] 5* (Dispersed). Language of recognized nationality: Tajik. 40,100 in China (2010 census). Ethnic population: 51,100 (2010 census).

Uzbek, Northern

[uzn] 5 (Dispersed). Language of recognized nationality: Uzbek. 5,000 in China (2000 Chen Shiliang). Ethnic population: 10,600 (2010 census).

Wa, Parauk

[prk] 5 (Dispersed). Language of recognized nationality: Blang. Around 10,000 Parauk speakers are classified as being within Blang nationality. Language of recognized nationality: Wa. The vast majority of speakers are assigned to the Wa nationality. 399,000 in China (2008 P. Hopple). Speaker population based on 2000 census.

5 (Developing)

Miao, Large Flowery

[hmd] 5* (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 300,000 (Wang and Mao 1995).

Pinghua, Northern

[cnp] 5* (Developing). 1,760,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017).

Pinghua, Southern

[csp] 5* (Developing). 2,370,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017).

Akeu

[aeu] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. 10,000 in China (2004 E. Johnson). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2008 T. Kosonen). Total users in all countries: 12,400.

Akha

[ahk] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. 240,000 in China (Bradley 2007b), increasing. Ethnic population: 240,000 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 616,600.

Bouyei

[pcc] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Bouyei. 2,970,000 in China (Shearer and Sun 2017). Total users in all countries: 3,043,740.

Chinese Sign Language

[csl] 5 (Developing). 4,200,000 (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL), increasing. Estimated 2,800,000–5,600,000 signing deaf in all signing varieties, assuming 0.2%–0.4% of the general population.

Chinese, Gan

[gan] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. 22,200,000 (2018).

Chinese, Huizhou

[czh] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. 5,380,000 (2019).

Chinese, Jinyu

[cjy] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. 47,100,000 (2018).

Chinese, Min Bei

[mnp] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. 11,100,000 in China (2018). Total users in all countries: 11,520,000.

Chinese, Min Dong

[cdo] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. 10,500,000 in China (2019). Total users in all countries: 10,818,820.

Chinese, Min Nan

[nan] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. 27,700,000 in China (2018). Total users in all countries: 49,674,990 (as L1: 49,287,990; as L2: 387,000).

Chinese, Pu-Xian

[cpx] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. 3,140,000 in China (2019). Total users in all countries: 3,191,700.

Chinese, Wu

[wuu] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. 81,700,000 in China (2018). Total users in all countries: 81,817,790 (as L1: 81,754,390; as L2: 63,400).

Chinese, Xiang

[hsn] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Han. 37,400,000 (2018).

Hmong Daw

[mww] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 233,000 in China (2004). Ethnic population: All Hmong in China: 8,950,000 (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 2,020,400.

Iu Mien

[ium] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. 383,000 in China (Wang and Mao 1995). Ethnic population: 2,800,000 (2010 census). Includes Biao Mon [bmt], Biao-Jiao Mien [bje], Bu-Nao Bunu [bwx], Jiongnai Bunu [pnu], Wunai Bunu [bwn], Younuo Bunu [buh], Dzao Min [bpn], Kim Mun [mji], Lakkia [lbc], Pa-Hng [pha], and Yerong [yrn] languages. Total users in all countries: 837,400.

Lahu Shi

[lhi] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu. 117,000 in China (Bradley 2007b), increasing. Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 120,000. Total users in all countries: 196,200.

Miao, Chuanqiandian Cluster

[cqd] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 1,400,000 (Wang and Mao 1995).

Nasu, Wusa

[yig] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 600,000 (2018 M. Gerner), decreasing. Ethnic population: 700,000.

Naxi

[nxq] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Naxi. Official ethnic language of the Narua nationality. 300,000 (2000 census). 100,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 326,000 (2010 census).

Tai Dam

[blt] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. 10,000 in China (1995).

Wa, Vo

[wbm] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Wa. 40,000 in China (Zhou Zhizhi et al 2004). Many monolinguals. Ethnic population: 430,000 (2010 census). Includes Awa [vwa] (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 40,700.

Yi, Wuding-Luquan

[ywq] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 250,000 (2007).

Zaiwa

[atb] 5 (Developing). Language of recognized nationality: Jingpo. 120,000 in China (2021). 20,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 153,000.

6a (Vigorous)

Alugu

[aub] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 3,500 (Pelkey 2011), increasing. Ethnic population: 3,500.

Azha

[aza] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 53,000 (2007 J. Pelkey).

Azhe

[yiz] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 54,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 60,000.

Bai, Central

[bca] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Bai. 800,000 (2003 census). Ethnic population: 1,930,000 (2010 census). Includes Lama Bai [lay], Panyi Bai [bfc], and Southern Bai [bfs] languages.

Bai, Lama

[lay] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Bai. 80,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017).

Bai, Southern

[bfs] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Bai. 680,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017).

Biao

[byk] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Han. 80,000 (Liang and Zhang 2002). 10,000 monolinguals. Women and small children are monolingual. Ethnic population: 120,000.

Biao-Jiao Mien

[bje] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. 43,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). Biaomin (Dongshan) has a much larger speaker population (approximately 35,700) than Jiaogong (Shikou; approximately 10,900).

Biyo

[byo] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. 120,000 (Bradley 1997).

Blang

[blr] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Blang. 42,000 in China (2000 census). Ethnic population: 120,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 55,200.

Bugan

[bbh] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 2,700 (Yunbin 2005). Ethnic population: 2,700 (2005).

Cao Miao

[cov] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 63,600 (2000).

Chinese, Min Zhong

[czo] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Han. 3,620,000 (2019).

Cun

[cuq] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Han. 80,000 (1999 O. Jueya). 47,200 monolinguals. Mainly children, elders, and some women.

Dong, Southern

[kmc] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Dong. 1,000,000. Ethnic population: 2,880,000 (2010 census), including Northern Dong [doc].

Drung

[duu] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Dulong. 14,000 in China (2000 census). 8,500 in Nu River dialect, 5,500 in Dulong River dialect. Total population all countries: 14,000. 13,300 monolinguals (2000). Total users in all countries: 14,225.

Dzao Min

[bpn] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. 60,000 (Wang and Mao 1995).

Gepo

[ygp] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 100,000 (2007), decreasing.

Hani

[hni] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. 740,000 in China (Bradley 2007b). 444,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,660,000 (2010 census). Includes Akeu [aeu], Akha [ahk], Biyo [byo], Chadong [cdy], Enu [enu], Honi [how], Kaduo [ktp], Muda [ymd], and Sangkong [sgk] languages. Total users in all countries: 766,240.

Hlai

[lic] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Li. 667,000 (1999 O. Jueya). 160,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,460,000 (2010 census). Includes Jiamao [jio] speakers.

Hmong Njua

[hnj] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 40,000 in China (Hattaway 2003).

Honi

[how] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. 140,000 (Bradley 2007b).

Jiamao

[jio] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Li. 52,300 (Wurm et al 1987).

Jiarong

[jya] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 83,000 (1999 Sun Hong Kai). 25,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 151,000 (Lin 1993). Includes 139,000 in Situ Jiarong, 12,200 in Chabao and Sidaba.

Jingpho

[kac] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Jingpo. 40,000 in China (1999 X. Xijian). 20,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 148,000 (2010 census). Includes Lashi [lsi], Lhaovo [mhx], Pela [bxd], and Zaiwa [atb] speakers (2010 census).

Kaduo

[ktp] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. 180,000 in China (Bradley 2007b), increasing. Many monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 180,200.

Kang

[kyp] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. 34,100 in China (1993).

Khuen

[khf] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,000 in China (1993).

Kim Mun

[mji] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. The majority officially classified within Yao nationality. 200,000 in China (Wang and Mao 1995). 61,000 in Hainan Province (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 374,500.

Kua-nsi

[ykn] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 5,000 (2009 SIL).

Kuamasi

[yku] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 1,000 (2011 SIL).

Lakkia

[lbc] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. 9,000 (Bradley 2007a). 4,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 12,000 (Bradley 2007b).

Lang’e

[yne] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 2,000 (2007).

Lavrung

[jiq] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 50,000 (Lin 1993).

Limi

[ylm] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 29,000 (2002).

Lingao

[onb] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Han. 600,000 (2000 Liang Min). 350,000 Lincheng, 170,000 Qiongshan. 100,000 monolinguals.

Lipo

[lpo] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. Only those in Dayao and Yongren counties of Western Chuxing Prefecture. Language of recognized nationality: Lisu. 250,000 (Bradley 2007b). Few monolinguals.

Lolopo

[ycl] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 380,000 (2007).

Lopi

[lov] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Hani.

Luoba, Yidu

[clk] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Lhoba (Luoba). 80 in China (1999 Sun Hong Kai). 50 monolinguals.

Miao, Central Huishui

[hmc] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 40,000 (Wang and Mao 1995).

Miao, Central Mashan

[hmm] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 70,000 (Wang and Mao 1995).

Miao, Eastern Qiandong

[hmq] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 350,000 (Wang and Mao 1995).

Miao, Eastern Xiangxi

[muq] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 80,000 (Wang and Mao 1995).

Miao, Horned

[hrm] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 50,000 (Hattaway 2003).

Miao, Luopohe

[hml] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. Most officially classified within Miao nationality, except for Xijia group. 61,000 (Wang and Mao 1995).

Miao, Northern Guiyang

[huj] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 84,000 (Wang and Mao 1995).

Miao, Northern Huishui

[hmi] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 70,000 (Wang and Mao 1995).

Miao, Northern Mashan

[hmp] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 35,000 (Wang and Mao 1995).

Miao, Small Flowery

[sfm] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 84,000 (Wang and Mao 1995).

Miao, Southern Guiyang

[hmy] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 28,000 (Wang and Mao 1995).

Miao, Southern Qiandong

[hms] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 500,000 (Wang and Mao 1995). All Miao in China: 8,950,000 (2000 census).

Miao, Southwestern Guiyang

[hmg] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 70,000 (Wang and Mao 1995).

Miao, Southwestern Huishui

[hmh] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 56,000 (Wang and Mao 1995).

Miao, Western Xiangxi

[mmr] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 820,000 (Wang and Mao 1995), decreasing.

Monba, Cuona

[twm] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Menba. 1,300 in China (2000 census). 600 Southern Cuona, 700 Northern Cuona. Less than half monolingual: Young children, older people, some young adults. Ethnic population: 10,600 (2010 census). Includes Tshangla [tsj] speakers.

Muak Sa-aak

[ukk] 6a* (Vigorous).

Muji, Southern

[ymc] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 26,000 (Pelkey 2011), increasing. Ethnic population: 28,000.

Naaba

[nao] 6a* (Vigorous).

Namuyi

[nmy] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 5,000 (Bradley 2007a). 200 monolinguals. Mainly older adults. Ethnic population: 5,000 (Bradley 2007b).

Narua

[nru] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Naxi. Yunnan Province speakers officially classified within Naxi nationality. Language of recognized nationality: Mongolian. Sichuan Province speakers assigned to the Mongolian nationality. 47,000 (2010 SIL). Ethnic population: 47,000.

Nisi

[yso] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 36,000 (2002), decreasing.

Nisu, Northwestern

[nsf] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 24,000 (2004 SIL). 7,000 in Yunlong, 7,000 in Yangbi, 8,000 in Yongping districts (2004).

Nusu

[nuf] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Nu. 12,000 in China (Bradley 2007b). 2,000 Northern Nusu; 4,000 Southern; 6,000 Central. 1,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 12,670.

Phola

[ypg] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 13,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 13,000.

Phola, Alo

[ypo] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 500 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 500.

Phowa, Ani

[ypn] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 10,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 10,000.

Phuma

[ypm] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 8,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 8,000.

Pumi, Northern

[pmi] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 35,000 (1999). 5,000 in Pumi nationality, 30,000 in Tibetan nationality (1994). 10,000 monolinguals.

Sani

[ysn] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 100,000 (2007).

Sinicized Miao

[hmz] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 250,000 in China (Hattaway 2003). Total users in all countries: 252,000.

Sonaga

[ysg] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 2,000 (2009 SIL).

Sui

[swi] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Shui. 300,000 in China (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 412,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 300,120.

Tai Ya

[cuu] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. 50,000 in China (2000 census). Ethnic population: 50,000 (2000 census). Based on county level Dai populations. Total users in all countries: 50,400.

Tibetan, Amdo

[adx] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 1,800,000 (2005 C. Lhungrub).

Tibetan, Khams

[khg] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 1,380,000 in China (1994). 996,000 Eastern, 135,000 Southern, 158,000 Western, 91,000 Northern. Total users in all countries: 1,380,300.

Wutunhua

[wuh] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Tu. 4,000 (2016 E. Sandman).

Zhuang, Central Hongshuihe

[zch] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. 1,080,000 (2007).

Zhuang, Eastern Hongshuihe

[zeh] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. 1,200,000 (2007).

Zhuang, Guibei

[zgb] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. 1,500,000 (2007).

Zhuang, Liujiang

[zlj] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. 1,560,000 (2007).

Zhuang, Minz

[zgm] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. 173,000 (2004).

Zhuang, Qiubei

[zqe] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. 140,000 (2007 census). 28,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 150,000.

Zhuang, Yang

[zyg] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. 765,000 in China (2004). 745,000 in the Dejing area (Jingxi, Napo, and Debao Counties, Guangxi).

Zhuang, Yongbei

[zyb] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. 1,980,000 (2007).

Zhuang, Yongnan

[zyn] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. 1,800,000 in China (2000 J. Edmondson). Total users in all countries: 1,810,000.

Zhuang, Youjiang

[zyj] 6a* (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. 870,000 (2007).

Zhuang, Zuojiang

[zzj] 6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. 1,500,000 in China (2000 census). 35,000 in Jingxi and Napo counties. Total users in all countries: 1,840,000.

6b (Threatened)

Ache

[yif] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 35,000 (2003).

Ai-Cham

[aih] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Bouyei. 3,000 (2000 CASS).

Ainu

[aib] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Uygur. 12,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017).

Awa

[vwa] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Wa. 98,000 (Zhou Zhizhi et al 2004). Masan Dialect: 33,000 in Ximeng County; Xiyun Dialect: 2,200 in Lancang and Menglian counties; Dawangnuo Dialect: 30,000 in Menglian and Ximeng counties; Awalei Dialect: 2,200 in Ximeng County; Awa proper: 30,600 In Lancan County.

Awu

[yiu] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 20,000 (2002).

Axi

[yix] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 120,000 (2022), decreasing. Elderly and women over 35 are monolingual. Ethnic population: 170,000 (2008).

Bai, Panyi

[bfc] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Bai. 35,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017).

Baima

[bqh] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 10,000 (Bradley 2007a). Older adults and a few middle aged are monolingual. Ethnic population: 14,000 (Bradley 2007b).

Biao Mon

[bmt] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. 20,000 (Wang and Mao 1995).

Bokha

[ybk] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 10,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 12,000.

Bonan

[peh] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Baoan. 10,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). 6,000 Jishishan, 4,000 Tongren (Shearer and Sun 2017). Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 20,100 (2010 census).

Bumang

[bvp] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. 200 (Jie 2007).

Bunu, Bu-Nao

[bwx] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. 400,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017). 97,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 439,000 (1982 census). 100,000 ethnic Bunu speak Central Hongshuihe Zhuang [zch] as L1.

Bunu, Jiongnai

[pnu] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. 1,080 (1999 Mao Zongwu). 270 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,500 (Bradley 2007b).

Buxinhua

[bgk] 6b (Threatened). 200 in China (Bradley 2007b).

Buyang, Baha

[yha] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. 600 (Li 1997), decreasing.

Chadong

[cdy] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. 20,000 (Li 2006).

Darang Deng

[mhu] 6b (Threatened). 850 in China (1999 Sun Hong Kai). 750 monolinguals.

Dong, Northern

[doc] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Dong. 463,000 in China (2003). Ethnic population: 2,880,000 (2010 census). Includes Southern Dong [kmc].

Dongxiang

[sce] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Dongxiang. 200,000 (Bradley 2007a). Half in Suonanba dialect. 80,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 622,000 (2010 census).

[eee] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. 7,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017).

Enu

[enu] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. 30,000 (Dai and Duan 1995).

Evenki

[evn] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Ewenki. 11,000 in China (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 30,900 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 15,800.

[hmj] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 60,000 (Wang and Mao 1995).

Geman Deng

[mxj] 6b (Threatened). 200 in China (1999 Sun Hong Kai), decreasing.

Groma

[gro] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 12,800 in China (1993). Total users in all countries: 26,800.

Guiqiong

[gqi] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 6,000 (2000 Sun Hong Kai). 1,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,000 (2000 D. Bradley). About 1,000 ethnic Guiqiong reportedly understand Guiqiong, but do not speak it.

Hlersu

[hle] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 15,000 (2007), decreasing.

Horpa

[ero] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 45,000 (Shearer and Sun 2002). sTau: 23,000, Geshitsa: 21,000, Nyagrong-Minyak: 1,000. 15,000 monolinguals.

[huo] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 (Li 2006).

Jinuo, Buyuan

[jiy] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jinuo. 1,000 (1994). Most monolingual. Ethnic population: All Jinuo: 23,100 (2010 census).

Jinuo, Youle

[jiu] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jinuo. 10,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 23,100 (2010 census). Includes Buyuan Jinuo [jiy].

Kathu

[ykt] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 5,000 (2007), decreasing.

Katso

[kaf] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Mongolian. 4,000 (Bradley 2007a), decreasing. Most young people are semi-speakers, speaking Chinese instead (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 6,340 (Bradley 2007b).

Kemiehua

[kfj] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 (1991).

Khlula

[ykl] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 21,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 34,000.

Khmu

[kjg] 6b (Threatened). 7,000 in China (2010), based on ethnicity.

Kon Keu

[kkn] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Blang. 6,300 (2000).

Kuanhua

[xnh] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 (1991).

Kucong

[lkc] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu. 40,000 in China (Bradley 2007b), decreasing. Ethnic population: 53,000 (2003).

Kyerung

[kgy] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 100 in China (2002). Total users in all countries: 600.

Ladakhi

[lbj] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 12,000 in China (1995).

Lalo, Dongshanba

[yik] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 30,000 (2002). Over 500,000 in the ethnic group.

Lalu, Western

[ywl] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 38,000 (2002).

Laomian

[lwm] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu. 4,000 (Bradley 2007a), decreasing. Less than 1,000 Laopin (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 5,000 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population does not include Laopin.

Lashi

[lsi] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jingpo. 1,800 in China (1997).

Lhaovo

[mhx] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jingpo. 3,500 in China (2000).

Lhomi

[lhm] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 1,000 in China.

Lolopo, Southern

[ysp] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 190,000 (2002).

Luoba, Boga’er

[adi] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Lhoba (Luoba). 1,090 in China (1999 O. Jueya). 400 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 3,680 (2010 census).

Man Met

[mml] 6b* (Threatened). 900 (1990 J-O. Svantesson).

Mang

[zng] 6b (Threatened). 500 in China. Ethnic population: 1,220 (Bradley 2007b).

Maonan

[mmd] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Maonan. 30,000 (GXLOUS 2005), decreasing. A few thousand women and children are monolingual. Ethnic population: 101,000 (2010 census).

Miao, Eastern Huishui

[hme] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 14,000 (Wang and Mao 1995).

Miao, Northern Qiandong

[hea] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 1,250,000 (Wang and Mao 1995), decreasing.

Miao, Southern Mashan

[hma] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 10,000 (Wang and Mao 1995).

Miao, Western Mashan

[hmw] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Miao. 14,000 (Wang and Mao 1995).

Mili

[ymh] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 23,000 (2002).

Minyag, Eastern

[emq] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 2,000 (2020 A. Conrad), decreasing.

Minyag, Western

[wmg] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 11,500 (2020 A. Conrad).

Mongolian, Peripheral

[mvf] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Mongolian. 3,380,000 in China (1982). Population includes 299,000 Chakhar, 317,000 Bairin, 1,347,000 Khorchin (Horchin), 593,00 Kharchin (Harchin), 123,000 Ordos, 34,000 Ejine. 2,500,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 5,980,000 (2010 census). Includes China Buriat [bxu], Kalmyk-Oirat [xal], Katso [kaf], Narua [nru], and Tuvan [tyv] languages.

Muda

[ymd] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. 2,000 (2007), decreasing.

Mulam

[mlm] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Mulao. 86,000 (2005 GXLOUS). Fewer than 10,000 monolinguals (including women and preschool children). Ethnic population: 216,000 (2010 census).

Naluo

[ylo] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 15,000 (Bradley 2007a). Mostly in Yunnan, with about 2,000 in Pingjiang and Futian townships of Panzhihua (Bradley 2007a).

Nasu, Wumeng

[ywu] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 150,000 (2018 M. Gerner). Ethnic population: 200,000.

Nisu, Eastern

[nos] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 75,000 (2004), decreasing.

Nisu, Northern

[yiv] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 160,000, decreasing.

Nisu, Southwestern

[nsv] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 15,000 (2007), decreasing.

Pa Di

[pdi] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. 1,000 in China. Total users in all countries: 1,300.

Pa-Hng

[pha] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. 26,800 in China (McConnell 1995). 10,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 48,700 (Bradley 2007a). Total users in all countries: 35,050.

Palaung, Ruching

[pce] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: De’ang. 10,300 in China (2010).

Palaung, Rumai

[rbb] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: De’ang. 4,100 in China (2010 census).

Palaung, Shwe

[pll] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: De’ang. 2,000 in China (1995 SIL).

Pela

[bxd] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jingpo. 400 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2001 J. Edmondson).

Phala

[ypa] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 12,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 13,000.

Pholo

[yip] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 30,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 34,000.

Phowa, Hlepho

[yhl] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 36,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 50,000.

Phowa, Labo

[ypb] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 17,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 21,000.

Phukha

[phh] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 5,000 in China (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 7,000.

Phupa

[ypp] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 3,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 4,000.

Phupha

[yph] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 1,300 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,500.

Phuza

[ypz] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 6,000 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,000.

Pumi, Southern

[pmj] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Pumi. 19,000 (1999). 6,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 42,900 (2010 census).

Qiang, Southern

[qxs] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Qiang. 81,300 (1999 J. Evans), decreasing. 8,300 Daqishan, 4,100 Taoping, 3,100 Longxi, 14,500 Mianchi, 31,000 Hehu. Around 130,000 total for Northern and Southern Qiang. 80,000 officially classified within Qiang nationality and speakers 50,000 within Tibetan nationality (1990 J-O. Svantesson). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 310,000 (2010 census).

Queyu

[qvy] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 7,000 (1995).

Salar

[slr] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Salar. 70,000 (2002), increasing. Less than 10,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 131,000 (2010 census).

Samei

[smh] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 20,000 (Bradley 2007b). Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 28,000 (Bradley 2007b).

Sangkong

[sgk] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Hani. 1,500 (1995 D. Bradley), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,000.

Sarikoli

[srh] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tajik. 16,000 in China (2000 G. Erqing). Ethnic population: 20,400 (2000 G. Erqing). Total users in all countries: 16,070.

Sherpa

[xsr] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 1,000 in China (Shearer and Sun 2017).

Shuhi

[sxg] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 1,800 (2000 D. Bradley). 1,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,000 (2000 D. Bradley).

sTodsde

[jih] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 4,100 (2004).

Tai Dón

[twh] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. 15,000 in China (2000 census). Population figure 90% of Dai nationality in Jinping County in 2000.

Talu

[yta] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 13,600 (2007), decreasing.

Tanglang

[ytl] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 950 (Bradley 2007a), decreasing.

T’en

[tct] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Bouyei. 20,000 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 25,000 (2000 D. Bradley).

Thopho

[ytp] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 200 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 500.

Tsat

[huq] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Hui. 4,000 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2000 D. Bradley).

Tseku

[tsk] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 12,600 (2000).

Tshangla

[tsj] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Menba. 7,000 in China (2000 census). Majority are monolingual. Ethnic population: 10,600 (2010 census). Includes Moinba (Cuona Monba) [twm] speakers.

Tuvan

[tyv] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Mongolian. 2,400 in China (1999 W. Hongwei). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 3,000 (1993).

Vietnamese

[vie] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Jing. 7,200 in China (1999 O. Jueya). Ethnic population: 28,200 (2010 census).

Walungge

[ola] 6b* (Threatened).

Waxianghua

[wxa] 6b* (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Han. 300,000 (1995).

Xibe

[sjo] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Xibe. 30,000 (2000 A. Jun). Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 190,000 (2010 census).

Yerong

[yrn] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. 500 (Shearer and Sun 2017).

Zauzou

[zal] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Nu. 2,100 (Bradley 2007b). 210 monolinguals. Mainly older adults. Ethnic population: 2,500 (1999 Sun Hong Kai).

Zhaba

[zhb] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 7,800 (Gengxua and Hu 2008), decreasing. Many young monolingual speakers in Zhaba and Zhamai districts. Ethnic population: 9,000 (Gong 2007).

Zhuang, Dai

[zhd] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. 100,000 in China (Wang and Johnson 2008). Very few monolinguals, though it is L1 learned by children in most Dai Zhuang villages. Ethnic population: 120,000. Total users in all countries: 100,200.

Zhuang, Liuqian

[zlq] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. 370,000 (2007).

Zokhuo

[yzk] 6b (Threatened). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 13,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 17,000.

7 (Shifting)

Achang

[acn] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Achang. 27,700 in China (1990 census). Ethnic population: 39,600 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 62,700.

Aluo

[yna] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 25,000 (2007 J. Pelkey). Ethnic population: 40,000 (Bradley 2007b).

Bunu, Wunai

[bwn] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. 20,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017), decreasing.

Bunu, Younuo

[buh] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yao. 4,600 (Shearer and Sun 2017), decreasing.

Buriat, China

[bxu] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Mongolian. 80,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017).

Chesu

[ych] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 3,300 (2007 J. Pelkey), decreasing. Ethnic population: 6,600 (Bradley 2007b).

Choni

[cda] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 154,000 (2004).

Daur

[dta] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Daur. 96,100 in China (1999 D. Ying), decreasing. 35,000 Buteha dialect, 35,000 Qiqiha’er dialect, 15,500 Haila’er dialect, 4500 Ili dialect. 24,300 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 132,000 (2010 census).

Ersu

[ers] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 20,000 (Shearer and Sun 2002), decreasing. Eastern Ersu (Ersu) 13,000, Central Ersu (Duoxu) 10 or less, Western Ersu (Lizu) 4,000.

Kalmyk-Oirat

[xal] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Mongolian. 130,000 in China (Salminen 2007).

Lalo, Central

[ywt] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 213,000 (2010 SIL). Over 500,000 in subgroup; many living further west, south or east do not speak the language; less than half are speakers, not all fluent and not many children (Bradley 2007a).

Lalu, Eastern

[yit] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 38,000 (2002).

Mak

[mkg] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Bouyei. 5,000 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley).

Miqie

[yiq] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 30,000 (Bradley 2007b), decreasing. Ethnic population: 50,000.

Moji

[ymi] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 2,000 (Pelkey 2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 7,000.

Muji, Northern

[ymx] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 9,000 (Pelkey 2011). Ethnic population: 15,000.

Muji, Qila

[ymq] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 1,500 (2008), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,500.

Muzi

[ymz] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 10,000 (2008).

Qiang, Northern

[cng] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Qiang. 57,800 (1999), decreasing. 14,000 Mawo, 14,000 Weigu, 11,000 Luhua, 8,000 Cimulin, and 9,000 Yadu. 130,000 total for Northern and Southern Qiang languages, including 80,000 as Qiang nationality and 50,000 as Tibetan nationality (1990 J-O. Svantesson). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 310,000 (2010 census).

She

[shx] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: She. 910 (1999 Mao Zongwu). 580 Luofu, 390 Lianhua (McConnell 1995). 200 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 709,000 (2010 census).

Tai Hongjin

[tiz] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Dai. 85,000 (2000 census).

Thangmi

[thf] 7 (Shifting). 300 in China (2002).

Tibetan Sign Language

[lsn] 7 (Shifting). 500 (2018 T. Hofer). About 500 TibSL signers in the Lhasa area where it developed. Ethnic population: 45,000 (2017). Estimated 45,000–50,000 deaf in all of Tibet, most of whom are home signers (Hofer 2017).

Tinani

[lbf] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tibetan. 450 in China (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977).

[mjg] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tu. 152,000 (2000 census), decreasing. Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 290,000 (2010 census).

Tujia, Northern

[tji] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tujia. 70,000 (Brassett and Brassett 2005). 100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 8,350,000 (2010 census). Includes Southern Tujia [tjs].

[uuu] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Blang. 30,000 (Shearer and Sun 2017).

Wakhi

[wbl] 7 (Shifting). Language of recognized nationality: Tajik. 6,000 in China. Ethnic population: 41,000 (2000 census). Includes Sarikoli [srh] speakers.

Zakhring

[zkr] 7 (Shifting). 600 in China (Bradley 2007a). Total users in all countries: 1,000.

8a (Moribund)

Anong

[nun] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Nu. 50 in China (Bradley 2007a). One-third of ethnic group are speakers and another one-third have passive knowledge (Bradley 2007a). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,300 (Bradley 2007a).

Bolyu

[ply] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao. 500 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 1,770 (Bradley 2007b).

Buyang, E’ma

[yzg] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. 600 (Li 1997).

Buyang, Langnian

[yln] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. 300 (Li 1997), decreasing.

Hagei

[giq] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao.

Ili Turki

[ili] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Uzbek. 120 in China (1980 R. Hahn), decreasing. The language of about 30 families (Salminen 2007). Total users in all countries: 240.

Kangjia

[kxs] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Hui. 1,000 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 2,000 (Bradley 2007b).

Lachi

[lbt] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. 200 in China (Bradley 2007a), decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,600.

Lamu

[llh] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu. 120 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 300.

Nisu, Southern

[nsd] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 210,000 (2007), decreasing.

Oroqen

[orh] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Oroqen. 1,200 (Li and Whaley 2009). 30% of ethnic group (Salminen 2007). Only 12 fluent speakers in 1990, all over 65 yrs (Li and Whaley 2009). 800 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 8,660 (2010 census).

Samatao

[ysd] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 400 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,810 (Bradley 2007b).

Samtao

[stu] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Blang. 100 in China (1993).

Sanie

[ysy] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 8,000 (2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 17,200 (Bradley 2007b).

Tatar

[tat] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Tatar. 800 in China (1999 C. Zongzhen), decreasing. Ethnic population: 3,560 (2010 census).

Tujia, Southern

[tjs] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Tujia. 1,500 (Brassett and Brassett 2005), decreasing. Monolinguals are mainly women, children, and older adults. Ethnic population: 8,030,000 (2000 census). Includes 70,000 in Northern Tujia.

Yugur, East

[yuy] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Yugur. 4,000 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 6,000 (2000 D. Bradley).

Yugur, West

[ybe] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Yugur. 4,600 (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 7,000 (Bradley 2007b).

Zhuang, Lianshan

[zln] 8a (Moribund). Language of recognized nationality: Zhuang. 48,000 (2007 census).

8b (Nearly extinct)

A’ou

[aou] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao. 50 (2011 SIL).

Ayizi

[yyz] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 50 (2007 J. Pelkey), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,000 (Bradley 2007b).

Duoluo

[giw] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao. 1,200 in China (1987 Z. Guo-qiao). Total users in all countries: 1,220.

Gelao, Red

[gir] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao. A few speakers.

Khakas

[kjh] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Kyrghyz. 10 in China (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 880.

Lawu

[lwu] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Lahu. 50 (2012 C. Yang).

Manchu

[mnc] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Manchu (Man). 20 (Bradley 2007a). Some additional semi-speakers in 3 remote villages (Bradley 2007a). Ethnic population: 10,400,000 (2010 census).

Nanai

[gld] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Hezhe. 40 in China (Salminen 2007). About half speak Sungari dialect, half speak Nanai proper (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 5,350 (2010 census).

Qabiao

[laq] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Yi. 18 in China (2002 Li Yunbing), decreasing. A few fluent elderly speakers in 2001 (Li 2006). Ethnic population: 400 (Li 2006).

Qau

[gqu] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao. 2,000 (2011 SIL).

Riang Lang

[ril] 8b (Nearly extinct). Language of recognized nationality: De’ang. 3,000 in China (1995).

10 (Extinct)

Mulao

[giu] 10 (Extinct). Language of recognized nationality: Gelao. No known L1 speakers. Last speaker likely survived into the 2010s.

Unestablished

Parsi

[prp] Unestablished. 5,000 in China (2000).

Spanish

[spa] Unestablished. 18,300 in China, all users. L1 users: 5,000 in China (Instituto Cervantes 2019). L2 users: 13,300 (2019).

China

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