India

English

[eng] 1 (National). Statutory national working language (1950, Constitution, Articles 343 and 348(1)). 265,260,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 260,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 265,000,000 (2019).

Hindi

[hin] 1 (National). Statutory national language (1950, Constitution, Article 343), also statutory provincial language in Bihar State and 12 other jurisdictions. 596,000,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 339,000,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 257,000,000 (2019). Total users in all countries: 602,198,470 (as L1: 343,931,570; as L2: 258,266,900).

2 (Provincial)

Assamese

[asm] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Assam State (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). 15,300,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 15,328,240 (as L1: 15,327,990; as L2: 250).

Bengali

[ben] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in West Bengal, Tripura, Assam states (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). 106,500,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 96,500,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 10,000,000 (2011 census).

French

[fra] 2 (Provincial). Statutory language of provincial identity in Puducherry Union Territory (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347 inclusive), unscheduled language. 10,000 in India (2008).

Garo

[grt] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Meghalaya State (1950, Constitution, Articles 347), unscheduled language. 1,150,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 1,270,000.

Gujarati

[guj] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Gujarat State; Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu union territories (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). 60,200,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 55,200,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 5,000,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 61,953,120 (as L1: 56,953,120; as L2: 5,000,000).

Kannada

[kan] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Karnataka (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). 58,500,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 43,500,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 15,000,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 58,644,310 (as L1: 43,644,310; as L2: 15,000,000).

Kashmiri

[kas] 2 (Provincial). Statutory language of provincial identity in Jammu and Kashmir (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347). 6,770,000 in India (2011 census). 6,610,000 Kashmiri, 39,700 Kishtwari, and 125,000 Siraji (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 7,132,780.

Khasi

[kha] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Meghalaya State (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347 inclusive), unscheduled language. 1,050,000 in India (2011 census).

Konkani

[knn] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Goa State (1992, Constitution, Amendment 71). 2,190,000 in India (2011 census). 2,150,000 Konkani, 17,200 Kudumbi, and 23,600 Malwani (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 2,195,750.

Maithili

[mai] 2 (Provincial). Statutory language of provincial identity in Bihar State (1992, Constitution, Amendment 71). 30,000,000 in India (2000 SIL). 12,000,000 monolinguals (1998). Total users in all countries: 34,085,000 (as L1: 33,890,000; as L2: 195,000).

Malayalam

[mal] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Kerala State; union territories Lakshadweep and Puducherry (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). 35,500,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 34,800,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 700,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 37,212,270 (as L1: 36,512,270; as L2: 700,000).

Marathi

[mar] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Maharashtra State (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). 99,000,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 83,000,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 16,000,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 99,146,310 (as L1: 83,146,310; as L2: 16,000,000).

Meitei

[mni] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Manipur State (1992, Constitution, Amendment 71). 1,760,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 1,775,000.

Nepali

[npi] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Sikkim, West Bengal state (1992, Constitution, Amendment 71). 2,930,000 in India (2011 census).

Odia

[ory] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Odisha State (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). 39,600,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 34,300,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 5,300,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 39,761,547 (as L1: 34,461,520; as L2: 5,300,027).

Punjabi, Eastern

[pan] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Punjab, West Bengal states; union territories Delhi, Chandigarh (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). 34,700,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 31,100,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 3,600,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 51,724,270 (as L1: 48,124,270; as L2: 3,600,000).

Tamil

[tam] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Tamil Nadu State; union territories Puducherry, Andaman and Nicobar Islands (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). 76,900,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 68,900,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 8,000,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 86,430,500 (as L1: 78,430,500; as L2: 8,000,000).

Telugu

[tel] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Andhra Pradesh State; Telangana State: Puducherry Union Territory, Andaman and Nicobar islands (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). 93,900,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 80,900,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 13,000,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 95,730,900 (as L1: 82,730,900; as L2: 13,000,000).

Urdu

[urd] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Andra Pradesh State; Delhi Union Territory (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). Statutory provincial language in Telangana state (2017, Telangana Official Languages Act, Act 9, Section 2b, 1966 (Amended by Telangana Official Languages Bill, Act 30)), co-official with Telugu [tel]. Statutory provincial working language in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh states (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII), limited to official correspondence, notices and other communication. Statutory language of provincial identity in Jammu and Kashmir State (1957, State constitution, Article 145). 62,800,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 50,800,000 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 12,000,000 (2011 census).

3 (Wider communication)

Bhatri

[bgw] 3 (Wider communication). 334,000 (2011 census).

Dangi

[dhn] 3 (Wider communication). 203,000 (2011 census). 151,000 Dhanki and 52,000 Tadavi (2011 census).

Desiya

[dso] 3 (Wider communication). Trade language by tribal communities in Odisha state. 227,000 (2011 census).

Halbi

[hlb] 3 (Wider communication). 966,000, all users. L1 users: 766,000 (2011 census). L2 users: 200,000 (2001 C. Thomas).

Kukna

[kex] 3 (Wider communication). 517,000, all users. L1 users: 417,000 (2011 census). L2 users: 100,000 (1998).

Naga, Angami

[njm] 3 (Wider communication). Trade language used by about 30,000 Naga of other groups. 153,000 (2011 census).

Nagamese

[nag] 3 (Wider communication). Naga tribes came from China through Burma by late 14th century. Developed by mid 16th century. In 1826, lingua franca of Naga Hills, widely used in almost all domains by majority of population. 410,000, all users. L1 users: 30,000 (Holm 1989). L2 users: 380,000 (2011).

Nicobarese, Car

[caq] 3 (Wider communication). Lingua franca for Nicobar Islands. 37,000 (2005).

Panchpargania

[tdb] 3 (Wider communication). 257,000 (2011 census).

Sadri

[sck] 3 (Wider communication). Trade language among tribal groups in Assam, who are called the Adivasi peoples. They were brought in by British tea planters in the 19th century to work as laborers in the tea fields of Assam. 12,130,000 in India, all users. L1 users: 5,130,000 in India (2011 census). 19,100 Gawari, 763,000 Nagpuria, and 4,350,000 Sadri (2011 census). L2 users: 7,000,000 (2007 B. Waugh). Total users in all countries: 12,131,225 (as L1: 5,131,180; as L2: 7,000,045).

Wagdi

[wbr] 3 (Wider communication). 3,390,000 (2011 census).

4 (Educational)

Boro

[brx] 4 (Educational). Statutory language of provincial identity in Assam (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347). 1,470,000 in India (2011 census). 1,460,000 Boro, 11,500 Mech (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 1,474,380.

Chakma

[ccp] 4 (Educational). 228,000 in India (2011 census).

Chin, Mara

[mrh] 4 (Educational). 42,400 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 62,400.

Chin, Paite

[pck] 4 (Educational). 79,500 (2011 census).

Dogri

[dgo] 4 (Educational). Statutory language of provincial identity in Jammu and Kashmir (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347). 2,600,000 (2011 census).

Gondi, Adilabad

[wsg] 4 (Educational). 300,000 (2015 M. Penny). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census).

Hmar

[hmr] 4 (Educational). 99,000 (2011 census).

Kok Borok

[trp] 4 (Educational). Statutory language of provincial identity in Tripura State (1964, Official Languages Act No. 19 (as amended)), not a Schedule VIII language. 953,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 958,000.

Limbu

[lif] 4 (Educational). 40,800 in India (2011 census). Ethnic population: 177,000 (2007).

Mizo

[lus] 4 (Educational). Statutory language of provincial identity in Mizoram State (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347 inclusive), unscheduled language. 831,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 843,750.

Naga, Liangmai

[njn] 4 (Educational). 49,800 (2011 census).

Naga, Lotha

[njh] 4 (Educational). 179,000 (2011 census).

Naga, Maram

[nma] 4 (Educational). 32,500 (2011 census).

Naga, Rongmei

[nbu] 4 (Educational). 66,700 (2011 census).

Sambalpuri

[spv] 4 (Educational). 2,630,000 (2011 census).

Sanskrit

[san] 4 (Educational). Statutory language of national identity (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII). 5,024,800 in India, all users. L1 users: 24,800 in India (2011 census). L2 users: 5,000,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 5,027,800 (as L1: 24,800; as L2: 5,003,000).

Santhali

[sat] 4 (Educational). Statutory language of provincial identity in Jharkhand State (1950, Constitution, Schedule VIII), amended 2003. 7,340,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 7,621,180 (as L1: 7,620,200; as L2: 980).

5 (Developing)

Adi

[adi] 5* (Developing). 150,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 151,090.

Ahirani

[ahr] 5* (Developing). 1,640,000 (2011 census).

Anal

[anm] 5* (Developing). 27,200 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 27,250.

Awadhi

[awa] 5* (Developing). 3,850,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 4,397,400 (as L1: 4,352,000; as L2: 45,400).

Badaga

[bfq] 5* (Developing). 134,000 (2011 census).

Bareli, Pauri

[bfb] 5* (Developing). 991,000 (2011 census).

Bareli, Rathwi

[bgd] 5* (Developing). 359,000 (2011 census).

Bhili

[bhb] 5* (Developing). 3,290,000 (2011 census). 10,400,000 for all Bhil languages (2011 census).

Bhojpuri

[bho] 5* (Developing). 50,600,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 52,463,000 (as L1: 52,303,000; as L2: 160,000).

Biate

[biu] 5* (Developing). 19,000 (IMA 1997).

Bishnupuriya

[bpy] 5* (Developing). 79,600 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 119,600.

Bodo Parja

[bdv] 5* (Developing). 50,000 (2001 IBT).

Braj Bhasha

[bra] 5* (Developing). 1,560,000 (2011 census).

Bundeli

[bns] 5* (Developing). 5,630,000 (2011 census). Population estimates range up to 20,000,000.

Chhattisgarhi

[hne] 5* (Developing). 16,300,000 (2011 census). 16,250,000 Chhattisgarh, 89,900 Laria, and 15,600 Pando (2011 census).

Chin, Falam

[cfm] 5* (Developing). 38,900 in India (2011 census).

Chin, Khumi

[cnk] 5* (Developing).

Chin, Matu

[hlt] 5* (Developing). 10,000 in India (2012).

Chin, Tedim

[ctd] 5* (Developing). 155,000 in India (1990).

Chin, Thado

[tcz] 5* (Developing). 313,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 346,100.

Chin, Zyphe

[zyp] 5* (Developing). 3,000 in India (2000).

Chodri

[cdi] 5* (Developing). 111,000 (2011 census). More speakers in Tapi district.

Darlong

[dln] 5* (Developing). 6,000 (1998 T. Darlong).

Deori

[der] 5* (Developing). 32,400 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 50,000.

Dhimal

[dhi] 5* (Developing). 450 in India (2000 K. Cooper).

Dhundari

[dhd] 5* (Developing). 1,480,000 (2011 census).

Dimasa

[dis] 5* (Developing). 137,000 (2011 census).

Dungra Bhil

[duh] 5* (Developing). 100,000 (2000 IICCC).

Gadaba, Mudhili

[gau] 5* (Developing). 8,000 (2000 IICCC). All Gadaba: 41,000 (2011 census).

Gaddi

[gbk] 5* (Developing). 181,000 (2011 census).

Gamit

[gbl] 5* (Developing). 139,000 (2011 census).

Gangte

[gnb] 5* (Developing). 16,500 (2011 census).

Garasia, Adiwasi

[gas] 5* (Developing). 100,000 (1988 V. Patel).

Garasia, Rajput

[gra] 5* (Developing). 76,700 (2011 census).

Gowli

[gok] 5* (Developing). 35,000 (IMA 1997).

Gujari

[gju] 5* (Developing). 1,290,000 in India (2011 census). Ethnic population: 1,600,000 (2002). In Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Delhi. Total users in all countries: 1,696,000.

Hajong

[haj] 5* (Developing). 71,800 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 79,800.

Haroti

[hoj] 5* (Developing). 2,940,000 (2011 census).

[hoc] 5* (Developing). 1,420,000 (2011 census).

Juang

[jun] 5* (Developing). 30,400 (2011 census). No monolinguals.

Karbi

[mjw] 5* (Developing). 529,000 (2011 census).

Khaling

[klr] 5* (Developing).

Khandesi

[khn] 5* (Developing). 15,900 (2011 census).

Kharia

[khr] 5* (Developing). 298,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 298,256 (as L1: 298,240; as L2: 16).

Kinnauri, Pahari

[kjo] 5* (Developing). 6,330 (1998 survey).

Kodava

[kfa] 5* (Developing). 114,000 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 200,000. 100,000 in Kodagu District; 100,000 in Karnataka District and major cities.

Kolami, Northwestern

[kfb] 5* (Developing). 128,000 (2011 census).

Koli, Kachi

[gjk] 5* (Developing). 400,000 in India (1998). 100,000 Kachi Koli, 250,000 Rabari, 50,000 or more Vagri Meghwar, Katai Meghwar, and Zalavaria Koli.

Koli, Wadiyari

[kxp] 5* (Developing). 404,000 in India (2000). Total users in all countries: 583,000.

Kom

[kmm] 5* (Developing). 15,100 (2011 census).

Konda-Dora

[kfc] 5* (Developing). 60,700 (2011 census).

Konkani, Goan

[gom] 5* (Developing). 3,630,000 in India (2000). Total users in all countries: 3,707,000.

Korku

[kfq] 5* (Developing). 727,000 (2011 census).

Koya

[kff] 5* (Developing). 455,000 (2011 census).

Kurumba, Betta

[xub] 5* (Developing). 32,000 (2003 NLCI), increasing.

Kuvi

[kxv] 5* (Developing). 176,000 (2011 census).

Lambadi

[lmn] 5* (Developing). 5,080,000 (2011 census). 1,580,000 Banjari, 50,300 Gorboli, 3,280,000 Lambadi, and 171,000 Sugali (2011 census). Ethnic population: Estimates range up to 40,000,000 for the total group.

Malvi

[mup] 5* (Developing). 5,440,000 (2011 census). 1,110,000 monolinguals.

Mawchi

[mke] 5* (Developing). 98,500 (2011 census).

Mewari

[mtr] 5* (Developing). 4,210,000 (2011 census).

Mising

[mrg] 5* (Developing). 630,000 (2011 census).

Mru

[mro] 5* (Developing). 200 in India (2011 census). Ethnic population: 2,100.

Munda

[unx] 5* (Developing). 486,000 (2011 census).

Mundari

[unr] 5* (Developing). 1,160,000 in India (2011 census). 1,130,000 Mundari and 27,500 Bhumij (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 1,170,280.

Naga, Ao

[njo] 5* (Developing). 260,000 (2011 census).

Naga, Chang

[nbc] 5* (Developing). 66,900 (2011 census).

Naga, Chokri

[nri] 5* (Developing). 111,000 (2011 census).

Naga, Khezha

[nkh] 5* (Developing). 41,600 (2011 census).

Naga, Khiamniungan

[kix] 5* (Developing). 62,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 72,000.

Naga, Konyak

[nbe] 5* (Developing). 244,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 246,000.

Naga, Mao

[nbi] 5* (Developing). 97,200 (2011 census).

Naga, Maring

[nng] 5* (Developing). 25,800 (2011 census).

Naga, Monsang

[nmh] 5* (Developing). 3,200 (2001). Ethnic population: 3,200.

Naga, Moyon

[nmo] 5* (Developing). 3,700 (2001). Ethnic population: 3,700.

Naga, Mzieme

[nme] 5* (Developing). 29,000 (1997).

Naga, Northern Rengma

[nnl] 5* (Developing). 13,000 (1997). 65,300 total Rengma (2011 census).

Naga, Phom

[nph] 5* (Developing). 54,400 (2011 census).

Naga, Pochuri

[npo] 5* (Developing). 21,700 (2011 census).

Naga, Poumai

[pmx] 5* (Developing). 143,000 (2011 census).

Naga, Sangtam

[nsa] 5* (Developing). 76,000 (2011 census).

Naga, Southern Rengma

[nre] 5* (Developing). 21,000 (1997). 65,300 total Rengma (2011 census).

Naga, Sumi

[nsm] 5* (Developing). 10,800 (2011 census).

Naga, Tangkhul

[nmf] 5* (Developing). 187,000 (2011 census).

Naga, Wancho

[nnp] 5* (Developing). 59,200 (2011 census).

Naga, Yimchungru

[yim] 5* (Developing). 83,300 (2011 census). Includes 12,300 Chirr and 11,100 Tikhir (2011 census).

Naga, Zeme

[nzm] 5* (Developing). 114,000 (2011 census).

Nicobarese, Central

[ncb] 5* (Developing). 10,100 (2001 census). 5,310 on Katchal, 3,410 on Kamorta, 930 on Nancowry, 430 on Trinket.

Noiri

[noi] 5* (Developing). 100,000 (2003 IICCC).

Nyishi

[njz] 5* (Developing). 299,000 (2011 census). 23,000 speakers of Bangni dialect (Van Driem 2007).

Oriya, Adivasi

[ort] 5* (Developing). 400,000, all users. L1 users: 200,000 (2011 SIL). L2 users: 200,000 (1998 U. Gustafsson).

Paniya

[pcg] 5* (Developing). 22,800 (2011 census).

Punjabi, Western

[pnb] 5* (Developing). 154,000 in India (2019 Joshua Project).

Ravula

[yea] 5* (Developing). 26,900 (2007). 25,000 Yerava and 1,900 Adiya. Ethnic population: 47,000 (2007).

Riang

[ria] 5* (Developing). 58,500 in India (2011 census). Ethnic population: 144,000. Total users in all countries: 59,000.

Saraiki

[skr] 5* (Developing). 109,000 in India (2011 census).

Saurashtra

[saz] 5* (Developing). 248,000 (2011 census). Each listed district has communities of at least 5,000.

Sauria Paharia

[mjt] 5* (Developing). 235,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 242,000.

Shekhawati

[swv] 5* (Developing). 3,000,000 (2002 L. Gusain).

Simte

[smt] 5* (Developing). 10,200 (2001 census).

Sirmauri

[srx] 5* (Developing). 400,000 (2005 SIL).

Sora

[srb] 5* (Developing). 410,000 (2011 census).

Surgujia

[sgj] 5* (Developing). 1,740,000 (2011 census).

Tagin

[tgj] 5* (Developing). 62,900 (2011 census).

Tharu, Rana

[thr] 5* (Developing). 150,000 in India (2003).

Thulung

[tdh] 5* (Developing).

Tulu

[tcy] 5* (Developing). 1,850,000 (2011 census).

Vaiphei

[vap] 5* (Developing). 42,700 (2011 census).

Varhadi-Nagpuri

[vah] 5* (Developing). 6,970,000 (1995).

Varli

[vav] 5* (Developing). 387,000 (2011 census).

Vasavi

[vas] 5* (Developing). 187,000 (2011 census).

Yerukula

[yeu] 5* (Developing). 68,500 (2011 census). 10,400 Korava and 58,100 Yerukula (2011 census).

Zou

[zom] 5* (Developing). 26,500 in India (2011 census).

Adi, Galo

[adl] 5 (Developing). 29,200 (2011 census). A few older adult monolinguals.

Angika

[anp] 5 (Developing). 725,000 in India (IMA 1997). Total users in all countries: 745,330 (as L1: 743,600; as L2: 1,730).

Bilaspuri

[kfs] 5 (Developing). 296,000 (2011 census).

Chiru

[cdf] 5 (Developing). 8,600 (2011 census).

Churahi

[cdj] 5 (Developing). 75,600 (2011 census).

Garhwali

[gbm] 5 (Developing). 2,480,000 (2011 census).

Gondi, Aheri

[esg] 5 (Developing). 150,000 (2015 B. Kurian). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census).

Gondi, Northern

[gno] 5 (Developing). 1,950,000 (1997 BSI). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census).

Indian Sign Language

[ins] 5 (Developing). 6,000,000 in India (2021 SIL). Estimated 4–8 million deaf signers, based on 0.3%–0.6% of the general population. Other estimates vary: 1.5 million (2008 S. Panda); 5.9 million profoundly deaf in India (2014 IMB); 8 million deaf signers (2017 Indian Sign Language Research and Training Centre). Total users in all countries: 6,815,000.

Kamtapuri

[rkt] 5 (Developing). 476,000 in India (2011 census).

Khah

[hkh] 5 (Developing). 20,000 (2020 S. Sohil).

Kisan

[xis] 5 (Developing). 206,000 (2011 census).

Kui

[uki] 5 (Developing). 741,000 (2011 census).

Kui, Dawik

[dwk] 5 (Developing). 200,000 (2018 PR Shinu).

Kumaoni

[kfy] 5 (Developing). 2,080,000 (2011 census). 472,000 monolinguals (1998 SIL).

Kurumba, Attapady

[pkr] 5 (Developing). 1,370 (1991 census).

Kurumba, Kannada

[kfi] 5 (Developing). 180,000 (2000).

Ladakhi

[lbj] 5 (Developing). 15,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 27,000.

Lamkang

[lmk] 5 (Developing). 10,000 (1999 census).

Mandeali

[mjl] 5 (Developing). 623,000 (2011 census).

Maria, Dandami

[daq] 5 (Developing). 200,000 (2000). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census).

Marwari

[rwr] 5 (Developing). 7,830,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 7,856,410 (as L1: 7,855,400; as L2: 1,010).

Mewati

[wtm] 5 (Developing). 857,000 (2011 census). 51,600 monolinguals (2006 SIL).

Muduga

[udg] 5 (Developing). 3,370 (1991 census). National census population figures combine Muduga of Attapady with Muthuvan, who, despite the similarity of the spelling of their ethnonym, are entirely different and separated by geographic and cultural distance (Menon 1996).

Muthuvan

[muv] 5 (Developing). 16,800 (2006 IMB).

Naga, Tarao

[tro] 5 (Developing). 870 (2000).

Naga, Thangal

[nki] 5 (Developing). 23,600 (2001). Ethnic population: 23,600.

Naga, Tutsa

[tvt] 5 (Developing). 25,000 (2001). 12,500 monolinguals.

Phake

[phk] 5 (Developing). 2,000 (Bradley 2007a).

Rabha

[rah] 5 (Developing). 140,000 (2011 census). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 374,000 (1993).

Surjapuri

[sjp] 5 (Developing). 2,260,000 (2011 census).

5 (Dispersed)

Chin, Hakha

[cnh] 5* (Dispersed). 28,600 in India (2011 census).

Dzongkha

[dzo] 5* (Dispersed). 11,000 in India (2007).

Khowar

[khw] 5* (Dispersed). 19,200 in India (2000).

Lisu

[lis] 5* (Dispersed). 2,700 in India (Bradley 2007b).

Maldivian

[div] 5* (Dispersed). 9,500 in India (2012).

Portuguese

[por] 5* (Dispersed). 250,000 in India.

Sylheti

[syl] 5* (Dispersed). 3,000,000 in India (2003).

Tamang, Eastern

[taj] 5* (Dispersed). 20,200 in India (2011 census). Ethnic population: 272,000 (2006 FTT).

Tibetan

[bod] 5* (Dispersed). 83,800 in India (2011 census).

Tshangla

[tsj] 5 (Dispersed). 11,200 in India (2007). 8,200 in Kameng District; 3,000 in West Siang.

6a (Vigorous)

Agariya

[agi] 6a* (Vigorous). 72,000 (2007).

Andaman Hindi Creole

[hca] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 (Singh 1994a).

Asuri

[asr] 6a* (Vigorous). 7,000 (Van Driem 2007).

Bagheli

[bfy] 6a (Vigorous). 2,680,000 (2011 census).

Bagri

[bgq] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,890,000 in India (2011 census). 162,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 2,196,000.

Bareli, Palya

[bpx] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 (2000 V. Varkey).

Bateri

[btv] 6a* (Vigorous). 800 in India. 200 families.

Bauria

[bge] 6a* (Vigorous). 63,000 (2011 census).

Bhadrawahi

[bhd] 6a* (Vigorous). 116,000 (2011). 98,800 Bhadrawahi and 17,300 Padari (2011 census).

Bhalay

[bhx] 6a (Vigorous). 8,670 (1981 census).

Bharia

[bha] 6a* (Vigorous). 197,000 (1981 census).

Bhattiyali

[bht] 6a (Vigorous). 24,000 (2011 census).

Bhilali

[bhi] 6a* (Vigorous). 753,000 (2011 census).

Birhor

[biy] 6a (Vigorous). 2,000 (Van Driem 2007). Nomadic habits make assessment difficult. Some estimates as low as 1,000 (Parkin 1991).

Buksa

[tkb] 6a (Vigorous). 59,000 (2011 census).

Burushaski

[bsk] 6a* (Vigorous). 300 in India (Munshi 2018).

Chambeali

[cdh] 6a (Vigorous). 126,000 (2011 census).

Chenchu

[cde] 6a* (Vigorous). 26,000 (2007).

Chetti, Moundadan

[cty] 6a (Vigorous). 5,400 (2020). Ethnic population: 5,400 (2020).

Deccan

[dcc] 6a* (Vigorous). 12,800,000 (2000).

Dhatki

[mki] 6a* (Vigorous). 16,400 in India (2000).

Dhodia

[dho] 6a* (Vigorous). 49,100 (2011 census).

Digaro-Mishmi

[mhu] 6a* (Vigorous). 44,100 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 44,950.

Dotyali

[dty] 6a* (Vigorous).

Gadaba, Pottangi Ollar

[gdb] 6a* (Vigorous). 15,000 (2002 M. Kurian). All Gadaba: 41,000 (2011 census).

Gowlan

[goj] 6a* (Vigorous). 20,200 (2000).

Haryanvi

[bgc] 6a (Vigorous). 9,810,000 in India (2011 census). Ethnic population: 16,000,000 (1992 SIL). Total users in all countries: 9,810,900 (as L1: 9,810,890; as L2: 10).

Hinduri

[hii] 6a* (Vigorous). 47,800 (2011 census).

Jad

[jda] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (Breton 1997).

Jarawa

[anq] 6a (Vigorous). 340 (Kumar 2012). 340 monolinguals (Kumar 2012). Monolingual group, with some language contact with Hindi [hin] (Kumar 2012).

Jaunsari

[jns] 6a (Vigorous). 137,000 (2011 census).

Kacchi

[kfr] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,030,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 1,175,000.

Kaikadi

[kep] 6a* (Vigorous). 25,900 (2011 census).

Kamar

[keq] 6a* (Vigorous). 40,000 (2003 BI).

Kangri

[xnr] 6a (Vigorous). 1,120,000 (2011 census).

Kanjari

[kft] 6a* (Vigorous). 206,000 (2011 census), all users. L1 users: 91,200 (1995).

Katkari

[kfu] 6a* (Vigorous). 12,000 (2007). Ethnic population: 294,000. Kathodi.

Kharia Thar

[ksy] 6a* (Vigorous). 25,000 (2007 SIL). Ethnic population: 25,500 (2007 SIL).

Khirwar

[kwx] 6a* (Vigorous). 25,800 (2011 census). Census uses Kalari as the name.

Kinnauri, Chitkuli

[cik] 6a (Vigorous). 1,400 (Martinez 2019). Ethnic population: 1,600 (2011 census).

Koch

[kdq] 6a (Vigorous). 36,400 in India (2011 census), increasing. No monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 42,400.

Koda

[cdz] 6a* (Vigorous). 47,300 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 48,600.

Koireng

[nkd] 6a (Vigorous). 3,000 (2002 BCA).

Korlai Portuguese Creole

[vkp] 6a* (Vigorous). 800 (Clements 2015).

Kota

[kfe] 6a* (Vigorous). 930 (2001 census). Ethnic population: 1,400.

Kudmali

[kyw] 6a (Vigorous). 37,000 in India (IMA 1997). Total users in all countries: 37,230.

Kumarbhag Paharia

[kmj] 6a* (Vigorous). 12,500 (Bhaskararao 2006).

Kurumba, Jennu

[xuj] 6a* (Vigorous). 101,000 (2011 census). 36,200 in Karnataka, 18,200 in Kerala, and 46,700 in Tamil Nadu (2011 census).

Kurumba, Mullu

[kpb] 6a* (Vigorous). 26,000 (2004 survey). 25,000 in Wayanad; 1,000 in Gudalur of Nilgiri.

Lodhi

[lbm] 6a (Vigorous). 139,000 (2011 census).

Lohar, Gade

[gda] 6a* (Vigorous). 500,000 (2016).

Mala Malasar

[ima] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (2004).

Malankuravan

[mjo] 6a* (Vigorous). 18,600 (2001 census). 260 in Kerala, 18,300 in Tamil Nadu.

Malasar

[ymr] 6a (Vigorous). 7,760 (2001 census).

Maria

[mrr] 6a* (Vigorous). 165,000 (2000). 141,000 Maria and 23,700 Hill Maria; All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census).

Marma

[rmz] 6a* (Vigorous). 36,700 in India (2011 census).

Merwari

[wry] 6a (Vigorous). 3,900,000 (2001 census).

Miji

[sjl] 6a (Vigorous). 6,500 (2001).

Miju-Mishmi

[mxj] 6a* (Vigorous). 3,000 in India (Blench 2015). Total users in all countries: 3,200.

Mirgan

[zrg] 6a* (Vigorous). 60,000 (1998 N. Lima).

Monpa, Kalaktang

[kkf] 6a* (Vigorous). 8,000 (2005).

Monpa, Tawang

[twm] 6a (Vigorous). 8,600 in India. Total users in all countries: 9,900.

Mugom

[muk] 6a (Vigorous). 500 in India (2006 SIL). 75 families in India, 60 Mugom and 15 Karmarong. In addition, there are many seasonal workers.

Mukha-Dora

[mmk] 6a* (Vigorous). 29,700 (1991 census).

Muria, Eastern

[emu] 6a (Vigorous). 200,000 (2007). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census).

Muria, Far Western

[fmu] 6a (Vigorous). 400,000 (2007). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census).

Muria, Western

[mut] 6a (Vigorous). 400,000 (2000 IICCC). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census).

Naga, Chothe

[nct] 6a* (Vigorous). 3,590 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 3,600 (2011 census).

Naga, Inpui

[nkf] 6a (Vigorous). 54,200 (2011 census).

Naga, Kharam

[kfw] 6a (Vigorous). 1,400 (2000 SIL).

Naga, Khoibu

[nkb] 6a* (Vigorous). 25,600 (2001). Ethnic population: 25,600.

Naga, Makuri

[jmn] 6a (Vigorous). 4,000 in India (2007).

Naga, Nocte

[njb] 6a (Vigorous). 30,800 (2011 census). 19,800 monolinguals (2001 census).

Naga, Puimei

[npu] 6a* (Vigorous). 3,000 (2001). Mostly monolingual. Ethnic population: 3,000.

Nahari

[nhh] 6a* (Vigorous). 20,400 (2000).

Nimadi

[noe] 6a* (Vigorous). 2,310,000 (2011 census).

Oadki

[odk] 6a* (Vigorous). 2,000,000 in India (2017 A. Ranjha). Total users in all countries: 2,076,100.

Pahari, Kullu

[kfx] 6a* (Vigorous). 195,000 (2011 census). All Pahari 2,170,000 (1997).

Pahari, Mahasu

[bfz] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000,000 (2002).

Pahari-Potwari

[phr] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,020,000 in India (2000).

Pangwali

[pgg] 6a* (Vigorous). 18,700 (2011 census).

Pankhu

[pkh] 6a* (Vigorous). Current population unknown. Ethnic population: 230 (1971).

Pardhi

[pcl] 6a* (Vigorous). 69,100 (2011 census).

Pattapu

[ptq] 6a (Vigorous). 200,000 (2013 R. Rebbavarapu).

Pengo

[peg] 6a* (Vigorous). 65,000 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 350,000 (2000).

Pnar

[pbv] 6a* (Vigorous). 319,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 323,000.

Puroik

[suv] 6a* (Vigorous). 15,000 (2019 T. Chhangte).

Purum

[pub] 6a (Vigorous). 500 (2001 census).

Rathawi

[rtw] 6a* (Vigorous). 451,000 (2006 IMB).

Rongpo

[rnp] 6a (Vigorous). 7,500 (2001 D. Bradley).

Sakachep

[sch] 6a (Vigorous). 25,000 (2003).

Samvedi

[smv] 6a* (Vigorous). 60,000 (2016).

Sartang

[onp] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (2005).

Sentinel

[std] 6a* (Vigorous). 250 (2018 J. Chau).

Shendu

[shl] 6a* (Vigorous).

Sherdukpen

[sdp] 6a (Vigorous). 5,000 (2019).

Shina

[scl] 6a* (Vigorous). 32,200 in India (2011 census).

Sholaga

[sle] 6a* (Vigorous). 24,000 (2006 IMB).

Shom Peng

[sii] 6a* (Vigorous). 400 (2004). Mainly monolingual.

Spiti Bhoti

[spt] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 (2000).

Tharu, Chitwania

[the] 6a* (Vigorous).

Tharu, Dangaura

[thl] 6a* (Vigorous). 174,000 in India (2007).

Tharu, Kathariya

[tkt] 6a* (Vigorous).

Tharu, Kochila

[thq] 6a* (Vigorous).

Toda

[tcx] 6a (Vigorous). 1,560 (2001 census).

Waddar

[wbq] 6a* (Vigorous). 198,000 (2011 census). Ethnic population: In India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka about 3 million (2003 IMA).

War-Jaintia

[aml] 6a (Vigorous). 51,600 in India (2011 census).

West Bengal Sign Language

[wbs] 6a (Vigorous). 450,000 (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 275,000–550,000 deaf signers, assuming 0.3%–0.6% of the total population. Another estimate: 37,000–197,000 current deaf signers, out of 400,000–600,000 who could learn and use WBSL (2016 R. Johnson).

6b (Threatened)

Aimol

[aim] 6b* (Threatened). 2,640 (2001 census).

Aiton

[aio] 6b (Threatened). 1,500 (Morey 2006).

Amri Karbi

[ajz] 6b (Threatened). 125,000 (2003).

Andh

[anr] 6b* (Threatened). 100,000 (2007). Ethnic population: 420,000 (2007).

Apatani

[apt] 6b* (Threatened). 44,800 (2011 census).

Aranadan

[aaf] 6b (Threatened). 200 (2001 census). Census did not include all people in interior settlements.

Atong

[aot] 6b (Threatened). 4,600 in India. Total users in all countries: 10,000.

Balti

[bft] 6b (Threatened). 13,800 in India (2011 census). Ethnic population: 38,800.

Bantawa

[bap] 6b (Threatened). 14,400 in India (2001 census). Few monolinguals.

Bhunjia

[bhu] 6b* (Threatened). 6,790 (2000 USCWM).

Bijori

[bix] 6b (Threatened). 12,800 (2001 census).

Bondo

[bfw] 6b* (Threatened). 9,000 (2002 SIL). 5,570 Upper Bondo and 3,500 Lower Bondo. Few Lower Bondo are monolingual.

Brokskat

[bkk] 6b* (Threatened). 10,000 (Johnstone and Mandryk 2001).

Bugun

[bgg] 6b* (Threatened). 900 (2001 Asia Harvest).

Byangsi

[bee] 6b* (Threatened). 2,830 in India (2000). No monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 3,380 (as L1: 3,310; as L2: 70).

Chamling

[rab] 6b* (Threatened). Ethnic population: 10,500 (2011 census).

Changthang

[cna] 6b* (Threatened). 10,100 (2000).

Chaudangsi

[cdn] 6b (Threatened). 1,830 (2000 USCWM). No monolinguals.

Chaura

[crv] 6b* (Threatened). 5,910 (2001 census).

Chin, Bawm

[bgr] 6b (Threatened). 4,440 in India (2004). Total users in all countries: 15,140.

Chinali

[cih] 6b* (Threatened). 220 (2016 SPPEL).

Chug

[cvg] 6b* (Threatened). 600 (Bodt 2020).

Darmiya

[drd] 6b (Threatened). 1,750 (2006 C. Willis). Ethnic population: 4,000.

Dubli

[dub] 6b* (Threatened). 252,000 (2007). Ethnic population: 791,000 (2007). Over half the ethnic group uses Gujarati [guj] (2007).

Duruwa

[pci] 6b (Threatened). 12,000 (2020 M. Ramnath). Ethnic population: 52,300 (2011 census).

Eravallan

[era] 6b (Threatened). 5,000 (2001). Ethnic population: 5,440 (2001 census). 3,890 in Kerala and 1,560 in Tamil Nadu.

Gadaba, Bodo

[gbj] 6b (Threatened). 8,000 (2000 IICCC). All Gadaba: 41,000 (2011 census).

Gahri

[bfu] 6b (Threatened). 3,750 (Widmer 2014).

Gata’

[gaq] 6b (Threatened). 3,060 (1991 census). Ethnic population: 7,370 (2001 census). In Odisha.

Godwari

[gdx] 6b (Threatened). 3,000,000 (2001 census).

Groma

[gro] 6b* (Threatened). 14,000 in India (2007 Asia Harvest).

Gurung

[gvr] 6b* (Threatened). 33,000 in India (2007). Ethnic population: 112,000.

Holiya

[hoy] 6b* (Threatened). 500 (2002 survey).

Hrangkhol

[hra] 6b (Threatened). 18,700 (2000), decreasing.

Hruso

[hru] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (Van Driem 2007).

Idu-Mishmi

[clk] 6b (Threatened). 4,000 in India (2016 R. Blench). 800 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 4,080.

Indo-Portuguese

[idb] 6b (Threatened). 4,940 in India (Cardoso 2006). Relatively few monolinguals, even in Korlai (Cardoso 2006). Total users in all countries: 7,160.

Jangshung

[jna] 6b* (Threatened). 1,990 (1998 survey).

Kachari

[xac] 6b (Threatened). 16,000 (2011 census).

Kadar

[kej] 6b (Threatened). 1,960 (2004 SIL), decreasing.

Kalanadi

[wkl] 6b* (Threatened). 750 (2004 survey).

Kanashi

[xns] 6b* (Threatened). 1,400 (Chauhan 2002).

Kanauji

[bjj] 6b (Threatened). 6,000,000 (Dwivedi and Kar 2016).

Kanikkaran

[kev] 6b (Threatened). 19,000 (2007). Ethnic population: 19,000.

Khamba

[kbg] 6b (Threatened). 780 (2011 census).

Khamti

[kht] 6b* (Threatened). 5,000 in India (Bradley 2007a).

Kinnauri

[kfk] 6b (Threatened). 98,600, all users. L1 users: 83,600 (2011 census). L2 users: 15,000.

Kinnauri, Bhoti

[nes] 6b* (Threatened). 6,790 (2000 USCWM).

Kinnauri, Chhoyul

[tpq] 6b* (Threatened). 610 (2000).

Kodaku

[ksz] 6b* (Threatened). 15,700 (1991 census).

Kolami, Southeastern

[nit] 6b* (Threatened). 10,000 (1989 F. Blair). 1,500 speakers of Naiki (Van Driem 2007).

Koraga, Korra

[kfd] 6b (Threatened). 14,000 (2007 census).

Koraga, Mudu

[vmd] 6b* (Threatened). 1,580 (2011 census).

Koro

[jkr] 6b (Threatened). 1,500 (2011).

Korwa

[kfp] 6b (Threatened). 28,500 (2011 census). Few monolinguals.

Kudiya

[kfg] 6b* (Threatened). 2,800 (2007).

Kulung

[kle] 6b* (Threatened).

Kumbaran

[wkb] 6b (Threatened). 10,000 (2004 NLCI).

Kunduvadi

[wku] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 (2004 SIL).

Kupia

[key] 6b (Threatened). 6,600 (2007). Ethnic population: 79,000 (2007).

Kurichiya

[kfh] 6b* (Threatened). 29,400 (2004 survey). Ethnic population: 32,800 (2001 census).

Kurmukar

[kfv] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 (2000 SIL).

Kurumba, Alu

[xua] 6b (Threatened). 2,400 (2019).

Kurux

[kru] 6b (Threatened). 1,990,000 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 2,084,390 (as L1: 2,083,700; as L2: 690).

Lepcha

[lep] 6b* (Threatened). 47,300 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 57,930 (as L1: 57,700; as L2: 230).

Lhomi

[lhm] 6b (Threatened). 1,320 in India (2000 USCWM).

Lish

[lsh] 6b* (Threatened). 2,340.

Lohar, Lahul

[lhl] 6b* (Threatened). 750 (1996).

Lyngngam

[lyg] 6b* (Threatened). 11,600 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 12,600.

Magahi

[mag] 6b (Threatened). 20,700,000 in India (2011 census). 8,000,000 Khortha and 12,700,000 Magahi (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 20,746,400 (as L1: 20,735,600; as L2: 10,800).

Magar, Eastern

[mgp] 6b* (Threatened). 71,700 in India (2006 J. Leclerc). Ethnic population: 278,000 (2006 FTT).

Mahali

[mjx] 6b* (Threatened). 26,400 in India (2011 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 278,000 (2007). Total users in all countries: 29,400.

Mal Paharia

[mkb] 6b* (Threatened). 51,000 (Bhaskararao 2006). Possibly 40,000 in West Bengal. Ethnic population: 111,000 (2000).

Malapandaram

[mjp] 6b* (Threatened). 5,850 (2001 census).

Malavedan

[mjr] 6b (Threatened). 27,000 (2011), decreasing. Ethnic population: 33,000 (2011 census). 26,000 in Kerala and 7,000 In Tamil Nadu.

Manda

[mha] 6b* (Threatened). 4,040 (2000).

Mannan

[mjv] 6b (Threatened). 7,850 (2001 census). 7,760 in Kerala, 82 in Tamil Nadu. Ethnic population: 12,000 (Shaw 2008).

[nbt] 6b* (Threatened). 1,500.

Naga, Tangsa

[nst] 6b (Threatened). 38,600 in India (2011 census). Includes 10,200 Tutsa (2011 census). 400 monolinguals.

Nahali

[nlx] 6b* (Threatened). 15,000 (2003).

Newar

[new] 6b (Threatened). 14,000 in India (2007). Ethnic population: 166,000 (2007).

Nicobarese, Southern

[nik] 6b* (Threatened). 7,500 (2001 census). 350 on Little Nicobar Island, 7,570 total on Great Nicobar, about 400 of these are Shom Peng [sii].

Nihali

[nll] 6b (Threatened). 2,000 (Parkin 1991). Ethnic population: 5,000 (1987).

Öñge

[oon] 6b (Threatened). 94 (Abbi 2006). Mainly monolingual. Ethnic population: 110 (1999).

Paliyan

[pcf] 6b* (Threatened). 9,520 (2001 census).

Pardhan

[pch] 6b* (Threatened). 135,000 (2007). All Gondi speakers: 2,910,000 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 347,000.

Parsi

[prp] 6b* (Threatened). 11,700 in India (2001 census). Listed as Persian in the 2001 census. Total users in all countries: 111,700.

Pashto, Northern

[pbu] 6b* (Threatened). 21,700 in India (2011 census).

Pathiya

[pty] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 (2004 SIL).

Pattani

[lae] 6b* (Threatened). 21,500, all users. L1 users: 16,500 (2011 census). L2 users: 5,000 (1997). Ethnic population: 20,000 (2002).

Phudagi

[phd] 6b* (Threatened). 1,010 (2000).

Powari

[pwr] 6b* (Threatened). 326,000 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 2,000,000 (1986 All India Powar Council).

Purig

[prx] 6b (Threatened). 93,500 (2011 census).

Ranglong

[rnl] 6b (Threatened). 8,000 (2003 BI).

Rawang

[raw] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 in India (2011 SIL).

Reli

[rei] 6b* (Threatened). 13,000 (2011 census).

Sherpa

[xsr] 6b* (Threatened). 16,000 in India (2011 census).

Shumcho

[scu] 6b* (Threatened). 2,170 (1998).

Sikkimese

[sip] 6b (Threatened). 25,000 (2019). Some elderly people in some rural communities may be monolingual (Yliniemi 2019). Ethnic population: 48,800 (Yliniemi 2019).

Singpho

[sgp] 6b* (Threatened). 3,500 (Morey 2006). 2,500 Singpho and 1,000 Turung speakers (Morey 2006).

Stod Bhoti

[sbu] 6b* (Threatened). 2,500 (1996).

Sunam

[ssk] 6b* (Threatened). 560 (1998).

Teressa

[tef] 6b* (Threatened). 2,080 (2001 census).

Thachanadan

[thn] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (2004 survey).

Thangmi

[thf] 6b* (Threatened). 500 in India.

Tinani

[lbf] 6b* (Threatened). 11,600 in India (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 12,050.

Tiwa

[lax] 6b (Threatened). 33,900 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 171,000 (2001 census).

Toto

[txo] 6b* (Threatened). 1,400 (2012 SIL).

Vaagri Booli

[vaa] 6b* (Threatened). 9,300 (2007). Ethnic population: 12,000 (2007).

Vishavan

[vis] 6b (Threatened). 150 (Shashi and Shri 1994).

Walungge

[ola] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 in India (Hattaway 2005).

Zangskari

[zau] 6b* (Threatened). 11,400 (2001 census).

7 (Shifting)

Allar

[all] 7 (Shifting). 350 (Shashi and Shri 1994).

Balochi, Eastern

[bgp] 7 (Shifting). 800 in India (2007). Possibly L2 speakers only. Ethnic population: 95,000.

Bazigar

[bfr] 7 (Shifting). 58,200 (1981 census). Ethnic population: 800,000.

Bellari

[brw] 7 (Shifting). 1,000 (Van Driem 2007).

Irula

[iru] 7 (Shifting). 11,900 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 200,000 (2003 E. Udayakumar).

Majhwar

[mmj] 7 (Shifting). 34,300 (1995). Ethnic population: 174,000 (2007).

Rawat

[jnl] 7 (Shifting). 900 (Rastogi 2012).

Sansi

[ssi] 7 (Shifting). 60,000 in India (Gusain 2002). Total users in all countries: 80,000.

Sindhi

[snd] 7 (Shifting). Statutory language of provincial identity in Rajasthan State (1950, Constitution, Articles 345–347), Schedule VIII addition, 1961. 1,740,000 in India (2011 census). Ethnic population: 3,000,000.

Yakkha

[ybh] 7 (Shifting). 810 in India (2000). Ethnic population: 6,300 (2007).

Zakhring

[zkr] 7 (Shifting). 400 in India (Jacquesson 2015).

8a (Moribund)

Chetti, Wayanad

[ctt] 8a (Moribund). 5,000 (2004). Ethnic population: 23,000 (2019).

Juray

[juy] 8a (Moribund). 25,000 (Anderson and Gomango 2016).

Khamyang

[ksu] 8a (Moribund). 50 (2003 S. Morey). Ethnic population: 800.

Ralte

[ral] 8a (Moribund). 900 (2007). Ethnic population: 34,000.

Turi

[trd] 8a (Moribund). 2,000 (2007). Ethnic population: 354,000 (2007).

8b (Nearly extinct)

Aka-Jeru

[akj] 8b (Nearly extinct). 3 (2020 D. Dasgupta).

Manna-Dora

[mju] 8b (Nearly extinct). 18,000 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 30,000.

Nefamese

[nef] 8b (Nearly extinct). Population unknown. May be replaced by Hindi [hin] (2006 Y. Modi).

Parenga

[pcj] 8b (Nearly extinct). 20 (2011 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 12,600 (2001 census). In Odisha.

Ruga

[ruh] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (2019). Ethnic population: 2,500 (2019).

Uyghur

[uig] 8b (Nearly extinct). 2 in India (2016 S. Kumar). Ethnic population: 150 (2016 S. Kumar).

9 (Dormant)

Great Andamanese, Mixed

[gac] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker, Nao, died in 2009 (2009 A. Abbi). Ethnic population: 60 (2020 D. Dasgupta).

Majhi

[mjz] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers in India (2016). Last native speaker in India, Thak Bahadur, died in 2016. Ethnic population: 121,000 (2007).

Malaryan

[mjq] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Dormant by 2000s. Ethnic population: 35,000 (2001 census).

Rangkas

[rgk] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker either died or shifted entirely to Kumaoni [kfy] by the 1950s. Ethnic population: 1,010 (2000).

Ullatan

[ull] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 1990s. Ethnic population: 16,700 (2001 census).

Urali

[url] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Survived into the 2000s. Ethnic population: 6,440 (2001 census).

9 (Second language only)

Ahom

[aho] 9 (Second language only). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community.

Pali

[pli] 9 (Second language only). No known L1 speakers in India. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Total users in all countries: none known.

10 (Extinct)

A-Pucikwar

[apq] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker, Loka Raja, survived into the 1950s (Avtans and Abbi 2006).

Aka-Bea

[abj] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in 1931 (Van Driem 2001).

Aka-Bo

[akm] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker, Boa Sr., died in 2010.

Aka-Cari

[aci] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last known speaker, Licho, died in April 2020.

Aka-Kede

[akx] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died by 1940 (Van Driem 2001).

Aka-Kol

[aky] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in 1921 (Van Driem 2001).

Aka-Kora

[ack] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker, Boro, died in 2009.

Akar-Bale

[acl] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died by 1940 (Van Driem 2001).

Nagarchal

[nbg] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker either died or shifted to Hindi [hin] or Northern Gondi [gno] by 1981 (Ishtiaq 1999).

Nora

[nrr] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Had 300 speakers at beginning of 20th century, but extinct by end of century.

Oko-Juwoi

[okj] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in 1931 (Van Driem 2001).

Turung

[try] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers.

Unestablished

Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken

[acm] Unestablished. 59,400 in India (2011 census).

Korean

[kor] Unestablished. 11,300 in India (2019 Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs), based on nationality.

Persian, Iranian

[pes] Unestablished. 18,000 in India (IMA 1997).

Rohingya

[rhg] Unestablished. 40,000 in India (2017 The Arakan Project), based on nationality.

India

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