South Sudan
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Acholi
[ach] Eastern Equatoria state: Magwi and Torit counties, Acholi hills. Users: 88,000 in South Sudan (2017). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Acoli, Acooli, Akoli, Atscholi, Dok Acoli, Gang, Log Acoli, Lwo, Shuli. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Southern, Luo-Acholi, Alur-Acholi, Lango-Acholi.
Aja
[aja] Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Kparakpara just west of Raga. Users: 200 (1993 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Adja, Ajja. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Kresh.
Anuak
[anu] Jonglei state: Akobo and Pochalla counties. Users: 131,000 in South Sudan (2017). Total users in all countries: 223,710 (as L1: 221,600; as L2: 2,110). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Anyuak, Anywa, Anywaa, Anywak, Dha Anyuaa, Dha Anywak, Dho Anywaa, Jambo, Nuro, dho-Anywaa. Autonym: Dha Anywaa. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Anuak.
Arabic, Standard
[arb] Scattered. Users: 3,130,000 in South Sudan (2016 SIL), all users. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, Sudanese Spoken
[apd] Widespread. Users: 345,000 in South Sudan (2021 Joshua Project), increasing, based on ethnicity. Status: 3 (Wider communication). De facto language of national identity. Used as a lingua franca in northern South Sudan and now widely spoken by hundreds of thousands of South Sudanese arriving from the North following South Sudan’s independence. Alternate Names: Arabi, Khartoum Arabic, Sudanese Arabic. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Avokaya
[avu] Central Equatoria state: Yei River state: Yei county; Western Equatoria state: Maridi and Mundri West counties. Sudan-Congo border south of Maridi (Ajugu dialect); mainly between Naam and Olo rivers and east (Ojila dialect). Users: 74,000 in South Sudan (2017). Total users in all countries: 99,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Abukeia, Avukaya. Autonym: Ãvõkáyã. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Central.
Bai
[bdj] Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Wau-Deim Zubeir road; possibly 2 villages north of Tembura. Users: 2,500 (Welmers 1971a). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bari. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Sere-Bviri, Bai-Viri.
Baka
[bdh] Central Equatoria state: Yei county, northwest of Yei; Western Equatoria state: Maridi county, south and west of Maridi. Users: 61,000 in South Sudan (2017). Total users in all countries: 62,300. Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)), primary education, literacy efforts. Alternate Names: Tara Baka. Autonym: baká e. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Baka.
Banda, Mid-Southern
[bjo] Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga county, Banda Linda and Sopo areas, interspersed with other Banda languages. Users: 5,000 speakers in South Sudan of all Banda languages (2014 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Mid-Southern.
Banda, Togbo-Vara
[tor] Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga county, southeast of Sopo town. Users: 5,000 speakers in South Sudan of all Banda languages (2014 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Togbo-Vara.
Banda, West Central
[bbp] Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga country, between Mboro and Wau. Users: 3,000 in South Sudan (1982). 5,000 speakers in South Sudan of all Banda languages (2014 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Golo. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, West Central.
Banda-Banda
[bpd] Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga county, Banda Linda, and Sopo areas, interspersed with other Banda languages. Users: 5,000 speakers in South Sudan of all Banda languages (2014 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Banda-Banda.
Banda-Mbrès
[bqk] Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga county, Banda Linda and Sopo areas, interspersed with other Banda languages. Users: 5,000 speakers in South Sudan of all Banda languages (2014 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Banda of Mbrès, Banda-Mbre. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Banda-Mbres.
Banda-Ndélé
[bfl] Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga county, Banda Linda and Sopo areas, interspersed with other Banda languages. Users: 5,000 speakers in South Sudan of all Banda languages (2014 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Banda of Ndélé, Nyele. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Banda-Ndele.
Bari
[bfa] Central Equatoria state: Juba and Lainya counties; both banks of the Nile, south of Terakeka on west bank, Mongalla on east bank. Users: 941,000, all users. L1 users: 766,000 (2017). L2 users: 175,000 (2013 SIL). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Regional language chosen for development by Rejaf Conference 1928. Autonym: Bari. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Bari.
Belanda Bor
[bxb] Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Jur River county, Ayo, Bazia, Gitten, Raffili Tirga, and Taban villages; Western Equatoria state: Nagero county, Tambura town, Bangazegino, Komai, and Nagero villages. Users: 26,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: De Bor. Autonym: Di Bor. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Bor.
Belanda Viri
[bvi] Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Jur River county, Bagari, Bringi, Dadu, Farajallah, Momoyi, Natabo, Ngisa, Ngoku, Ngongba, Ngotakala, and Raffili villages; Raga county, Kuru; Western Equatoria state: Ibba and Tambura counties. Users: 73,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Belanda, Biri, Bviri, Gamba, Gumba, Mbegumba, Mvegumba. Autonym: Viri. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Sere-Bviri, Bai-Viri.
Beli
[blm] Central Equatoria state: Terekeka county; Lakes state: Wulu county, south and west of Rumbek. Users: 65,000 (2009 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)), primary education, literacy efforts. Alternate Names: ’Beli, Behli, Beili, Jur Beli. Autonym: ’Bëlї. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli.
Boguru
[bqu] Western Equatoria state: Ibba and Yambio counties, Baambu, Bagasu, Ibba, and Mariko villages. Users: No known L1 speakers in South Sudan. Last speaker in South Sudan died in 2011 (2011 A. Persson). Ethnic population: 500. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Buguru, Kinsong, Kogoro, Koguru. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.302).
Bongo
[bot] Warrap state: Tonj South county, Aguka and Busere villages; Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Jur and Wau Rivers counties. Users: 21,000 (2017). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dor. Autonym: Ndüü Böngö. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Bongo.
Didinga
[did] Eastern Equatoria state: Budi county, Chukudum area; Didinga hills. Users: 100,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)). Alternate Names: ’Di’dinga, Toi, Xaroxa. Autonym: Dĩdĩnga. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Surmic, South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Didinga-Longarim.
Dinka
Dinka, Northeastern
[dip] Jonglei state: Canal/Pigi and Fangak counties; Unity state: Pariang county; Upper Nile state: Baliet, Melut, and Renk counties. Users: 923,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)), primary education, literacy efforts. Alternate Names: Padang, White Nile Dinka. Autonym: Thuɔŋjäŋ. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka.
Dinka, Northwestern
[diw] Unity state: Abiemnhom and Pariang counties; into Abyei area. Users: 93,000 (2017). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Autonym: Thuɔŋjäŋ. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka.
Dinka, South Central
[dib] Mainly Lakes state, except Wulu county southwest; Unity and Warrap states: small border areas. Users: 851,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)). Alternate Names: Central Dinka. Autonym: Thuɔŋjäŋ. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka.
Dinka, Southeastern
[dks] Jonglei state: Bor South and Twic East counties. Users: 987,000 in South Sudan (2017). Total users in all countries: 989,120. Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)), primary education, literacy efforts. Alternate Names: Cam, Eastern Dinka. Autonym: Thuɔŋjäŋ. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka.
Dinka, Southwestern
[dik] Bahr al Ghazal and Warrap states; Lakes state: Cueibet and Rumbek counties, Jur river area. Users: 1,370,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)), primary education, literacy efforts. Alternate Names: Western Dinka. Autonym: Thuɔŋjäŋ. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Dinka.
Dongotono
[ddd] Eastern Equatoria state: Ikotos county, Ikotos division; Lomohidang division, Chakari and Isoke villages. Users: 5,000 (2013 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo.
English
[eng] Widespread. Users: Almost no L1 speakers. Status: 1 (National). Statutory national working language (2011, Constitution, Article 6.2). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English.
Feroge
[fer] Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Kapalala east of Raga. Users: 26,000 (2017). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Feroghe, Ferroge, Kalige, Kaligi, Kalike, Kaliki. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Feroge-Mangaya.
Fulfulde, Adamawa
[fub] Scattered, in Western Bahr al Ghazal state. Users: Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Fulfulde. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Eastern.
Gbaya
[krs] Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga and north through Katta, Boro and Kosho to Kafia Kingi, south of Radom National Park. Users: 20,000 in South Sudan, all users. L1 users: 16,000 in South Sudan (2013 SIL). L2 users: 4,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution Article 6(1)). Alternate Names: Gbäyä, Kpala, Kpara, Kparla, Kredj, Kreich, Kreish, Kresh. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Kresh.
Homa
[hom] Gbudwe state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died by 1975. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Nyali (D.304).
Imotong
[imt] Eastern Equatoria state: Ikotos county, Hatire and Imatong divisions. Users: 16,000 (2021 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo.
Indri
[idr] Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga county, Sabil Abu Zalah area. Users: 700 (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Yanderika, Yandirika. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Indri-Togoyo.
Juba Arabic
[pga] Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria, and Western Equatoria states: widespread, into Northern Bahr al Ghazal, Western Bahr al Ghazal, and Upper Nile states. Likely spoken in refugee camps in Uganda and Kenya. Users: 1,447,000, all users. L1 users: 247,000 (Avram 2020). With the rapidly changing demographic situation it is very difficult to know the number of L1 or L2 speakers and whether these numbers are increasing or decreasing. L2 users: 1,200,000 (2019 SIL). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Juba Arabic originated as a pidgin language among southern slaves, soldiers, and servants in 19th century trading camps and Turco-Egyptian government stations. Unofficial lingua franca of local government, trade, and urban interaction. Alternate Names: Pidgin Arabic, Southern Sudan Arabic, Sudanese Arabic Creole, Sudanese Creole Arabic. Autonym: Arabi, Arabi Juba. Classification: Creole, Arabic based.
Jumjum
[jum] Upper Nile state: northeast Mabaan county, Sudan border area. Users: Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Berin, Jiik Mäbaan, Olga, Tüŋ Mäbaan, Wadega, Wadkai. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Mabaan-Burun, Mabaan.
Jur Modo
[bex] Western Equatoria state: Mvolo county. Users: 180,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Jur, Jur Mödö. Autonym: Mödö. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli.
Kakwa
[keo] Central Equatoria state: Yei county. Users: 149,000 in South Sudan (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bari Kakwa, Kakua, Kakwak, Kwakwak. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Bari.
Keliko
[kbo] Central Equatoria state: Morobo county. Users: 30,000 in South Sudan (2018 SIL). Total users in all countries: 42,500. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kaliko. Autonym: Kẹ̃lị̃kọ́. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Central.
Komo
[xom] Upper Nile state: Longochuk and Maiwut counties, on Ethiopia border. Users: 26,000 in South Sudan (2017). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aru, Koma, Tta Komo. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Koman.
Kuku
[ukv] Central Equatoria state: Kajo Keji county. Users: 196,000 in South Sudan (2008 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Bari.
Lango
[lgo] Eastern Equatoria state: Ikotos county, Hatire, Ikotos, and Imatong divisions. Users: 19,000 (2021 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Langgo, Lokwa. Autonym: Lango. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo.
Logir
[lqr] Eastern Equatoria state: Ikotos county, Lohomidang North and Lohomidang South divisions. Users: 15,000 (2021 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo.
Lokoya
[lky] Central Equatoria state: Juba county, Liria and Ngangala; Eastern Equatoria state: Lafon county, Longairo and Okaru areas. Users: 85,000 (2017). No monolinguals. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ellyria, Koyo, Loirya, Lokoiya, Lokoja, Loquia, Lowoi, Oirya, Owoi, Oxoriok. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo.
Lopit
[lpx] Eastern Equatoria state: Lafon county, north end of Lopit Hills. Users: 117,000 (2017). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lafiit, Lafit, Lafite, Lofit, Lopid, Loppit. Autonym: Hutuk na Lopit. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo.
Luwo
[lwo] Warrap state: Gogrial East, Gogrial West, and Tonj North counties; Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Jur River and Wau counties. Users: 257,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)), primary education, literacy efforts. Alternate Names: Dhe Luwo, Dhe Lwo, Dheluwo, Giur, Jo Lwo, Jur, Jur Luo, Jur Luwo, Jur Lwo, Luo, Lwo, dhɛ luuhɔ. Autonym: dhe Luuo. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Jur.
Mabaan
[mfz] Upper Nile state: Mabaan county. Users: 90,000 (2017 UBS). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Barga, Gura, Ma Baan, Maaban, Maban, Meban, Southern Burun, Tonko, Tungan, Ulu. Autonym: Mabaan. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Mabaan-Burun, Mabaan.
Ma’di
[mhi] Central Equatoria state: Juba country; Eastern Equatoria state: Naguri county. Users: 33,000 in South Sudan (2017). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ma’adi, Ma’diti, Mãꞌdí. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Southern.
Mandari
[mqu] Central Equatoria state: Terakeka county, both sides of the Nile; Western Equatoria state: small area in Mvolo county. Users: 70,000 (2014 T. Stirtz). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Chir, Kir, Mondari, Shir. Autonym: Mundari. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Bari.
Mangayat
[myj] Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Zakka, 30 km southeast of Raga on road to Sopo. Users: 400 (1987 SIL). No monolinguals. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Bug, Buga, Mangaya, Mongaiyat. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Feroge-Mangaya.
Mittu
[mwu] Gogrial state. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker survived into the 1940s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Wetu. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli.
Mo’da
[gbn] Lakes state: Wulu county, Dokoo and Wako; Western Equatoria state: Juba and Mvolo counties. Users: 600 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Gbara, Gberi, Gweri, Muda. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli, Morokodo-Mo’da.
Morokodo
[mgc] Western Equatoria state: Maridi, north Mundri West counties, south Mvolo county. Users: 50,000 (2011 A. Persson). 280 Biti (2011 A. Persson). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)), primary education, literacy efforts. Alternate Names: Ma’di, Vïdï Morokodo. Autonym: Hᴐ Morokodo. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli, Morokodo-Mo’da.
Moru
[mgd] Western Equatoria state: Mundri East and Mundri West counties. Users: 230,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Recognized language (2011, Transitional Constitution, Article 6(1)). Autonym: Kala Moru. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Northern.
Mündü
[muh] Central Equatoria state: northwest Yei county; Western Equatoria state: Maridi county south and southeast of Maridi. Users: 23,000 in South Sudan. Total users in all countries: 25,800. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Mondo, Mondu, Mountou, Mundo. Autonym: Mündü. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Eastern, Mundu.
Murle
[mur] Jonglei state: Bor and Pibor counties. Users: 196,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Adkibba, Agiba, Ajibba, Beir, Merule, Mourle, Murelei, Murlɛ, Murule. Autonym: Murleye. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Surmic, South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Murle.
Narim
[loh] Eastern Equatoria state: north Budi county, 10 villages. Users: 3,620 (Fukui 1984). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Boya, Lariim, Larim, Lariminit, Larimo, Longarim, Nariim. Autonym: Laarim. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Surmic, South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Didinga-Longarim.
Ndogo
[ndz] Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Wau county, about 10 villages on Wau-Deim Zubeir road between Mboro and Kpango rivers; Western Equatoria state: north of Tembura. Users: 48,000 (2017). Few monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Autonym: Co Ndogo. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Sere-Bviri, Ndogo-Sere.
Njalgulgule
[njl] Northern Bahr al Ghazal state: Aweil county; Western Bahr al Ghazal state: northwest of Raga, Boro and Gossinga villages. Users: 900 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Bege, Begi, Beko, Ngulgule, Njangulgule, Nyolge, Nyoolne. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Daju, Western Daju.
Nuer
[nus] Jonglei state: north of a Jonglei-to-Pibor Post line; Unity state: south of Bentin town; Upper Nile state: Baliet, Lukapin/Nasir, and Ulang counties; small border areas in Lakes, Northern Bahr al Ghazal, and Warrap states. Users: 1,550,000 in South Sudan (2017). Total users in all countries: 1,706,280 (as L1: 1,705,160; as L2: 1,120). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Naadh. Autonym: Naath. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Nuer.
Nyamusa-Molo
[nwm] Central Equatoria state: Terakeka county border areas; Western Equatoria state: southeast Mvolo county, Lesi area. Users: 1,630 (2011 R. Abraham). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli, Morokodo-Mo’da.
Okolie
[oie] Eastern Equatoria state: Ikotos county, Losite division. Users: 16,000 (2021 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo.
Olu’bo
[lul] Central Equatoria state: Juba county, southeast of Juba, Lulba hills, main town is Lokiliri; Eastern Equatoria state. Users: 33,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Lolubo, Luluba, Lulubo, Olu’boti, Olubogo, Oluboti, Ondoe. Autonym: Ọ́lụ́ꞌbọ́ Tị. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Southern.
Opo
[lgn] Upper Nile state: Longachuk county, Daga river area, Dajo district (Dana dialect), Paitath (Paytet) district (Bikol dialect), and Katen district (Pilakoy dialect); Maiwut and Nasir counties, Kigile district (Kigile dialect) and Maiwut district (Pame dialect). Users: 15,000 in South Sudan (2019). Self-reported estimate by language community. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ansita, Ciita, Cita, Kina, Kwina, Opo-Shita, Opuo, Opuuo, Po, Pur, Shita, Shitta, T’apo, Upo, Zita, “Langa” (pej.). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Koman.
Otuho
[lot] Eastern Equatoria state: Ikotos, Magwi, and Torit counties. Users: 312,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Latooka, Lattuka, Latuka, Latuko, Lotuho, Lotuka, Lotuko, Lotuxo, Olotorit, Otuxo. Autonym: Otuho. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Lotuxo-Maa, Lotuxo.
Päri
[lkr] Eastern Equatoria state: Lafon county, Angulumere, Bura, Kor, Pucwa (Puchwa), Pugäri (Pugeri) and Wiatuo villages. Users: 79,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Beri, Berri, Jo-Pari, Ojwan-Boii, Pari, “Lokoro” (pej.). Autonym: Dhi-Pari. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Unclassified.
Reel
[atu] Lakes state: south Yirol West county. Users: 116,000 (2017). The Kuek and Jikeyi have many monolinguals and are regarded as having the purest form of the language (SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Atuot, Atwot, Thok Cieng Reel, Thok Reel. Autonym: Thuɔk ë Rëël. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Dinka-Nuer, Nuer.
Shilluk
[shk] Upper Nile state: Fashoda, Malakal, Manyo, and Panyikang counties. Users: 574,000 (2017). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Chulla, Dhocolo, Shulla. Autonym: Colo. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Shilluk.
Suri, Kacipo-Bale
[koe] Eastern Equatoria state: northwest corner; Jonglei state: Pibor county, Mewun, Rumeat, and Upper Boma villages on Boma plateau near Ethiopia border. Users: 5,000 in South Sudan (2010 SIL). Almost all monolingual. Total users in all countries: 7,360. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kachepo, Kachipo, Kacipo, Kacipo-Balesi. Autonym: Suri. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Surmic, South, Southwest, Kacipo-Balesi.
Tennet
[tex] Eastern Equatoria state: Lafon county, Arilo division, Dorik, Lomorotok, Longilayo, and Lovirang villages. Users: 10,000 (2009 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Tenet, Tennette. Autonym: Te̱nne̱tte̱. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Surmic, South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Tennet.
Thuri
[thu] Northern Bahr al Ghazal state: Aweil Centre county, Bar-Mayen and Nyabulo; Raga county, east of Deim Zubeir on roads to Wau; Lol river west of Marial-Bai. Users: 6,600 (Tucker and Bryan 1956). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Dhe Thuri, Jo Thuri, Shatt, Wada Thuri. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern, Thuri.
Togoyo
[tgy] Lol state: Raga area. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died in the mid 1980s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Togoy. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Indri-Togoyo.
Toposa
[toq] Eastern Equatoria state: Kapoeta North, Kapoeta South and Kapoeta East counties; along Singaita and Lokalyen rivers. Users: 312,000 in South Sudan (2017). Most are monolingual. Total users in all countries: 315,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Akara, Kare, Kumi, Taposa, Topotha. Autonym: ŋatoposa. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Nilotic, Eastern, Lotuxo-Teso, Teso-Turkana, Turkana.
Uduk
[udu] Upper Nile state: Mabaan county, on eastern border with Sudan. Users: 22,000 in Sudan and South Sudan (split between the 2 not known). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kebeirka, Korara, Kumus, Kwanim Pa, Othan, Twampa. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Koman.
Yulu
[yul] Western Bahr al Ghazal state: Raga county; Menangba, 50 km west of Raga (Binga dialect); Khor Buga, 5 km west of Raga (Yulu dialect). Users: 3,000 in South Sudan (1987 SIL). Population is total for both Sudan and South Sudan. 2,000 Yulu, 1,000 Binga. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Youlou. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Kara.
Zande
[zne] Western Equatoria state: Ezo, Ibba, Nagero, Nzara, Tambura, and Yambio counties; parts of Maridi county. Users: 1,100,000 in South Sudan, all users. L1 users: 1,000,000 in South Sudan (2017). L2 users: 100,000 (2013 SIL). Status: 3 (Wider communication). LWC across Gbudwe and Tambura states, for church, market, and media domains. Regional language chosen for development by Rejaf Conference 1928. Alternate Names: Azande, Badjande, Pazande, Sande, Zandi. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Zande, Zande-Nzakara.