Malaysia
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Abai Sungai
[abf] Sabah: Kinabatangan river lower reaches. Users: Ethnic population: 500 (2000 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Paitanic.
Arabic, North Levantine Spoken
[apc] Users: 15,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Bajau, West Coast
[bdr] Sabah: Kudat district, Banggi Island, Telutu’ village; Pitas district, south Marudu bay, mainly Dalima’, Jambangan, Kanibungan, Layag-Layag, Mapan-Mapan, Mausar, Mengkapon, Mengkubau Laut, Pantai Laut, and Sibayan Laut villages; west coast scattered from Kuala Penyu to Kudat districts, mainly Kota Belud and Tuaran towns. Users: Ethnic population: 210,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 10,700. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bajau, Bajau Sama, Land Bajaw, West Coast Bajao, West Coast Bajaw. Autonym: Sama. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Borneo Coast Bajaw.
Bakati’, Rara
[lra] Sarawak: Kuching division, Lundu, Pasir Hili, Pasir Tengah, and Kandai villages on Pasir river. Users: 11,300 in Malaysia (2000). Total users in all countries: 23,300. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Luru. Autonym: Rara Bakati’. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bakati’.
Banjar
[bjn] Sabah: Keningau, Sandakan, Tawau, Tenom districts, scattered coastal settlements. Users: 5,000 in Malaysia (2013 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bandjarese, Banjar Malay, Banjar Melau, Banjarese, Benjar. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Batek
[btq] Pahang, Kelantan, and Terengganu. Users: 1,000 (2006 JHEOA), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,160 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bateg, Bateq, Batok, Kleb, Nong, Tomo. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Eastern.
Bengali
[ben] Users: 800,000 in Malaysia (2021 The Daily Star), based on nationality. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese.
Berawan, Central
[zbc] Sarawak: Marudi district, Batu Belah (Tutoh river) and Long Teru (Tinjar river) villages. Users: 1,500 (2010 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Batu Belah, Long Teru, Melawan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Berawan-Lower Baram, Berawan, Central-East Berawan.
Berawan, East
[zbe] Sarawak: Long Jegan, Long Takong, Long Taveng, and Long Teran Batu villages. Users: 1,100 (2010 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Long Jegan Berawan, Melawan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Berawan-Lower Baram, Berawan, Central-East Berawan.
Berawan, West
[zbw] Sarawak: Mulu town, Long Terawan village. Users: 1,000 (2010 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Berawan, Long Terawan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Berawan-Lower Baram, Berawan.
Bidayuh Serian
[sdo] Sarawak: Samarahan division, 30 or more villages. Users: 49,100 in Malaysia (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Buka, Bukar, Bukar Sadung Bidayah, Bukar-Sadong Bidayuh, Sadung, Serian, Tebakang. Autonym: Bidayŭh Bukar-Sadung. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bidayuh, Eastern.
Bidayuh, Bau
[sne] Sarawak: Kuching division, about 50 villages on Lundu, Sadong, and Samarahan Lundu rivers. Users: 29,200 in Malaysia (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bau-Jagoi, Jaggoi, Jagoi, Sarawak Dayak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bidayuh, Core, Western.
Bidayuh, Biatah
[bth] Sarawak: Kuching division, Kuching district, 10 villages. Users: 63,900 in Malaysia (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 72,380. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Biatah, Bikuab, Kuap, Quop, Sentah, Siburan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bidayuh, Core, Central.
Bidayuh, Tringgus-Sembaan
[trx] Sarawak: southwest of Kuching on Kalimantan border. Users: 850 in Malaysia (2007 Z. Akter). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tringus. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bidayuh, Core, Sembaan.
Bintulu
[bny] Sarawak: Bintulu area, and 2 enclaves west; Sibuti area on northeast coast. Users: 4,200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Bintulu.
Bisaya, Brunei
[bsb] Sarawak: Limbang and Marudi districts. Users: 20,000 in Malaysia (2007 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bekiau, Bisaya, Bisaya Bukit, Bisayah, Lorang Bukit, Visayak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Bisaya-Lotud, Southern.
Bisaya, Sabah
[bsy] Sabah: Beaufort and Kuala Penyu districts, North Brunei Bay coast area, mainly along Padas and Klias rivers, south of Weston; Sarawak: Batu Danau, Limbang. Users: No monolinguals (2015 S.A. Luken). Ethnic population: 70,000 (2015 Sabah Bisaya Cultural Association). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Basaya, Besaya, Bisaia, Bisayah, Jilama Bawang, Jilama Sungai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Bisaya-Lotud.
Bonggi
[bdg] Sabah: Kudat district, 15 villages on Balambangan and Banggi islands. Users: Ethnic population: 1,400 (1990 UBS). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bangay, “Banggi” (pej.), “Banggi Dusun” (pej.). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Palawanic.
Brunei
[kxd] Sabah: Kota Kinabalu southwest to Labuan Federal Territory and Brunei border; Sarawak: north Lawas district; Batang Baram river mouth to Bintulu town. Users: 51,000 in Malaysia (2013 SIL), decreasing. 35,000 monolinguals (2015 S. Damit). Ethnic population: 350,000 (2014 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Brunai, Brunei-Kadayan, “Orang Bukit” (pej.). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Bugis
[bug] Sabah: Kota Kinabalu, Lahad Datu, Sandakan and Tawau districts, major cities but also scattered. Users: 17,800 in Malaysia (2000 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 138,000 (2015 A. Supeno). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Basa Ugi, Buginese. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis.
Bukitan
[bkn] Sarawak: small enclaves in Kapit and Tatau divisions. Users: 290 in Malaysia (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bakatan, Bakitan, Beketan, Mangkettan, Manketa, Pakatan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Kajang.
Burmese
[mya] Peninsular: widespread. Users: 30,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Burmish, Southern.
Cham, Western
[cja] Scattered in Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah. Users: 12,000 in Malaysia (2011). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Coastal, Cham.
Cheq Wong
[cwg] Pahang: just south of Semai. Users: 460 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Beri, Ceq Wong, Che Wong, Che’wong, Chuba, Siwang. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Chewong.
Chinese, Hakka
[hak] Negeri Sembilan, Perak, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor: scattered, especially in major towns. Users: 1,810,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Mandarin
[cmn] Scattered, especially urban areas. Users: 1,230,000 in Malaysia, all users. L1 users: Recent census figures do not detail the number of Mandarin speakers. L2 users: 1,230,000 (2015). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national working language (1996, Education Act, No. 550, Articles 2 and 18). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Min Bei
[mnp] Users: 402,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Min Dong
[cdo] Sarawak: mostly Bintangor, Sarikei, and Sibu towns. Users: 252,000 in Malaysia (2004). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Min Nan
[nan] Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, and Terengganu. Users: 3,500,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Ethnic population: 6,410,000 (2014). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Banlamgi, Min Nan, Minnan. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Pu-Xian
[cpx] Selangor. Users: 24,700 in Malaysia (Salleh 2006). Ethnic population: 24,700 (2000 census). In Peninsular Malaysia. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Yue
[yue] Peninsular: Negeri Sembilan, Perak, Pahang, and Selangor states; Kuala Lumpur and other major cities and towns. Users: 1,460,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Ethnic population: 3,220,000 (2014). Status: 3 (Wider communication). The main lingua france among the Chinese in the cities and towns of central Peninsular Malaysia. Alternate Names: Cantonese, Yue, Yueh. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Duano
[dup] Johor: Batu Pahat, Muar, and Pontian districts, Kuala Benut, Lenga, Minyak Beku, Pontian Besar, Rengit, Semerah, Senggarang, and Sungai Layau on west coast, Pontian Kecil area. Users: 600 in Malaysia (2007 SIL). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 3,010 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Desin Dolak, Desin Duano, Orang Kuala, Orang Laut. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Dumpas
[dmv] Sabah: Beluran district, Bakung-Bakung, Gana Jati, Perancangan, Rancangan Nangoh, Tarasak, and Tombidong-Bidong villages. Users: 2,400 (2015 A. Ismael). No monolinguals (2015 A. Ismael). Ethnic population: 4,000 (2015 A. Ismael). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Doompas. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Unclassified.
English
[eng] Widespread: Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Kuala Lumpur, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau Pinang, Putrajaya, Selangor, and Terengganu states. Users: 10,383,900 in Malaysia, all users. L1 users: 83,900 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), increasing, based on ethnicity. L2 users: 10,300,000 (2020). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national working language (1957, Constitution, Articles 152(2) through 152(5)). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English.
Gana
[gnq] Sabah: Keningau district, Kuangoh and Minansut in Bingkor, along Baiaya river, a tributary of Pegalan river. Users: 250 (Pugh-Kitingan 2013), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,000 (Pugh-Kitingan 2013). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Gana’, Ganaq, Ganna, Keningau Dusun, Minansut. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Unclassified.
Gujarati
[guj] Users: 30,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Gujarati.
Hindi
[hin] Users: 60,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Hindustani.
Iban
[iba] Sabah: Tawau district; Sarawak: scattered in all 12 divisions of Sarawak. Users: 1,452,000 in Malaysia, all users. L1 users: 752,000 in Malaysia (2013 SIL), including 2,300 in 2 villages in Sabah (2013 A. Maraining). L2 users: 700,000 (2013 SIL). Total users in all countries: 1,482,800 (as L1: 782,800; as L2: 700,000). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Spoken from Serian Division in the south west to Limbang Division in the north east in the domains of market, church, business, and media. Alternate Names: Iban Sabah, Sea Dayak. Autonym: Jaku Iban. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Ibanic.
Ida’an
[dbj] Sabah: Kinabatangan, Lahad Datu and Sandakan districts. Users: 10,000 (2013 SIL). Population includes 2,500 Begak. Ethnic population: 15,000 (2015 Pertubuhan Kebajikan Idahan Pewaris Madai, Lahad Datu (PEWARIS)). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bulud Upi, Eraans, Idaan, Idahan, Idan, Idayan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Ida’an.
Iranun
[ilm] Sabah: Kota Belud district, 24 villages; Kudat district, Indarasan Laut village; Lahad Datu district, Tungku. Users: 22,000 (2015 I. Sidik), decreasing. Ethnic population: 30,000 (Pugh-Kitingan and Mulia 1996). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ilanun, Illanoan, Illanoon, Illanos, Illanun, Iranon Maranao, Iranum, Lanoon, Lanun, Ylanos. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Danao, Maranao-Iranon.
Jah Hut
[jah] Pahang: south of main Semai [sea] language area and Kuala Krau. Users: 2,500 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 3,760 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Jah Het. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, Jah Hut.
Jakun
[jak] Johor and Pahang: Pekan district south along east coast to south of Johor river. Users: Ethnic population: 25,000 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Djakun, Jakoon, Jaku’d, Jakud’n, Orang Hulu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Japanese
[jpn] Users: 15,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Japonic.
Javanese
[jav] Kedah: Kota Setar and Kuala Munda districts; Perak: Kinta district; Sabah: scattered coastal areas; Selangor: Kuala Lumpur area. Users: Ethnic population: 300,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Jawa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Javanese.
Jehai
[jhi] Perak: northeast; Kelantan: west. Users: 1,250 in Malaysia (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 1,660 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jahai, Pangan. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Eastern.
Kadazan Dusun
[dtp] Sabah: West Coast division, Beaufort, Keningau, Kota Belud, Kota Kinabalu, Kota Marudu, Papar, Penampang, Ranau, Tambunan, and Tenom districts. Users: 264,000 (2010 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 556,000 (2010 census). Increasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Central Kadazan, Dusan, Dusum, Dusun, Dusur, Idaan, Kadasan, Kadayan, Kadazandusun, Kedayan. Autonym: Kadazan Dusun. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun, Central.
Kadazan, Klias River
[kqt] Sabah: Beaufort district, Klias river area. Users: 800 (2015 E. Ampai), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,000 (2015 E. Ampai). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kuijou, Kuizou. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun.
Kadazan, Labuk-Kinabatangan
[dtb] Sabah: Beluran, Kinabatangan, and Sandakan districts. Users: Ethnic population: 20,600 (2000 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Eastern Kadazan, Labuk Kadazan, Sogilitan, Sungai, Sungai Kinabatangan, Tindakon, Tompulung. Autonym: Tinangaran Kadajan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun, Eastern.
Kajaman
[kag] Sarawak: Kapit division near Belaga on Balui river. Users: 500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kajaman-Sekapan, Kayaman, Kejaman. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Kajang.
Kannada
[kan] Users: 59,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Kannada.
Kayan, Baram
[kys] Sarawak: north, Baram river area. Users: 4,150 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baram Kajan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper.
Kayan, Rejang
[ree] Sarawak: Balui and Rejang river areas. Users: 3,030 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Rejang Kajan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper.
Kelabit
[kzi] Sarawak: highest most remote Borneo mountains, Bario highlands. Users: 4,000 in Malaysia (2011 SIL). Ethnic population: 5,000. Total users in all countries: 4,640. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kalabit, Kerabit. Autonym: Kelabit. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic.
Kensiu
[kns] Kedah: Baling district near Thai border; Perak: Hulu Perak district. Users: 250 in Malaysia (2015 N. Bishop). Total users in all countries: 259. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kenseu, Kensieu, Kensiw, Mendi, Monik, Moniq, Ngok Pa, Orang Bukit, Orang Liar. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Western.
Kenyah, Mainstream
[xkl] Sarawak: near Kalimantan border, villages along Balui and Baram rivers and some tributaries; 1 village on Kakus river; Sungai Asap area. Users: 40,000 in Malaysia (2013 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bakong, Bakung, Bakung Kenya, Bakung Kenyah. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah.
Kenyah, Wahau
[whk] Sarawak: Belaga, Kapit, Marudi, and Tatau districts, Balang Baram, Baleh, Balul, and Belaga along interior rivers, including headwaters. Users: 1,000 in Malaysia (2007 A. Soriente). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Kayanic Kenyah.
Kimaragang
[kqr] Sabah: Beluran, Kota Marudu, and Pitas districts. Users: 10,000 (Kroeger 2005), decreasing. Ethnic population: 25,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kimaragan, Kimaragangan, Maragang, Marigang. Autonym: Kimaragang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun.
Kinabatangan, Upper
[dmg] Sabah: Lahad Datu district; Tongod district, primarily upper reaches of Kinabatangan river. Users: Ethnic population: 15,000 (2015 L. Rose). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Orang Sungai, Sungai Milian. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Paitanic, Upper Kinabatangan.
Kintaq
[knq] Kedah and Perak border area, Thai border. Users: 110 in Malaysia (2008 JHEOA). Ethnic population: 240 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 111. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bong, Kenta, Kintak, Kintaq Bong. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Western.
Kiput
[kyi] Sarawak: south of Marudi, Benawa and Kuala Tutoh villages. Users: 450 (Blust 2002). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Berawan-Lower Baram, Lower Baram, Central, A.
Korean
[kor] Users: 20,900 in Malaysia (2019 Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs), based on nationality. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Koreanic.
Kota Marudu Talantang
[grm] Sabah: Kota Marudu district, Talantang 1 and Talantang 2. Users: Ethnic population: 1,800 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun.
Kuijau
[dkr] Sabah: Keningau district, Keningau town area north and west. Users: Ethnic population: 7,910 (2000 S. Maduli). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Hill Dusun, Kijau, Koijoe, Kuiyow, Kujau, Kuliow, Kuriyo, Kwijau, Menindal, Menindaq, Minansut, Tidung, Tindal. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun.
Lahanan
[lhn] Sarawak: central, east of Belaga, southwest of Long Murum. Users: 350 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 700 (Alexander and Alexander 2002). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lanan, Lanun. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Kajang.
Lamaholot
[slp] Sabah: scattered. Users: 45,000 in Malaysia (2015), decreasing. Ethnic population: 45,000 (2015 A. Supeno). Consulate of Indonesia. Status: Unestablished. Alternate Names: Florenese, Om, Orang Timur, Timorese. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Lanoh
[lnh] Perak: north central. Users: Ethnic population: 240 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jengjeng. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, Senoic.
Lelak
[llk] Sarawak: Marudi district, Loagan Bunut lake area on Tinjar river. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker either died or fully assimilated to Central Berawan [zbc] by the late 1970s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Berawan-Lower Baram, Lower Baram, Central, B.
Lobu, Lanas
[ruu] Sabah: Keningau district, Sook sub-district, Lalapakon, Lanas, Kilu, Kuit, Mampisas, Manggarimot, Mansiat, Minusu, Pinipi, Sesalungon, and Tuawon; possibly Kinabatangan district. Rumanau dialect in Masaum, near Pinangah. Users: 4,000 (2015 P. Porodong), decreasing. No monolinguals (2015 P. Porodong). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2015 P. Porodong). 3,500 Lobu, 1,500 Rumanau. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Keningau Lobu, “Labou” (pej.). Autonym: Lobu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Paitanic, Upper Kinabatangan.
Lobu, Tampias
[low] Sabah: Tampias area, Ranau, 3 villages. Users: Ethnic population: 1,800 (1985 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Paitanic, Upper Kinabatangan.
Long Wat
[ttw] Sarawak: northeast, Tutoh river. Users: 600 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tutoh Kenya, Tutoh Kenyah. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Kayanic Kenyah.
Lotud
[dtr] Sabah: Tuaran district, Kiulu, Telipok, Tuaran. Users: Ethnic population: 20,000 (2016 J. John-Baptist). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dusun Lotud, Suang Lotud. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Bisaya-Lotud.
Lundayeh
[lnd] Sabah: Keningau district, Kuala Puntih, and Saup Baru; Sipitang district, Bamban, Bahagia, Batu Tujuh, Kaban, Kawang Baru, Kawang Lama, Long Kinangan, Long Mio, Long Pasia, Mendulong, Pekiak, Ranau-Ranau, Samin, Seri Menanti, Solob, and Tunas Baru; Sarawak: Lawas and Limbang districts; Tawau district, Batu 18 Balung, Batu 22 Balung, Batu 32, Cinta Damai, Kalabakan, Kunak, Merotai, and Serudung; Tenom district, Baru Jumpa, Baru Jumpa Seberang, Belumbung, Kalibatang Baru, Kelanan, Meluyan Ulu, Mengkelias, Sapong, and Sugiang Baru. Users: 24,000 in Malaysia (1982 SIL), decreasing. Sarawak 21,000, Sabah 3,000–4,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Buri tau, Buri’ Lun Bawang, Buri’ Lun Dayeh, Lun Bawang, Lun Daya, Lun Dayah, Lun Daye, Lun Dayeh, Lun Dayoh, Lun Lod, Lundaya, Lundayu, Southern Murut. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic.
Mah Meri
[mhe] Putrajaya, Negeri Sembilan, and Selangor: coastal areas; islands off the coasts. Users: 2,990 (2003 COAC). Ethnic population: 3,680 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Besisi, Cellate, Hma’ Btsisi’, Ma’ Betisek, “Orang Sabat” (pej.). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, South Aslian.
Malaccan Malay Creole
[ccm] Melaka: Gajah Berang and Kampung Tujung on Malacca straits. Users: Ethnic population: 300. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Chitties Malay Creole. Classification: Creole, Malay based.
Malaccan Portuguese Creole
[mcm] Melaka: Hilir and Trankera on Malacca Straits; Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. Users: 2,150 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 10,000 (Bradley 2007b). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bahasa Geragau, Bahasa Serani, Luso-Malay, Malacca Creole, Malaccan, Malaqueiro, Malaquenho, Malaquense, Malaquês, Malayo-Portuguese, Malaysian Portuguese Creole, Papia Cristao, Papia Kristang, Portuguese Patois, Português de Malaca, Serani. Autonym: Kristang. Classification: Creole, Portuguese based.
Malay
[msa] A macrolanguage. Population total all languages (L1 only): 82,217,606. Includes: Bacanese Malay [btj] (Indonesia), Bangka [mfb] (Indonesia), Banjar [bjn] (Indonesia), Berau Malay [bve] (Indonesia), Brunei [kxd] (Brunei), Bukit Malay [bvu] (Indonesia), Central Malay [pse] (Indonesia), Cocos Islands Malay [coa] (Cocos (Keeling) Islands), Col [liw] (Indonesia), Duano [dup] (Indonesia), Haji [hji] (Indonesia), Indonesian [ind] (Indonesia), Jakun [jak], Jambi Malay [jax] (Indonesia), Kaur [vkk] (Indonesia), Kedah Malay [meo], Kerinci [kvr] (Indonesia), Kota Bangun Kutai Malay [mqg] (Indonesia), Kubu [kvb] (Indonesia), Lubu [lcf] (Indonesia), Malay [zlm], Manado Malay [xmm] (Indonesia), Minangkabau [min] (Indonesia), Musi [mui] (Indonesia), Negeri Sembilan Malay [zmi], North Moluccan Malay [max] (Indonesia), Orang Kanaq [orn], Orang Seletar [ors], Pattani Malay [mfa] (Thailand), Pekal [pel] (Indonesia), Sabah Malay [msi], Sekak [lce] (Indonesia), Standard Malay [zsm], Temuan [tmw], Tenggarong Kutai Malay [vkt] (Indonesia), Urak Lawoi’ [urk] (Thailand).
Malay
[zlm] Peninsular Malaysia: widespread; Sarawak: Betong, Kuching, Samarahan, and Sri Aman districts. Users: 13,500,000 in Malaysia, all users. L1 users: 10,500,000 in Malaysia (2004 census). 10 million in Peninsular Malaysia, 506,000 in Sarawak, and 30,000 in Labuan. L2 users: 3,000,000. Total users in all countries: 19,185,470 (as L1: 16,185,470; as L2: 3,000,000). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Colloquial Malay, Informal Malay, Local Malay, Malayu. Autonym: Bahasa Melayu, ملايو (Melayu). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Malay, Baba
[mbf] Melaka: Melaka city area and nearby coast; Pulau Pinang: Malacca Straits, Pinang island. Users: 2,000 in Malaysia (Salleh 2006). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Chinese Malay, Peranakan, Straits Malay. Classification: Creole, Malay based.
Malay, Cocos Islands
[coa] Sabah: Beluran, Lahad Datu and Tawau districts. Users: 500 monolinguals (2015 A. Serasa Tosel). Ethnic population: 4,000 (2000 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Cocos, Cocos Islands, Melayu Cocos, Ong Pulu. Classification: Creole, Malay based.
Malay, Kedah
[meo] Kedah, Perak, Perlis, and Pulau Pinang states. Users: 2,600,000 in Malaysia (2004). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Kedahan Malay, Satun Malay. Autonym: Pelat Utagha. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Malay, Sabah
[msi] Sabah. Users: 3,000,000 (2013 SIL), all users. L1 users: Mostly second-language speakers, but growing number of L1 speakers (2015 J. K. L. Wong). Ethnic population: No ethnic community (2015 J.K.L. Wong). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Used throughout the state of Sabah in virtually all non-formal domains. Estimated more than half (60%) of Sabah population, and almost all other language groups use Sabah Malay. Alternate Names: Bazaar Malay, Pasar Malay, Sabah Malay Dialect. Autonym: Bahasa Sabah. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Malay, Standard
[zsm] Widespread. Users: Few L1 speakers. L2 includes most Malaysian population. Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1963, Constitution (amended), Article 153A(1)). Alternate Names: Bahasa Malayu, Bahasa Melayu Malaysia, Formal Malay, Malay, Malaysian Malay, Malayu, Melayu, Melayu Baku. Autonym: Bahasa Malaysia, بهاس مليسيا (Bahasa Malaysia). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Malayalam
[mal] Peninsular: western states. Users: 35,800 in Malaysia (Salleh 2006). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Malayalam.
Malaysian Sign Language
[xml] Scattered. Users: 58,700 (2013 census). Approximately 0.2% of total population. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: BIM, Bahasa Isyarat Malaysia. Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language.
Mapun
[sjm] Sabah: Kota Kinabalu district, Kota Kinabalu; Kota Marudu district, Kota Marudu; Kudat district, Banggi and Mantanani islands, Kudat; Sandakan district, Sandakan. Users: 15,000 in Malaysia (2015 M. Tanjul). Ethnic population: 30,000 (2015 M. Tanjul). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bajau Kagayan, Cagayan de Sulu, Cagayanon, Jama Mapun, Kagayan, Orang Cagayan, Pellun Mapun, Sama Mapun. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Borneo Coast Bajaw.
Melanau, Central
[mel] Sarawak: Mukah division, Rejang delta coastal area to Balingian river. Users: 113,000 in Malaysia (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 113,280. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Belana’u, Milanau, Milano. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Melanau.
Melanau, Daro-Matu
[dro] Sarawak: Daro and Matu areas on Matu river from Rejang river north channel to the sea. Users: 7,600 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 4,800 Matu, 2,800 Daro. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Melanau.
Melanau, Kanowit-Tanjong
[kxn] Sarawak: Sibu division, middle Rejang River. Kanowit dialect downstream from Tanjong dialect. Users: 200 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 500. Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Melanau.
Melanau, Sibu
[sdx] Sarawak: Sibu division, Rejang river. Users: 420 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Seduan-Banyok, Sibu, Siduan, Siduani. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Melanau.
Minokok
[mqq] Sabah: Kinabatangan river headwaters. Users: 1,200 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun, Central.
Minriq
[mnq] Kelantan: southeast, 2 villages. Users: 100 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 270 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mendriq, Menraq, Menrik, Menriq. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Eastern.
Mintil
[mzt] Pahang: Lipis district, Tamun river, 3 villages. Users: 180 (2005 Lye Tuck-Po). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Mitil. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Eastern.
Molbog
[pwm] Sabah: Kudat district, Balambangan and Banggi islands. Users: 2,500 in Malaysia (2015 T. Imam Tuah). 250 monolinguals (2015 T. Imam Tuah). Ethnic population: 2,500 (2015 T. Imam Tuah). Status: 5 (Developing). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Palawanic.
Murik
[mxr] Sarawak: below Long Miri (Banyok dialect) and below Lio Mato (Semiang dialect) on Baram river. Users: 1,120 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Murik Kayan.
Murut, Bookan
[bnb] Sabah: Keningau and Kinabatangan districts, Kinabatangan and Sook rivers’ headwaters area. Users: Ethnic population: 2,400 (2017 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Baukan, Baukan Murut, Bookan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Northern.
Murut, Kalabakan
[kve] Sabah: Tawau district, along Kalabakan river. Users: Ethnic population: 2,230 (2000 B. Lingki). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kalabakan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Southern.
Murut, Keningau
[kxi] Sabah: Keningau district, east of Pegalan river down to Ansip village. Users: 3,000 (2015 A. Jampadin), decreasing. Ethnic population: 7,000 (2000 A. Jampadin). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Central Murut. Autonym: Keningau Murut. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Murut.
Murut, Kolod
[kqv] Sabah: Sipitang district, Bamban, Iburu, Meligan, Sulob, and Ulu Bole villages; Tenom district, Bamban village; Sarawak: Lawas district, Long Tengoa. Users: 2,000 in Malaysia (2015 R. Ganang), decreasing. Less than 1,000 in Sarawak. More than 1,000 in Sabah. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kolod, Kolor, Kolour, Kolur, Okolod, Okolod Murut. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Murut.
Murut, Paluan
[plz] Sabah: Keningau, Pensiangan, and Tenom districts, Padas river tributaries; Dalit, Keramatoi, Mesopo, Nabawan, and Pamentarian rivers; lower Sook river valley; Sapulut and Talankai rivers’ headwaters. Users: 5,500 (2000 SIL). 3,000 Paluan, 1,000 to 2,000 Pandewan. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Paluan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Murut.
Murut, Selungai
[slg] Sabah: Nabawan district, 1 village in Pensiangan river basin south to Indonesia border. Users: 600 in Malaysia (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 600 (2000 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Murut.
Murut, Sembakung
[sbr] Sabah: Sembakung river area. Users: Ethnic population: 2,000 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sembakoeng, Sembakong, Simbakong, Tenggalan, Tidoeng, Tidong, Tidung, Tingalan, Tingalun, Tinggalan, Tinggalum. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Southern.
Murut, Serudung
[srk] Sabah: Tawau district, along Serudung river, 1 village near Tawau town. Users: 400 (2015 J. Rushing), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,000 (2015 J. Rushing). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Serudong, Suudung, Tawau Murut, Tawou Murut. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Tidung.
Murut, Tahol
[mvv] Sabah: Nabawan district, south Sipitang and Tenom districts, mainly along Maligan, Padas (Tomani), Salalir, Tahol, Tolokoson, and watersheds. Sarawak: Lawas district. Users: 20,000 in Malaysia (2015 L. Murang), decreasing. Ethnic population: 200,000 (2015 L. Murang). Largest Murutic group in Sabah (Harris 1991; Brewis 2004: 43). Total users in all countries: 22,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Pensiangan, Sumambu, Tagal, Tagal Murut, Tagol. Autonym: Tahol. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Murut.
Murut, Timugon
[tih] Sabah: Beaufort district, Bukau and lower Padas rivers; Tenom district, Padas river from Melalap to Batu-Batu. Users: Ethnic population: 9,000 (2004 S. Majius). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Temogun, Timigan, Timigun, Timogon, Timogun, Tumugun, “Tenom Murut” (pej.). Autonym: Timugon. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Murut.
Narom
[nrm] Sarawak: Miri area and south; Kuala Nusah and Tanjung Beliput Niah area (Bakong dialect); Bekenu, Benkenu Asli, Jengalas, Menjelin, Rambai Asli, and Rancha-Rancha villages (Dali’ dialect); Bakam, Lopeng, Miri city, Pengkalan, and Pujut villages (Miri’ dialect). Users: Ethnic population: 4,000. Population includes about 1,000 Bakong, 1,000 Dali’, and 1,000 Miri’ (2012 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Narum. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Berawan-Lower Baram, Lower Baram, Central, B.
Negeri Sembilan Malay
[zmi] Negeri Sembilan: Ulu Muar district. Users: Used as L1 by many inhabitants of Negeri Sembilan State (2011 K. Anderbeck). Ethnic population: 508,000 (2004). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Malaysian Minangkabau, Orang Negeri, Ulu Muar Malay. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Nepali
[npi] Users: 235,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Eastern, Eastern Pahari.
Orang Kanaq
[orn] Johor: east, northeast of Mawai (Kota Tinggi). Users: Ethnic population: 160 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Kanaq. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Orang Seletar
[ors] Johor: southeast coast, Kukuo area; Johore Bahru, east and north. Users: Ethnic population: 1,250 (2008 JHEOA). Total users in all countries: 1,200. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Orang Laut. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Papar
[dpp] Sabah: Kuala Penyu district, Jangkit, Linsuk, Tenambak, and Tidung-Bedungon. Users: 500 (2015 J. Saban), decreasing. No monolinguals (2015 J. Saban). Ethnic population: 1,900 (2015 J. Saban). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bajau Bukit, Bajau Pa’par, Pa’par, Pappar, “Papar Hanyut” (pej.). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Unclassified.
Penan, Eastern
[pez] Sarawak: Apoh river district east of Baram river. Users: 10,000 in Malaysia (2011 SIL). Total users in all countries: 10,055. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Penan.
Penan, Western
[pne] Sarawak: Kapit division, Balui and upper Baram rivers, Mount Dulit area, 3 villages; Nibong branch of Lobong river. Users: 3,400 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nibon, Nibong, “Punan” (pej.). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Penan.
Penang Sign Language
[psg] Pulau Pinang: scattered. Users: 1,000, decreasing. 150 monolinguals. Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language.
Punan Bah-Biau
[pna] Sarawak: Kapit division, Merit and Rejang rivers areas. Users: 6,000 (2020 Punan National Association). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bah-Biau, Bah-Biau Penan, Punan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Rejang-Sajau.
Punan Batu
[pnm] Sarawak: Marudi district, west of Long Geng, southeast of Belaga. Users: 30 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Punan Batu 1. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Kajang.
Punjabi, Eastern
[pan] Western Peninsular. Users: 56,400 in Malaysia (Salleh 2006). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Panjabi.
Remun
[lkj] Sarawak: Serian district, Kuching division, 13 villages, southeast of Serian to Balai Ringin. Users: 3,500 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Milikin, Millikin, Remun Iban. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Ibanic.
Rohingya
[rhg] Users: 150,000 in Malaysia (2017 The Arakan Project), based on nationality. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese.
Rungus
[drg] Sabah: Beluran, Kota Marudu, Kudat, and Pitas districts. Users: 55,000 (2009 PCS), decreasing. 10,000 monolinguals (2015 P. Porodong, F. Akiam). Ethnic population: 60,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dayak Laut, Dusun Dayak, Kadazan, Melobong Rungus, Melubong Rungus, Memagun, Memogun, Roongas, Rungus Dusun. Autonym: Momogun. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun.
Sa’ban
[snv] Sarawak: Miri division, Long Banga’, Upper Baram, Long Peluan, Long Puak on Kalimantan border. Users: 1,110 in Malaysia (2000). Ethnic population: 1,400 (2011). Total users in all countries: 1,960. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Berau, Braow, “Merau” (pej.). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic.
Sabüm
[sbo] Perak: north central. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker survived into the late 1970s (Benjamin 1976). Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, Senoic.
Salako
[knx] Sarawak: Kuching division, Lundu district, Saak. 22 villages. Users: 10,700 in Malaysia (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kenayatn, Kendayan, Salakau, Selakau, Selako, Silakau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic.
Sama, Balangingih
[sse] Sabah: Lahad Datu coast, Semporna, and Tawau districts; some in Kota Belud district. Users: 5,000 in Malaysia (2013 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Baangingi’, Balagnini, Balangingi, Balangingi Bajau, Balanian, Balanini, Balignini, Bangingih, Bangingih Sama, Northern Sinama, Sama, Sama Bangingih. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Inner Sulu Sama.
Sama, Central
[sml] Sabah: Kunak and Semporna districts, Bebeng, Bohe’an, Gaya, Karindingan, and Kallo’ islands; Halo, Hidayat, Mastra, Panji, Salamat, Siriyaman villages; Ampalling, Balimbing, Bangaw-Bangaw, Batu Ruwa, Danawan, Kabogang, Labuan Hadji, Mabul, Manam Pellit, Mataking Island, Tampe’-Tampe’, Timbun Mata, Tubu’-Tubu’, and Umaral settlements. Users: 15,000 in Malaysia (2000 C. Soderberg). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Badjaw, Bajau Pela’u, Sama, Sama Dilaut, Sama Kabinga’an, Sama Mandelaut, Sama Pala’u, Sama Siasi, Sama Sitangkai, Sama Ubian, Sinama. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Inner Sulu Sama.
Sama, Southern
[ssb] Sabah: some coastal regions of Kota Belud district; Kota Kinabalu district, including Gaya island; Kuala Penyu district; Kudat district, Banggi and Mantanani islands; Sandakan and Semporna districts. Users: 60,000 in Malaysia (2015 S. Hinayat, M. Miller), decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 119,000 (2000 SIL). 61,000 Bajau Kubang (or Bajau Semporna), 15,000 Bajau Laut, 14,500 Bajau Simunul, 13,000 Bajau Ubian, 9,000 Sibutu, 6,000 Sikubung, 700 Bajau Banaran. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sinama, Southern Bajau, Tawi-Tawi Sinama. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Inner Sulu Sama.
Sebop
[sib] Sarawak: Bintulu, Kapit, and Miri divisions junctures on upper Tinjar river. Users: 1,730 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Cebop, Sabup, Sebob, Sibop. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Kayanic Kenyah.
Sekapan
[skp] Sarawak: Kapit division, Belaga. Users: 750 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sekepan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Kajang.
Selangor Sign Language
[kgi] Selangor: scattered. Users: 500, decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: KLSL, Kuala Lumpur Sign Language, SSL. Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language.
Semai
[sea] Pahang state: northwest; Perak state: south; Selangor state: north. Users: 45,000 (2020 G. Benjamin). Status: 3 (Wider communication). The lingua franca of the Malaysian Aslian military armed forces unit (Bradley 2007a). Alternate Names: Semay, Seng’oi, Sengoi, Senoi, “Central Sakai” (pej.). Autonym: Semai. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, Senoic.
Semaq Beri
[szc] Kelantan, Pahang, and Terengganu states. Users: 2,000 (Bradley 2007b). Ethnic population: 3,970 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Semaq Bri, Semoq Beri. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, South Aslian.
Semelai
[sza] Pahang state: southwest; Negeri Sembilan state: northwest; Tasek Bera shores area, along Bera, Teriang, and Serting rivers; Johor state, northwest, Muar river. Users: 4,100 (Kruspe 2009). Ethnic population: 6,270 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, South Aslian.
Semnam
[ssm] Perak state: north central. Users: 670 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, Senoic.
Seru
[szd] Sarawak state. Users: Status: Unattested. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Melanau.
Sihan
[spg] Sarawak state: Kapita division, Belaga. Users: 50 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 100 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sian. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Kajang.
Sindhi
[snd] Users: 30,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Northwestern, Sindhi.
Sinhala
[sin] Users: 4,400 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Southern, Sinhalese-Maldivian.
Sugut Dusun
[kzs] Sabah state: Labuk-Sugut district on Sugut river headwaters. Users: Ethnic population: 12,200 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dusun, Kadayan, Sugut, Sugut Kadazan, Tanggal, Tilau-Ilau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun, Central.
Suluk
[tsg] Sabah state: Beluran, Kudat, Lahad Datu, Sandakan, Semporna, and Tawau districts’ coasts; Kota Kinabalu, Labuan, and Papar coasts. Users: 150,000 in Malaysia (2000 SIL), increasing. No monolinguals (2015 N. Dino). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bahasa Sūg, Joloano, Joloano Sulu, Jolohano, Pamung Sug, Sinug, Sooloo, Sug, Sulu, Taosug, Tausog, Tausug, Taw Sug, “Moro” (pej.). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, South, Butuan-Tausug.
Tagalog
[tgl] Users: 478,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Tagalog.
Tamil
[tam] Widespread: Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Kuala Lumpur, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau Pinang, Putrajaya, Selangor, and Terengganu states. Users: 1,890,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: 4 (Educational). Statutory language of national identity (1996, Education Act, No. 550, Articles 2 and 18). Classification: Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, Tamil-Kodagu, Tamil-Malayalam, Tamil.
Tatana
[txx] Sabah state: Kuala Penyu district, Beaufort (Kg. Manamam, Kg. Takuli), Kelang Valley, Keningau, Klias Kecil, Kota Kinabalu, Labuan, and Membakut. Users: 10,000 (2015 KadazanDusun Cultural Association), decreasing. Ethnic population: 22,000 (2015 KadazanDusun Cultural Association). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dusun Tatana, Gia Tatana, Kadazan Tatana, Tatana’, Tatanaq. Autonym: Tatana. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Unclassified.
Telugu
[tel] Peninsular. Users: 119,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Dravidian, South-Central, Telugu.
Temiar
[tea] Kelantan, Pahang, and Perak states. Users: 32,000 (2020 G. Benjamin). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Used as a lingua franca by many northern Aslian groups (Bradley 2007a). Alternate Names: Northern Sakai, Nèhtuh Temèèr, Pie, Seroq, Temer. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, Senoic.
Temoq
[tmo] Pahang state: Pekan and Rompin districts on Jeram river. Users: Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, South Aslian.
Temuan
[tmw] Johor, Negeri Sembilan, Putrajaya, and Selangor states: Kuala Langat and scattered settlements. Users: Ethnic population: 22,700 (2008 JHEOA). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Benua, Niap. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Ten’edn
[tnz] Perlis state: northwest tip, north of Kaki. Users: 15 in Malaysia (2007). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mos Tean-ean, Tonga. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Tonga.
Thai
[tha] Users: 30,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Thai, Southern
[sou] Users: 8,200 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Kra-Dai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern.
Tidung, Northern
[ntd] Sabah state: Beluran, Sandakan, and Tawau districts. Users: 5,000 (2015 J. Lobel). Ethnic population: 20,000 (2015 J. Lobel). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Camucones, Nonukan, Tedong, Tidoeng, Tidong, Tidung, Tiran, Tirones, Tiroon, Zedong. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Tidung.
Tidung, Southern
[itd] Sabah state: Kalabakan and Tawau districts. Users: Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Tidong, Tidung. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Tidung.
Tobilung
[tgb] Sabah state: Kota Belud, Kota Marudu, and Kudat districts; Kota Kinabalu, Inanam and other towns. Users: 4,000 (2015 G. Buck), decreasing. 1,500 monolinguals (2015 G. Buck). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2015 G. Buck). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Momogun, Tabilong, Tebilung, Tobilang. Autonym: Tobilung. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun.
Tombonuo
[txa] Sabah state: Beluran, Kota Marudu, and Pitas districts. Users: Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 SIL). 3,000 Lingkabau. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lobu, Paitan, Sungai, Sungei, Tambanua, Tambanuo, Tambanuva, Tambanwas, Tambenua, Tambunwas, Tembenua, Tombonuva, Tombonuwo, Tumbunwha, Tunbumohas, “Lobou nu Tindal” (pej.), “Pagan” (pej.). Autonym: Tangar nu Tombonuo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Paitanic.
Tring
[tgq] Sarawak state: Long Terawan on lower Tutoh river. Users: 550 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic.
Ukit
[umi] Sarawak state: Kapit division, Baleh on upper Rajom and Tatau rivers. Users: 150 (2019). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Kajang.
Uma’ Lasan
[xky] Sarawak state: Balui, Belaga, Kalua, Kemena rivers; Sungai Asap resettlement camp. Users: 1,250 in Malaysia (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Total users in all countries: 2,750. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kanyay, Kenja, Kindjin, Kinjin, Western Kenya, Western Kenyah. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Upper Pujungan.
Urdu
[urd] Users: 15,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Hindustani.
Vietnamese
[vie] Users: 101,000 in Malaysia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Vietnamese.