Chad
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Amdang
[amj] Batha region: Batha Est department, Haraze Djombo Kibit and Oum Hadjer subprefectures; Ouaddaï region; Wadi Fira region: Biltine department, Biltine subprefecture, Mimi Goz and Mimi Hadjer cantons. Users: 41,100 (2000). Population lower in Wadi Fira (home region) than in Batha and Ouaddaï regions. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Andang, Andangti, Biltine, Mima, Mime, Mimi, Mututu, Simi Amdangtii. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Fur.
Arabic, Chadian Spoken
[shu] Widespread, center and south. Users: 1,640,000 in Chad (2019), increasing. Total users in all countries: 2,061,220 (as L1: 1,991,220; as L2: 70,000). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Arabe Choa, Chad Arabic, Chadian Arabic, Chowa, L’arabe du Tchad, Shua, Shua Arabic, Shuwa, Shuwa Arabic, Suwa, Western Sudanic Arabic. Autonym: العربية (alearabia). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Arabic, Standard
[arb] Users: 615,000 in Chad (2014 SIL), all users. Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 9). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Assangori
[sjg] Ouaddaï region: Assoungha department, northwest of Adré. Users: 23,500 (1993 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Asong, Assoungor, Asungore, Azanguri, Bognak-Asungorung, Goran, Madungore, Soungor, Sungor. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Tama, Tama-Sungor.
Bagirmi
[bmi] Chari-Baguirmi region: Massenya subprefecture, Massenya area, Bousso subprefecture, Bousso area; Mayo-Kebbi Est and Moyen-Chari regions. West of Massenya and along Chari river between Guélendeng and N’Djamena (Bangri dialect); Chari river from Bousso to Guélendeng (Dam dialect); Massenya (Gol dialect); east of Massenya (Kibar dialect). Users: 44,800 in Chad (1993 census). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Widely spoken as L2 or becoming L1 in neighboring people groups. Alternate Names: Baghirmi, Bagrimma, Baguirme, Baguirmi, Lis, Lisi, Mbarma, Tar Bagrimma, Tar Barma. Autonym: Barma. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi.
Barein
[bva] Guéra region: Bahr Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, west (Jalkia dialect), south, southwest (Komi dialect), and east of Melfi (Sakaya dialect). Users: 4,100 (1993 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Baraïn. Autonym: Barayin. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.3.
Bedjond
[bjv] Logone Oriental region: east central; Mandoul region: Mandoul Occidental department, Bediondo area. Users: 36,000 (Caprile and Fedry 1969). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bediondo, Bediondo Mbai, Bedjondo, Bédjonde, Mbay Bediondo, Mbay Bejondo. Autonym: Bedjond, Nangnda. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper.
Berakou
[bxv] Chari-Baguirmi region: Bokoro and N’Djamena subprefectures. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the late 1990s (1995 D. Djarangar). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Babalia, Bubalia. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi.
Besme
[bes] Tandjilé region: Kélo and Laï subprefectures, Besmé, Bodor, and 3 other villages along Logone river northwest of Lai. Users: 1,230 (1993 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: ’Unar, Beseme, Besemme, Bodor, Hounar, Huner. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Kim.
Bidiyo
[bid] Guéra region: Guéra department, Mongo subprefecture, south of Mongo and west of Abou Telfane. Users: 14,000 (Jungraithmayr 1981). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: ’Bidio, ’Bidiyo, Bidio, Bidiyo-Waana, Bidyo. Autonym: Bidiya. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1.
Birgit
[btf] Salamat region: Aboudéïa and Barh-Azoum departments; Sila region: Djourf al Ahmar department, centered in Abgué; south Batha region. Users: 10,400 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bergit, Berguid, Birgid. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 2.
Bolgo
[bvo] Guéra region: Bahr Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, southeast of Melfi. Users: 1,800 (1993 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua.
Bon Gula
[glc] Guéra region: Bahr Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, Bon and Ibir villages; Salamat region: west border area. Users: 1,200 (1997 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bon, Bon Goula, Bun, Gula Guera, Poun, Taataal. Autonym: Êeni. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua.
Boor
[bvf] Moyen-Chari region: Barh Kôh department, Sarh subprefecture, Dumraw (Bwara) village on Chari river north bank. Users: 100 (1999 SIL). Ethnic population: 110 (2013 J. Roberts). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bwara, Damraw. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 2.
Bua
[bub] Guéra region: Barh Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture; Moyen-Chari region: Barh Kôh department, Sarh subprefecture, Korbol area and northeast. Users: 7,710 (1993 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: ’Ba, Boa, Boua, Bwa. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua.
Buduma
[bdm] Hadjer-Lamis region: Lake Chad islands and north shore; Lac region: Mamdi department, Bol subprefecture. Users: 51,600 in Chad (1993 census). Total users in all countries: 54,800. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Boudouma, Yedima, Yedina, Yidana, Yidena. Autonym: Yedǝnami. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Buduma.
Buso
[bso] Chari-Baguirmi region: Loug Chari departement, Bousso subprefecture. Users: 40 (Welmers 1971a). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Bousso, Busso, Dam de Bousso. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1.
Chadian Sign Language
[cds] Scattered. Moundou, N’Djamena, and Sarh. Users: 80,000 (2021). Estimated 48,000–96,000 deaf signers, assuming 0.3%–0.6% of overall population. Reported 2,800 deaf signers out of 7,000 total deaf (2008 WFD). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language.
Dagba
[dgk] Moyen-Chari region: Grande Sido department, Maro and Sido subprefectures, Ngokorio, Ntilo, and Sido villages, Jardin quartier in Sarh. Users: 10,000 in Chad (2007 S. Hossack). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper.
Daju, Dar Daju
[djc] Batha region: south border; Guéra region: Guéra department, Mongo subprefecture, Eref and Mongo area. Users: 60,000 (2020 A. Aviles). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dadjo, Dadju, Dajo, Dajou, Daju, Daju Mongo, Daju Oum Hadjer, Saaronge. Autonym: Dajiŋge. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Daju, Western Daju.
Daju, Dar Sila
[dau] Salamat region: Barh Azoum department, camps of internally displaced people; Sila region: Goz-Beïda area and east to Sudan border. Users: 63,100 in Chad (2000). Total users in all countries: 70,100. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bokorike, Bokoruge, Dadjo, Dajou, Daju, Dar Sila, Shila, Sila, Sula. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Southern (n languages), Daju, Western Daju.
Dangaléat
[daa] Possibly Batha region; Guéra region: Guéra department, Bang-bang subprefecture. Barlo, Koubo Adougoul area (Central dialect); Korlongo area (Eastern dialect); Korbo area (Western dialect). Users: 60,000 (2005 SIL), increasing. 45,000 in Dangaléat Canton. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Danal, Dangal, Dangla. Autonym: Daŋla. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1.
Day
[dai] Mandoul region: Barh Sara department, Moïssala; Moyen-Chari region: Barh Kôh department, Sarh. Users: 49,900 (1993 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dai. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Day.
Dazaga
[dzg] Barh el Gazel, Batha, Borkou, Ennedi-Ouest, Hadjer-Lamis, Kanem, Lac, Wadi Fira regions. Users: 606,000 in Chad (2019). Total users in all countries: 692,400. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Dasa, Daza, Dazza, Gorane, Teda-Daza, Tubu. Autonym: Dazaga. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Tebu.
Disa
[dsi] Guéra region: Barh Signaka department, Chinguil subprefecture. Users: 2,370 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi.
Fania
[fni] Guéra region: Barh Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, west of Lake Iro; north of Sarh, Mouraye area, Karo, Malakonjo, Rim, Sengué, and Sisi villages. Users: 1,100 (1997 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Fagnia, Fana, Fanian, Fanya, Fanyan, Kobe, Mana. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua.
Fongoro
[fgr] Sila region: Dar Fongoro area along Sudan border. Users: A few elderly speakers (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Gele, Kole. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi.
French
[fra] Users: 1,963,000 in Chad, all users. L1 users: 3,000 in Chad (1993). L2 users: 1,960,000 (Beck et al 2018). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 9). Alternate Names: Français. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French.
Fulfulde, Adamawa
[fub] Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Lac Léré department. Users: 271,000 in Chad (2019). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Adamawa Fulani, Biira, Boulbe, Domona, Dzemay, Eastern Fulani, Foulfoulde, Ful, Fula Fulbe, Fulfulde, Nagapelta, Palata, Paldena, Paldida, Pelta Hay, Peul, Peulh, Pladina, Pule, Pullo, Sanyo, Taareyo, Zaakosa, Zemay. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Eastern.
Fulfulde, Bagirmi
[fui] Chari-Baguirmi region: Baguirmi department, Massenya subprefecture; Hadjer-Lamis region: Dababa department, Bokoro subprefecture, between Bokoro and Massenya. Users: 24,000 in Chad. Total users in all countries: 180,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Baghirmi Peul, Bagirmi Fula. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Eastern.
Fulfulde, Nigerian
[fuv] Chari-Baguirmi region: Baguirmi department, Massenya subprefecture; Hadjer-Lamis region: Dagana department, Massakory subprefecture; Kanem region: Kanem department, Rig-Rig subprefecture; possibly Lac region; Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Léré and Pala area. Users: Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Fulbe, Fulfulde, Peul. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, East Central.
Fur
[fvr] Sila region. Users: 1,800 in Chad. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: For, Four, Kondjara, Konjara. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Fur.
Gabri
[gab] Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Est department, Lai subprefecture, Darbé and Dormon villages area northwest of Lai. Users: 34,400 (2000). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Gabere, Gaberi, Gabri Darbé-Dormon, Gabri Maja, Ngabre, Southern Gabri. Autonym: Maja. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.2, 2.
Gadang
[gdk] Chari-Baguirmi region: Loug Chari department, Bousso subprefecture, between Mogo and Mbarlé; Somrai area. Users: 2,500 (1997 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 2.
Gidar
[gid] Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Lac Léré department, northwest of Léré. At least 25 villages. Users: 11,700 in Chad (1993 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Gidder, Guidar, Kada, “Baynawa” (pej.). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, C.
Gor
[gqr] Logone Oriental region: La Pendé department, Bodo center area; Mandoul region. Users: 159,000 (2019). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bodo. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper.
Goundo
[goy] Tandjilé region: Kélo and Lai subprefectures, Goundo-Bengli, Goundo-Nangom, and Goundo-Yila villages. Users: 30 (1998). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Kim.
Gula
[glu] Moyen-Chari region: Lac Iro department, Alako and Boum-Kebir subprefectures, southwest of Lake Iro; Guéra region: border area. Users: 10,300 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bayo, Goula, Sara Goula, Sara Gula. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi.
Gula Iro
[glj] Guéra region; Moyen-Chari region: Lac Iro department; Salamat region: Barh Azoum department, Lake Iro, Boum Kabir area. Cheou (Korintal dialect); Boum Kabir, Boum Saher, Karou, Madjok, and Teonen (Pongaal dialect); Badi and Foundouk (Patool dialect); Bouni, Kore, and Masidjanga, (Tiaala dialect); west Salamat region (Tiitaal dialect). Users: 3,500 (1991 SIL). 2,000 Pongaal, 730 Tiaala, 200 Tiitaal, 350 Patool, 170 Korintal. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Goula Iro, Goula d’Iro, Kulaal, Moriil. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua.
Gulay
[gvl] Logone Oriental (1 canton), Mandoul (6 cantons), Tandjilé (1 canton) regions, between Doba, Koumra, and Laï. Users: 163,000 (1993 census). 23,500 Pen in 26 villages (1995 D. Djarangar). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Goulai, Goulaye, Goulei, Gouley, Gulai, Gulei. Autonym: Guley. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper.
Hausa
[hau] Widespread in the south. Users: 398,000 in Chad, all users. L1 users: 100,000 in Chad (Gunnemark and Kenrick 1985). L2 users: 298,000 (2019 Joshua Project). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Widespread use as L2 in northern Chad. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, A, A.1.
Herdé
[hed] Mayo-Kebbi Est region; Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Mayo-Dallah and Lac Léré departments, Pala and Lamé area. Users: 40,000 (1999 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: He’dé, Ka’do Herdé, Zime, Zime of Pala, “Kado” (pej.). Autonym: Zime Pala. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa.
Horo
[hor] Moyen-Chari region. Users: No known L1 speakers. Probably became extinct in the early 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Hor. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper.
Jaya
[jyy] Guéra region: Guéra department, Bitkine subprefecture. Users: 2,200 (1993 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Yaya. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi.
Jonkor Bourmataguil
[jeu] Guéra region border area; Salamat region: Aboudeia department, west of Abou Deia; centered in Ader-Ader. Users: 1,500 (1993 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Djongor Bourmataguil, Dougne, Karakir. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1.
Kaba
[ksp] Logone Oriental region: La Nya Pendé department, Goré subprefecture, Goré area and southeast. Users: 70,000 in Chad (1993 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kaba de Baibokoum, Kaba de Goré, Kaba de Paoua, Kabba, Western Kaba. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper.
Kaba Démé, Sara
[kwg] Guéra region; Moyen-Chari region: Barh Kôh and Lac Iro departments, Banda, Bobé, Hélibongo, Kemata, and Moussafoyo villages along Chari river. Users: 40,000 in Chad (1993 UBS). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kaba ’Dem, Kaba Demi, Kaba Démé, Sara Kaba Dem, Tà Sàra. Autonym: Sara Kaba Ɗem, Ɗem. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper, Sara Kaba.
Kaba Naa, Sara
[kwv] Moyen-Chari region: Lac Iro department, centered in Kyabé. Kyabé subprefecture, Dindjebo and Dindjekono villages (Dunje dialect). Users: 35,000 in Chad (1993 UBS). 5,560 in Bale village, 4,940 in Koskabo, 4,550 in Kyabé. Total users in all countries: 39,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dana, Kaba Na, Kaba Naa, Kaba Nar, Na, Sara Kaba. Autonym: Naa, Sara Kaba Naa. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper, Sara Kaba.
Kabalai
[kvf] Tandjilé region: Lai subprefecture, Lai and south on Logone river east bank. Users: 17,900 (1993 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gablai, Kaba-Lai, Kabalay, Kabalaye, Keb-Kaye, Lai, Lay. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.2, 2.
Kajakse
[ckq] Sila region: Djourf-Al-Ahmar department, south and southeast of Am Dam. Users: 10,000 (Bender 1983a). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kadjakse, Kajeske, Kawa Tadimini, Kujarke, Mini. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 2.
Kanembu
[kbl] Barh el Gazel region; Hadjer-Lamis region: Dagana department, Massakory subprefecture; Lac and Kanem regions. Users: 845,000 in Chad (2019). Total users in all countries: 877,200. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Kaidi-Kanembu, Kanambu, Kanembou. Autonym: Kanembu. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Kanuri.
Kanuri, Yerwa
[knc] Chari-Baguirmi, Hadjer-Lamis, Mayo-Kebbi Est regions. Users: 191,000 in Chad (2019). 34,500 in Chari-Baguirmi and 23,300 in N’Djamena. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Aga, Bornouan, Bornouans, Bornu, Central Kanuri, Kanouri, Kanoury, Kanuri, Kole, Kolere, Sirata, “Baribari” (pej.), “Beriberi” (pej.). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Kanuri.
Karang
[kzr] Logone Oriental region: Monts de Lam department, Baibokoum subprefecture, Lawtiko I, Lawtiko II, Loumbogo, Sarkaluki, and 2 Sakpu villages northwest of Baïbokoum. Users: 1,000 in Chad (1995 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Eastern Mbum, Karaŋ, Kareng, Laka, Lakka, Lakka Mbum, Mbum Bakal, Nzák Kàráng. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Karang.
Karanga
[kth] Batha region; Ouaddaï region: Ouara department; Sila region: Djourf-Al-Ahmar department, Am Dam area to Abéché. Sila region: Djourf-Al-Ahmar department, southwest of Am Dam (Bakha dialect); northeast of Am Dam (Karanga and Koniéré dialects); Ouaddaï region: Ouara department, south of Abéché and north of Karanga dialect area (Kashmere dialect). Users: 10,000 (1999 SIL). 4,700 Karanga and 1,420 Bakha. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kurunga. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban.
Kendeje
[klf] Ouaddaï region: Assoungha and Ouara departments, rural Abéché and Adré subprefectures, northwest of Hadjer Hadid. Users: 1,860 (2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Kedendje, Kendeye, Kindeje, Yaali. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Kendeje.
Kenga
[kyq] Guéra region: Guéra department, Bitkine subprefecture, Bitkine area, 52 villages, including Bolongo and Bokiyo. Users: 40,000 (1997 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Cenge, Kenge. Autonym: Taar Cɛŋɛ. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi.
Kera
[ker] Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mont d’Illi department, near Lake Tikem south of Fianga. Users: 44,500 in Chad (1993 census). Total users in all countries: 50,500. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kere. Autonym: Keera. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.3.
Kibet
[kie] Salamat region: Barh-Azoum department; northeast of Am Timan and southwest of Goz Beïda; Sila region. Users: 18,500 (Bender 1983a). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kaben, Kabentang, Kibeet, Kibeit. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Runga-Kibet.
Kim
[kia] Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mayo Boneye department, Djouman, Eré, Kim, and Kolobo villages; Tandjilé region. Users: 15,400 (1993 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Masa. Autonym: Garab. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Kim.
Kimré
[kqp] Tandjilé region: Tandjile Est department, east of Laï. Users: 20,000 (2007 A. Oumounabidji). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Gabri-Kimré. Autonym: Gawra. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.2, 1.
Koke
[kou] Guéra region: Barh Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, southeast of Melfi, Daguéla, Djourab, and Sengué village areas. Users: 600 (1993 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Khoke, Koké. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua.
Kujarge
[vkj] Sila region: Dar Fongoro, Jebel Mirra area, 7 villages; scattered in Fur and Sinyar in Sudanese villages along Azum and Wadi Salih rivers. Users: 1,000 (Bender 1983b). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Unclassified.
Kulfa
[kxj] Moyen-Chari region: Kyabé subprefecture, centered in Alako and Kirimikoro southwest of Lake Iro; some in Guéra region. Users: 7,110 (1993 census). 4,000 Koulfa, 2,200 Kouroumi, 910 Bara (1993 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kulfe, Kurmi, Kurumi, “Kaba So” (pej.). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper, Sara Kaba.
Kuo
[xuo] Logone Oriental region: Monts de Lam department, Baibokoum subprefecture. Users: 12,300 in Chad (2011 SIL). Total users in all countries: 20,250. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ko, Koh. Autonym: Kúo. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Koh.
Kwang
[kvi] Chari-Baguirmi and Mayo-Kebbi Est regions; Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Est department; north of Lai, east of Bongor, southwest of Bousso. Mobou (Mobou dialect); Mogo (Aloa dialect). Users: 16,800 (1993 census). 10,000 or more Kwang, 2,000 Mobou, 250 Aloa. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kouang, Kuang, Kwong. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.3.
Laal
[gdm] Moyen-Chari region: Barh Kôh department, Gori (center), Damtar, and Mailao villages between Dik and Korbol. Users: 750 (2000). Damtar village had its own dialect called Laabe with 3 speakers left in 1977. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Gori. Classification: Language isolate.
Lagwan
[kot] Chari-Baguirmi region: south N’Djamena, Logone-Gana area along Logone river. Users: Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kotoko-Logone, Lagouane, Lagwane, Logone. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, South.
Laka
[lap] Logone Occidental region; Logone Oriental region: La Nya Pendé department, Goré subprefecture, Monts de Lam department, Baïbokoum subprefecture; 310 villages. Goré subprefecture, Ngadjibian, Békan, and Timbéri cantons (Mang dialect), Bessao and Pandzangué cantons south of Moundou (Bémour dialect), Ngamadja-Dodang II and Bessao-Oudoumian area (Maïngao dialect), Andoum and Pandzangué cantons, Pan area (Goula dialect), Oudoumian (Paï dialect). Users: 55,100 in Chad (1993 census). Total users in all countries: 57,150. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kabba Laka, Laga, Làgà. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper.
Lele
[lln] Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Ouest department, south of Kélo. Users: 26,000 (1991 UBS). Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Lele. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.2, 1.
Lutos
[ndy] Mandoul region; Moyen-Chari region: Grande Sido department, on Central African Republic border. Users: 1,980 in Chad (1993 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Vale.
Maba
[mde] Batha region; Ouaddaï region: Djourf-al-Ahmar and Ouara departments; Sila region; Wadi Fira region: Biltine department, Biltine subprefecture; most of Ouara department and villages south of Biltine. Users: 542,000 in Chad (2019), decreasing. Very few monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 567,000. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Aulad Djema, Awlad Djema, Bargo, Bergo, Borgho, Borgu, Kana Mabang, Mabaa, Mabak, Mabang, Ouaddai, Ouaddaien, Uled Djemma, Wadai, Waddayen. Autonym: Bura Mabang. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Maba.
Mabire
[muj] Guéra region: Bidiyo canton, Mongo-Rural subprefecture, Oulek village. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last fluent speaker may have survived into the early 2010s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1.
Majera
[xmj] Chari-Baguirmi region; Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mayo Lemie department, Dogwea village on Logone river east bank. Users: Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Da’a, Mazera, Mida’a, Midah. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Jina.
Malgbe
[mxf] Hadjer-Lamis region: N’Djamena subprefecture, Douguia, Malalie, Oulio (Walia) and other villages on Chari river. Users: Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Goulfei, Goulfey, Gulfei, Kotoko-Gulfei, Malbe, Malgwe, Ngwalkwe, Sanbalbe. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, North.
Mambai
[mcs] Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Lac Léré department, Cameroon border west of Léré. Users: 2,000 in Chad (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mambay, Mamgbay, Mamgbei, Manbai, Mangbai, Mangbaï de Biparé, Mangbei, Momboi, Mongbay. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Northern, Tupuri-Mambai.
Mango
[mge] Logone Oriental region: La Pendé department, Bodo subprefecture; Mandoul and Tandjilé regions. Users: 96,000 (2019). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Doba, Mbay Doba, Mongo. Autonym: Mangɔ. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper.
Mararit
[mgb] Ouaddaï region: Assoungha department, Mabrone subprefecture, Mararit; Wadi Fira region: Biltine department, Am Zoer subprefecture, Abou Charib. Users: 42,400 (1993 census). 15,400 Mararit, 27,000 Abou Charib. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Abiri, Abiyi, Ebiri, Mararet, Merarit. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Tama, Mararit.
Marba
[mpg] Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Kabbia department, north of Kélo (Léo dialect); Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Ouest department (Marba and Kolon dialects). Users: 271,000 (2019). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Azumeina. Autonym: Marba. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa.
Marfa
[mvu] Ouaddaï region: Ouara department, south of Abéché. Users: 5,000 (1999 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Marba. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Maba.
Masalit
[mls] Ouaddaï region: Assoungha department, Adré area; Sila region. Ouaddaï region (Western Masalit dialect). Users: 112,000 in Chad (2019), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kaana Masala, Kana Masaraka, Kanaa Masarak, Kanaa Masaraka, Masale, Masara, Masarak, Masaraka, Massalit, Massolit. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Masalit.
Masana
[mcn] Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mayo-Boneye department, Bongor subprefecture, along Logone river; small group in Chari-Baguirmi region. Users: 239,000 in Chad (2019). Total users in all countries: 342,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Masa, Massa, “Banana” (pej.). Autonym: Massana. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa.
Maslam
[msv] Ville de N’Djamena region: Haraze Al Biar department, Mani subprefecture along Chari river. Miskini and Blabli villages (Maslam dialect); Farcha-Milezi and Ngara-Mandju villages (Sao dialect). Users: Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Kotoko-Maltam, Maltam. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, North.
Masmaje
[mes] Batha region: Batha Est department, Oum Hadjer subprefecture, southwest of Oum Hadjer. Users: Ethnic population: 45,000 (2019 IMB). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Masmadje, Mesmedje. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 2.
Massalat
[mdg] Batha region: Batha Est department, Oum Hadjer subprefecture; Sila region: Djourf-Al-Ahmar department, Am Dam subprefecture. Users: 10 (1991 R. Blench). Ethnic population: 29,800 (1993 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Masalit.
Mawa
[mcw] Guéra region: Guéra department, Bitkine subprefecture, Mahoua village area. Users: 6,560 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mahoua, Mahwa. Autonym: Maaw. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1.
Mbara
[mpk] Chari-Baguirmi region: Baguirmi department, Massenya subprefecture; Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mayo-Boneye department, Bongor subprefecture; Mayo-Lémié department along Chari river, Guélengdeng area. Users: 1,000 (Tourneux et al 1986). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: G’kelendeg, G’kelendeng, Guelengdeng, Massa de Guelengdeng. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.2.
Mbay
[myb] Mandoul region: Barh Sara department, Moïssala area. Users: 80,000 in Chad (1990 J. Keegan). Total users in all countries: 88,300. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mbai, Mbay Moissala, Mbaye, Moissala Mbai, Sara Mbai. Autonym: Mbaï. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper.
Mesme
[zim] Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Ouest department, between Kélo and Pala. Users: 20,100 (1993 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Djime, Djiwe, Zime, Zime of Kélo. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa.
Migaama
[mmy] Guéra region: Guéra department, Mongo subprefecture, Abou Telfane canton, Abu Telfan area. Baro (Migaama dialect); Fityari (Doga dialect); Game and Julkulkili (Gamiya dialect); Mala (Dambiya dialect). Users: 20,000 (2000 W. Chesley). 2,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 23,000 (1991 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dionkor, Djonkor, Dyongor, Jongor, Jonkor, Migama, “Djonkor Abou Telfane” (pej.). Autonym: Migaama. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1.
Miltu
[mlj] Chari-Baguirmi region: Loug Chari department, Bousso subprefecture, Miltou town area; Moyen-Chari region. Users: 270 (1993 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Miltou. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 2.
Mogum
[mou] Guéra region: Barh Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture; Guéra department, Bitkine and Mongo subprefectures. Users: 7,000 (1997 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mogoum. Autonym: Mogume. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1.
Morom
[bdo] Guéra region: Guéra department, Bitkine subprefecture; Hadjer-Lamis region: Dababa department, Bokoro and Gama subprefectures. Users: 4,500 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bernde, Tar Murba. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi.
Mpade
[mpi] Hadjer-Lamis region: Haraze Al Biar department, Mani subprefecture, south of Lake Chad; N’Djamena town; Mani area on Logone river, north of N’Djamena. Users: Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kotoko-Makari, Makari. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, North.
Mser
[kqx] Chari-Baguirmi and Ville de N’Djamena regions; to Cameroon border. Users: Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Klesem, Kotoko-Kuseri, Kousseri, Kuseri. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, South.
Mubi
[mub] Batha region: widespread; Guéra region: Guéra department, Mangalmé subprefecture, 135 villages in Mangalmé area. Users: 35,300 (1993 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Moubi. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 2.
Mukulu
[moz] Guéra region: Guéra department, Bitkine subprefecture, Djarkatché, Doli, Gougué, Morgué, Moukoulou, and Séguine villages below Guera massif. Users: 12,000 (1990 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Diongor Guera, Djonkor Guera, Dyongor Guera, Guerguiko, Jonkor-Gera, Mokoulou, Mokulu. Autonym: Gergiko. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.2.
Mulgi
[mvh] Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Est department, Lai subprefecture. Users: 5,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mire. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 1.
Mundang
[mua] Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mont d’Illi department, Léré area, Fianga; Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Lac Léré and Mayo-Dallah departments, Léré and Pala. Users: 351,000 in Chad (2019). Total users in all countries: 395,700. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Moundan, Moundang, Nda. Autonym: záá múndàŋ. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Northern, Tupuri-Mambai.
Musey
[mse] Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Kabbia and Mont d’Illi departments, Fianga, Gounou Gaya; Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: small border enclave; Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Ouest department, Kélo. Users: 383,000 in Chad (2019). Total users in all countries: 433,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bananna, Bananna Ho Ho, Mosi, Moussei, Moussey, Musei, Mussoi, Mussoy. Autonym: Museyna. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa.
Musgu
[mug] Chari-Baguirmi region: small area, Chari river east bank; Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mayo-Boneye department, Bongor subprefecture; Ville de N’Djamena: between Chari and Logone rivers. Users: 24,400 in Chad (1993 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mouloui, Mousgou, Mousgoum, Mousgoun, Mulwi, Munjuk, Musgum, Musuk. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.2.
Muskum
[mje] Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mayo-Boneye and Mayo-Lemie departments, Bongor subprefecture. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker survived into the late 1970s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Muzgum. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.2.
Naba
[mne] Barh el Gazel region: southeast; Batha region: Batha Est department, Ati subprefecture, Batha Ouest department, Oum Hadjer subprefecture; Lake Fitri area east to Ati (Bilala dialect); Bokoro subprefecture, Moïto to Bokoro, and Ati to Oum Hadjer (Kuka dialect); southwest of Ati (Medogo dialect). Users: 510,000 (2019). Status: 5* (Developing). Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi.
Nancere
[nnc] Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Ouest department, Béré, Delban, and Kélo subprefectures. Users: 144,000 (2019), increasing. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Nanchere, Nangcere, Nangtchere, Nanjeri, Nantcere. Autonym: Nangjere. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.2, 1.
Ndam
[ndm] South Chari-Baguirmi, north Mandoul, and northwest Moyen-Chari regions; Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Est department, Lai subprefecture, northeast of Lai, and southeast of Bousso d’Béré. Users: 6,500 (1990 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dam, Ndamm. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 1.
Ngam
[nmc] Mandoul region: Barh Sara department, Dembo subprefecture, Maro area; Moyen-Chari region: Grande Sido department, Maro. Nara in Djéké canton (Kle dialect); Djéké canton (Kon Ngam dialect); Barh Kôh department, Maro canton and Moussafoyo subprefecture (Ngam Tel dialect); Maro, Moyo, and Danamadji (Ngam Tira dialect). Users: 43,700 in Chad (1993 census). Total users in all countries: 61,400. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ngahm, Ngama, Ngamh, Ngàm̄, Sarngam. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper.
Ngambay
[sba] Logone Occidental region; Logone Oriental region: Lanya department, Bébedjia; La Nya Pendé department, Goré subprefecture; Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Mayo-Dallah department; Mayo-Kebbi Est and Tandjilé regions; centered in Moundou area. Users: 1,320,000 in Chad (2013 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 1,377,000. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Gamba, Gambaye, Gamblai, Ngambai, Sara Ngambai, Sara-Ngambay. Autonym: Ngambay. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper.
Ngete
[nnn] Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Mayo-Dallah department, Ngeté village area east of Pala; south Mayo-Kebbi Est region. Users: 10,000 (1991 UBS). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ka’do Ngueté, Nge’dé, Nguetté, Ngueté, Zime. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa.
Niellim
[nie] Moyen-Chari region: Barh Kôh department, Niellim town area, Chari river southwest bank. Niou on the northeast bank (Niou dialect). Users: 5,160 (1993 census). 1,000 in Sarh city; 400 in Niou dialect. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Lua, Lwaà, Mjillem, Nielim, Nyilem. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua.
Noy
[noy] Users: 36 (1993 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Loo. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua.
Nzakambay
[nzy] Logone Oriental region: Monts de Lam department, Baïbokoum subprefecture on Cameroon border near Baïbokoum. Monts de Lam area (Zoli dialect). Users: 18,500 in Chad (2000). Total users in all countries: 31,500. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mboum, Mbum, Mbum Nzakambay, Njakambai, Nzak Mbai, Nzaka Mbay, Nzakmbay. Autonym: Nzakambay. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Karang.
Pana
[pnz] Logone Oriental region: Diahoke and Giriwon villages (Gonge dialect); Makele village (Pana dialect). Users: 1,000 in Chad (1999 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Pani. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Karang.
Pévé
[lme] Mayo-Kebbi Ouest region: Lamé is center. Users: 30,000 in Chad (1999 SIL). Total users in all countries: 35,720. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Lamé, Peve, Zime, “Ka’do Pevé” (pej.), “Kado” (pej.). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Masa.
Runga
[rou] Ouaddaï region; Salamat region: Haraze-Mangueigne department; Sila region. Users: 21,500 in Chad (1993 census), decreasing. Total users in all countries: 43,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aiki, Ayki, Aykindang, Rounga, Roungo. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Runga-Kibet.
Saba
[saa] Guéra region: Bahr Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, northeast of Melfi. Users: 1,340 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jelkung. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.3.
Sango
[sag] Widespread in southern Chad. Users: Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Sangho. Classification: Creole, Ngbandi based.
Sar
[mwm] Mandoul and Moyen-Chari regions: Balimba, Bédaya, Bessada, Djoli, Koumogo, Koumra, Matékaga, and Sarh cantons. Users: 183,000 (1993 census). 74,700 Madjingay (1964), 16,300 No (1964), 32,000 Nar (1977). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Lingua franca of regional capital of Sarh. Alternate Names: Sara, Sara Madjingay, Sàᶉ̄. Autonym: tà Sàᶉ̄. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper.
Sarua
[swy] Chari-Baguirmi region: Loug Chari department, Bousso subprefecture, between Bousso and Miltou along Chari river. Users: 2,000 (1997 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Saroua, Sarwa. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 2.
Sinyar
[sys] Ouaddaï region; Sila region: near confluence of Azum, Kaja, and Salih rivers. Users: 12,300 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Shamya, Shamyan, Shemya, Sinya, Symiarta, Taar Shamyan, Zimirra. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Sinyar.
Sokoro
[sok] Guéra region: Bahr Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, Badanga to Gogmi; Hadjer-Lamis region: southeast. Users: 5,000 (1994 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Soŋoroŋ. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.3.
Soumraye
[sor] Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Est department, Lai subprefecture northeast of Lai, Domogou is center. Users: 7,410 (1993 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Chibne, Chibné, Shibne, Sibine, Somrai, Somray, Somre, Somrei, Soumrai, Soumray, Sounrai, Sumrai. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 1.
Surbakhal
[sbj] Ouaddaï region: Assoungha department, Adré subprefecture, between Alacha and Hadjer Hadid. Users: 7,890 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sourbakhal. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Satellites, Maban, Surbakhal.
Tama
[tma] Wadi Fira region: Dar Tama department, Guéréda area; some in Ouaddaï region. Users: 62,900 in Chad (1993 census). Total users in all countries: 289,900. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Miisiirii, Tamok, Tamongobo, Tamot. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Satellite-Core, Core, Eastern Sudanic, Northern (k languages), Tama, Tama-Sungor.
Tamki
[tax] Guéra region: Bahr Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, Tamki village. Users: 500 (1999 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Temki. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.3.
Tedaga
[tuq] Borkou, Ennedi-Ouest, and Kanem regions; Tibesti region: Bardai area; all in far north desert. Users: 28,500 in Chad (1993 census). Total users in all countries: 57,690. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tebou, Tebu, Teda, Teda-Daza, Tibbu, Toda, Todaga, Todga, Toubou, Tubu, Tuda. Autonym: Tudaga. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Western, Tebu.
Tobanga
[tng] Mayo-Kebbi Est region: west; Tandjilé region: Tandjilé Est department, Deressia subprefecture. Users: 30,000 (1999 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gabri, Gabri-Nord, Gabri-North, Northern Gabri. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.2, 2.
Toram
[trj] Salamat region: Aboudeïa department, in and west of Ter. Users: 8,460 (2000). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Torom, Torum. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 2.
Tumak
[tmc] Mandoul region: Mandoul Oriental department, Gouindi subprefecture; northwest Moyen-Chari and east Tandjilé regions. Users: 25,200 (1993 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bə̀g ɗə təmàgə́ə̀n, Dije, Sara Toumak, Toumak, Tumac, Tumag, Tummok. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, A, A.1, 1.
Tunia
[tug] Moyen-Chari region: Barh Kôh department, Sarh and 3 small villages north. Users: 2,260 (1993 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tounia, Tun, Tunya. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua.
Tupuri
[tui] Mayo-Kebbi Est region: Mont d’Illi department, Fianga area. Users: 191,000 in Chad (2019). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ndore, Toubouri, Toupouri, Tuburi. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Northern, Tupuri-Mambai.
Ubi
[ubi] Guéra region: Guéra department, Mongo subprefecture, Oubi village area. Users: 1,100 (1995 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Oubi. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 1.
Zaghawa
[zag] Ennedi Est and Ennedi Ouest regions; Wadi Fira region: Kobé department, Iriba, Matadjana, and Tiné Djagaraba subprefectures. Users: 159,000 in Chad (2019). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Beri, Beri-Aa, Beria, Berri, Kebadi, Kuyuk, Merida, Soghaua, Zagaoua, Zagawa, Zauge, Zeggaoua, Zeghawa, Zorhaua. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Saharan, Eastern.
Zan Gula
[zna] Guéra region: Bahr Signaka department, Melfi subprefecture, Chinguil; Moyen-Chari region: northwest of Lake Iro. Users: 5,000 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Goula, Gula Guera, Moriil, Morre. Autonym: More. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Bua.
Zerenkel
[zrn] Guéra region: Mongo subprefecture, Canton Dadjo I, Dambiro, Nikel, and Sirbodom villages. Users: 2,240 (1993 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Zirenkel. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, East, B, B.1, 2.