Romania

Romanian

[ron] 1 (National). Statutory national language (2003, Constitution, Article 13). 18,100,000 in Romania (2018). Total users in all countries: 24,054,420.

2 (Provincial)

Hungarian

[hun] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Harghita and Covasna departments (outright majoities); also in Mures, Sate Mare, Bihor and Salay departments (over 20% total county population) (2001, Local Public Administration Law No. 215, Article 40(7), others). 1,260,000 in Romania (2011 census). Ethnic population: 1,230,000 (2011 census).

4 (Educational)

English

[eng] 4 (Educational). 6,243,900 in Romania, all users. L1 users: 3,900 in Romania (2021 Joshua Project). L2 users: 6,240,000 (European Commission 2012).

French

[fra] 4 (Educational). 2,340,000 in Romania (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.

5 (Dispersed)

Albanian, Gheg

[aln] 5* (Dispersed). Recognized language (2005, National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2)).

Aromanian

[rup] 5* (Dispersed). Recognized language (2007, National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2)). 50,000 in Romania (2018 N. Balamaci).

Bulgarian

[bul] 5* (Dispersed). Recognized language (2007, Law No. 282, Ratification, European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages). 6,520 in Romania (2011 census). Ethnic population: 7,340 (2011 census).

Croatian

[hrv] 5* (Dispersed). Recognized language (2007, Law No. 282, Ratification, European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages). 5,170 in Romania (2011 census). Ethnic population: 5,410 (2011 census).

Czech

[ces] 5* (Dispersed). Recognized language (2005, National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2)). 2,170 in Romania (2011 census). Ethnic population: 2,480 (2011 census).

German, Standard

[deu] 5* (Dispersed). Statutory language of national identity (2001, Local Public Administration Law No. 215, Article 40(7), others). 618,600 in Romania, all users. L1 users: 26,600 in Romania (2011 census). L2 users: 592,000 (2018 Eurostat). Ethnic population: 36,000 (2011 census).

Greek

[ell] 5* (Dispersed). Recognized language (2007, National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2)). 2,560 in Romania (2011 census). Ethnic population: 3,670 (2011 census).

Italian

[ita] 5* (Dispersed). Recognized language (2005, National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2)). 1,412,950 in Romania, all users. L1 users: 2,950 in Romania (2011 census). L2 users: 1,410,000 (European Commission 2012). Ethnic population: 3,200 (2011 census).

Macedonian

[mkd] 5* (Dispersed). 770 in Romania (2011 census). Ethnic population: 1,260 (2011 census).

Polish

[pol] 5* (Dispersed). Recognized language (2007, National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2)). 2,080 in Romania (2011 census). Ethnic population: 2,540 (2011 census).

Russian

[rus] 5* (Dispersed). Recognized language (2007, National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2)). 150,000 in Romania (Arefyev 2012), all users. L1 users: 18,900 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 23,500 (2011 census).

Serbian

[srp] 5* (Dispersed). Recognized language (2007, National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2)). 16,800 in Romania (2014 UNSD). Ethnic population: 18,000 (2011 census).

Slovak

[slk] 5* (Dispersed). Recognized language (2001, Local Public Administration Law No. 215, Article 40(7), others). 12,800 in Romania (2011 census). Ethnic population: 13,700 (2011 census).

Turkish

[tur] 5* (Dispersed). Recognized language (2007, National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2)). 25,300 in Romania (2011 census). Ethnic population: 27,700 (2011 census).

Ukrainian

[ukr] 5* (Dispersed). Recognized language (2001, Local Public Administration Law No. 215, Article 40(7), others). 48,900 in Romania (2011 census). Ethnic population: 50,900 (2011 census).

5 (Developing)

Armenian, Western

[hyw] 5* (Developing). Recognized language (2005, National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2)). 740 in Romania (2011 census). Ethnic population: 1,360 (2011 census).

Crimean Tatar

[crh] 5* (Developing). Recognized language (2007, National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2)). 22,000 in Romania (2006 A. Goriainov).

Gagauz

[gag] 5* (Developing).

Romani, Carpathian

[rmc] 5* (Developing).

Hungarian Sign Language

[hsh] 5 (Developing). 1,200 in Romania (2021). Estimated 1,200 deaf signers, based on 0.1% of approximately 1,200,000 ethnic Hungarians in Romania (2011 census).

Romanian Sign Language

[rms] 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2006, Legea nr. 448/2006), in the context of general disability legislation. Recognized language (2020, Decret nr. 213/2020, 2020-03-27), as the mother-tongue of Romanian deaf, from a linguistic/cultural perspective. 24,600 in Romania (2021 EUD). About 0.12% of total population. Other estimates: at least 20,000 deaf signers (Eberle et al 2015); 93,500 (2014 IMB).

6a (Vigorous)

Romani, Balkan

[rmn] 6a* (Vigorous).

6b (Threatened)

Romani, Vlax

[rmy] 6b (Threatened). Recognized language (2001, Local Public Administration Law No. 215, Article 40(7), others). 246,000 in Romania (2011 census). 6,000,000 to 11,000,000 Roma worldwide (1987 I. Hancock). Ethnic population: 622,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 566,980.

7 (Shifting)

Transylvanian Saxon

[ltz] 7 (Shifting). 19,000 in Romania (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity.

Yiddish, Eastern

[ydd] 7 (Shifting). Recognized language (2005, National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2)). 640 in Romania (2011 census).

Unestablished

Chinese

[zho] Unestablished. 2,040 in Romania (2011 census). Ethnic population: 2,020 (2011 census).

Spanish

[spa] Unestablished. 476,000 in Romania (2018), L2 users.

Tatar

[tat] Unestablished. 17,700 in Romania (2011 census). Ethnic population: 20,300 (2011 census).

Romania

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