India
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A-Pucikwar
[apq] Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker, Loka Raja, survived into the 1950s (Avtans and Abbi 2006). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Aka-pujjukar, Puchikwar, Pucikwar. Classification: Andamanese, Great Andamanese, Central.
Adi
[adi] Arunachal Pradesh state: East, West, and Upper Siang districts, Upper Subansiri and Dibang Valley districts; Assam state: Assam valley north hills, between Bhutan and Buruli rivers. Users: 150,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 151,090. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Abhor, Abor, Boga’er Luoba, Bori-Karko, Lhoba, Luoba. Autonym: Adi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Tani.
Adi, Galo
[adl] Arunachal Pradesh state: west and east Siang, Dibang Valley (south), Lohit (east), Changlang (northeast), Upper Subansiri (west) districts; Assam state. Users: 29,200 (2011 census). A few older adult monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Adi, Adi-Gallong, Adi-Galo, Gallong, Galong. Autonym: Galo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Tani.
Agariya
[agi] Chhattisgarh state: Bilaspur district; Madhya Pradesh state: Mandla and Rewa districts, Maikal hills; Uttar Pradesh state: Agra, Mathura, and Mirzapur districts. Users: 72,000 (2007). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Agaria, Agharia, Agoria. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari.
Ahirani
[ahr] Gujarat state; Maharashtra state: Aurangabad, Dhulia, Jalgaon, Nandurbar, and Nasik districts. Users: 1,640,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ahiri. Autonym: अहिराणी (Ahirani). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Khandesi.
Ahom
[aho] Assam state. Users: No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Status: 9 (Second language only). Alternate Names: Tai Ahom. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Aimol
[aim] Assam state; Manipur state: Bishnupur district, Kha-Aimol; Chandel district, Aimol Tampak, Chandonpokpi, Chingunghut, Khodamphai, Khomayai (Khunjai), Kumbirei, Ngairong Aimol, Satu, Soibong (Khudengthabi), and Unapal; Churachandpur district, Luichungbum (Louchulbung); Senapati district, Tuikhong. Users: 2,640 (2001 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Autonym: Aimol. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Northwestern.
Aiton
[aio] Assam state: Jorhat and Karbi Anglong districts, Ahomoni, Balipathar, Banlung, Barhula, Chakihula, Doboroni, Kaliyani, and Tengani villages. Users: 1,500 (Morey 2006). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aitonia, Sham Doaniya, Tai Aiton. Autonym: ဢႝတွꩫ် (Aiton). Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Aka-Bea
[abj] Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: South Andaman Island except northeast coast, and north and east interiors; Rutland Island except south coast; small islands southeast of Rutland; Labyrinth Islands. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in 1931 (Van Driem 2001). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Aka-Beada, Aka-Biada, Bea, Beada, Biada, Bogijiab, Bojigiyab, Bojigniji, Bojigyab. Classification: Andamanese, Great Andamanese, Central.
Aka-Bo
[akm] Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: east central coast of North Andaman Island, North Reef Island. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker, Boa Sr., died in 2010. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Ba, Bo. Classification: Andamanese, Great Andamanese, Northern.
Aka-Cari
[aci] Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: North Andaman Island north coast, Landfall Island, other nearby small islands. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last known speaker, Licho, died in April 2020. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Akacari, Cari, Chari, Chariar, Sare. Classification: Andamanese, Great Andamanese, Northern.
Aka-Jeru
[akj] Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: interior and south North Andaman island, Sound island. Users: 3 (2020 D. Dasgupta). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Jero, Jeru, Yerawa. Classification: Andamanese, Great Andamanese, Northern.
Aka-Kede
[akx] Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: central and north central Middle Andaman Island. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by 1940 (Van Driem 2001). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Kede. Classification: Andamanese, Great Andamanese, Central.
Aka-Kol
[aky] Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: southeast Middle Andaman Island. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in 1921 (Van Driem 2001). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Kol. Classification: Andamanese, Great Andamanese, Central.
Aka-Kora
[ack] Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: northeast and north central coasts of North Andaman Island, Smith Island. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker, Boro, died in 2009. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Kora. Classification: Andamanese, Great Andamanese, Northern.
Akar-Bale
[acl] Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: Ritchie’s Archipelago, Havelock Island, Neill Island. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by 1940 (Van Driem 2001). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Balawa, Bale, Balwa. Classification: Andamanese, Great Andamanese, Central.
Allar
[all] Kerala state: Malappuram district, Manjeri and Perinthalmanna sub-districts, Aminikadu, Mannarmala, and Tazhecode; Palakkad district, Mannarkkad and Ottappalam sub-districts. Users: 350 (Shashi and Shri 1994). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Aalan, Alan, Alanmar, Alar, Allan, Chatans. Classification: Dravidian, Unclassified.
Amri Karbi
[ajz] Assam state: Kamrup district, Basbistha, Chandubi, Jalukbari, Jorabat, Kahi Kusi, Khetri, Loharghat, Pandu, Panikhaith, Rani block, Sonapur, and south of Brahmaputra river; Meghalaya state: Ri-Bhoi district, Nongpoh area, Barni Hat and Umling. Users: 125,000 (2003). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Amri. Autonym: Amri Karbi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karbi.
Anal
[anm] Manipur state: Chandel district, Chakpikarong, Chandel, and Engnoupal sub-districts, on Chakpi river banks. Users: 27,200 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 27,250. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Namfau. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Northwestern.
Andaman Hindi Creole
[hca] Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: Port Blair, 40 villages south of Port Blair. Users: 10,000 (Singh 1994a). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Andaman Hindi. Classification: Creole, Hindi based.
Andh
[anr] Madhya Pradesh state; Maharashtra state: Akola, Aurangabad, Buldana, Nanded, Parbhani, and Yevatmal districts; Telangana state: Adilabad, Hyderabad. Users: 100,000 (2007). Ethnic population: 420,000 (2007). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Andha, Andhi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified.
Angika
[anp] Bihar state: Banka, Bhagalpur, Katihar, and Purnia districts; Jharkhand state: Godda and Sahibganji districts. Users: 725,000 in India (IMA 1997). Total users in all countries: 745,330 (as L1: 743,600; as L2: 1,730). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Anga, Angikar, Chhika-Chhiki. Autonym: अंगिका (Angika). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Unclassified.
Apatani
[apt] Arunachal Pradesh state: lower Subansiri district, Billa, Dutta, Hari, Hija, Hong, Michi Bamin, and Mudang-Tage villages in Ziro valley; Assam and Nagaland states. Users: 44,800 (2011 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Apa. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Tani.
Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken
[acm] Users: 59,400 in India (2011 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Aranadan
[aaf] Kerala state: Kozhihkode district, Ernad sub-district; Malappuram district, Nilambur sub-district; Palakkad district; Karnataka and Tamil Nada states. Users: 200 (2001 census). Census did not include all people in interior settlements. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aranatan, Arnatas, Eranadans. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam.
Assamese
[asm] Arunachal Pradesh state: Changlang and Lohit; Assam state; Meghalaya state: west Garo Hills; Nagaland state: Dimapur, Kohima, Mokokchung, Wokha, and Zunheboto; West Bengal state: Jalpaiguri and Koch Bihar. Users: 15,300,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 15,328,240 (as L1: 15,327,990; as L2: 250). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Assam State (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). Alternate Names: Asambe, Asami, Asamiya. Autonym: অসমীয়া (Ôxômiya). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese.
Asuri
[asr] Chhattisgarh state: Raigarh district, Jashpur area; Jharkhand state: Gumla, Lohardaga, southern Palamau, and northern Ranchi districts of Chotanagpur Plateau; Maharashtra state; Odisha state: Sambalpur district; West Bengal state. Users: 7,000 (Van Driem 2007). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ashree, Assur, Asura, Maleta. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari.
Atong
[aot] Meghalaya state: south Garo Hills district; possibly Assam state: south Kamrup district. Users: 4,600 in India. Total users in all countries: 10,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: A’tong. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Koch.
Awadhi
[awa] Bihar state; Delhi; Madhya Pradesh state; Uttar Pradesh: Allahabad, Bahraich, Bara-Banki, Faizabad, Gonda, Kheri, Lucknow, Pratapgarh, Rae-Bareli, Sitapur, Sultanpur, and Unnao districts. Users: 3,850,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 4,397,400 (as L1: 4,352,000; as L2: 45,400). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Abadi, Abohi, Ambodhi, Avadhi, Baiswari, Kojali, Kosali. Autonym: अवधी (Awadhi). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Eastern, East Central.
Badaga
[bfq] Kerala state: Malappuram district; Tamil Nadu state: Nilgiris district, Kunda hills, 200 villages. Users: 134,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Badag, Badagu, Baduga, Badugu, Vadagu. Autonym: Badaga, ಬಡಗ (Badaga). Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Kannada.
Bagheli
[bfy] Chhattisgarh state: Bilaspur and Koriya districts; Madhya Pradesh state: Anuppur, Chhindwara, Dindori, Jabalpur, Mandla, Panna, Rewa, Satna, Shahdol, Sidhi, and Umaria districts; Uttar Pradesh state: Allahabad, Banda, Mirzapur, and Hamirpur districts. Users: 2,680,000 (2011 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bagelkhandi, Bhugelkhud, Gangai, Godwani Kawathi, Kenat, Kevat Boli, Kevati, Kewani, Kewat, Kewati, Kewot, Kumhari, Mandal, Mannadi, Riwai. Autonym: बघेली (Bagheli). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Eastern, East Central.
Bagri
[bgq] Punjab state: Fatehabad, Firozepur, Hanumangarh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Sriganganagar, and Sirsa districts. Users: 1,890,000 in India (2011 census). 162,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 2,196,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bagari, Bagria, Bagris, Bahgri, Baorias. Autonym: बागड़ी (Bagri). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Rajasthani, Unclassified.
Balochi, Eastern
[bgp] Punjab state: Firozpur district. Users: 800 in India (2007). Possibly L2 speakers only. Ethnic population: 95,000. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Balochi, Baloci, Baluci. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Balochi.
Balti
[bft] Jammu and Kashmir state. Users: 13,800 in India (2011 census). Ethnic population: 38,800. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baltistani, Bhoti of Baltistan, Byltae, Sbalt. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Western.
Bantawa
[bap] Sikkim state: Lingdum, Rolep, and many other parts of the state; West Bengal state: Darjeeling. Users: 14,400 in India (2001 census). Few monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: An Yüng, Bantaba, Bantawa Dum, Bantawa Rai, Bantawa Yong, Bantawa Yüng, Bontawa, Kirat Khambu, Kirat Khambu Rai, Kirawa Yüng, Rai. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern.
Bareli, Palya
[bpx] Madhya Pradesh state: Barwani district, Rajpur and Barwani sub-districts; Khargone district, Jhirniya sub-district; Maharashtra state: Jalgaon district, Yawal and Raver sub-districts; Dhule district, Shirpur sub-district. Users: 10,000 (2000 V. Varkey). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bareli, Pali, Palodi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Bhil.
Bareli, Pauri
[bfb] Maharashtra state: Nandurbar district, Dhadgaon, Shahada, and Taloda sub-districts; Dhule district, Shirpur sub-district; Madhya Pradesh state: Barwani district, Pansemal sub-district, Nivali and Pati blocks. Users: 991,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bareli, Barewali, Barli. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Bhil.
Bareli, Rathwi
[bgd] Madhya Pradesh state: Barwani district, Barwani, Sendhwa, and Rajpur sub-districts; Khargone district, Bhagawanpura, Jhirniya, and Bhikangaon sub-districts; Dewas district, Bagli sub-district; Khandwa district, Burhanpur sub-district; Dhar district, Dahi block; south Jhabua district, Rathia Bhilala; Maharashtra state: north Dhule district, Shirpur sub-district; Jalgaon district, Chopda, Raver, and Yawal sub-districts. Users: 359,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Barel, Barela, Paura, Pauri, Pawari, Pawri, Rathi, Rathia, Rathwi Pauri. Autonym: बरेली (Bareli). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Bhil.
Bateri
[btv] Jammu and Kashmir state: Srinagar area. Users: 800 in India. 200 families. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Northwestern, Dardic, Kohistani.
Bauria
[bge] Chandigarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh states; Delhi. Users: 63,000 (2011 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Babri, Badak, Baori, Basria, Bawari, Bawaria, Bhoria, Vaghri. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Bhil.
Bazigar
[bfr] Haryana state: Ambala, Kaithal, Karnal, and Kurukshetra; Punjab state: Fatehgarh Sahib district and Patiala; Uttar Pradesh state: Muzaffarnagar and Saharanpur. Users: 58,200 (1981 census). Ethnic population: 800,000. Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified.
Bellari
[brw] Karnataka state: Mysore district; Kerala state: Wayanad district; scattered in Tamil Nadu state. Users: 1,000 (Van Driem 2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tulu.
Bengali
[ben] Assam state: Goalpara district; Bihar state; Jharkhand state: Dhanbad, Manbhum, Santal Parganas, and Singhbhum; Odisha state: Bales and Mayar; Tripura and West Bengal states. Users: 106,500,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 96,500,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 10,000,000 (2011 census). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in West Bengal, Tripura, Assam states (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). Alternate Names: Bangala, Bangla-Bhasa. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese.
Bhadrawahi
[bhd] Himachal Pradesh state: small border area; Jammu and Kashmir state: Doda district, Bhadarwah town and surrounding villages. Users: 116,000 (2011). 98,800 Bhadrawahi and 17,300 Padari (2011 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Baderwali, Badrohi, Bahi, Bhadarwahi, Bhaderbhai Jamu, Bhaderwali Pahari, Bhadrava, Bhadri. Autonym: भद्रवाही (Bhadrawahi). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Pahari, Western Pahari.
Bhalay
[bhx] Madhya Pradesh state; Maharashtra state: Amravati district. Users: 8,670 (1981 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Balahi, Balai. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern, Unclassified.
Bharia
[bha] Chhattisgarh state: Bilaspur, Durg, and Surguja districts; Madhya Pradesh state: Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Datia, Jabalpur, Mandla, Panna, Rewa, Sidhi, and Tikamgarh districts; Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal states. Users: 197,000 (1981 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bhar, Bharat, Bhumia, Bhumiya, Paliha. Classification: Dravidian, Unclassified.
Bhatri
[bgw] Chhattisgarh state: Bastar district, Jagdalpur sub-district; Maharashtra state; Odisha state: Koraput district, Kotpad sub-district. Users: 334,000 (2011 census). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Basturia, Bhatra, Bhattra, Bhattri, Bhottada, Bhottara, Deshia, aisi jaisi got. Autonym: भतरी (Bhatri). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Oriya.
Bhattiyali
[bht] Himachal Pradesh state: Chamba district, Bhattiyat and Sihunta sub-districts; Jammu and Kashmir state; Punjab state. Users: 24,000 (2011 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bhateali, Bhatiali Pahari, Bhatiyali, Pahari. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Pahari, Western Pahari.
Bhilali
[bhi] Karnataka state; Madhya Pradesh state: Barwani (Rajpur), southern Dhar, southern Jhabua, and Khargone (Segaon) districts; Maharashtra state: Dhule district; Rajasthan state; a few in Gujarat state. Users: 753,000 (2011 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bhilala, Bhili. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Bhil.
Bhili
[bhb] Gujarat state: Dohad, Panch Mahals, and Sabarkantha districts; Madhya Pradesh state: Dhar, Indore, Jhabua, Khargone, and Ratlam districts; Rajasthan state: Banswara, Dungapur, and Udaipur districts. Users: 3,290,000 (2011 census). 10,400,000 for all Bhil languages (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bhagoria, Bhil, Bhilbari, Bhilboli, Bhilla, Bhilodi, Lengotia, Vil. Autonym: भीली (Bhīlī). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Bhil.
Bhojpuri
[bho] Assam state; Bihar state: Champaran, Saran, and Shahabad districts; Delhi; Jharkhand state: Palamau and Ranchi districts; Madhya Pradesh state; Uttar Pradesh state: Azamgarh, Ballia, Basti, Deoria, Ghazipur, Gorakhpur, Mirzapur, and Varanasi districts; West Bengal state. Users: 50,600,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 52,463,000 (as L1: 52,303,000; as L2: 160,000). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bajpuri, Bhojapuri, Bhozpuri, Khotla, Piscimas, “Bihari” (pej.). Autonym: भोजपुरी (Bhōjpurī). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bihari.
Bhunjia
[bhu] Chhattisgarh state: Raipur district; Madhya Pradesh state: Hoshangabad district; Maharashtra state; Odisha state: Balasore (Baleshwar), Dhenkanal, Kalahandi, Keonjhar, Koraput, and Sambalpur districts, Sunabera Plateau area. Users: 6,790 (2000 USCWM). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bhumjiya, Bhunjiya, Bunjia. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Oriya.
Biate
[biu] Assam state: North Cachar Hills district; Manipur state; Meghalaya state: Jaintia hills district; Mizoram state: Aizawl district, Darlawn, New Vervek, and Ratu villages. Users: 19,000 (IMA 1997). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Baite, Bedesa, Beite, Bete, Beteh, Biete, Hadem. Autonym: Biate. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Mizo.
Bijori
[bix] Jharkhand state: Cowerdaga and Ranchi districts; Madhya Pradesh and Odisha states; West Bengal state: Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts. Users: 12,800 (2001 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Binjhia, Birijia, Birjia, Brijia, Burja. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari.
Bilaspuri
[kfs] Himachal Pradesh state: Bilaspur district; Punjab state: Rupnagar district. Users: 296,000 (2011 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bilaspuri Pahari, Kahluri, Kehloori Pahari, Kehluri, Pacchmi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Pahari, Western Pahari.
Birhor
[biy] Chhattisgarh state: Raigarh district; Jharkhand state: southern Hazaribag, southern Palamau, Ranchi, and Singhbhum districts; Maharashtra state; Odisha state: Kalahandi, Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj, Sambalpur, and Sundargarh districts; West Bengal state: Puruliya district. Users: 2,000 (Van Driem 2007). Nomadic habits make assessment difficult. Some estimates as low as 1,000 (Parkin 1991). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bihor, Birhar, Birhore, Birhul, Mankidi, Mankidia, Mankiria. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari.
Bishnupuriya
[bpy] Assam state: Cachar, Hailakandi, and Karimganj districts; north Tripura state. Users: 79,600 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 119,600. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bishnupria Manipuri, Bishnupriya, Bishnupriya Manipuri, Bisna Puriya. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese.
Bodo Parja
[bdv] Andhra Pradesh state; Odisha state: Koraput district. Users: 50,000 (2001 IBT). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bodo Paraja, Harja, Jhaliya, Jharia, Jhodia Parja, Parajhi, Parja, Parjhi, Parji, Paroja, Poroja, Sodia Parja. Autonym: ବଡ଼ ପରଜା (Bodo Parja). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Oriya.
Bondo
[bfw] Odisha state: Malkangiri district, Khoirput sub-district, Bondo Hills. Users: 9,000 (2002 SIL). 5,570 Upper Bondo and 3,500 Lower Bondo. Few Lower Bondo are monolingual. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bhonda Bhasha, Bonda, Bondo-Poraja, Nanqa Poroja, Poraja Katha, Remo, Remosum. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, South Munda, Koraput Munda, Gutob-Remo-Geta’, Gutob-Remo.
Boro
[brx] Assam state: mainly Darrang, Goalpara, Kamrup, Lakhimpur, Nagaon, and Sibsagar districts; Manipur state: Chandel (Tengnoupal) district; Meghalaya state: West Garo Hills district, Tikrikilla sub-district, 7 villages; East Khasi Hills district; West Bengal state: Cooch-Behar, Darjeeling, and Jalpaiguri districts. Users: 1,470,000 in India (2011 census). 1,460,000 Boro, 11,500 Mech (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 1,474,380. Status: 4 (Educational). Statutory language of provincial identity in Assam (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347). Alternate Names: Bara, Bodi, Bodo, Boroni, Kachari, Mech, Meche, Mechi, Meci. Autonym: बोडो (boḍo), बोडो भाषा (boḍo bʰāṣā). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Boro-Tiwa, Boro.
Braj Bhasha
[bra] Bihar state; Delhi; Haryana state: Gurgaon district; Madhya Pradesh state: Bhind, Gwalior, and Morena districts; Rajasthan state: Bharatpur and Sawai Madhopur districts; Uttar Pradesh state: Agra region. Users: 1,560,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bijbhasha, Braj, Braj Bhakha, Bri, Brij Bhasha, Briju, Bruj, Daihaati Zabaan, Dehaati Zabaan. Autonym: ब्रज भाषा (Braj Bhāshā). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Unclassified.
Brokskat
[bkk] Jammu and Kashmir state: Kargil and Ladakh districts along Indus river; Garkhon area, including Batalik, Chulichan, Dah, Darchiks, and Gurgurdo villages. Users: 10,000 (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Brok-skad, Brokpa, Brokpa of Dah-Hanu, Dokskat, Kyango, Minaro. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Northwestern, Dardic, Shina.
Bugun
[bgg] Arunachal Pradesh state: West Kameng district, Nafra and Singchung sub-districts, Bichom, Diching, Dikiang, Lichini, Mangopom, Namphri, New Kaspi, Ramu, Sachita, Singchung, Situ, and Wangho villages; in mountains on both sides of Rupa river, interspersed among the Aka. Users: 900 (2001 Asia Harvest). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kho, Khoa, Khowa. Autonym: Bugun. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Kho-Bwa.
Buksa
[tkb] Uttar Pradesh state; Uttarakhand state: southwest Nainital district, Kichha and Kashipur sub-districts, 130 villages, from Keneshpur to Ramnagar; some in Bijnor and Garhwal districts. Users: 59,000 (2011 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bhoksha, Bhuksa, Bukas, Buxa. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Unclassified.
Bundeli
[bns] Madhya Pradesh state: Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Datia, Narsinghpur, Panna, Sagar, Satna, Seoni, Shivpuri and Tikamgarh districts; Maharashtra state: Bhandara and Nagpur districts; Rajasthan state; Uttar Pradesh state: Banda, Hamirpur, Jalaun, Jhansi, and Lalitpur districts. Users: 5,630,000 (2011 census). Population estimates range up to 20,000,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bondili, Bundelkhandi. Autonym: बुन्देली (Bundeli). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Bundeli.
Burushaski
[bsk] Jammu and Kashmir state: Kargil and Leh districts, especially Ladakh area; group in Srinagar. Users: 300 in India (Munshi 2018). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Language isolate.
Byangsi
[bee] Uttarakhand state: Pithoragarh district, Darchula and Munsyari sub-districts, Garbyang, Gunji, Nabi, Napalchyu, and Rongkang villages; in Kuthi Yangti river valley in the Himalayas on Nepal and Tibet borders; Byangs Patti from Budi south to Kuti village north. Users: 2,830 in India (2000). No monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 3,380 (as L1: 3,310; as L2: 70). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bhotia, Byangkho Lwo, Byangkhopa, Byanshi, Byansi, Jaba, Rang, Rang Lo, Saukas, Shaukas. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Almora.
Chakma
[ccp] Arunachal Pradesh state: Changlang district, Miao sub-district, Lohit district, Chowkham sub-district, Tirap district; Assam state: Anglong, Cachar, Karbi, and North Cachar districts; Mizoram state: southwest along Karnafuli river; Tripura state: North Tripura district, Kailashahar sub-district; South Tripura district; Manipur and West Bengal states. Users: 228,000 in India (2011 census). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Chakama, Changma Vaj, Takam, Tsakma. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese.
Chambeali
[cdh] Himachal Pradesh state: Chamba district, Chamba sub-district; Jammu and Kashmir state. Users: 126,000 (2011 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Cameali, Chamĕāḷī, Chamaya, Chambiali, Chambiyali, Chamiyali Pahari, Chamrali, Chamya. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Pahari, Western Pahari.
Chamling
[rab] Sikkim state: South district; West Bengal state: Darjeeling, Regu and other parts of the state. Users: Ethnic population: 10,500 (2011 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Camling. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern.
Changthang
[cna] Jammu and Kashmir state: Tibet border area, Changthang region east and southeast of Leh. Users: 10,100 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Byangskat, Byanskat, Champas, Changs-Skat, Changtang, Changtang Ladakhi, Rong, Rupshu, Stotpa, Upper Ladakhi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Western.
Chaudangsi
[cdn] Uttarakhand state: Pithoragarh district, Darchula and Munsyari sub-districts, Chilla, Gala, Monggong, Panggu, Rimzhim, Rongto, Rung, Sirdang, Sirkha, Song, Sosa, Syang Khola, Tangkul, Waiku, and Zipti villages; Patti Chaudangs, Kali river west bank facing Nepal border along Mahakali valley. Users: 1,830 (2000 USCWM). No monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bangba Lo, Bangba-Lwo, Bangbani, Chanpa Lo, Chaudans Lo, Saukas, Shaukas, Tsaudangsi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Almora.
Chaura
[crv] Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: Nicobar Islands, Chaura island. Users: 5,910 (2001 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Chowra, Tutet. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Nicobar, Chowra-Teressa.
Chenchu
[cde] Karnataka and Odisha states; Telangana state: mostly Kurnool district, Nallamalla hills. Users: 26,000 (2007). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Chenchucoolam, Chenchwar, Chensulu, Chenswar, Choncharu. Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Telugu.
Chetti, Moundadan
[cty] Tamil Nadu state: Nilgiris district, Gudalur sub-district, Cherumulli, Devala, Gudalur, Mudumalai, Padanthurai, Nallakottai, and Srimadurai villages; Kerala state: Wayanad district, Sulthan Bathery, Pulpalli. Users: 5,400 (2020). Ethnic population: 5,400 (2020). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mamundadan Chetty, Mandadan Chetty, Moundan Chetty. Classification: Mixed language, Kannada-Malayalam-Tamil.
Chetti, Wayanad
[ctt] Karnataka state: Bavali; Kerala state: Wayanad district, Appapara, Chekadi, Kattikkulam, Panavalli, Pulpalli, Thirunelli, and Tholpetti villages; Tamil Nadu state: Coimbatore, Nilgiri and Periyar districts. Users: 5,000 (2004). Ethnic population: 23,000 (2019). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Chetti, Chetty. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Unclassified.
Chhattisgarhi
[hne] Chhattisgarh state: north central; Jharkhand state: Simdega; Madhya Pradesh state: Anuppur and Shahdol (Baigani dialect) districts; Maharashtra state: border areas; Odisha state: Sundargarh. Users: 16,300,000 (2011 census). 16,250,000 Chhattisgarh, 89,900 Laria, and 15,600 Pando (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Khaltahi, Laria. Autonym: छत्तीसगढ़ी (Chhattisgarhi). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Eastern, East Central.
Chin, Bawm
[bgr] Assam state; Mizoram state: Aizawl, Chhimtuipui, and Lunglei districts; Tripura state. Users: 4,440 in India (2004). Total users in all countries: 15,140. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bawm, Bawn, Bawng, Bom. Autonym: Bawm hawlh. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Lai.
Chin, Falam
[cfm] Assam state: Karimganj district, a few villages in Cachar and North Hills districts; Mizoram, Tripura, and West Bengal states. Users: 38,900 in India (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Falam Chin, Fallam, Halam Chin, Hallam, Tipura. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Lai.
Chin, Hakha
[cnh] Assam and Meghalaya states; Mizoram state: Aizawi district, Champhai subdistrict, southernmost tip; Chhimtuipui district, 41 villages. Users: 28,600 in India (2011 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Baungshe, Haka Chin, Hakha Lai, Lai, Lai Hawlh, Lai Pawi, “Haka” (pej.). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Lai.
Chin, Khumi
[cnk] Mizoram state. Users: Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kami, Khami, Khumi, Khumi Chin, Khuni, Kumi, “Khweymi” (pej.). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern.
Chin, Mara
[mrh] Mizoram state: Chhimtuipui district. 60 villages. Users: 42,400 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 62,400. Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Lakher, Maram, Mira, Zao. Autonym: Mara, Mara reih. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Maraic, Mara.
Chin, Matu
[hlt] Mizoram state. Users: 10,000 in India (2012). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Matu, Matu Chin, Matupi, Nga La. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern, Cho-Asho, Cho.
Chin, Paite
[pck] Assam state; Manipur state: Churachandpur district, Khuga valley, Copur Bazar; Mizoram state: Aizawl district, Champhai sub-district, 20 villages; Tripura state. Users: 79,500 (2011 census). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Haithe, Paite, Paithe, Parte, Vuite, Zome, Zomi, Zoukam. Autonym: Paite Chin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern, Thado.
Chin, Tedim
[ctd] Assam, Manipur (south), and Mizoram (north) states. Users: 155,000 in India (1990). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Tedim, Tiddim. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern, Thado.
Chin, Thado
[tcz] Assam state; Manipur state: Chandel, Churachandpur, Senapati, and Tamenglong districts; Mizoram state: northeast; Nagaland state: Kohima district; Tripura state. Users: 313,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 346,100. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kuki, Kuki-Thado, Thaadou, Thaadou Kuki, Thaadow, Thado, Thado-Pao, Thado-Ubiphei, Thadou, Thadow. Autonym: Thadou Kuki, Thadou pao. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern, Thado.
Chin, Zyphe
[zyp] Mizoram state: Saiha district, Iana and Siata villages. Users: 3,000 in India (2000). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Vawngtu, Zophei, Zoptei, Zyphe. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Maraic.
Chinali
[cih] Himachal Pradesh state: Lahul and Pattan valleys, and Gushal village. Users: 220 (2016 SPPEL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Chana, Channali, Chinal, Dagi, Harijan, Shipi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified.
Chiru
[cdf] Assam state: Cachar district, a village near Jirbom; Manipur state: Bishnupur district; Churachandpur district, Charoi Khullen village; Tamenglong district, Bungte, Dolang, Dolang Khunou, Kangchup, Lamdangmei, Nungshai, Sadu, Senapati, Thangzing, and Uram villages; Thoubal district, Vaithou; Nagaland state. Scattered. Users: 8,600 (2011 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Rem, Riem. Autonym: चीरू (Cīrū). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Northwestern.
Chodri
[cdi] Gujarat state: Surat and Tapi districts. Users: 111,000 (2011 census). More speakers in Tapi district. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bhil, Chaudhari, Chaudri, Chodhari, Choudhara, Choudhary, Chowdhary. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Bhil.
Chug
[cvg] Arunachal Pradesh state: West Kameng district; Chug valley, Jagarbasti, Tsangpa, and Duhum villages and associated hamlets. Users: 600 (Bodt 2020). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Chug Monpa, Chugpa. Autonym: Duhumbi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Kho-Bwa.
Churahi
[cdj] Himachal Pradesh state: Chamba district, Chaurah and Saluni sub-district, Bhalai; Jammu and Kashmir state: Doda and Kathua districts. Users: 75,600 (2011 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Chaurahi, Churahi Pahari, Churai Pahari. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Pahari, Western Pahari.
Dangi
[dhn] Gujarat state: Dangs district; Maharashtra state: Jalgaon district; Karnataka and Rajasthan states. Users: 203,000 (2011 census). 151,000 Dhanki and 52,000 Tadavi (2011 census). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Dangri, Dangs Bhil, Dhanka, Dhanki, Kakachhu-Ki Boli, Tadavi, Tadvi Bhil. Autonym: ડાંગી (Dangi). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Khandesi.
Darlong
[dln] Assam state: Cachar district; Tripura state: North Tripura district, Kailashahar and Kamalpur sub-districts. Users: 6,000 (1998 T. Darlong). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dalong, Darlong hnam. Autonym: Darlong. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified.
Darmiya
[drd] Uttarakhand state: Pithoragarh district, Darchula and Munsyari sub-district, Baling, Baun, Bongling, Dar, Datu, Dhakar, Dugtu, Gwo, Marchha, Nanglin, Philam, Saung, Selachal, Sipoo, and Sobla villages; in Dhauli valley, from Tawaghat near Dharchula south to Sipoo north along Dhauli river. Users: 1,750 (2006 C. Willis). Ethnic population: 4,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Darimiya, Darma, Darma Lwo, Darma-Lwo, Darmani, Saukas, Shaukas. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Almora.
Deccan
[dcc] Gujarat state; Madhya Pradesh state: Raisen and Sehore districts; Karnataka state: Belgaum and Vijayapura districts. Users: 12,800,000 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dakhini, Dakhni, Dakini, Dakkani, Dakkhani, Deccani, Desi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern, Unclassified.
Deori
[der] Assam state: Demaji, Lakhimpur, Jorhat, and Tinsukia districts; Arunachal Pradesh state: Lohit district. Users: 32,400 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 50,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Chutiya, Dari, Deori-Chutiya, Deuri, Dewri, Drori, Jimochaya, Jimosaya. Autonym: Deori, দেউৰী (Deurai). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo.
Desiya
[dso] Chhattisgarh state: Bastar district; Odisha state: Koraput district, Lamtaput sub-district; Nabarangapur district. Users: 227,000 (2011 census). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Trade language by tribal communities in Odisha state. Alternate Names: Deshia, Desia, Desiya Oriya, Koraput Oriya. Autonym: ଦେଶିଆ (Desia). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Oriya.
Dhatki
[mki] Rajasthan state: west. Users: 16,400 in India (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Thar. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Rajasthani, Marwari.
Dhimal
[dhi] Jharkhand state: Bokaro district; West Bengal state: Puruliya district, 16 villages. Users: 450 in India (2000 K. Cooper). Status: 5* (Developing). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Dhimalish.
Dhodia
[dho] Gujarat state: Surat and Valsad districts, Dadra, Daman and Diu union territory, and Nagar Haveli; Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan states. Users: 49,100 (2011 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dhobi, Dhore, Dhori, Dhowari, Doria. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Bhil.
Dhundari
[dhd] Rajasthan state: Dausa, Jaipur, and Tonk districts; possibly in Ajmer, Bundi, Jhalawar, northern Karauli, Kishangarh, Kota, and Sawai Madhopur districts. Users: 1,480,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dhundari-Marwari, Dhundhari, Jaipuri, Jhar-sahi boli, Kai kui ki boli, Marwari. Autonym: धुन्धारी (Dhundhari). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Rajasthani, Marwari.
Digaro-Mishmi
[mhu] Arunachal Pradesh state: Lohit district, Changlagam, Goiliang, and Hayuliang circles, Dibang Valley district; Assam state. Users: 44,100 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 44,950. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Darang Deng, Digaro, Digaru, Mishmi, Taaon, Taraon, Taying. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Digarish.
Dimasa
[dis] Assam state: north Cachar district and Cachar hills; Karbi Anglong and Nagaon districts; Nagaland state: Haflong district; Meghalaya and Mizoram states. Users: 137,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dimasa Kachari, Grau Dima, Hills Kachari, Magrau. Autonym: Grao Dima. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Dimasa-Kokborok.
Dogri
Dogri
[dgo] Jammu and Kashmir state: Kathua, Poonch, Reasi, and Udhampur districts; Himachal Pradesh state: Chamba and Kangra districts; Punjab state: Gurdaspur district. Users: 2,600,000 (2011 census). Status: 4 (Educational). Statutory language of provincial identity in Jammu and Kashmir (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347). Alternate Names: Dhogaryali, Dogari, Dogri Jammu, Dogri Pahari, Dogri-Kangri, Dongari, Hindi Dogri, Tokkaru. Autonym: डोगरी (Dogri). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Pahari, Western Pahari.
Dotyali
[dty] Maharastra, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand states. Users: Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Eastern, Eastern Pahari.
Dubli
[dub] Gujarat state: Bharuch (Broach), Surat, Vadodara, and Valsad districts; Maharashtra state: Thane district, Dahanu and Talasari cities’ areas, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu enclaves; Karnataka and Rajasthan states. Users: 252,000 (2007). Ethnic population: 791,000 (2007). Over half the ethnic group uses Gujarati [guj] (2007). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dubala, Dubla, Rathod, Talavia. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Bhil.
Dungra Bhil
[duh] Gujarat state: Vadodara district, Chotaudeyapur and Naswadi sub-districts; Madhya Pradesh state: Jhabua district, Alirajpur sub-district; Maharashtra state: Dedgam sub-district; slopes of Vindhya Satpura mountains. 200 villages. Users: 100,000 (2000 IICCC). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dongre Bhil, Dungri Bhil. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Bhil.
Duruwa
[pci] Chhattisgarh state: Bastar district, southeast Jagdalpur sub-district; Odisha state: Koraput district. Users: 12,000 (2020 M. Ramnath). Ethnic population: 52,300 (2011 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dhruva, Dhurwa, Durva, Paraja, Parajhi, Parjhi, Parji, Tagara, Thakara, Tugara. Classification: Dravidian, Central, Parji-Gadaba.
Dzongkha
[dzo] West Bengal state: Darjeeling and Kalimpong, just inside the Indo-Bhutan border; Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, and Sikkim states. Users: 11,000 in India (2007). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Drokpa, Drukpa, Dukpa, Hloka, Lhoskad. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, Southern.
English
[eng] Users: 265,260,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 260,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 265,000,000 (2019). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national working language (1950, Constitution, Articles 343 and 348(1)). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English.
Eravallan
[era] Kerala state: Palakkad district, Chittoor sub-district; Tamil Nadu state: Coimbatore district. Users: 5,000 (2001). Ethnic population: 5,440 (2001 census). 3,890 in Kerala and 1,560 in Tamil Nadu. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ambuvilluvedar, Villu Vedan, Vilvedan. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil.
French
[fra] Puducherry Union Territory. Users: 10,000 in India (2008). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory language of provincial identity in Puducherry Union Territory (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347 inclusive), unscheduled language. Alternate Names: Français. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French.
Gadaba, Bodo
[gbj] Andhra Pradesh state: Visakhapatnam district; Odisha state: Koraput district, Lamtaput sub-district, 40 villages; Malkangiri district, Khoirput sub-district. Users: 8,000 (2000 IICCC). All Gadaba: 41,000 (2011 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Boi Gadaba, Gadba, Gadwa, Godwa, Gudwa, Gutob, Gutop. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, South Munda, Koraput Munda, Gutob-Remo-Geta’, Gutob-Remo.
Gadaba, Mudhili
[gau] Andhra Pradesh state: Vizianagaram district, Salur and Pachipenta sub-districts; Srikakulam and Vishakhapatnam districts. Users: 8,000 (2000 IICCC). All Gadaba: 41,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Gadaba, Gol Gadaba, Kondekar, Kondko, Konekor Gadaba. Classification: Dravidian, Central, Parji-Gadaba.
Gadaba, Pottangi Ollar
[gdb] Odisha state: Koraput district, Nandapur and Pottangi sub-districts. Users: 15,000 (2002 M. Kurian). All Gadaba: 41,000 (2011 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Allar, Gadaba, Gadba, Hallari, Hollar Gadbas, Konekor, Konekor Gadaba, Mundli, Ollar Gadaba, Ollari, Ollaro, San Gadaba, Sano. Classification: Dravidian, Central, Parji-Gadaba.
Gaddi
[gbk] Himachal Pradesh state: Chamba district, Brahmaur sub-district; Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh states; Delhi. Users: 181,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bharmauri Bhadi, Gaddyali, Gadi, Gadiali, Pahari Bharmauri, Panchi Brahmauri Rajput. Autonym: गदी (Gadi). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Pahari, Western Pahari.
Gahri
[bfu] Himachal Pradesh state: Barbog, Biling, Gumrang, Guskyar, Kardang, Kyelang, Paspara, Pyukar, and Styering, and Yurnad villages; Gahr Valley along Bhaga river from confluence with the Chandra and upstream. Users: 3,750 (Widmer 2014). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Boonan, Bunan, Erankad, Ghara, Keylong Boli, Lahuli, Lahuli of Bunan, Poonan, Punan. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri.
Gamit
[gbl] Gujarat state: Surat district; some in Bharuch, Dangs, and Valsad districts; Maharashtra state: Nandurbar district; some in Dhule district. Users: 139,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Gamati, Gameti, Gamith, Gamta, Gamti, Gavit. Autonym: ગામીત (Gamit). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Bhil.
Gangte
[gnb] Manipur state: south Churachandpur district, 37 villages; Assam and Meghalaya states. Users: 16,500 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Gante. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern, Sizang.
Garasia, Adiwasi
[gas] Gujarat state: Banaskantha district, Danta sub-district; Sabarkantha district, Poshina sub-district; Rajasthan state: Jalor district. Users: 100,000 (1988 V. Patel). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Adiwasi Girasia, Adiwasi Gujarati, Girasia. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Bhil.
Garasia, Rajput
[gra] Gujarat state: Banaskantha district; Rajasthan state: Pali, Sirchi, and Udaipur districts. Users: 76,700 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dhungri Garasia, Dungari Garasia, Dungri Grasia, Girasia, Grasia, Nyar. Autonym: गरसिया (Garasiya). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Bhil.
Garhwali
[gbm] Himachal Pradesh state; Uttarakhand state: Chamoli, Dehra Dun, Pauri Garhwal, Rudraprayag, Tehri Garhwal, and Uttarkashi districts. Users: 2,480,000 (2011 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Gadhavali, Gadhawala, Gadwahi, Gashwali, Girwali, Godauli, Gorwali, Gurvali, Pahari Garhwali. Autonym: गढ़वळि भाख (Garhwali bhākha). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Pahari, Garhwali.
Garo
[grt] Assam state: Goalpara, Kamrup, and Karbi Anglong districts; Meghalaya state: Garo Hills district; Nagaland state: Kohima district; Tripura state: south Tripura district, Udaipur sub-district; north Tripura district, Kailasahar and Kamalpur sub-districts; west Tripura district, Sadar sub-district; West Bengal state: Jalpaiguri and Koch Bihar districts. Users: 1,150,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 1,270,000. Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Meghalaya State (1950, Constitution, Articles 347), unscheduled language. Alternate Names: Garrow, Mandi. Autonym: Mande. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo.
Gata’
[gaq] Andhra Pradesh state: east Godavari district; Odisha state: Koraput and Malkangiri districts, Kudumulgumma and Chitrakonda sub-districts south of Bondo Hills; some in Khairput sub-district. 47 villages. Users: 3,060 (1991 census). Ethnic population: 7,370 (2001 census). In Odisha. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Didayi, Didei, Dire, Gataq, Geta’, Getaq, Gta Asa, Gta’. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, South Munda, Koraput Munda, Gutob-Remo-Geta’, Geta’.
Godwari
[gdx] Gujarat state: Banas Kantha and north Sabar Kantha; Rajasthan state: Jhalor, Pali, and Sirohi districts. Users: 3,000,000 (2001 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Rajasthani, Marwari.
Gondi
Gondi, Adilabad
[wsg] Maharashtra state: south Chandrapur, Nanded, and Yavatmal districts; Telangana state: Adilabad, north Karimnagar, and Warrangal districts. Users: 300,000 (2015 M. Penny). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Gunjala Gondi, Koyang, Nirmal, Raj Gond, Telugu Gondi. Autonym: కోయంగ్ (Koyang), గోండి (Gondi). Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Gondi.
Gondi, Aheri
[esg] Maharashtra state: Gadchiroli district; Telangana state: Adilabad district. Users: 150,000 (2015 B. Kurian). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Koyam, Raj Gond. Autonym: कोयम (Koyam), गोंडी (Gondi). Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Gondi.
Gondi, Northern
[gno] Madhya Pradesh state: Balaghat, Betul, Chhindwara, Mandla, and Seoni districts; Maharashtra state: Amravati, Bhandara, Nagpur, Wardha, and Yavatmal districts. Users: 1,950,000 (1997 BSI). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Gaudi, Ghond, Godi, Gondi, Gondiva, Gondu, Gondwadi, Goondile, Goudi, Goudwal. Autonym: गोंडी (Gondi). Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Gondi.
Gowlan
[goj] Madhya Pradesh state: Hoshangabad district; Maharashtra state: Amravati district, and among Korku [kfq] people; some in north Karnataka state. Users: 20,200 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern, Unclassified.
Gowli
[gok] Madhya Pradesh state; Maharashtra state: Amravati district. Users: 35,000 (IMA 1997). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Nand. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Unclassified.
Great Andamanese, Mixed
[gac] Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: Strait island, about 100 km northeast of Port Blair. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker, Nao, died in 2009 (2009 A. Abbi). Ethnic population: 60 (2020 D. Dasgupta). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Andamese, Jeru. Classification: Andamanese, Great Andamanese.
Groma
[gro] Sikkim state: North Sikkim district, Chumbi valley. Users: 14,000 in India (2007 Asia Harvest). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tromowa. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, Southern.
Gujarati
[guj] Gujarat state: both shores of Gulf of Khambhat; Maharashtra state: Nandubar and Nashil districts; Rajasthan state: Jalor and Sirohi districts; Daman and Diu Union Territory. Users: 60,200,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 55,200,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 5,000,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 61,953,120 (as L1: 56,953,120; as L2: 5,000,000). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Gujarat State; Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu union territories (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). Alternate Names: Gujerathi, Gujerati, Gujrathi. Autonym: ગુજરાત (Gujarātī). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Gujarati.
Gujari
[gju] Jammu and Kashmir state: Anantnag district, Doru, Kukernag, and Pahalgam sub-districts; Baramulla district, Uri sub-district; Ganderbal district, Kangan sub-district; Kulgam district; Kupwara district, Handwara, Karnah, and Kupwara sub-districts; Pulwama district, Tral sub-district; Shopian district. Users: 1,290,000 in India (2011 census). Ethnic population: 1,600,000 (2002). In Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Delhi. Total users in all countries: 1,696,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Gogri, Gojari, Gojri, Gujar, Gujer, Gujjari, Gujuri, Gurjar, Hindki, Kashmir Gujuri, Parimu, Rajasthani Gujuri. Autonym: گوجری (Gojri). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Rajasthani, Unclassified.
Gurung
[gvr] Sikkim state: South district; West Bengal state: Darjeeling district. Users: 33,000 in India (2007). Ethnic population: 112,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gurung Kura, Tamu Kyi, Western Gurung. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Gurungic.
Hajong
[haj] Assam state: Goalpara, and Nagaon districts; Meghalaya state: West Garo Hills district, west side; West and East Khasi hills districts; Arunachal Pradesh and West Bengal states. Users: 71,800 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 79,800. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Haijong, Hajang, Hazong. Autonym: Hajong Bhasa, হৃজং ভাশা (Hajong Bhasa). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese.
Halbi
[hlb] Andhra Pradesh state; Chhattisgarh state: Bastar district plains; Madhya Pradesh state: Balaghat district; Maharashtra state: Gondia district; Odisha state: Koraput district. Users: 966,000, all users. L1 users: 766,000 (2011 census). L2 users: 200,000 (2001 C. Thomas). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Halabi, Halba, Halvas, Halvi, Holva, aia jaia got. Autonym: हलबी (Halabi). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese.
Haroti
[hoj] Madhya Pradesh state: Neemuch district, 3 other border areas; Rajasthan state: Baran, Bundi, Jhalawar, and Kota districts. Users: 2,940,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Hadauti, Hadothi, Hadoti, Hara, Harauti. Autonym: हाड़ौती (Haroti). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Rajasthani, Unclassified.
Haryanvi
[bgc] Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh states; Delhi. Users: 9,810,000 in India (2011 census). Ethnic population: 16,000,000 (1992 SIL). Total users in all countries: 9,810,900 (as L1: 9,810,890; as L2: 10). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bangaru, Banger, Bangri, Bangru, Chamarwa, Desari, Hariani, Hariyani, Haryani, Jatu. Autonym: हरियाणवी (Hariyāṇvī). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Unclassified.
Hindi
[hin] Widespread in north India: northern Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand states; Delhi. Users: 596,000,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 339,000,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 257,000,000 (2019). Total users in all countries: 602,198,470 (as L1: 343,931,570; as L2: 258,266,900). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1950, Constitution, Article 343), also statutory provincial language in Bihar State and 12 other jurisdictions. Alternate Names: Modern Standard Hindi. Autonym: मानक हिन्दी (Mānak Hindī), हिन्दी (Hindī). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Hindustani.
Hinduri
[hii] Himachal Pradesh state: Solan district, Nalagarh, Ramshahr, and surrounding villages. Users: 47,800 (2011 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Handuri. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Pahari, Western Pahari.
Hmar
[hmr] Assam state: Cachar district; Manipur state: south, Churachandpur, Tipaimukh, 35 villages; Mizoram state: Aizawl district; Tripura state. Users: 99,000 (2011 census). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Hamar, Hmari, Mhar. Autonym: Hmar. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Mizo.
Ho
[hoc] Bihar state; Jharkhand state: Purbi Singhbhum district, Kolhan, Seraikella; East Singhbhum district, Dhalbhum sub-district; Odisha state: Koenjhar and Mayurbhanj districts; West Bengal state. Users: 1,420,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bihar Ho, Ho haram, Ho jagar, Lanka Kol. Autonym: Ho kaji. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari.
Holiya
[hoy] Madhya Pradesh state: Balaghat and Seoni districts; Karnataka and Maharashtra states. Users: 500 (2002 survey). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gohllaru, Golari-Kannada, Holar, Holari, Hole, Holian, Holu. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Kannada.
Hrangkhol
[hra] Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, and Tripura states. Users: 18,700 (2000), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Hrangkol, Rangkhol. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Mizo.
Hruso
[hru] Arunachal Pradesh state: West Kameng district, Thrizino sub-district, Balipho, Bhalukpong, Buragaon, Dijungonia, Gijiri, Gohainthan, Husigaon, Jamiri, Karangonia, Khuppi, Palizi, Polatari, Raghupam, Raindogonia, Tania, Tulu, and Yayom villages; East Kameng district, Seppa sub-district, Pisang village. Users: 3,000 (Van Driem 2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aka, Angka, Angkae, Gusso, Hrusso, Tenae. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Hrusish.
Idu-Mishmi
[clk] Arunachal Pradesh state: Dibang Valley district, Dibong Valley and Lower Dibong Valley districts. Users: 4,000 in India (2016 R. Blench). 800 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 4,080. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ida, Idu, Midhi, Nedu, “Chulikata” (pej.), “Chulikotta” (pej.), “Sulikota” (pej.). Autonym: Idu-Mishmi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Digarish.
Indian Sign Language
[ins] Scattered. Users: 6,000,000 in India (2021 SIL). Estimated 4–8 million deaf signers, based on 0.3%–0.6% of the general population. Other estimates vary: 1.5 million (2008 S. Panda); 5.9 million profoundly deaf in India (2014 IMB); 8 million deaf signers (2017 Indian Sign Language Research and Training Centre). Total users in all countries: 6,815,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: IPSL, ISL, Indo-Pakistani Sign Language, Urban Indian Sign Language. Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language.
Indo-Portuguese
[idb] Kerala state: Kannur; Maharashtra state: Korlai near Mumbai; Daman and Diu Union Territory. Users: 4,940 in India (Cardoso 2006). Relatively few monolinguals, even in Korlai (Cardoso 2006). Total users in all countries: 7,160. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Daman-Diu Portuguese. Classification: Creole, Portuguese based.
Irula
[iru] Kerala state: Palakkad district, Attapady and Walayar sub-districts; Tamil Nadu state: Coimbatore, Nilgiri, Periyar districts; Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka states. Users: 11,900 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 200,000 (2003 E. Udayakumar). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Erukala, Irava, Irulan, Irular, Irular Mozhi, Irulavan, Iruliga, Iruligar, Kad Chensu, Korava. Autonym: இருளா (Irula). Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil.
Jad
[jda] Himachal Pradesh state: Kinnaur district; Uttarakhand state: Uttarkashi district, Harsil subdistrict, Jadang and Nilang villages in Jad Ganga gorges. Users: 300 (Breton 1997). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bhotia, Dzad, Rongba. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, Western.
Jangshung
[jna] Himachal Pradesh state: Kinnaur district, Morang sub-district, Asrang, Jangi, and Lippa villages. Users: 1,990 (1998 survey). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Central Kinnauri, Jangiam, Jangrami, Thebarskad, Thebor, Thebör Skadd, Zangram, Zhang-Zhung. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri.
Jarawa
[anq] Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory: interior and south central Rutland Island; central and south interiors of South Andaman Island; Middle Andaman Island, west coast, 70 square km reserve. Users: 340 (Kumar 2012). 340 monolinguals (Kumar 2012). Monolingual group, with some language contact with Hindi [hin] (Kumar 2012). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Andamanese, South Andamanese.
Jaunsari
[jns] Himachal Pradesh state: Shimla district; Uttar Pradesh state: Saharanpur district; Uttarakhand state: Dehra Dun district, Kalsi, Tiuni, and Chakrata sub-district, Jaunsar-Bawar area. Users: 137,000 (2011 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Jansauri, Jaunpuri, Jaunsauri, Pahari. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Pahari, Western Pahari.
Juang
[jun] Odisha state: north Angul, east Dhenkanal, south Keonjhar districts. Users: 30,400 (2011 census). No monolinguals. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Juango, Patra-Saara, Patua, Puttooas. Autonym: ଜୁଆଙ୍ (Juang). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, South Munda, Kharia-Juang.
Juray
[juy] Odisha state. Users: 25,000 (Anderson and Gomango 2016). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, South Munda, Koraput Munda, Sora-Juray-Gorum, Sora-Juray.
Kacchi
[kfr] Gujarat state: Rann of Kutch area; Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh states. Users: 1,030,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 1,175,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Cuchi, Cutch, Kachchhi, Kachchi, Kachi, Katch, Katchi, Kautchy, Kutchchi, Kutchie. Autonym: કચ્છી (Kacchi). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Northwestern, Sindhi.
Kachari
[xac] Assam state: north Cachar district, Cachar hills; Nagaland state: Kohima district; Dimapur district, Dhansiri sub-district. 16 villages. Users: 16,000 (2011 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Cachari, Plains Kachari. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Boro-Tiwa, Boro.
Kadar
[kej] Kerala state: Thrissur district; Palakkad district, Chittoor sub-district; Tamil Nadu state: Coimbatore district. Users: 1,960 (2004 SIL), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kada, Kadir. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam.
Kaikadi
[kep] Madhya Pradesh state: Betul district; Maharashtra state: Amravati district. Users: 25,900 (2011 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kaikadia, Kaikai, Kokadi. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil.
Kalanadi
[wkl] Kerala state: Wayanad district, southwest. Users: 750 (2004 survey). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Dravidian, Southern.
Kamar
[keq] Chhattisgarh state: Raipur district; Madhya Pradesh state: Rewa district; Maharashtra state. Users: 40,000 (2003 BI). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Eastern, East Central.
Kamtapuri
[rkt] West Bengal state: Darjeeling, Koch Bihar, Jalpaiguri, and Uttar Dinajpur districts; Assam state: Dhubri and Kokrajhar districts. Users: 476,000 in India (2011 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Deshi Bhasa, Goalparia, Kamata, Kamta, Koch Rajbanshi, Rajbangsi, Rajbanshi, Rajbansi, Rajbongshi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese.
Kanashi
[xns] Himachal Pradesh state: Kullu district, Kullu sub-district, Bios valley glen, Malana (Malani) village area. Users: 1,400 (Chauhan 2002). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kanasi, Malani. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri.
Kanauji
[bjj] Uttar Pradesh state: Auraiya, Etawah, Farrukhabad, Hardoi, Kanpur, Pilibhit, Mainpuri, and Shahjahanpur districts. Users: 6,000,000 (Dwivedi and Kar 2016). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bhakha, Braj, Braj Kanauji, Dehati, Hindi, Kannauji. Autonym: देहाती (Dehati). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Unclassified.
Kangri
[xnr] Himachal Pradesh state: Hamirpur, Kangra, and Una districts; Punjab state: Gurdaspur and Hoshiarpur districts. Users: 1,120,000 (2011 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kangra-Dogri, Pahari, Pahari Kangri. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Pahari, Western Pahari.
Kanikkaran
[kev] Kerala state: Ernakulam, Koliam, Kozhikode, and Trivandrum districts, Nedumangadu and Neyyattinkara sub-districts; Tamil Nadu state: Kanniyakumari and Tirunelveli districts. Users: 19,000 (2007). Ethnic population: 19,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kanikkar, Kannikan, Kannikaran, Kannikharan, Malampashi. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil.
Kanjari
[kft] Uttar Pradesh state: Aligarh, Etawah, Farrukhabad, Kheri, and Sitapur districts; Rajasthan state: Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Bundi and Tonk districts; Bihar state: Madubani, Purnea and Saharsa districts; Maharashtra state: Pune, Satara, Kolhapur, Sangli, Thane, Bombay, Nasik districts; Madhya Pradesh state: Pune, Satara, Kolhapur, Sangli, Thane, Bombay, Nasik districts; New Delhi. Users: 206,000 (2011 census), all users. L1 users: 91,200 (1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kagari, Kangar Bhat, Kangri, Kanjri. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified.
Kannada
[kan] Mainly Goa and Karnataka states; Andhra Pradesh state: Anantapur; Maharashtra state: Latur district; Tamil Nadu and Kerala states; small border areas of last 4 states. Users: 58,500,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 43,500,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 15,000,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 58,644,310 (as L1: 43,644,310; as L2: 15,000,000). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Karnataka (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). Alternate Names: Banglori, Canarese, Havyaka, Kanarese, “Madrassi” (pej.). Autonym: ಕನ್ನಡ (Kannaḍa). Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Kannada.
Karbi
[mjw] Arunachal Pradesh state: Papumpare district, Balijan sub-district; Assam state: Cachar, Darrang, Karbi Anglong, Lakhimpur, Marigaon, Nagaon, and Sonitpur districts in Mikir and Rengma hills; Meghalaya state: Jaintia district; Nagaland state: Dimapur area foothills. Users: 529,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Karbi Karbak, Karbiarlong, Manchati, Nihang, Puta, “Mikir” (pej.), “Mikiri” (pej.). Autonym: Arleng Alam. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karbi.
Kashmiri
[kas] Himachal Pradesh state: Chamba and Lahul Spiti districts in Kashmir valley; Jammu and Kashmir state: Anantag, Badgam, Bandipore, eastern Baramula and Kupwara, Doda, Ganderbal, Kargil, Kishtwar, Kulgam, west Leh, Ramban, and Shupian districts. Users: 6,770,000 in India (2011 census). 6,610,000 Kashmiri, 39,700 Kishtwari, and 125,000 Siraji (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 7,132,780. Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory language of provincial identity in Jammu and Kashmir (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347). Alternate Names: Cashmeeree, Cashmiri, Kacmiri, Kaschemiri, Keshur, Koshur. Autonym: کٲشُر (Koshur), कॉशुर (Koshur). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Northwestern, Dardic, Kashmiri.
Katkari
[kfu] Gujarat state: Bharuch, Dang, Surat, and Sabarkantha districts; Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Amboli and Dapada Panchayat areas; Maharashtra state: Raigad and Thane districts, Sahayadri Range foothills; Rajasthan state: Jhadol, Mubusha, Onga, and Samicha Parebati police station areas. Users: 12,000 (2007). Ethnic population: 294,000. Kathodi. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Katakari, Katari, Kathodi, Katvadi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern, Konkani.
Khah
[hkh] Jammu and Kashmir: Ramban district, Banihal, Gool, Khari, and Ramsu sub-districts; Doda, Jammu, Rajouri, Reasi, and Udampur districts. Users: 20,000 (2020 S. Sohil). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Banhali, Khahistani, Khash, Khasha, Khashali, Kohistani, Panchali, Parbati, Paristani. Autonym: Khah. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Pahari, Western Pahari.
Khaling
[klr] Sikkim state: West and South districts, scattered; West Bengal state: Darjeeling district. Users: Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Khael Baat, Khael Bra, Khael Braa, Khalinge Rai. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western.
Khamba
[kbg] Arunachal Pradesh state: West Siang district, Singa sub-district, Mankota, Nuykkang, Nyering, Tashigong, and Yortung villages in Yang Sang Chu valley. Users: 780 (2011 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Khamba Khaadi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified.
Khamti
[kht] Arunachal Pradesh state: Siang district, Namsai subdistrict, Barpathar, Chakham, Kheram, M. Pong, Man Khao, Memong, and Mime villages; Lohit district, Inten, Mahang, Mamareng, Nanam, Nathaw, and Ningro villages; Assam state: Lakimpur district, Barigaon, Barkhamti, Barpathar, Deotola, Sribhuyan, Tipling, and Tunijan villages; Dibrugarh district. Users: 5,000 in India (Bradley 2007a). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Hkamti, Kham-Tai, Khampti, Khamti Shan, Khantis, Tai Kham Ti. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Khamyang
[ksu] Assam state: Tinsukia district, Pawaimukh village. Users: 50 (2003 S. Morey). Ethnic population: 800. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Khamiyang, Khamjang, Shyam, Tai Khamyang, Tai Nora. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Khandesi
[khn] Gujarat state; Maharashtra state: Dhule district, Sakri sub-district; Nasik district, Satna sub-district; Nandurbar district, Nandurbar, and Shahada sub-districts. Users: 15,900 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dhed Gujari, Khandeshi, Khandeshi Bhili, Khandish, Maharashtra Bhil. Autonym: खान्देशी (Khandeshi). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Khandesi.
Kharia
[khr] Jharkhand state: Ranchi district, Khunti sub-district, Kolebira and Thethaitangar Anchal; Simdega sub-district; Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, Durg, Jashpur, Raigarh, Raipur, East Singhbhum, and West Singhbhum districts; Odisha state: Mayurbhanj, Sambalpur, and Sundargarh districts; Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam, Tripura, West Bengal states. Dhelki dialect mainly in northwest Gangpur (Raigarh), Jashpur, and Sundargarh; Dudh dialect is in south Gangpur (Raigarh) Ranchi, and western Sambalpur. Users: 298,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 298,256 (as L1: 298,240; as L2: 16). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Haria, Khadia, Khariya, Kharvi, Khatria, Kheria. Autonym: Khaɽiyā. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, South Munda, Kharia-Juang.
Kharia Thar
[ksy] Jharkhand state, East Singhbhum district, Chakulia, Dhalbhumgarh, Dumaria, Ghatsila, Musabani and Potka blocks; a few in West Singhbhum district; West Bengal state: Bankura district, Indpur, Raipur, and Ranibandh blocks; Purulia district, Balrampur, Barabazar, Bundwan, Hura, Manbazar, Puncha, and Purulia Muffasil blocks; West Medinipur district, Binpur block. Users: 25,000 (2007 SIL). Ethnic population: 25,500 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Erenga, Kheria, Pahari, Sabar. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese.
Khasi
[kha] Assam state: Cachar, Kamrup, Lakhimpur, Nagaon, and North Cachar Hills districts; Meghalaya state: Jaintia Hills, and East and West Khasi Hills districts; Manipur, Tripura, and West Bengal states. Users: 1,050,000 in India (2011 census). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Meghalaya State (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347 inclusive), unscheduled language. Alternate Names: Kahasi, Kassi, Khasa, Khashi, Khasiyas, Khuchia. Autonym: Khasi. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khasian.
Khirwar
[kwx] Chhattisgarh state: Surguja district, at Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh borders. Users: 25,800 (2011 census). Census uses Kalari as the name. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kalari, Kherwari, Khirwara. Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Gondi.
Khowar
[khw] Jammu and Kashmir state. Users: 19,200 in India (2000). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Northwestern, Dardic, Chitral.
Kinnauri
[kfk] Himachal Pradesh state: Kinnaur and Lahaul Spiti districts, Chauhra to Sangla and north along Satluj river to Morang, upper Ropa river valley villages; Rampur and Shimla area; Kashmir, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh states. Users: 98,600, all users. L1 users: 83,600 (2011 census). L2 users: 15,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kanauri, Kanaury Anuskad, Kanawari, Kanawi, Kanoreunu Skad, Kanorin Skad, Kanorug Skadd, Kinnaura Yanuskad, Kinner, Kinori, Koonawure, Kunawari, Kunawur, Lower Kinnauri, Malhesti, Milchan, Milchanang, Milchang, Tibas Skad. Autonym: किन्नौरी (Kinnauri). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri.
Kinnauri, Bhoti
[nes] Himachal Pradesh state: Kinnaur district, Morang sub-district, Nesang village in upper Kinnauri Sutlej river basin; Puh sub-district, Puh village; possibly Charang and Kuno villages. Users: 6,790 (2000 USCWM). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bhotea of Upper Kinnauri, Bod-Skad, Bud-Kat, Myamkat, Myamskad, Nyamkat, Nyamskad, Puh, Sangs-Rgyas, Sangyas. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri.
Kinnauri, Chhoyul
[tpq] Himachal Pradesh state: Kinnaur district, Charang, Kunnu, and Nesang villages. Users: 610 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nesang, Nyam-Kad, Nyam-kat, Nyamkad, Tukpa. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri.
Kinnauri, Chitkuli
[cik] Himachal Pradesh state: Kinnaur district, Nichar subdistrict, Chhitkul and Rakchham villages in Sangla valley, Baspa river area. Users: 1,400 (Martinez 2019). Ethnic population: 1,600 (2011 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Chhitkul-Rakchham, Chitkhuli, Chitkuli, Kanauri, Kinnauri, Thebarskad, Tsitkhuli, Tsíhuli. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri.
Kinnauri, Pahari
[kjo] Himachal Pradesh state: throughout Kinnaur district. Users: 6,330 (1998 survey). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Boli, Chamang Boli, Lower Kinnauri, Orasi, Ores, Sonar Boli, “Harija” (pej.), “Harijan Boli” (pej.), “Harijan Kinnauri” (pej.). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Pahari, Western Pahari.
Kisan
[xis] Jharkhand state: Palamu district; Odisha state: Sambalpur and Sundargarh districts; West Bengal state: Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts. Users: 206,000 (2011 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Birhor, Koda, Kola, Kora, Kuda, Kunha, Kunhar, Kunhu, Kunna, Kunrukh, Kunuk, Mirdha, Morva, Nagesia, Nageswar. Classification: Dravidian, Northern.
Koch
[kdq] Assam state: Goalpara and Nagaon districts; Meghalaya state: West Garo Hills district; Bihar, Tripura, and West Bengal states. Users: 36,400 in India (2011 census), increasing. No monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 42,400. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Koc, Kocch, Koce, Kocha, Kochboli, Konch. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Koch.
Koda
[cdz] Bihar state; West Bengal state: Bankura and Bardhaman districts. Users: 47,300 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 48,600. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kaora, Kora, Korali, Korati, Kore, Mudi, Mudikora. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari.
Kodaku
[ksz] Chhattisgarh state: Surguja district; Jharkhand state: Garhwa and Palamau districts; Uttar Pradesh state: Sonbhadra district. Users: 15,700 (1991 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Koraku, Korwa. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari.
Kodava
[kfa] Karnataka state: Bengaluru (Bangalore), Dakshina Kannada (Mangalore), Kodagu (Coorg), and Mysuru (Mysore) districts. 50% live outside of Kodagu district in Karnataka state. Users: 114,000 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 200,000. 100,000 in Kodagu District; 100,000 in Karnataka District and major cities. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Coorg, Coorgi Kodava, Kadagi, Khurgi, Kodagu, Kotagu, Kurja, Kurug. Autonym: ಕೊಡವ (Kodava). Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Kodagu.
Koireng
[nkd] Manipur state: Bishnupur district, 3 villages south of Moirang; Chandel district, 2 villages near Palel; Senapati district, Saikul and Kangpokpi subdistricts, 5 villages; Nagaland state. Users: 3,000 (2002 BCA). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Koirng, Kolren, Koren. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Naga.
Kok Borok
[trp] Assam and Tripura states. Users: 953,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 958,000. Status: 4 (Educational). Statutory language of provincial identity in Tripura State (1964, Official Languages Act No. 19 (as amended)), not a Schedule VIII language. Alternate Names: Halam, Hill Tippera, Kakbarak, Kohkborohk, Kokbarak, Kokborok, Tipura, Tripura, Tripuri, Usipi Mrung. Autonym: Kok Borok, ককবরক (Kok borok). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Dimasa-Kokborok, Kok Borok.
Kolami, Northwestern
[kfb] Maharashtra state: Nanded, Wardha, and Yavatmal districts; Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh states. Users: 128,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kolam, Kolamboli, Kolami, Kolamy, Kolmi, Kulme. Autonym: कोलामी (Kolami). Classification: Dravidian, Central, Kolami-Naiki.
Kolami, Southeastern
[nit] Maharashtra state: Chandrapur and Nanded districts; Telangana state: Adilabad district. Users: 10,000 (1989 F. Blair). 1,500 speakers of Naiki (Van Driem 2007). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Dravidian, Central, Kolami-Naiki.
Koli, Kachi
[gjk] Gujarat state: Kachchh district, Rann, centered in Bhuj area. Users: 400,000 in India (1998). 100,000 Kachi Koli, 250,000 Rabari, 50,000 or more Vagri Meghwar, Katai Meghwar, and Zalavaria Koli. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bajania, Kachi, Kachi Gujarati, Katchi, Kohli, Kolhi, Koli, Kori, Kuchi, Kuchikoli, Vagari, Vagaria, Vaghri. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Gujarati.
Koli, Wadiyari
[kxp] Gujarat state: Wadhyar town area. Users: 404,000 in India (2000). Total users in all countries: 583,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Wadaria, Wadhiara, Wadiyara, Wadiyara Koli, Wadiyari. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Gujarati.
Kom
[kmm] Manipur state: Churachandpur, Seanapati, and Tamenglong districts, 22 villages. Users: 15,100 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kom Rem. Autonym: Kom-tong. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Northwestern.
Konda-Dora
[kfc] Andhra Pradesh state: East Godavari, Srikakulam, and Vizianagaram districts (Konda-Dora); Odisha state: Koraput district (Kubi); Assam state. Users: 60,700 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Konda, Kubi, Porja. Autonym: కొండ (Konda). Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Konda-Kui, Konda.
Konkani
[knn] Gujarat state: Valsad district; Dadra and Nagar Haveli; Maharashtra state: Raigad, Ratnagiri, Sindhudung, and Thane districts; probably in Mumbai. Users: 2,190,000 in India (2011 census). 2,150,000 Konkani, 17,200 Kudumbi, and 23,600 Malwani (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 2,195,750. Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Goa State (1992, Constitution, Amendment 71). Alternate Names: Amchigela, Central Konkan, Concorinum, Cugani, Kathodi, Katvadi, Konkan Standard, Konkanese, Konkani Mangalorean, Kunabi, North Konkan. Autonym: कोंकणी (Konknni). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern, Konkani.
Konkani
Konkani, Goan
[gom] Maharashtra state: Ratnagari district, south coast strip; Goa, Karnataka, and Kerala states. Users: 3,630,000 in India (2000). Total users in all countries: 3,707,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Goan, Goanese Konkani, Gomataki, Konkani, Southern Kanara, “Goanese” (pej.). Autonym: Konknni, कोंकणी (Konknni). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern, Konkani.
Koraga, Korra
[kfd] Karnataka state: Dakshina Kannada, and Udupi districts; Kerala state: Kannur, and Kasargod districts; possibly Tamil Nadu state. Users: 14,000 (2007 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Koragar, Koragara, Korangi, Korra. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tulu, Koraga.
Koraga, Mudu
[vmd] Kerala state: Kasaragod district. Users: 1,580 (2011 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Muudu. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tulu, Koraga.
Korean
[kor] Users: 11,300 in India (2019 Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs), based on nationality. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Koreanic.
Korku
[kfq] Madhya Pradesh state: Betul district, Betul city area and north; Hoshangabad and East Nimar (Khandwa) districts; Maharashtra state: Akola, Amravati, and Buldana districts. Users: 727,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bondeya, Bopchi, Korki, Kuri, Kurku, Ramekhera. Autonym: कोर्कू (Korku). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Korku.
Korlai Portuguese Creole
[vkp] Maharashtra state: Korlai, 200 km south of Mumbai on west coast. Users: 800 (Clements 2015). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Creole Portuguese, Kristi, Nɔ Ling, No Ling. Autonym: Nou Ling. Classification: Creole, Portuguese based.
Koro
[jkr] Arunachal Pradesh state: East Kameng district. Users: 1,500 (2011). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aka Koro. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified.
Korwa
[kfp] Bihar state; Chhattisgarh state: Bilaspur, Jashpur, Korba, Raigarh, and Surguja districts; Jharkhand state: Gumla, Garhwa, and Palamau districts; Odisha state: Mayurbhanj and Sundargarh districts; Uttar Pradesh state: Mirzapur district; Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and West Bengal states. Users: 28,500 (2011 census). Few monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ernga, Erngga, Singli. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari.
Kota
[kfe] Tamil Nadu state: Gudalur, Kilkotagiri, Kollimalai, Kotagiri, Kundah, Sholur Kokkal, Trichicady settlements; a few in Aravankavu, Coonoor, Indunagar, Ooty, and Wellington; Chennai. Users: 930 (2001 census). Ethnic population: 1,400. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Knof, Kohatur, Kotar, Kotha, Kother-Tamil, Kotta, Kov, Kowe-Adiwasi, Kuof. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Toda-Kota.
Koya
[kff] Chhattisgarh state: Bastar district; Maharashtra state; Odisha state: Koraput district, Malkangiri subdistrict; Telangana state: south of Godavari river, adjoining districts north of the river. Users: 455,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kavor, Kaya, Koa, Koi, Koi Gondi, Koitar, Koyato, Koyi, Raj Koya. Autonym: Koya, कोया (Koya), కోయ (Koya). Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Konda-Kui, Manda-Kui, Kui-Kuvi.
Kudiya
[kfg] Karnataka state: Dakshina, Kannada, and Kodagu districts; Kerala state: Kannur, and Kasargod districts; Tamil Nadu state. Users: 2,800 (2007). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kurku, Male Kudiya. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tulu.
Kudmali
[kyw] Assam state: Darrang, Golaghat, Jorhat, and Sonitpur districts; Jharkhand state: east side; Odisha state: Keonjhar, Mayourbhanj, and Sundargargh districts; West Bengal state: Bankura Malda, west Midnapur, Nadia, and west Purulia districts. Users: 37,000 in India (IMA 1997). Total users in all countries: 37,230. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bedia, Dharua, Khotta, Kurmali, Kurmali Thar, Kurumali. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bihari.
Kui
[uki] Odisha state: Ganjam, Kandhamal, and possibly Koraput districts; Ganjam, Udayagiri area; Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu states. Users: 741,000 (2011 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kanda, Kandh, Khond, Khondi, Khondo, Kodu, Kodulu, Kuinga, Kutia, Kuy. Autonym: କୁଇ (Kui), କୁଟିଆ (Kutia). Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Konda-Kui, Manda-Kui, Kui-Kuvi.
Kui, Dawik
[dwk] Odisha state: Gajapati district. Users: 200,000 (2018 PR Shinu). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Davik Kui. Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Konda-Kui, Manda-Kui, Kui-Kuvi.
Kukna
[kex] Gujarat state: Dangs and Valsad districts; Karnataka state: Dakshina Kannada (Kanara) district; Maharashtra state: Dhule, Nasik, and Thane districts, Dadra and Nagar Haveli; Rajasthan state. Users: 517,000, all users. L1 users: 417,000 (2011 census). L2 users: 100,000 (1998). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Kanara, Kanara Konkani, Kokna, Kokni. Autonym: कुक्णा (Kukana). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern, Konkani.
Kulung
[kle] Sikkim state: Assam Lingzey, Zoom and many other places; Uttarakhand state: Dehradun; West Bengal state: Jalpaiguri district; Assam state. Users: Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kholung, Khulung, Khulunge Rai, Kulu Ring. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern.
Kumaoni
[kfy] Uttarakhand state: Almora, Bageshwar, Champawat, Nainital, Pithoragarh, and Udhamsingh Nagar districts; Almora and north Nainital (Central Kumaoni); Pithoragarh (Northeastern Kumaoni); southeast Nainital (Southeastern Kumaoni); west of Almora and Nainital (Western Kumaoni). Users: 2,080,000 (2011 census). 472,000 monolinguals (1998 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kamaoni, Kumau, Kumauni, Kumawani, Kumgoni, Kumman, Kunayaoni. Autonym: कुमाँऊनी (Kumaaũũnii). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Pahari, Central Pahari.
Kumarbhag Paharia
[kmj] Jharkhand state: Godda district, Sundar Pahardi sub-district; Pakaur district except southernmost block; Odisha state: Mayurbhanj; West Bengal state: Bankura, Barddhaman, and Murshidabad districts. Users: 12,500 (Bhaskararao 2006). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kumar, Mad, Mal, Maler, Malti, Malto, Maltu, Paharia, Pahariya. Classification: Dravidian, Northern.
Kumbaran
[wkb] Kerala state: Kozhikode, Malappuram, and Wayanad districts, Ernakkulam, Kannur, Palakkad, and Trissur; all states in peninsular India. Users: 10,000 (2004 NLCI). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Adi Andhra, Kusavan. Classification: Dravidian, Southern.
Kunduvadi
[wku] Kerala state: Kozhikode district, Vythiri sub-district, Cheeyambam, Irulambam, Manaluvayal, Pakkam, and Porakady villages; Wayanad district, Pulpalli, Purakkadi, and Puthadi villages. Users: 1,000 (2004 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Dravidian, Southern.
Kupia
[key] Andhra Pradesh state: East Godavari and Vishakhapatnam districts. Users: 6,600 (2007). Ethnic population: 79,000 (2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Valmiki. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Oriya.
Kurichiya
[kfh] Kerala state: Kannur, Kozhikode, and Wayanad districts, Mananthavady and Vythiri sub-districts in Wayanad. Users: 29,400 (2004 survey). Ethnic population: 32,800 (2001 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kowohans, Kurichchan, Kurichchia, Kurichia, Kurichiyars, Kuruchans. Classification: Dravidian, Southern.
Kurmukar
[kfv] Assam state: Barpeta, Goalpara, and Dhubri districts; Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Tripura, and West Bengal states. Users: 3,000 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kamar, Karmakar, Karmokar, Kumbhakar, Kumhar, Umar. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese.
Kurumba, Alu
[xua] Tamil Nadu state: east Nilgiri Hills. Users: 2,400 (2019). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Alu Kurumba Nonstandard Kannada, Hal Kurumba, Pal Kurumba. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Kodagu.
Kurumba, Attapady
[pkr] Kerala state: Palakkad district, Attapady sub-district. Users: 1,370 (1991 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kurumba, Pal Kurumba. Classification: Dravidian, Southern.
Kurumba, Betta
[xub] Karnataka state: Chamrajnagar district, Gundlupet sub-district; Kodagu district, Somvarpet and Virarajendrapet sub-districts; Mysore district, Heggadadevanakote and Piriyapatna sub-districts; Kerala state: Wayanad district, Bathery, Mananthavady and Vythiri sub-districts; Tamil Nadu state: Nilgiri district, Gudalur and Panthalur sub-districts. Users: 32,000 (2003 NLCI), increasing. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kadu Bhasha, Kadu Kurumba, Kurubara Bhashe, Nanga Man Pagi, Urali Kurumba. Autonym: பெட்டக் குறும்பர் (Peṭṭak kuṟumpar). Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil.
Kurumba, Jennu
[xuj] Karnataka state: Mysore and Kodagu districts; Kerala state: Wayanad district. Tamil Nadu and Karnataka states’ border; east of Kerala state border; North Nilgiri Hills. Users: 101,000 (2011 census). 36,200 in Karnataka, 18,200 in Kerala, and 46,700 in Tamil Nadu (2011 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Jen Kurumba, Jennu Kurumba, Jennu Nudi, Kattu Nayaka, Naik Kurumba, Naikan, Nonstandard Kannada, Shola Nayakan, Ten Kurumba. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Kodagu.
Kurumba, Kannada
[kfi] Tamil Nadu state: Coimbatore district, Pollachi; Dindigul district, Sirumalai and Palani; Teni district, Cumbum Valley; Chingalpattu, Dharmapuri, Salem, and Vellore districts; Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh states. Users: 180,000 (2000). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Canarese, Kannada, Korambar, Kuramwari, Kuremban, Kuruba, Kuruban, Kurubar, Kurubas Kuruma, Kuruman, Kurumans, Kurumar, Kurumba, Kurumban, Kurumbar, Kurumbas, Kurumvari, Palu Kurumba, Southern Nonstandard Kannada. Autonym: கன்னட (Kannada). Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Kodagu.
Kurumba, Mullu
[kpb] Kerala state: Wayanad district, Sulthan Bathery and Vythiri sub-districts; Tamil Nadu state: Nilgiri district, Gudalur sub-districts, Cherangodu and Erumad villages, 10 hamlets. Users: 26,000 (2004 survey). 25,000 in Wayanad; 1,000 in Gudalur of Nilgiri. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Kodagu.
Kurux
[kru] Chhattisgarh state: Raigarh and Surguja districts; Jharkhand state: Lohardaga and Ranchi districts; Odisha state: Jharsuguda and Sundargarh districts; West Bengal state: Jalpaigiri district; Assam, Bihar, and Tripura states. Users: 1,990,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 2,084,390 (as L1: 2,083,700; as L2: 690). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kadukali, Kurka, Kurukh, Urang, Uraon. Autonym: कुड़ुख़ (Kudukh). Classification: Dravidian, Northern.
Kuvi
[kxv] Odisha state: Ganjam, Kalahandi, Koraput, and Phulbani districts; Andhra Pradesh state: Srikakulam, Vishakhapatnam, and Vizianagaram districts. Users: 176,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Khod, Khondh, Khondi, Kodu, Kond, Kuvi Kond, Kuvinga, Kuwi. Autonym: కువి (Kuvi). Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Konda-Kui, Manda-Kui, Kui-Kuvi.
Ladakhi
[lbj] Himachal Pradesh state: Lahaul Spiti district; Jammu and Kashmir state: western Leh district, 250 villages and hamlets. Users: 15,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 27,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Ladak, Ladakh, Ladakh Skat, Ladaphi, Ladhakhi, Ladwags. Autonym: ལ་དྭགས་ཀྱི་སྐད། (Ladaks skat). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Western.
Lambadi
[lmn] Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, and West Bengal states. Users: 5,080,000 (2011 census). 1,580,000 Banjari, 50,300 Gorboli, 3,280,000 Lambadi, and 171,000 Sugali (2011 census). Ethnic population: Estimates range up to 40,000,000 for the total group. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bangala, Banjari, Banjori, Banjuri, Brinjari, Gohar-Herkeri, Goola, Gormati, Gurmarti, Kora, Labhani, Labhani Muka, Lamadi, Lamani, Lambani, Lambara, Lavani, Lemadi, Lumadale, Singali, Sugali, Sukali, Tanda, Vanjari, Wanji. Autonym: బంజార (Banjara). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Rajasthani, Unclassified.
Lamkang
[lmk] Manipur state: Chandel district, 6 villages near Shuganu; 6 villages in Chalong area; 18 villages in Palel, Chandel town, and Sibong area; Nagaland state: Dimapur. Users: 10,000 (1999 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Lamkang Naga, “Hiroi-Lamgang” (pej.), “Lamgang” (pej.). Autonym: Lamkaang. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Northwestern.
Lepcha
[lep] Sikkim state: Dzongu district; West Bengal state: Darjeeling district, Kalimpong. Users: 47,300 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 57,930 (as L1: 57,700; as L2: 230). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lapche, Nünpa, Rongke, Rongpa, Róng, Róng-ríng, Róngkup. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Lepcha.
Lhomi
[lhm] West Bengal state: Darjeeling. Users: 1,320 in India (2000 USCWM). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lhoket, Lhomi dzyükki keccyok, Lhomiki keccyok, Shing Saapa, Syingsaaba. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang.
Limbu
[lif] Assam state; Sikkim state: West district; West Bengal state: Darjeeling district. Users: 40,800 in India (2011 census). Ethnic population: 177,000 (2007). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Limbo, Limboo, Lumbu, Yakthung Pan. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern.
Lish
[lsh] Arunachal Pradesh state: West Kameng district, Lish, Lish Gompache, Lish Gompalok villages. Users: 2,340. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kishpignag, Lish Monpa, Lishpa, Monpa. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Kho-Bwa.
Lisu
[lis] Arunachal Pradesh state: Changlang district, Miao and Vijoynagar sub-district, 6 villages, Gandhigram being largest. Users: 2,700 in India (Bradley 2007b). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Central.
Lodhi
[lbm] Jharkhand state: West Bengal state border area; Odisha state: Mayurbhanj district, Sadar subdistrict, Morada and Suliapada; Balasore district, Sora sub-district; West Bengal state: West Medinipur district, Binpur and Kharagpur-I sub-districts. Users: 139,000 (2011 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lodha, Lodi, Lohi, Lozi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese.
Lohar, Gade
[gda] Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh states. Users: 500,000 (2016). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bagri Lohar, Belani, Bhubaliya Lohar, Chitodi Lohar, Chittoriya Lohar, Dhunkuria, Domba, Dombiali, Gadia Lohar, Gaduliya Lohar, Gara, Kanwar Khati, Lohari, Lohpitta, Panchal Lohar, Rajput Lohar. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Rajasthani, Unclassified.
Lohar, Lahul
[lhl] Himachal Pradesh: Lahaul Spiti district in Lahul valley; Jammu and Kashmir state: Leh district, small border area. Users: 750 (1996). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Garas, Lohar. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified.
Lyngngam
[lyg] Assam state: Kamrup district; Meghalaya state. Users: 11,600 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 12,600. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Khasi, Lyngam, Lyngym. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khasian.
Magahi
[mag] Bihar state: Arwal, Aurangabad, western Bhagalpur, Gaya, Jehanabad, western Munger, Nalanda, Nawada, eastern Patna, and Sheikhpura districts; Jharkhand state: Giridih, Hazaribagh, Palamu, southern Ranchi districts, and north Chota Nagpur area. Users: 20,700,000 in India (2011 census). 8,000,000 Khortha and 12,700,000 Magahi (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 20,746,400 (as L1: 20,735,600; as L2: 10,800). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bihari, Magadhi, Magaya, Maghai, Maghaya, Maghori, Magi, Magodhi, Megahi. Autonym: मगही (magahī). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bihari.
Magar, Eastern
[mgp] Sikkim state: South district, scattered in East district. Users: 71,700 in India (2006 J. Leclerc). Ethnic population: 278,000 (2006 FTT). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Magari, Magarkura, Mangari, Manggar. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Kham-Magar, Magar.
Mahali
[mjx] Assam state: tea estates; Bihar state; Jharkhand state: Dhanbad, Gumla, Hazaribagh, Pargana, Ranchi, Santal Lohardaga, Saraikela Kharsawan, East Singhbhum, and West Singhbhum districts in Chota Nagpur area; Odisha state: Balasore, Keonjhar, and Mayurbhanj districts; West Bengal state: Jalpaiguri and West Medinipur districts. Users: 26,400 in India (2011 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 278,000 (2007). Total users in all countries: 29,400. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mahili, Mahle, Mahli. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Santali.
Maithili
[mai] Bihar state: Muzaffarpur west, past Kosi east to west Purnia district, to Munger and Bhagalpur districts south, and Himalayan foothills north; Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai. Cultural, religious, and linguistic centers are Janakpur, Madhubani and Darbhanga. Many settled abroad. Users: 30,000,000 in India (2000 SIL). 12,000,000 monolinguals (1998). Total users in all countries: 34,085,000 (as L1: 33,890,000; as L2: 195,000). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory language of provincial identity in Bihar State (1992, Constitution, Amendment 71). Alternate Names: Apabhramsa, Bihari, Maitili, Maitli, Methli, Tirahutia, Tirhuti, Tirhutia. Autonym: मैथिली (Maithilī). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bihari.
Majhi
[mjz] Jharkhand state: Gumla district; Sikkim state: South district, Majhigaon near Jorethang, and East district, Majhitar near Rangpo; possibly Assam and West Bengal states. Users: No known L1 speakers in India (2016). Last native speaker in India, Thak Bahadur, died in 2016. Ethnic population: 121,000 (2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Manjhi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bihari.
Majhwar
[mmj] Chhattisgarh state: Bilaspur district, Katghora sub-district; Raigarh and Surguja districts; Sikkim state; Uttar Pradesh state: scattered in Allahabad, Mirzapur, and Varanasi districts. Users: 34,300 (1995). Ethnic population: 174,000 (2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Majhvar, Manjhi, Manjhia. Classification: Unclassified.
Mal Paharia
[mkb] Bihar state: Banka district; Jharkhand state: Deoghar district; Dumka district, Pakaur; south Godda district; Sahibganj district, Borio, Depart village; south Santal Pargana district, Ramgarh hills; West Bengal state: Bankura, Barddhaman, and Murshidabad districts. Users: 51,000 (Bhaskararao 2006). Possibly 40,000 in West Bengal. Ethnic population: 111,000 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dehri, Mad, Mader, Mal, Mal Pahariya, Maler, Malpaharia, Malti, Malto, Maltu, Manlati, Mar, Marpaharia, Maw, Mawdo, Mawer, Mawer Nondi, Paharia, Parsi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese.
Mala Malasar
[ima] Kerala state: Palakkad district, Parambikulam wildlife sanctuary; Tamil Nadu state: Coimbatore district, Annamalai hills. Users: 1,000 (2004). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Maha Malasar, Malai Malasar, Malasir. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Unclassified.
Malankuravan
[mjo] Kerala state: Kollam, Kottayam, and Trivandrum districts, Chittar, Kattachira, and Rajanpara in Ranni Range, Pathanamthitta sub-district, Nottakal in Pathanapuram sub-district, Pampa river, Neduvanged sub-district forest tracks; Tamil Nadu state: Kanniyakumari district. Users: 18,600 (2001 census). 260 in Kerala, 18,300 in Tamil Nadu. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mala Koravan, Malaikuravan, Malakkuravan, Male Kuravan. Classification: Dravidian, Unclassified.
Malapandaram
[mjp] Kerala state: Kollam and Pathanamthitta districts, some in Kottayam and Palakkad districts; Tamil Nadu state: Coimbatore, Maduari, and Villupuram districts. Users: 5,850 (2001 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Hill Pantaram, Malapantaram, Malepantaram, Pandaram Basha. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam.
Malaryan
[mjq] Kerala state: scattered in Ernakulam, Idukki, Kottayam, and Thrissur districts. Users: No known L1 speakers. Dormant by 2000s. Ethnic population: 35,000 (2001 census). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Arayans, Karingal, Malai Arayan, Malayarayan, Malayarayar, Male Arayans, Maley Arayan, Vazhiyammar. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam.
Malasar
[ymr] Karnataka state; Kerala state: Palakkad district, Chittoor and Palakkad sub-districts; Tamil Nadu state: Coimbatore district, Pollachi sub-district. Users: 7,760 (2001 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Malayar. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Unclassified.
Malavedan
[mjr] Kerala state: Ernakulam, Idukki, Kollam, Kottayam, Pathanamthitta, and Trivandrum districts; Tamil Nadu state: scattered in Dindigul, Kanniyakumari, Madurai, Nilgiris, Salem, and Tirunelveli districts. Users: 27,000 (2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 33,000 (2011 census). 26,000 in Kerala and 7,000 In Tamil Nadu. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Malai Vedan, Malavetan, Towetan, Veda Bhasha, Vedans, Vettava Bhasha. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam.
Malayalam
[mal] Karnataka state: Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu, and Mysore districts; Kerala and Lakshadweep states; Puducherry state: Mahe; Tamil Nadu state: Colimbatore, The Nilgiris, and Tirunelveli districts. Users: 35,500,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 34,800,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 700,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 37,212,270 (as L1: 36,512,270; as L2: 700,000). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Kerala State; union territories Lakshadweep and Puducherry (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). Alternate Names: Alealum, Malayalani, Malayali, Malean, Maliyad, Mallealle, Mopla. Autonym: മലയാളം (Malayāḷam). Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam.
Maldivian
[div] Lakshadweep state: Laccadives, Minicoy island; Kerala state: possibly in Trivandrum. Users: 9,500 in India (2012). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Dhivehi, Dhivehi Bas, Mahl, Malikh, Malki. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern, Sinhalese-Maldivian.
Malvi
[mup] Madhya Pradesh state: Bhopal, Dewas, Dhar, Guna, Indore, Mandsaur, Nimuch, Rajgarh, Rathlam, Sehore, Shajapur, and Ujjain districts; Rajasthan state: Jhalawar district. Sondwari dialect geographically isolated from the others. Users: 5,440,000 (2011 census). 1,110,000 monolinguals. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Malavi, Mallow, Malwada, Malwi. Autonym: मालवी (Malvi). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Rajasthani, Unclassified.
Manda
[mha] Odisha state: Kalahandi district, Thuamul Rampur subdivision. Users: 4,040 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Konda-Kui, Manda-Kui, Manda-Pengo.
Mandeali
[mjl] Himachal Pradesh state: Mandi district. Users: 623,000 (2011 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Mandi, Mandiali, Mandyali, Pahari Mandiyali. Autonym: मंडियाली (Mandiali). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Pahari, Western Pahari.
Manna-Dora
[mju] Andhra Pradesh state: Srikakulam, Vishakhapatnam, and Vizianagaram districts, scattered in East Godavari and West Godavari districts; perhaps in Tamil Nadu state. Users: 18,000 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 30,000. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Telugu.
Mannan
[mjv] Kerala state: Idukki district, Devikulam, Pirmed, and Udumpanchola sub-districts; Tamil Nadu state: scattered in Madurai district. Users: 7,850 (2001 census). 7,760 in Kerala, 82 in Tamil Nadu. Ethnic population: 12,000 (Shaw 2008). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Inavan petch, Mannan Pasha, Manne, Mannyod. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam.
Marathi
[mar] Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh states; Maharashtra state: Belgaum, Bidar, and Karnataka districts. Users: 99,000,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 83,000,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 16,000,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 99,146,310 (as L1: 83,146,310; as L2: 16,000,000). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Maharashtra State (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). Alternate Names: Maharashtra, Maharathi, Malhatee, Marthi, Muruthu. Autonym: मराठी (Marāṭhī). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern.
Maria
[mrr] Chhattisgarh state: Bastar district, Narayanpur and Bijapur sub-districts, administrative block of 200 villages known as ‘Abujhmar block’; Maharashtra state: Garhchiroli (Chanda) district, Bhamragad, Etapalli, and Sironcha sub-districts. Users: 165,000 (2000). 141,000 Maria and 23,700 Hill Maria; All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Hill Maria, Madi, Madia, Madiya, Modh, Modi. Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Gondi.
Maria, Dandami
[daq] Andhra Pradesh state: Bijapur, Chhattisgarh, and Daksin Bastar Dantewada districts; Maharashtra state: Garhichiroli district; Telangana state: Khamman district. Users: 200,000 (2000). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bastar Koya, Bison Horn Maria, Dandami Madiya, Dhuru, Madiya, Maria Gond. Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Gondi.
Marma
[rmz] Mizoram and Tripura states. Users: 36,700 in India (2011 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Arkanese-Marma, Mraima, “Mogh” (pej.). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern.
Marwari
Marwari
[rwr] Rajasthan state: Barmer, Bikaner, Churu, Jaisalmer, Jalore, Jodhpur, and Pali districts; Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh states; thoughout India. Users: 7,830,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 7,856,410 (as L1: 7,855,400; as L2: 1,010). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Marrubhasha, Marvadi, Marvari, Marwadi, Rajasthani. Autonym: मारवाड़ी (Mārwāṛī). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Rajasthani, Marwari.
Mawchi
[mke] Gujarat state: southeast; Maharashtra state: Dhule district. Users: 98,500 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Māwəchī, Mauchi, Mavchi, Mawachi, Mawchi Bhil, Mowchi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Bhil.
Meitei
[mni] Assam state: Cachar and Dima Hasao; Mainly Manipur state; Nagaland state: Dimapur, Kohima, Peren, Phek; Mizoram state: Aizwal and Kolasibi; possibly some in nearby states. Users: 1,760,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 1,775,000. Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Manipur State (1992, Constitution, Amendment 71). Alternate Names: Kathe, Kathi, Manipuri, Meetei, Meeteilon, Meitei Manipuri, Meiteilon, Meiteiron, Meithe, Meithei, Menipuri, Mitei, Mithe, Ponna. Autonym: মৈতৈলোন্ (Meiteilon). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Kuki-Chin-Naga.
Merwari
[wry] Rajasthan state: Ajmer and Nagaur districts. Users: 3,900,000 (2001 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ajmeri. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Rajasthani, Marwari.
Mewari
[mtr] Rajasthan state: Bhilwara, Chittoaurgarh, and Udaipur districts; Gujarat, Haryana, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh states. Users: 4,210,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mewadi. Autonym: मेवाड़ी (Mewadi). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Rajasthani, Marwari.
Mewati
[wtm] Haryana state: Faridabad and Gurgaon districts; Rajasthan state: Alwar, Bharatpur, and Dholpur districts; Uttar Pradesh: Madhura district. Users: 857,000 (2011 census). 51,600 monolinguals (2006 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Mewathi. Autonym: मेवाती (Mewati). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Unclassified.
Miji
[sjl] Arunachal Pradesh state: East Kameng district, Bameng and Lada sub-districts, Besai, Dongko, Drackchi, Gerangzing, Kampaa, Kojo, Nabolong, Naschgzang, Panker, Pego, Rojo, Sachung, Salang, Sekong, Wakke, and Zarkam villages; West Kemang district, Nafra sub-district, 25 villages including Chalang, Debbing, Dibrick, Dichik, Khellong, Lower Dzang, Nachinghom, Nafra, Najang, Naku, Nizong, Rurang, Upper Dzang, and Zangnaching in Bichom and Pakesa river valley. Users: 6,500 (2001). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dammai, Dhammai, Namrei, Sajalong, Sajolang. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Hrusish.
Miju-Mishmi
[mxj] Arunachal Pradesh state: Lohit district, 25 villages, high altitudes of east, upper Lohit and Dau valleys; Assam state. Users: 3,000 in India (Blench 2015). Total users in all countries: 3,200. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Eastern Mishmi, Geman Dend, Geman Deng, Kaman, Kman, Miji, Miju, Mishmi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Mijish.
Mirgan
[zrg] Chhattisgarh state: Bastar district; Odisha state: Koraput and Nabarangapur districts. Users: 60,000 (1998 N. Lima). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mirgami, Mirkan, Panika, Panka. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese.
Mising
[mrg] Arunachal Pradesh state: Lower Subansiri district, Ziro subdistrict, villages near Pasighat, both sides of Kamla river; Upper Subansiri district, Daporizo sub-district; Assam state: Dhemaji, Dibrugarh, Golaghat, Jorhat, North Lakhimpur, Sibsagar, Sonitput, and Tinsukia districts. Users: 630,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Miching, Miri, Mishing, Missing, Takam. Autonym: Mising. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Tani.
Mizo
[lus] Assam state; Manipur state: Churachandpur district; Mizoram and Nagaland states; Tripura state: Jampui Hill range. Users: 831,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 843,750. Status: 4 (Educational). Statutory language of provincial identity in Mizoram State (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347 inclusive), unscheduled language. Alternate Names: Duhlian Twang, Dulien, Hualngo, Lukhai, Lusago, Lusai, Lusei, Lushai, Lushai-Mizo, Lushei, Mizo ṭawng, Sailau, Whelngo. Autonym: Mizo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Mizo.
Monpa, Kalaktang
[kkf] Arunachal Pradesh state: West Kameng district, Kalaktang sub-district, Balimu, Kalaktang, and Tomko villages. Users: 8,000 (2005). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sharpa-lo, Southern Monpa, Tsangla Monpa. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish.
Monpa, Tawang
[twm] Arunachal Pradesh state: Tawang district. Users: 8,600 in India. Total users in all countries: 9,900. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Brahmi, Cuona Menba, Dwags, Monkit, Northern Monpa, Takpa, Tawan Monba. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, East Bodish.
Mru
[mro] West Bengal state: Hoogly, Jalpaiguri, and Nadia districts. Users: 200 in India (2011 census). Ethnic population: 2,100. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mro, Mrung, Murung, Niopheng. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Mru.
Muduga
[udg] Kerala state: Palakkad district, Mannarkad sub-district, Attapady block, Abbannuru, Chandakulam, Chitturu, Chundakki, Kakkuppady, Kallamale, Karuvare, Koravanpady, Kottamale, Kottiyuru, Molakambi, Mukkali, Ommale, Pettikkallu, Thazhachundakki, Thekkumpanna, Ummathupadiga, and Veeranuru; Tamil Nadu state: Coimbatore and Nilgiris. Users: 3,370 (1991 census). National census population figures combine Muduga of Attapady with Muthuvan, who, despite the similarity of the spelling of their ethnonym, are entirely different and separated by geographic and cultural distance (Menon 1996). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Mudugar. Classification: Dravidian, Southern.
Mugom
[muk] Himachal Pradesh state: Kinnaur, Dharmshala and Ladakh; Kullu, Manali. Users: 500 in India (2006 SIL). 75 families in India, 60 Mugom and 15 Karmarong. In addition, there are many seasonal workers. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang.
Mukha-Dora
[mmk] Andhra Pradesh state: Srikakulam, Vishakhapatnam, and Vizianagaram districts; Adivasi Oriya, scattered. Users: 29,700 (1991 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Conta-Reddi, Mukha Dhora, Nooka Dora, Nuka-Dora, Reddi, Reddi-Dora, Riddi. Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Konda-Kui, Konda.
Munda
[unx] Odisha and Jharkhand states; possibly Bihar and West Bengal. Users: 486,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Heriki, Killi, hoɽo jagar, muɳɖa jagar. Autonym: মুন্ডা (Muɳɖa). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari.
Mundari
[unr] Jharkhand state: Ranchi district, south and west; Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Tripura, and West Bengal states. Users: 1,160,000 in India (2011 census). 1,130,000 Mundari and 27,500 Bhumij (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 1,170,280. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Colh, Horo, Kolh, Mandari, Mondari, Munari. Autonym: Muṇḍari, मुण्डरि (Muṇḍari), মুণ্ডরি (Muṇḍari), ମୁଣ୍ଡରି (Muṇḍari). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari.
Muria, Eastern
[emu] Chhattisgarh state: Bastar district, Keshkal and Kondagaon sub-districts; Odisha state: Nabarangapur district, Raigarh sub-district. Users: 200,000 (2007). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Muria Gonḍi. Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Gondi.
Muria, Far Western
[fmu] Chhattisgarh state: Rajnandgaon district, Mahola and Manpur sub-districts; Maharashtra state: Garhchiroli district, Armori, Dhanora, Korchi, and Kurkheda sub-districts; Gondia district, Jamdi sub-district. Users: 400,000 (2007). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gondi, Koitor Boli, Koitori. Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Gondi.
Muria, Western
[mut] Chhattisgarh state: Bastar district, Narayanpur and Uttar Bastar Kanker districts; Maharashtra state: Gadchiroli. Users: 400,000 (2000 IICCC). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Jhoria, Mudia, Muria Gondi. Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Gondi.
Muthuvan
[muv] Andhra Pradesh state; Kerala state: Idukki district, Devikulam sub-district, Adimali and Devikulam blocks; Ernakulam, Kannur, Kottayam, Kozhikode, and Thrissur districts; Tamil Nadu state: Coimbatore district, Udumalpet and Valparai sub-districts, Anaimalai hills; Madurai district, Cardamom hills. Users: 16,800 (2006 IMB). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Mudavan, Muduva, Muduvan, Muduvar, Mutuvar, Paanti naattu peeccu. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil.
Na
[nbt] Arunachal Pradesh state: Upper Subansiri district; Taksing sub-district, Dadu, Esnaya, Gumsing, Lingbing, Redi, Reding, Taying, Tongla, and Yeja villages. Users: 1,500. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Tani.
Naga, Angami
[njm] Nagaland state: Kohima district; Maharashtra and Manipur states. Users: 153,000 (2011 census). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Trade language used by about 30,000 Naga of other groups. Alternate Names: Angami, Angamis, Gnamei, Monr, Ngami, Tendydie, Tsanglo, Tsoghami, Tsugumi. Autonym: Tenyidie. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Angami-Pochuri.
Naga, Ao
[njo] Assam state; Nagaland state: central Mokokchung district. Users: 260,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ao, Aorr, Cholimi, Hatigoria, Nowgong, Paimi, Uri. Autonym: Ao Naga. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Naga.
Naga, Chang
[nbc] Assam state; Nagaland state: Tuensang district, 36 villages. Users: 66,900 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Chang, Changyanguh, Machongrr, Mochumi, Mojung. Autonym: Mochungrr. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga.
Naga, Chokri
[nri] Nagaland state: Phek district, Cheswezumi is main village; Manipur state: some in Senapati district. Users: 111,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Chakhesang, Chakhesang Chokri, Chakrima Naga, Chakru, Chokri, Eastern Angami. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Angami-Pochuri.
Naga, Chothe
[nct] Manipur state: Bishnupur district, Lamlang Hupi village; Chandel district, 15 villages; Nagaland state: near Myanmar border. Users: 3,590 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 3,600 (2011 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Chawte, Chote, Chothe, Chowte. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Northwestern.
Naga, Inpui
[nkf] Assam state; Manipur state: Imphal, Senapati, and Tamenglong Imphal districts, 16 villages; Nagaland state: Dimapur, Mahei Namchi, New Zaluke, and Peren. Users: 54,200 (2011 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kabui, Kabui Naga, Kapwi, Koboi, Kubai. Autonym: Inpui. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified.
Naga, Kharam
[kfw] Manipur state: Senapati district, Kharam Pallen, Laikot, Phaijol, and Thuisenpai villages. Users: 1,400 (2000 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Duisalongmei, Thinglong. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Northwestern.
Naga, Khezha
[nkh] Nagaland state: Khezhakhonoma, Kohima, and Phek districts. Users: 41,600 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kezami, Khezha, Khezhama, Kozale, Kuzale, Közhale. Autonym: Kuzhale. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Angami-Pochuri.
Naga, Khiamniungan
[kix] Nagaland state: east central Tuensang district. Users: 62,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 72,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Aoshedd, Kalyokengnyu, Khiamngan, Khiemnungan, Nokaw, Tukhemmi, Welam. Autonym: Khiamniungan. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga.
Naga, Khoibu
[nkb] Manipur state: Chandel district mountainous regions, Khoibu, Narum, Saibol, and Yangkhul villages; Laiching. Users: 25,600 (2001). Ethnic population: 25,600. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Khoibu, Khoibu Maring, Khoibu Maring Naga. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangkhulic.
Naga, Konyak
[nbe] Assam state: Sibsagar district, Bortol and Nagagaon villages near Simulguri township; Nagaland state: Mon and Tuensang districts. Users: 244,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 246,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kanyak. Autonym: Konyak. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga.
Naga, Liangmai
[njn] Manipur state: Kangpokpi, Senapati, and Tamenglong districts, centered in Tamei sub-district, 45 villages; Nagaland state: Peren district, Tening sub-district, 6 villages. Users: 49,800 (2011 census). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Kacha Naga, Liangmai, Liangmei, Liyang, Lyangmay, Lyangmei, Lyengmai, Quoireng, Zeliang. Autonym: Liangkhon, Lianglad. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Naga.
Naga, Lotha
[njh] Nagaland state: west central, Wokha district. Users: 179,000 (2011 census). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Chizima, Choimi, Hlota, Lhota, Lotha, Lutha, Miklai, Tsindir, Tsontsii. Autonym: Kyong. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Naga.
Naga, Makuri
[jmn] Nagaland state: Kiphire and Phek districts. Users: 4,000 in India (2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Makuri, Makury Naga. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified.
Naga, Mao
[nbi] Manipur state: Senapati district; Nagaland state. Users: 97,200 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Emela, Imemai, Imemüi, Maikel, Mao, Memi, Muw, Sopfomie, Sopfomo, Sopvoma, Sopwama, Southern Angami. Autonym: Imela. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Angami-Pochuri.
Naga, Maram
[nma] Assam state; Manipur state: Imphal district; Senapati district, 26 villages near Maram, 5 villages near Senapati. Users: 32,500 (2011 census). Status: 4 (Educational). Autonym: Maram. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Naga.
Naga, Maring
[nng] Manipur state: Chandel district north border mountainous region, Tengnoupal sub-district; southeast, Laiching. Users: 25,800 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Maring. Autonym: Maringa Tlou. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangkhulic.
Naga, Monsang
[nmh] Manipur state: Chandel district, Chandel sub-district, Heibunglok, Japhou, Liwa Sarei, Liwchangning, and Monsang Pantha villages; Nagaland state: near Myanmar border. Users: 3,200 (2001). Ethnic population: 3,200. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mawshang, Mongsang, Monshang, Moshang, Mushang. Autonym: Si:rti. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Northwestern.
Naga, Moyon
[nmo] Manipur state: Chandel district, 14 villages including Heigru Tampak, Khongjom, Komlathabi, Mitong, Moyon Khullen, Penaching; Nagaland state: near Myanmar border. Users: 3,700 (2001). Ethnic population: 3,700. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mayol, Mayon Naga, Moyon. Autonym: Bujuurchong. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern.
Naga, Mzieme
[nme] Manipur state: Senapati; Nagaland state: Paren district, northeast of Zeme. Users: 29,000 (1997). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mzieme, Northern Zeme. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Naga.
Naga, Nocte
[njb] Arunachal Pradesh state: Changlang district; Tirap district, Laju, Khonsa, and Namsang sub-districts; Assam state: Lakhimpur district, Jaipur; Nagaland state: Mon district, Namsang. Users: 30,800 (2011 census). 19,800 monolinguals (2001 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Borduria, Jaipuria, Mohongia, Namsangia, Nocte, Nokte, Paniduria. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga.
Naga, Northern Rengma
[nnl] Nagaland state: Kohima district, north Rengma. Users: 13,000 (1997). 65,300 total Rengma (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Northern Rengma, Ntenyi Naga, Nthenyi. Autonym: Ntenyi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Angami-Pochuri.
Naga, Phom
[nph] Nagaland state: Tuensang district, Longleng sub-district, 36 villages. Users: 54,400 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Assiringia, Chingmengu, Phon, Tamlu, Tamlu Naga. Autonym: Phom, Phom Naga. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga.
Naga, Pochuri
[npo] Manipur state: Ukrul district; Nagaland state: Phek district, Meluri sub-district, 27 villages. Users: 21,700 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Eastern Rengma, Meluri, Pochuri. Autonym: Pochury. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Angami-Pochuri.
Naga, Poumai
[pmx] Manipur state. Users: 143,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Paola, Paumei, Pomai, Pome, Poumai, Poumei, Poumei Naga. Autonym: Poula. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Angami-Pochuri.
Naga, Puimei
[npu] Assam and Manipur states. Users: 3,000 (2001). Mostly monolingual. Ethnic population: 3,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Puimei. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified.
Naga, Rongmei
[nbu] Assam state: Cachar district. 35 villages; Manipur and Nagaland states. Users: 66,700 (2011 census). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Kabui, Maruongmai, Nruanghmei, Rongmai, Zeliang. Autonym: Rongmei. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Naga.
Naga, Sangtam
[nsa] Nagaland state: Tuensang district, Kiphire sub-district, Chare circle. Users: 76,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Isachanure, Lophomi. Autonym: Sangtam. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Naga.
Naga, Southern Rengma
[nre] Assam state: Karbi-Anglong district, 15 villages; Manipur state; Nagaland state: Kohima district, Tseminyu sub-district. Users: 21,000 (1997). 65,300 total Rengma (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Injang, Moiyui, Mon, Mozhumi, Nzong, Nzonyu, Rengma, Rengma Naga, Southern Rengma, Unza, Western Rengma. Autonym: Terüpvunyu, Tseminyu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Angami-Pochuri.
Naga, Sumi
[nsm] Assam state: Tinsukia district, 7 villages. Nagaland state: Kohima, Mokokchung, Tuensang, and Zunheboto districts. Dayang is near Dayang river. Users: 10,800 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Sema, Simi, Sumi. Autonym: Sümi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Angami-Pochuri.
Naga, Tangkhul
[nmf] Manipur state: Ukhrul district, 168 villages; Nagaland and Tripura states. Users: 187,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Champhung, Luppa, Tagkhul, Thangkhulm. Autonym: Tangkhul. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Tangkhulic.
Naga, Tangsa
[nst] Arunachal Pradesh state: Changlang district, Manmau, Jayrampur, Nampong, and Kharsang circles; Assam state: border area with Changlang district, 25 villages. Users: 38,600 in India (2011 census). Includes 10,200 Tutsa (2011 census). 400 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Cham Chang, Rangpan, Tangsa, Tangshang, Tase, Tase Naga, Tasey. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga.
Naga, Tarao
[tro] Manipur state: Chandel district, Palel sub-district, Heikakpokpi, Khuringmul Laiminei, and Leishokching villages; Ukhrul district, Sinakeithei village. Users: 870 (2000). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Tarao, Taraotrong, Tarau. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Northwestern.
Naga, Thangal
[nki] Manipur state: Senapati district, East and West Sadar hills sub-districts, Gailongde, Makeng Thangal, Mapao Thangal, Mayangkhang, Ningthoubam, Thangal Surung, Tikhulen, Tumnoupokpi, and Yaikangpou. Most are east of Barak valley. Users: 23,600 (2001). Ethnic population: 23,600. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Khoirao, Khoirao Naga, Koirao, Kolya, Mayangkhang, Miyang-Khang, Ngari, Thangal, Thanggal, Tukaimi. Autonym: Thangkhal Haam. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Naga.
Naga, Tutsa
[tvt] Arunachal Pradesh state: south Changlang and east Tirap districts; Assam state: Tinsukia district. Users: 25,000 (2001). 12,500 monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Totcha, Tutsa. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga.
Naga, Wancho
[nnp] Arunachal Pradesh state: southwest Tirap district, 36 villages; Assam and Nagaland states. Users: 59,200 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Banpara Naga, Joboka, Jokoba, Naga Wancho, Wancho, Wanchu. Autonym: वांचो (Vaanko). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Northern Naga.
Naga, Yimchungru
[yim] Nagaland state: Tuensang district, between Namchik and Patkoi. Users: 83,300 (2011 census). Includes 12,300 Chirr and 11,100 Tikhir (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Tozhuma, Yachumi, Yanchunger, Yimchunger, Yimchungre. Autonym: Yimchungrü. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Naga.
Naga, Zeme
[nzm] Assam state: North Cachar district, upper Barak valley; Manipur state: Tamenglong district; Nagaland state: Kohima district, Jhaluke, Medzephima, and Paren sub-districts. Users: 114,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Arung, Empeo, Empui, Jeme, Kacha, Kachcha, Kachcha Naga, Kutcha, Mezama, Sangrima, Sengima, Zeliang, Zeliangrong, Zemi. Autonym: Zeme. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Naga.
Nagamese
[nag] Nagaland state: Kohima district, Dimapur sub-district; Arunachal Pradesh state border area. Users: 410,000, all users. L1 users: 30,000 (Holm 1989). L2 users: 380,000 (2011). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Naga tribes came from China through Burma by late 14th century. Developed by mid 16th century. In 1826, lingua franca of Naga Hills, widely used in almost all domains by majority of population. Alternate Names: Bodo, Kachari Bengali, Naga Creole Assamese, Naga Pidgin, Naga-Assamese, Nagamese Creole. Autonym: Nagamiz. Classification: Creole, Assamese based.
Nagarchal
[nbg] Madhya Pradesh state: Balaghat, Chhindwara, Mandla, and Seoni districts. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker either died or shifted to Hindi [hin] or Northern Gondi [gno] by 1981 (Ishtiaq 1999). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Nagar, Nagarchi. Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Gondi.
Nahali
[nlx] Madhya Pradesh state: Barwani district; Maharashtra state: Dhule district; Jalgaon district, Chopda sub-district, north of Amalwadi; Nandurbar district, Dhadgaon sub-district, 12 villages near Toranmal. Users: 15,000 (2003). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kalto, Nahal, Nahale, Nahalia. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Bhil.
Nahari
[nhh] Chhattisgarh state: Raipur, Bilaspur districts; Odisha state: Sambalpur district. Users: 20,400 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nahali. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese.
Nefamese
[nef] Arunachal Pradesh state. Users: Population unknown. May be replaced by Hindi [hin] (2006 Y. Modi). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Arunamese. Classification: Pidgin, Assamese based.
Nepali
[npi] Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand states; West Bengal state: Darjeeling area. Users: 2,930,000 in India (2011 census). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Sikkim, West Bengal state (1992, Constitution, Amendment 71). Alternate Names: Eastern Pahari, Gorkhali, Gurkhali, Khaskura, Nepalese, Parbatiya. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Eastern, Eastern Pahari.
Newar
[new] Bihar state: some in Bettiah; Sikkim and West Bengal states. Users: 14,000 in India (2007). Ethnic population: 166,000 (2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Newa Bhaye, Newaah Bhaae, “Newari” (pej.). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Newar.
Nicobarese, Car
[caq] Andaman and Nicobar Islands state: North Nicobar Islands, Car island. Users: 37,000 (2005). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Lingua franca for Nicobar Islands. Alternate Names: Car, Nicobar, Nicobara. Autonym: Pû. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Nicobar, Car.
Nicobarese, Central
[ncb] Andaman and Nicobar Islands state: Camorta, Katchal, Nancowry, Nicobar Islands, Trinket islands. Users: 10,100 (2001 census). 5,310 on Katchal, 3,410 on Kamorta, 930 on Nancowry, 430 on Trinket. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Nicobar. Autonym: Mūöt. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Nicobar, Nancowry.
Nicobarese, Southern
[nik] Andaman and Nicobar Islands state: Little Nicobar and outer Great Nicobar islands. Users: 7,500 (2001 census). 350 on Little Nicobar Island, 7,570 total on Great Nicobar, about 400 of these are Shom Peng [sii]. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nicobara. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Nicobar, Great Nicobar.
Nihali
[nll] Madhya Pradesh state: Burhanpur; Maharashtra state: Buldana district, Jamod Jalgaon sub-district. Users: 2,000 (Parkin 1991). Ethnic population: 5,000 (1987). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nihal. Classification: Language isolate.
Nimadi
[noe] Madhya Pradesh state: Barwani, south Dhar, Khandwa, and Khargone districts; Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh states. Users: 2,310,000 (2011 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nemadi, Nimari, Nimiadi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Rajasthani, Unclassified.
Noiri
[noi] Madhya Pradesh state: Badwani district, Pansemal sub-district; Maharashtra state: Dhule district, Shirpur sub-district; Jalgaon district, Chopda sub-district; Nandurbar district, Akkalkua, Dhadgaon, and Shahada sub-districts. Users: 100,000 (2003 IICCC). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mathwadi Bhilori. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Bhil.
Nora
[nrr] Arunachal Pradesh state: northeast, near Tibet. Users: No known L1 speakers. Had 300 speakers at beginning of 20th century, but extinct by end of century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Norra, Noza, Nurra, Tai Nora. Classification: Kra-Dai.
Nyishi
[njz] Arunachal Pradesh state: lower Subansiri district. Users: 299,000 (2011 census). 23,000 speakers of Bangni dialect (Van Driem 2007). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bangni, Dafla, Daphla, Lel, Nishi, Nisi, Nissi, Nyising. Autonym: Nil. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Tani.
Oadki
[odk] Scattered, in Gujarat, Haryana, New Delhi, Punjab, Rajasthan and other states. Users: 2,000,000 in India (2017 A. Ranjha). Total users in all countries: 2,076,100. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Oad, Od, Odh, Odki. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified.
Odia
[ory] Andhra Pradesh state: Vishakhapatnam district; Chhattisgarh state: Bastar, Raigarh, and Raipur districts; Jharkhand state: Ranchi and Singhbhum districts; West Bengal state: Medinipur (Midnapore) district; Assam and Odisha states. Users: 39,600,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 34,300,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 5,300,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 39,761,547 (as L1: 34,461,520; as L2: 5,300,027). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Odisha State (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). Alternate Names: Odisha, Odri, Odrum, Oliya, Oriya, Uriya, Utkali, Vadiya, Yudhia. Autonym: ଓଡ଼ିଆ (Oḍiā). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Oriya.
Oko-Juwoi
[okj] Andaman and Nicobar Islands, west central and southwest interior Middle Andaman island. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in 1931 (Van Driem 2001). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Junoi, Juwai, Juwoi, Oku-Juwoi. Classification: Andamanese, Great Andamanese, Central.
Öñge
[oon] Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Little Andaman island, Dugong Creek and South Bay. Users: 94 (Abbi 2006). Mainly monolingual. Ethnic population: 110 (1999). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ong. Classification: Andamanese, South Andamanese.
Oriya
Oriya, Adivasi
[ort] Andhra Pradesh state: Vishakhapatnam district, Araku valley; Odisha state. Users: 400,000, all users. L1 users: 200,000 (2011 SIL). L2 users: 200,000 (1998 U. Gustafsson). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Adivasi, Adiwasi Oriya, Desiya, Kotia, Kotia Oriya, Kotiya, Tribal Oriya. Autonym: ఆదివాసి ఒరియ (Adivasi Oriya). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Oriya.
Pahari, Kullu
[kfx] Himachal Pradesh state: Kullu district, Balichowk, Banjar, and Sainj sub-districts. Users: 195,000 (2011 census). All Pahari 2,170,000 (1997). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kauli, Kullui, Kulu Boli, Kulu Pahari, Kului, Kulvi, Kulwali, Pahari, Pahari Kullu, Phari Kulu. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Pahari, Western Pahari.
Pahari, Mahasu
[bfz] Himachal Pradesh state: Shimla and Solan districts. Users: 1,000,000 (2002). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mahasui, Mahasuvi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Pahari, Western Pahari.
Pahari-Potwari
[phr] Jammu and Kashmir state: Kupware district, near Pakistan border. Users: 1,020,000 in India (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mirpur, Mirpur Panjabi, Mirpur Punjabi, Mirpuri. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Panjabi, Western Panjabi.
Pali
[pli] Scattered. Users: No known L1 speakers in India. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Total users in all countries: none known. Status: 9 (Second language only). Alternate Names: Magadhan. Autonym: पालि (Pāḷi). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified.
Paliyan
[pcf] Karnataka state; Kerala state: Idukki district, Pirmed sub-district, Chakkupallam, Kumily, and Vandanmedu areas; Ernakulam and Kottayam districts; Tamil Nadu state: Coimbatore, Dindigul, Madurai, Pudukkottai, Ramanathapuram, Thanjavur, and Tirunelveli districts. Users: 9,520 (2001 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Makkal, Malai Paliyar, Palani, Palaya, Palayan, Paliyar, Palleyan, Palliyar, Poliyar, Seramar, Tamil. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam.
Panchpargania
[tdb] Assam state: upper tea gardens; Jharkhand state: Ranchi and Singhbhum districts; Odisha and West Bengal states. Users: 257,000 (2011 census). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Bedia, Bediya, Chik Baraik, Chik Barik, Pan, Pan Sawasi, Tair, Tamara, Tamaria, Tanti, Temoral, Tumariya. Autonym: पंचपरगानिया (Panchpargania). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bihari.
Pangwali
[pgg] Himachal Pradesh state: Chamba district, Pangi sub-district; Lahaul Spiti district, Udaipur on Chenab river to Chamba border at Purthi, possibly from Tandi to Sach Pass; Jammu and Kashmir state: Doda district. Users: 18,700 (2011 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Pahari, Pangi, Pangwali Pahari. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Pahari, Western Pahari.
Paniya
[pcg] Karnataka state: Kodagu district; Kerala state: Kannur, Kozhikode, Malappuram, and Wayanad districts; Tamil Nadu state: west of Nilgiris hills. Users: 22,800 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Nil, Pania, Paniyan, Panyah. Autonym: பணிய (Paniya), പാണിയ (Paniya). Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam.
Pankhu
[pkh] Mizoram state: Chhimtuipui and Lunglei districts, 12 villages. Users: Current population unknown. Ethnic population: 230 (1971). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Paang, Pang, Pang Khua, Pangkhu, Pankho, Pankhua, Panko, Pankua. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central.
Pardhan
[pch] Andhra Pradesh state; Chhattisgarh state: Bilaspur, Raipur, and Surguja districts; Madhya Pradesh state: Balaghat, Betul, Chhindwara, Hoshangabad, Jabalpur, Mandla, and Seoni districts; Maharashtra state: Bhandara, Garhchiroli, Nagpur, Wardha, and Yavatmal districts; Telangana state: possibly in Adilbad district. Users: 135,000 (2007). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 347,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Pradhan, Pradhani. Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Gondi.
Pardhi
[pcl] Karnataka state: Belgaum and Bijapur districts, small border areas; Maharashtra state: Kolhapur, Sangli, Satara, and Solapur districts; Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh states: widely scattered. Users: 69,100 (2011 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bahelia, Chita Pardhi, Lango Pardhi, Paidia, Paradhi, Paradi, Paria, Phans Pardhi, Takankar, Takia. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Bhil.
Parenga
[pcj] Odisha state: Mayurbhanj district. Users: 20 (2011 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 12,600 (2001 census). In Odisha. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Gadaba, Gorum, Gorum Sama, Gorum-Parenga, Pareng, Parenga Parja, Parengi, Parenji, Poroja. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, South Munda, Koraput Munda, Sora-Juray-Gorum, Gorum.
Parsi
[prp] Gujarat and Maharashtra states. Users: 11,700 in India (2001 census). Listed as Persian in the 2001 census. Total users in all countries: 111,700. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Parsee. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Central Iran.
Pashto, Northern
[pbu] Punjab state: Pathankot; Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir states: where the 3 states meet in southwest Kashmir valley; Kupwara district, Changnar and Dhakki villages; Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra states; New Delhi; Uttar Pradesh: Rampur district. Users: 21,700 in India (2011 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pashto.
Pathiya
[pty] Kerala state: Wayanad district, Cheramkolli, Kazhambu, Mathamangalam, Thekkumpatta, and Thelampatta villages. Users: 1,000 (2004 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Dravidian, Southern.
Pattani
[lae] Himachal Pradesh state: Chamba-Lahul, Lahul, Pattan, and lower Mayar valleys, some in Kullu and Manali cities; Jammu and Kashmir state: Kishtwar district. Users: 21,500, all users. L1 users: 16,500 (2011 census). L2 users: 5,000 (1997). Ethnic population: 20,000 (2002). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Chamba, Chamba Lahuli, Changsapa Boli, Lahuli, Manchad, Manchati, Patni, Swangla. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri.
Pattapu
[ptq] Andhra Pradesh state: Guntur, Prakasam, and Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore districts. Users: 200,000 (2013 R. Rebbavarapu). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Pattapu Bhasha. Classification: Dravidian, Unclassified.
Pengo
[peg] Odisha state: Kalahandi district; Koraput district, Dasamantapur and Nandapur sub-districts; Nabarangapur district, Pappadahandi sub-district; Rayagada district, Kashipur sub-district. Users: 65,000 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 350,000 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Hengo, Pengu. Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Gondi-Kui, Konda-Kui, Manda-Kui, Manda-Pengo.
Persian, Iranian
[pes] Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh states; communities in Aligarh, Bhopal, Chota, Hyderabad, Mumbai, and Nagpur; scattered throughout. Users: 18,000 in India (IMA 1997). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian.
Phake
[phk] Arunachal Pradesh state; Assam state: Dibrugarh district, Bor-phake, Man-long, Man-po-mung, Mung-lang, Nam-phake, Ning-gam, Nong-lai, Pha-neng, and Tipam-phake villages along Dihing river. Users: 2,000 (Bradley 2007a). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Faake, Fakial, Phakey, Phakial, Tai Phake. Autonym: ၸႃကေ (Phaek). Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Phudagi
[phd] Maharashtra state: Thane district. Users: 1,010 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Vadval. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern, Konkani.
Pnar
[pbv] Assam state: North Cachar hills, Borolokha, Dibruchera and Jatinga; Karbi Anglong district, Ulukunchi; Meghalaya state: Khasi and Jaintia hills north of War Jaintia; Mizoram state: north Aizawl district. Users: 319,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 323,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khasian.
Portuguese
[por] Goa state, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Users: 250,000 in India. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Português, Purtagaalee. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Portuguese-Galician.
Powari
[pwr] Madhya Pradesh state: Balaghat, Betul, Chindwara, and Seoni districts; Maharashtra state: Bhandara, Gondia, and Wardha districts. Users: 326,000 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 2,000,000 (1986 All India Powar Council). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Pwari. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western.
Punjabi, Eastern
[pan] Chandigarh state; Haryana state: Ambala and Pauchkula districts; Himachal Pradesh state: Kangra and Una districts; Jammu and Kashmir state: Jambu, Kathua, and Samba Jambu districts; Punjab state: Amritsar and Gurdaspur districts; Rajasthan state: north Ganganagar district. Users: 34,700,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 31,100,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 3,600,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 51,724,270 (as L1: 48,124,270; as L2: 3,600,000). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Punjab, West Bengal states; union territories Delhi, Chandigarh (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). Alternate Names: Eastern Panjabi, Gurmukhi, Gurumukhi, Punjabi. Autonym: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Panjabi), ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (Panjabi bhasa). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Panjabi.
Punjabi, Western
[pnb] Jammu and Kashmir state: Kathua, Jammu, and Samba districts; Punjab state: Gurdaspur district; possibly Delhi, Haryana. Users: 154,000 in India (2019 Joshua Project). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Lahanda, Lahnda, Lahndi, Western Panjabi, “Hindki” (pej.). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Panjabi, Western Panjabi.
Purig
[prx] Jammu and Kashmir state: Kargil district, mainly Suru valley; Dras valley, some in western Himalayas. Users: 93,500 (2011 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Burig, Burigskat, Purig-pa, Purigskad, Purik, Purik Bhotia, Purkhi, Purki. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Western.
Puroik
[suv] Arunachal Pradesh state: East Kameng, Kurung Kumey, Papumpare, and Lower Subansiri districts, along Par river, 53 villages. Users: 15,000 (2019 T. Chhangte). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Autonym: Puroik. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Kho-Bwa.
Purum
[pub] Manipur state: Chandel district, Chandanpokpi, Khongkhang Chothe, Lamlang Huipi, Loirang Talsi, New Wangparan, Salemthar, and Zat’lang; Senapati district, Moibunglikli, Purumkhulen, Purumkhunou, Purumlikli, and Waicheiphai villages. Users: 500 (2001 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Puram, Purum Naga. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern.
Rabha
[rah] Assam state: Darrang, Goalpara, and Kamrup districts; Nagaland state; West Bengal state: Alipurduar and Jalpaiguri districts; Koch Bihar district, Tafangunj sub-district; Meghalaya state: East and West Garo hills districts. Users: 140,000 (2011 census). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 374,000 (1993). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Rava, Rába Katha. Autonym: রাভা (Rābhā). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Koch.
Rajasthani
Ralte
[ral] Mizoram state: mainly Aizawl district, scattered in Chhimtuipui and Lunglei districts; Manipur and Tripura states; a few in Jampui hills. Users: 900 (2007). Ethnic population: 34,000. Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern.
Rangkas
[rgk] Uttarakhand state: Pithoragarh district, Darchula and Munsyari sub-districts in Johar valley, Nepal border along Mahakali valley. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker either died or shifted entirely to Kumaoni [kfy] by the 1950s. Ethnic population: 1,010 (2000). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Canpa, Chyanam, Johari, Kyonam, Saukas, Saukiya Khun, Shaukas. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Almora.
Ranglong
[rnl] Assam and Mizoram states; Tripura state: Joitang village. Users: 8,000 (2003 BI). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Langlo, Langlong, Langlu, Langrong, Lengreng, Riam chong, Ronglong. Autonym: Ranglong. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified.
Rathawi
[rtw] Gujarat state: Panchmahals district; Vadodara district, Chhota Udaipur and Kavant sub-districts; Madhya Pradesh state: Jhabua district, Alirajpur sub-district. Users: 451,000 (2006 IMB). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bal-La, Kohelia, Rathwi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Bhil.
Ravula
[yea] Karnataka state: Kodagu district; Kerala state: Kannur district; Wayanad district, Mananthavadi sub-district. Users: 26,900 (2007). 25,000 Yerava and 1,900 Adiya. Ethnic population: 47,000 (2007). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Iryavula, Yerava, Yoruba. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam.
Rawang
[raw] Arunachal Pradesh state: near Myanmar and Tibet border (Kunlang). Users: 1,000 in India (2011 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ch’opa, Chiutse, Ganung-Rawang, Kiutze, Krangku, Rvwang, Taron, “Hkanung” (pej.). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Nungish.
Rawat
[jnl] Uttarakhand state: Pithoragarh district, north of Askot Maila, 9 villages. Users: 900 (Rastogi 2012). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Ban Manus, Ban Rauts, Bhulla, Bãt-kha, Dzanggali, Jangali, Janggali, Jhangar, Raji, Raut. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Raute-Raji.
Reli
[rei] Andhra Pradesh state: near Adivasi Oriya [ort] language area; Odisha state: Koraput district. Users: 13,000 (2011 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Relli. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Oriya.
Riang
[ria] Assam state: Karimganj district; Mizoram state: Aizawl, Chhimtuipui, and Lunglei districts, Karnafuli river bank area, 30 villages; Tripura state: north and central. Users: 58,500 in India (2011 census). Ethnic population: 144,000. Total users in all countries: 59,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bru, Reang, Tipra. Autonym: Kau Bru. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Dimasa-Kokborok, Kok Borok.
Rohingya
[rhg] Users: 40,000 in India (2017 The Arakan Project), based on nationality. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese.
Rongpo
[rnp] Uttarakhand state: Chamoli district, Joshimath sub-district, Bampa, Gamshali, Malari, and Niti villages; Mana valley, Aut, Benakuli, Gajkoti, Hanuman Chatti, Indradhara, Pathiya-Dhantoli, and Mana. Mana and Niti valleys (Marchha), Niti valley (a few Tolchha). Users: 7,500 (2001 D. Bradley). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Rang Po Bhasa, Rangkas, Rangpa, “Manchhi Bhassa” (pej.), “Marchha” (pej.), “Marchha Pahari” (pej.), “Tolchha” (pej.). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri.
Ruga
[ruh] Meghalaya state: East Garo Hills district. Users: 10 (2019). Ethnic population: 2,500 (2019). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Koch.
Sadri
[sck] Bihar state: Aurangabad; Chhattisgarh state: Surguja; Jharkhand state: Chatra, Latehar, Palamu, and Ranchi districts. Users: 12,130,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 5,130,000 in India (2011 census). 19,100 Gawari, 763,000 Nagpuria, and 4,350,000 Sadri (2011 census). L2 users: 7,000,000 (2007 B. Waugh). Total users in all countries: 12,131,225 (as L1: 5,131,180; as L2: 7,000,045). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Trade language among tribal groups in Assam, who are called the Adivasi peoples. They were brought in by British tea planters in the 19th century to work as laborers in the tea fields of Assam. Alternate Names: Chota Nagpuri, Dikku Kaji, Ganwari, Gauuari, Gawari, Goari, Jharkhandhi, Nagpuri, Nagpuria, Sadan, Sadana, Sadani, Sadati, Sadhan, Sadhari, Sadna, Sadrias Khatoya, Sadrik, Santri, Siddri, Sradri. Autonym: सादरी (Sadari), ସାଦରୀ (Sadari). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bihari.
Sakachep
[sch] Assam state: Hailakandi and Karimganj districts, Burua, Halam punji (Pakala), Ronpur, Ronpur Khothar, Tangpui (Kalidas punjee), and Zailien villages; Meghalaya state: Jaintia Hills district, Mongor, Rumphung, and Saithsma villages; Nagaland state: Kohima district, Khelma village; Manipur, Mizoram, and Tripura states. Users: 25,000 (2003). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Khelma, Sakechep. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Central, Mizo.
Sambalpuri
[spv] Chhattisgarh state: Jagdalpur, Raigarh, and Raipur districts; Odisha state: Balangir, Bargarh, Boudh, Deogarh, Jharsuguda, Kalhandi, Nuvapada, Sambalpur, Sonpur, and Sundargarh districts. Users: 2,630,000 (2011 census). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Dom, Kosali, Koshal, Koshali, Kosli, Oriya, Western Oriya. Autonym: କୋଶଳୀ (Koshali). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Oriya.
Samvedi
[smv] Maharashtra state: Palghar district, Vasai-Virar. Users: 60,000 (2016). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kadodi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern, Konkani.
Sansi
[ssi] Haryana state: Sirsa district; Punjab state: Bathinda and Muktsar districts; Rajasthan state: Hanumangarh district; scattered elsewhere in Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh states. Users: 60,000 in India (Gusain 2002). Total users in all countries: 80,000. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bhilki, Sansiboli. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Hindustani, Sansi.
Sanskrit
[san] Uttar Pradesh state: Allahabad, Jaunpur, Kaushambi, and Pratagarh districts; Delhi and other urban areas; revival efforts in villages. Users: 5,024,800 in India, all users. L1 users: 24,800 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 5,000,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 5,027,800 (as L1: 24,800; as L2: 5,003,000). Status: 4 (Educational). Statutory language of national identity (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). Autonym: संस्कृतम् (Saṃskṛtam). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan.
Santhali
[sat] Bihar state: Bhagalpur and Munger districts; Jharkhand state: Hazaribagh and Manbhum districts; Odisha state: Balasore district; West Bengal state: Bankura and Birbhum districts; Assam, Mizoram, and Tripura states. Users: 7,340,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 7,621,180 (as L1: 7,620,200; as L2: 980). Status: 4 (Educational). Statutory language of provincial identity in Jharkhand State (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII), amended 2003. Alternate Names: Har, Hor, Samtali, Sandal, Sangtal, Santal, Santali, Santhiali, Satar, Sentali, Sonthal. Autonym: Har Rar. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Santali.
Saraiki
[skr] Haryana state: Bhiwani, Fatehabad, Hisar, Karnal, Kurukshetra, Palwal, Panipat, Sirsa, Sonipat, and Yamunanagar districts; Punjab state: Fatehgarh Sahib, Fazilka, Firozpur, and Patiala districts; Rajasthan state: Bikaner and Ganganagar districts. Users: 109,000 in India (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Multani, Mutani, Seraiki, Siraiki. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Panjabi, Western Panjabi.
Sartang
[onp] Arunachal Pradesh state: West Kameng district, Nafra and Dirang sub-districts, Darbu, Jerigaon, Khoina, Khoitam, Rahung, and Sellary villages. Users: 1,000 (2005). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bootpa, But Monpa, But Pa, Matchopa. Autonym: Sartang. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Kho-Bwa.
Saurashtra
[saz] Tamil Nadu state: North Arcot, Chengai-Annai, Dindugul, Madurai, Ramanathapuram, Salem, Thanjavur, Tiruchchirappalli, and Tirunelveli districts; Chennai, Deccan, Madurai, Salem, and Thanjavur cities; Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka states. Users: 248,000 (2011 census). Each listed district has communities of at least 5,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Palkar, Patnuli, Saurashtri, Sourashtra, Sowrashtra. Autonym: சௌராட்டிர மொழி (Caurāṭṭira moḻi). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Gujarati.
Sauria Paharia
[mjt] Bihar state: Bhagalpur; Jharkhand state: Godda and Sahibganj districts, Rajmahal hills; Pakaur district, Litipara sub-district; West Bengal state: Murshidabad district. Users: 235,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 242,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Malatri, Maler, Malti, Malto, Maltu, Rajmahali, Sawriya Malto. Autonym: सौरिया पहाड़िया (sauriya pahaadiya). Classification: Dravidian, Northern.
Sentinel
[std] Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: Sentinel island, west of South Andaman island. Users: 250 (2018 J. Chau). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sentinelese. Classification: Andamanese, South Andamanese.
Shekhawati
[swv] Haryana state: Mahendragarh district; Rajasthan state: Jhunjhunun, Churu, and Sikar districts. Users: 3,000,000 (2002 L. Gusain). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Shekhawati-Marwari. Autonym: शेखावाटी (Shekhaavaatee). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Rajasthani, Marwari.
Shendu
[shl] Mizoram state. Users: Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Khieng, Khyen, Sandu, Shandu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Southern.
Sherdukpen
[sdp] Arunachal Pradesh state: West Kameng district, Rupa (Kupa), Shergaon, and Thungrao villages; Maharashtra state: Jigaon; Assam state. Users: 5,000 (2019). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ngnok. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Kho-Bwa.
Sherpa
[xsr] West Bengal state: Darjeeling district; Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim states. Users: 16,000 in India (2011 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Serwa, Sharpa, Sharpa Bhotia, Sherwi tamnye, Xarba, Xiaerba. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, gTsang.
Shina
[scl] Jammu and Kashmir state: Bandipore and Kargil districts, Dras and Kishenganga valleys, Gurais area. Users: 32,200 in India (2011 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Shinaki, Sina. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Northwestern, Dardic, Shina.
Sholaga
[sle] Karnataka state: Mysore district, Biligiri Rangana hills; Tamil Nadu state. Users: 24,000 (2006 IMB). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kadu Sholigar, Sholanayika, Sholiga, Sholigar, Solaga, Solagaru mattu, Solanayakkans, Solega, Soliga, Soligar. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil.
Shom Peng
[sii] Andaman and Nicobar Islands state: interior Great Nicobar island. Users: 400 (2004). Mainly monolingual. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Shobang, Shom Pen, Shompen, Shompeng. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Nicobar, Shom Peng.
Shumcho
[scu] Himachal Pradesh state: Kinnaur district, Puh sub-district, Kanam, Labrang, Shyaso, Spilo, Rushkaling, and Taling villages. Users: 2,170 (1998). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Central Kinnauri, Shumcu, Sumcho, Sumchu, Sumtsu, Thebarskad, Thebor, Thebör Skadd. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri.
Sikkimese
[sip] Sikkim state: all districts; West Bengal state: Darjeeling. Users: 25,000 (2019). Some elderly people in some rural communities may be monolingual (Yliniemi 2019). Ethnic population: 48,800 (Yliniemi 2019). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bhutia, Dandzongka, Danjongka, Danyouka, Denjong, Denjong-skad, Denjongke, Denjongkha, Denjongkä, Denjongpa, Denjonka, Denjonke, Denzong Ke, Denzongke, Denzongpe Ke, Denzongpeke, Dranjoke, Dranjongke, Drendzongké, Lachengpa, Lachungpa, Lhoke, Sikami, Sikkim Bhotia, Sikkim Bhutia, Sikkimese Bhutia. Autonym: འབྲས་ལྗོངས་སྐད (’bras ljongs skad). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, Southern.
Simte
[smt] Manipur state: Churachandpur district, Dumsao, Khungung, Leikangpai, Lungthul, Maokot, Mingjang, Moijin, Monjon, New Bazar, Pamjal, Sasinoujang, Shumtuk, Simveng, Singhat, Suangdai, Suangpuhmun, Tallian, Thanlon, Tubuong, and Zouthang. Users: 10,200 (2001 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Simte. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern.
Sindhi
[snd] Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh states. Users: 1,740,000 in India (2011 census). Ethnic population: 3,000,000. Status: 7 (Shifting). Statutory language of provincial identity in Rajasthan State (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347), Schedule VIII addition, 1961. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Northwestern, Sindhi.
Singpho
[sgp] Arunachal Pradesh state: Changlang and Lohit districts; Assam state: Dibrugarh and Sibsagar districts; Tinsukia district, Margherita sub-district. Users: 3,500 (Morey 2006). 2,500 Singpho and 1,000 Turung speakers (Morey 2006). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jingphaw, Kachin, Sing-Fo. Autonym: Singpho. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Jingppaw-Asakia, Jingphaw.
Sirmauri
[srx] Himachal Pradesh state: Shimla district, southeast section; Sirmaur district. Users: 400,000 (2005 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Himachali, Pahari, Sirmouri, Sirmuri. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Pahari, Western Pahari.
Sora
[srb] Andhra Pradesh state: Srikakulam district; Assam state: Plains division; Odisha state: Ganjam, Koraput, and Phulbani districts; Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal states. Users: 410,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Sabar, Sabara, Saonras, Saora, Saura, Savara, Sawaria, Shabari, Soura, Swara. Autonym: ସଉରା (Savara). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, South Munda, Koraput Munda, Sora-Juray-Gorum, Sora-Juray.
Spiti Bhoti
[spt] Himachal Pradesh state: Lahaul Spiti district, Spiti sub-district; Jammu and Kashmir state: southeast Leh district. Users: 10,000 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nyam, Piti Bhoti. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, Western.
Stod Bhoti
[sbu] Himachal Pradesh state: Lahul region, Khoksar, upper Mayar, and Stod valleys. Users: 2,500 (1996). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lahul Bhoti, Stod, Stod-Kad, Tod, Tod-Kad. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central, Western.
Sunam
[ssk] Himachal Pradesh state: Kinnaur district, Puh sub-district, Sunam village. Users: 560 (1998). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Central Kinnauri, Sangnaur, Sungam, Sungnam, Sunnam, Thebarshad, Thebor, Thebör Skadd. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri.
Surgujia
[sgj] Chhattisgarh state: Jashpur, Koriya, and Surguja districts; Korba and Raigarh districts’ border areas. Users: 1,740,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Suraji, Surguja, Surgujia-Chhattisgarhi, Surjugia. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Eastern, East Central.
Surjapuri
[sjp] Bihar state: Katihar, Kishanganj, and Purnea districts; West Bengal state: Dakshin Dinajpur and Uttar Dinajpur districts. Users: 2,260,000 (2011 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Deshi Bhasa, Sura, Surajpuri. Autonym: सुरजापुरी (Surjapuri). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bihari.
Sylheti
[syl] Assam state: Barak valley region, Cachar, Hailakandi, and Karimganj districts; Tripura state: North Tripura district; possibly Nagaland, Kolkata. Users: 3,000,000 in India (2003). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Bengali of Cachar, Sileti, Siloti, Srihattia, Sylheti Bangla, Sylheti Bengali, Sylhetti, Syloti, Syloty. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese.
Tagin
[tgj] Arunachal Pradesh state: upper Subansiri district. Users: 62,900 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Nil. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Tani.
Tamang, Eastern
[taj] Arunachal Pradesh state; Sikkim state: Rangit and lower Teesta valleys; West Bengal state: Darjeeling. Users: 20,200 in India (2011 census). Ethnic population: 272,000 (2006 FTT). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Tamang. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Gurung-Tamang, Tamang.
Tamil
[tam] Andhra Pradesh state: Chittoor and Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore districts, east Puducherry enclaves; Karnataka state: Chamarajana district; Kerala state: south; assorted border areas; Tamil Nadu state. Users: 76,900,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 68,900,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 8,000,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 86,430,500 (as L1: 78,430,500; as L2: 8,000,000). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Tamil Nadu State; union territories Puducherry, Andaman and Nicobar Islands (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). Alternate Names: Damulian, Tamal, Tamalsan, Tambul, Tamili. Autonym: தமிழ் (Tamiḻ). Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil.
Telugu
[tel] Mainly Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states; Chhattisgarh state: Bijapur; Karnataka state: Bangalore Rural, Bellary, east Bidar, Chikkaballapura, Chitradurga, Gulbarga, all of Kolar, Raichur, Tumkur, and Yadgir; Maharashtra state: Gadchiroli district, eastern enclaves; Puducherry union territory; Odisha state: Gajapati, Koraput, Malkangiri, and Rayagada; Tamil Nadu state: Chennai city, Thirvallur and Vellore. Users: 93,900,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 80,900,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 13,000,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 95,730,900 (as L1: 82,730,900; as L2: 13,000,000). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Andhra Pradesh State; Telangana State: Puducherry Union Territory, Andaman and Nicobar islands (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). Alternate Names: Andhra, Tailangi, Telangire, Telegu, Telgi, Telinga, Teloogoo, Telungu, Tengu, Tenungu, Terangi, Tolangan, Trilinga, “Gentoo” (pej.). Autonym: తెలుగు (Telugu). Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Telugu.
Teressa
[tef] Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory: Bompoka, Central Nicobar islands, and Teressa. Users: 2,080 (2001 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Taih-Long. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Nicobar, Chowra-Teressa.
Thachanadan
[thn] Kerala state: Malappuram district, Nilambur area; Wayanad district, Ambalavayal, Kalpetta, Meppadi, and Muttil sub-districts. Users: 3,000 (2004 survey). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Moopan, Thacchanadens, Thachanad Muppans. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Unclassified.
Thangmi
[thf] Sikkim state: East district, Aritar Sunua; West Bengal state: Darjeeling and scattered. Users: 500 in India. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Thami. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Central Himalayan, Thangmi-Baraamu.
Tharu, Chitwania
[the] Uttar Pradesh state: Kushinagar district, on Nepal border. Users: Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Tharu, Eastern Tharu.
Tharu, Dangaura
[thl] Uttar Pradesh state: Bahraich district; Gonda district, Tulsipur sub-district; Gorakhpur district; Kheri district, Nighasan sub-district border. Users: 174,000 in India (2007). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Chaudary, Chaudhari, Chaudhuri, Dang, Dangali, Dangora, Dangura, Tharu. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Tharu, Eastern Tharu.
Tharu, Kathariya
[tkt] Uttar Pradesh state: Bahraich and Kheri districts near Nepal border. Users: Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kathoriya Tharu, Khatima Tharu, Tharu. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Tharu.
Tharu, Kochila
[thq] Bihar state: Pashchim Champaran district, on Nepal border. Users: Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Saptari. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Tharu, Eastern Tharu.
Tharu, Rana
[thr] Uttar Pradesh state: Lakhimpur Kheri district, Paliakalan sub-district, Chandan Chauki block, on Nepal border; Uttarakhand state: Udham Singh Nagar district, Khatima sub-district. Users: 150,000 in India (2003). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Rana Thakur, Tharu, Tharuwa. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Tharu.
Thulung
[tdh] Sikkim and Uttar Pradesh states; West Bengal state: Darjeeling district. Users: Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Thulunge Rai. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Western.
Tibetan
[bod] Himachal Pradesh state: Tibet border; Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Delhi, Sikkim, and Uttarakhand states. Users: 83,800 in India (2011 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Bhotia, Bod, Central Tibetan, Phoke, Pohbetian, Poke, Skad, Tebilian, Tibate. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Central.
Tinani
[lbf] Himachal Pradesh state: Lahaul Spiti district, lower Chandra, Rangloi, and Tinan valleys; Gondhla is main village. Users: 11,600 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 12,050. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gondhla, Gondla, Lahauli, Lahouli, Lahuli, Rangloi, Teenan, Tinan Lahuli. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Himalayish, Kinauri.
Tiwa
[lax] Assam state: Kamrup, Karbi Anglong, Lakhimpur, Nagaon, and Sibsagar districts; Meghalaya state: Khasi Hills district. Users: 33,900 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 171,000 (2001 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dowyan, Lalung. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Boro-Garo, Boro-Tiwa.
Toda
[tcx] Tamil Nadu state: Kunda and Nilgiri hills. Users: 1,560 (2001 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Todi, Tuda. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Toda-Kota.
Toto
[txo] West Bengal state: Jalpaiguri district, Dhunchipara, Panchayatpara, and Subhapara areas, Totopara village on Indo-Bhutan border. Users: 1,400 (2012 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Dhimalish.
Tshangla
[tsj] Arunachal Pradesh state: West Kameng district, Dirang area; Assam state: Udalguri district, Mechuka and Tuting sub-districts, Bishing Mechuka, Bona, Dorgling Halung, Galling, Korfu, Namsu, Opu, Sangti, Tempang, and Tuting villages; possibly West Siang district. Users: 11,200 in India (2007). 8,200 in Kameng District; 3,000 in West Siang. Status: 5 (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Cangluo Menba, Central Monpa, Dirang, Memba, Menba, Monba, Monpa, Motuo, Sangla, Sharchopkha, Tsangla. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish.
Tulu
[tcy] Karnataka state: Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts; Kerala state: Kasargod district; scattered in other states. Users: 1,850,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Tal, Tallu, Thalu, Thulu, Tilu, Tullu, Tuluva Bhasa. Autonym: ತುಳು (Tulu), ತುಳು ಭಾಷೆ (Tuḷu bhāṣe). Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tulu.
Turi
[trd] Chhattisgarh state: Raigarh district, and scattered throughout; Jharkhand state: Gumla, Lohardaga, and Ranchi districts, Chotanagpur area; Odisha state: Sambalpur and Sundargarh districts; West Bengal state: Bankura, Birbhum, Murshidabad, and Nadia districts. Users: 2,000 (2007). Ethnic population: 354,000 (2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Santali.
Turung
[try] Assam state: Golaghat district, Karbi Anglong and Titabar. Users: No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Tai Turung, Tailung, Tairong. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Jingppaw-Asakia, Jingphaw.
Ullatan
[ull] Kerala state: Alleppey, Ernakulam, Idukki, Koliam, Kottayam, Palakkad, Pathanamthitta, Thrissur, and Trivandrum districts. Users: No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1990s. Ethnic population: 16,700 (2001 census). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Katan, Kattalan, Kochuvelan, Ulladan. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Unclassified.
Urali
[url] Kerala state: Idukki district, Memari and Vanchivayal villages. Users: No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 2000s. Ethnic population: 6,440 (2001 census). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Oorazhi, Uraly, Urli. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Kannada.
Urdu
[urd] Jammu and Kashmir state: widespread use by Muslims; Maharashtra state: Hyderabad (Dakhini). Users: 62,800,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 50,800,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 12,000,000 (2011 census). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Andra Pradesh State; Delhi Union Territory (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). Statutory provincial language in Telangana state (2017, Telangana Official Languages Act, Act 9, Section 2b, 1966 (Amended by Telangana Official Languages Bill, Act 30)), co-official with Telugu [tel]. Statutory provincial working language in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh states (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII), limited to official correspondence, notices and other communication. Statutory language of provincial identity in Jammu and Kashmir State (1957, State constitution, Article 145). Alternate Names: Islami, Undri, Urudu. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Hindustani.
Uyghur
[uig] Jammu and Kashmir state: Srinagar; Ladakh, Leh. Users: 2 in India (2016 S. Kumar). Ethnic population: 150 (2016 S. Kumar). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Turkic, Eastern.
Vaagri Booli
[vaa] Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra states, and Pondicherry union territory; Tamil Nadu state: Cuddalore, Tiruvannamalai, Vellore, and Villupuram districts. Users: 9,300 (2007). Ethnic population: 12,000 (2007). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Guvvalollu, Haki Piki, Hakkipikkaru, Karikkorava, Kuruvikkaran, Marattiyan, Narakureavar, Narikkorava, Narikoravar, Rattiyan, Shikarijanam, Vaghri, Vaghriwala, Vagri, Wagri Vel, Wogri Boli. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified.
Vaiphei
[vap] Manipur state: Churachandpur district, 30+ villages; Assam, Meghalaya, and Tripura states. Users: 42,700 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bhaipei, Vaipei, Veiphei, Zome, Zomi. Autonym: Vaiphei. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern, Sizang.
Varhadi-Nagpuri
[vah] Andhra Pradesh state: Adilabad and Nizamabad districts; Madhya Pradesh state: Balaghat and Chhindwara districts; Maharashtra state: Akola, Amravati, and Buldana districts. Users: 6,970,000 (1995). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Berar Marathi, Berari, Dhanagari, Kumbhari, Madhya Pradesh Marathi. Autonym: वरहदी-नागपुरी (Varahadī-nāgapurī), वऱ्हाडी (Vaṟhāḍī). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern, Unclassified.
Varli
[vav] Maharashtra state: Nasik and Dhule districts; Thane district, Dahanu and Talasari sub-districts; Gujarat state: Valsad district, Dharampur sub-district, Dadra and Nagar Haveli; far north Thane district and south Gujarat state (Davari). Users: 387,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Warli. Autonym: वारली (Warli). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern, Konkani.
Vasavi
[vas] Gujarat state: Bharuch and Surat districts, south Akkalkuwa and Dhadgaon sub-districts, north of Tapti river; Satpudas; central and north Nandurbar and Nawapur sub-districts south of Tapti; Maharashtra state: Nandurbar district, Tapti river area. Users: 187,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Adiwasi Bhil, Bhilori, Keski Bhil, Padwi Bhilori, Vasava, Vasava Bhil, Vasave. Autonym: वासावी (Vāsāvī). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Gujarati.
Vishavan
[vis] Kerala state: Ernakulam, Kottayam, and Thrissur districts, Parana and Perumuzhi, Moovatupuzha sub-district on Idamala river, Idyara range; Chalakudi river area near Ittyani. Users: 150 (Shashi and Shri 1994). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Malankudi, Malarkuti. Classification: Dravidian, Unclassified.
Waddar
[wbq] Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka states; Maharashtra state: Jalgaon district. Users: 198,000 (2011 census). Ethnic population: In India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka about 3 million (2003 IMA). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Od, Orh, Vadari, Vadda Beldar, Werders, Wodde. Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Telugu.
Wagdi
[wbr] Andhra Pradesh state: Jhabua; Gujarat state: Panchmahals and Sabarkantha; Rajasthan state: Banswara, Dungarpur, and south Udaipur districts. Users: 3,390,000 (2011 census). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Bhili, Bhilodi, Mina Bhil, Vagadi, Vagari, Vagdi, Vaged, Vageri, Vagi, Wagadi, Wagari, Waghari, Wagholi, Wagri. Autonym: वाग्दी (Vāgdī). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Bhil.
Walungge
[ola] West Bengal state: Darjeeling district, Pankhabari area. Users: 1,000 in India (Hattaway 2005). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Unclassified.
War-Jaintia
[aml] Assam state; Meghalaya state: Jaintia and Khasi Hills area. Users: 51,600 in India (2011 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Amwi, Jaintia, Khasi, War, War-Khasi. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khasian.
West Bengal Sign Language
[wbs] West Bengal state: scattered. Users: 450,000 (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 275,000–550,000 deaf signers, assuming 0.3%–0.6% of the total population. Another estimate: 37,000–197,000 current deaf signers, out of 400,000–600,000 who could learn and use WBSL (2016 R. Johnson). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kolkata Sign Language, W.B. Sign Language, WBSL. Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language.
Yakkha
[ybh] Sikkim state: North district; West Bengal state: Darjeeling district. Users: 810 in India (2000). Ethnic population: 6,300 (2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Yakha, Yakkha Ceya, Yakkhaba. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Himalayan, Kiranti, Eastern.
Yerukula
[yeu] Karnataka, Kerala, and Maharashtra states; Telangana state: Karimagar and north Nizamabad districts; Tamil Nadu state: Chengai Anna, Coimbatore, Nilgiri, Periyar, and Salem. Users: 68,500 (2011 census). 10,400 Korava and 58,100 Yerukula (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Erukala, Eruku Bhasha, Korava, Korchi, Kurru Bhasha, Kurutha, Yarukula, Yerkula, Yerukala, Yerukala-Korava, Yerukla, Yerukula-Bhasha. Autonym: ఎఱుకల (Erukala). Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil.
Zakhring
[zkr] Arunachal Pradesh state: Anjaw district, Dong, Kaho, Khroti, Kundun, Mulam Kembring, Musai, Tinai, Tinam, and Walong villages. Users: 400 in India (Jacquesson 2015). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Charumba, Eastern Mishmi, M’ye, Meye, Meyor, Zaiwa. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Keman.
Zangskari
[zau] Jammu and Kashmir state: Kargil district south end, in Himalayas and Indus river valley; Zaskar mountains. Users: 11,400 (2001 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Zanskari, Zaskari. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, Central Bodish, Western.
Zou
[zom] Assam state; Manipur state: Chandel district, Singngat sub-district, Sugnu area; Churachandpur district. Users: 26,500 in India (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Jou, Yo, Zo, Zohâm, Zokam, Zome, Zoukam. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin, Peripheral, Northern, Sizang.