Peru

Spanish

[spa] 1 (National). Statutory national language (1993, Constitution, Article 48). 32,450,000 in Peru, all users. L1 users: 28,100,000 in Peru (Instituto Cervantes 2019). L2 users: 4,350,000 (Instituto Cervantes 2019).

3 (Wider communication)

Quechua, Ayacucho

[quy] 3 (Wider communication). 900,000 (2000 SIL), decreasing. 300,000 monolinguals.

Quechua, Cusco

[quz] 3 (Wider communication). 1,500,000 (1989 UBS). Total Quechua in Peru 3,500,000–4,400,000 including Quechua I 750,000, Quechua II 2,680,000 (2000 W. Adelaar). 300,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,500,000.

4 (Educational)

Awajún

[agr] 4 (Educational). 53,400 (2007 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 55,400 (2007 census).

Quechua, Chachapoyas

[quk] 4 (Educational). 7,000 (2003 SIL). 100 monolinguals (2003). Ethnic population: 7,000.

Quechua, Eastern Apurímac

[qve] 4 (Educational). 200,000 (2002 SIL). 80,000 monolinguals. 30% in towns, 60%–70% in remote areas, especially at high altitudes. Ethnic population: 200,000.

Quechua, Puno

[qxp] 4 (Educational). 500,000. 100,000 monolinguals (2002).

5 (Developing)

Asháninka

[cni] 5* (Developing). 35,200 (2007 SIL). 2007 census lists 63,000, which includes all varieties of Ashaninka and Asheninka. Ethnic population: 35,200 (2007 SIL).

Ashéninka, South Ucayali

[cpy] 5* (Developing). 13,000 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 14,000 (2002 SIL).

Ashéninka, Ucayali-Yurúa

[cpb] 5* (Developing). 7,000 in Peru (2001 SIL). Total users in all countries: 7,810.

Quechua, Huallaga

[qub] 5* (Developing). 23,900 (2017 census).

Quechua, Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco

[qvh] 5* (Developing). 44,900 (2017 census).

Quechua, Lambayeque

[quf] 5* (Developing). 20,000 (1998 SIL).

Quechua, Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha

[qvm] 5* (Developing). 32,100 (2017 census).

Quechua, Panao

[qxh] 5* (Developing). 28,900 (2017 census).

Quechua, Southern Conchucos

[qxo] 5* (Developing). 161,000 (2021 SIL), including 80,000 speakers living outside the language area (based on 2017 census).

Quichua, Napo

[qvo] 5* (Developing). 10,000 in Peru (2009). Total users in all countries: 24,000.

Yanesha’

[ame] 5* (Developing). 7,520 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 7,520 (2007 census).

Achuar-Shiwiar

[acu] 5 (Developing). 4,420 in Peru (2007 census). Majority are monolingual.

Ashéninka, Pajonal

[cjo] 5 (Developing). 12,000 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 12,000 (2002 SIL).

Aymara, Central

[ayr] 5 (Developing). Recognized language (1993, Constitution, Article 48). 443,000 in Peru (2007 census). Ethnic population: 443,000 (2007 census).

Caquinte

[cot] 5 (Developing). 440 (2007 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 440 (2007 census).

Culina

[cul] 5 (Developing). 420 in Peru (2007 census), increasing. Primarily monolingual. Ethnic population: 420.

Kakataibo-Kashibo

[cbr] 5 (Developing). 2,780 (2007 census). Some women over 50 monolingual. Ethnic population: 2,780 (2007 census).

Kandozi-Chapra

[cbu] 5 (Developing). 3,260 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 3,260 (2007 census).

Kashinawa

[cbs] 5 (Developing). 2,420 in Peru (2007 census). Ethnic population: 2,420 (1999 census). Total users in all countries: 7,420.

Matses

[mcf] 5 (Developing). 5,000 in Peru (2019 Y. Bueno). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2019 Y. Bueno). Total users in all countries: 6,500.

Matsigenka

[mcb] 5 (Developing). 21,400 (2019 Ministerio de Cultura). Ethnic population: 21,400 (2019 Ministerio de Cultura).

Nomatsigenga

[not] 5 (Developing). 8,020 (2007 census). 5,500 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 8,020 (2007 census).

Peruvian Sign Language

[prl] 5 (Developing). 98,000 (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 65,000–130,000 deaf signers, assuming 0.2%–0.4% of total population.

Quechua, Arequipa-La Unión

[qxu] 5 (Developing). 18,600 (2000). 10,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 32,000.

Quechua, Huaylla Wanca

[qvw] 5 (Developing). 250,000 (2002 SIL).

Quechua, Northern Conchucos Ancash

[qxn] 5 (Developing). 122,000 (2021 SIL), including 61,000 speakers living outside the language area (based on 2017 census).

Quechua, Southern Pastaza

[qup] 5 (Developing). 1,550 (2000). 310 monolinguals.

Sharanahua

[mcd] 5 (Developing). 490 in Peru (2007 census). 300 Mastanahua (2000 SIL). 320 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 490 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 499.

Shawi

[cbt] 5 (Developing). 14,000 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 21,400 (Crevels 2012).

Shipibo-Conibo

[shp] 5 (Developing). 22,500 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 22,500 (2007 census).

Ticuna

[tca] 5 (Developing). 6,980 in Peru (2007 census). Ethnic population: 6,980 (2007 census).

Urarina

[ura] 5 (Developing). 4,850 (2007 census). Women are monolingual. Ethnic population: 4,850 (2007 census).

Wampís

[hub] 5 (Developing). 10,200 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 10,200 (2007 census).

Yaminahua

[yaa] 5 (Developing). 600 in Peru (2007 census). Ethnic population: 600 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 1,951.

Yine

[pib] 5 (Developing). 3,260 (2007 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 3,260 (2007 census).

6a (Vigorous)

Aymara, Southern

[ayc] 6a* (Vigorous). Recognized language (1993, Constitution, Article 48). 213,000 (2011 J. Leclerc).

Ese Eja

[ese] 6a (Vigorous). 590 in Peru (2007 census). Ethnic population: 590 (2007 census).

Quechua, Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco

[qxt] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,000 (1993 SIL).

Secoya

[sey] 6a (Vigorous). 920 in Peru (2007 census). Ethnic population: 920 (2007 census).

Spanish, Charapa

[spq] 6a* (Vigorous). 2,700 (2011 J. Leclerc). Some monolinguals.

Yora

[mts] 6a (Vigorous). 450 (Crevels 2012). Possibly another 400 uncontacted speakers on the Upper Piedras River (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 450 (Crevels 2012).

6b (Threatened)

Ajyíninka Apurucayali

[cpc] 6b* (Threatened). 4,000 (2000 SIL).

Amarakaeri

[amr] 6b* (Threatened). 1,910 (2007 census). Includes Huachipaeri [hug]. Ethnic population: 2,090 (2013 Ministerio de Educación). Includes Huachipaeri [hug].

Ashéninka, Perené

[prq] 6b (Threatened). 300 (Mihas 2014). Ethnic population: 5,500 (2001 SIL).

Ashéninka, Pichis

[cpu] 6b (Threatened). 10,700 (2007 census). Includes Ajyninka Apurucayal [cpc].

Capanahua

[kaq] 6b* (Threatened). 100 (Crevels 2012). Some may be in voluntary isolation (2013 Ministry of Education). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 380 (2007 census).

Huachipaeri

[hug] 6b (Threatened). 310 (2000). Ethnic population: 2,090 (2013 Ministerio de Educación). Includes Amarakaeri [amr].

Mashco Piro

[cuj] 6b (Threatened). 200 (Crevels 2012). 60 monolinguals.

Nanti

[cox] 6b (Threatened). 94 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 450 (Crevels 2012).

Pisabo

[pig] 6b* (Threatened). 500 (2011 J. Leclerc).

Quechua, Ambo-Pasco

[qva] 6b (Threatened). 18,300 (2017 census).

Quechua, Cajamarca

[qvc] 6b (Threatened). 30,000 (2000 D. Coombs).

Quechua, Huaylas Ancash

[qwh] 6b (Threatened). 173,000 (2017 census).

Quechua, Jauja Wanca

[qxw] 6b* (Threatened). 25,000 (1962 census). Ethnic population: 77,700 (2000).

Quechua, North Junín

[qvn] 6b* (Threatened). 60,000 (1998). 7,000 monolinguals (1972 census).

Quechua, San Martín

[qvs] 6b* (Threatened). 15,000 (2000 SIL), decreasing. 2,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 44,000 (2000).

Quichua, Northern Pastaza

[qvz] 6b* (Threatened). 2,000 in Peru.

Sivia Sign Language

[lsv] 6b (Threatened). 62, all users. L1 users: 12 (2018 B. Clark). L2 users: 50 (2018 B. Clark).

Yagua

[yad] 6b* (Threatened). 5,000 in Peru (2016 T. Payne). No monolinguals (2016). Ethnic population: 5,680 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 5,300.

7 (Shifting)

Amahuaca

[amc] 7 (Shifting). 300 in Peru (2007 census), decreasing. 20 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 300 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 520.

Bora

[boa] 7 (Shifting). 750 in Peru (2007 census). Ethnic population: 750 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 1,350.

Jaqaru

[jqr] 7 (Shifting). 740 (Crevels 2012). 730 Jaqaru and 9 Cauqui (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,000 (2000 W. Adelaar).

Jebero

[jeb] 7 (Shifting). 30 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 2,500 (2000 W. Adelaar).

Maijuna

[ore] 7 (Shifting). 190 (2007 census). Ethnic population: 300 (Crevels 2012).

Ocaina

[oca] 7 (Shifting). 50 in Peru (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 100 (2007 census). Total users in all countries: 55.

Quechua, Cajatambo North Lima

[qvl] 7 (Shifting). 7,000 (2000 SIL), decreasing. 2,800 monolinguals.

Quechua, Chaupihuaranga

[qur] 7 (Shifting). 20,500 (1972 census), decreasing. 8,200 monolinguals.

Quechua, Chincha

[qxc] 7 (Shifting). 6,000 (2000 SIL).

Quechua, Chiquián

[qxa] 7 (Shifting). 10,000 (2000 SIL), decreasing. 4,000 monolinguals.

Quechua, Corongo Ancash

[qwa] 7 (Shifting). 4,000 (2000 SIL), decreasing. 1,700 monolinguals (2000 SIL).

Quechua, Sihuas Ancash

[qws] 7 (Shifting). 7,120 (2021 SIL), including 3,560 speakers living outside the language area (based on 2017 census).

Witoto, Muinani

[hux] 7 (Shifting). 50 in Peru (2017 K. Wojtylak). 1,130 Huitoto in Peru (Crevels 2007). Ethnic population: 110 (Griffiths et al 2001).

Witoto, Murui

[huu] 7 (Shifting). 400 in Peru (2008), decreasing. 1,130 Huitoto in Peru (Crevels 2007). Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,100 (2008).

8a (Moribund)

Arabela

[arl] 8a (Moribund). 50 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 400 (2007 census).

Iñapari

[inp] 8a (Moribund). 4 (1999 SIL). Ethnic population: 68 (Crevels 2012).

Kukama-Kukamiria

[cod] 8a (Moribund). 250 in Peru (Crevels 2007). Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 11,300 (2007 census).

Quechua, Yauyos

[qux] 8a (Moribund). 6,500 (2003 SIL).

8b (Nearly extinct)

Iquitu

[iqu] 8b (Nearly extinct). 25 (Beier et al 2011), decreasing. 1 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 520 (2007 census).

Isconahua

[isc] 8b (Nearly extinct). 82 (2000).

Omagua

[omg] 8b (Nearly extinct). 2 in Peru (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 630 (2007 census).

Quechua, Pacaraos

[qvp] 8b (Nearly extinct). 35 (Crevels 2012). Ethnic population: 900.

Resígaro

[rgr] 8b (Nearly extinct). 1 (2017). Ethnic population: 37 (2007 census).

Taushiro

[trr] 8b (Nearly extinct). 1 (2017 N. Casey). Ethnic population: 5 (2017).

9 (Dormant)

Chamicuro

[ccc] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker died in the early 2000s (2018 S. Parker). Ethnic population: 100 (2015 S. Parker). Virtually all inhabitants of Pampa Hermosa are ethnic Chamicuro.

Muniche

[myr] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers (Michael et al 2013). Three semi-speakers, ages 60–90; 10 remember but not fluent (Michael et al 2013). The last known fluent speaker, Victoria Huancho Icahuate, died in the late 1990s.

Nonuya

[noj] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers in Peru. Last known speaker in Peru likely survived until 2010. Ethnic population: 90. Ethnic population covers both Colombia and Peru.

10 (Extinct)

Andoa

[anb] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker died in 2012.

Aushiri

[avs] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. One semi-speaker reported on the Napo River in 2008 and another living near Iquitos (Crevels 2012).

Awishira

[ash] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Survived into mid 20th century.

Cahuarano

[cah] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers (2012 SIL). Last speaker died in the late 1980s or early 1990s.

Cholón

[cht] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 2000 (2000 M. Wise).

Hibito

[hib] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker probably survived into the 1970s (Loukotka 1968).

Omurano

[omu] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by 1958.

Panobo

[pno] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 1991.

Remo

[rem] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speakers may have survived into the 1960s (Olson 1991).

Sensi

[sni] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Survived into mid 20th century.

Yameo

[yme] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by the 1960s (Peña 2009).

Unestablished

Chinese

[zho] Unestablished. 100,000 in Peru.

English

[eng] Unestablished. 15,100 in Peru (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity.

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