Russian Federation
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Abaza
[abq] Karachay-Cherkessia republic and Stavropol krai. Users: 37,800 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 43,300 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 51,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Abazin, Abazintsy, Ashuwa. Autonym: абаза (Abaza), абаза бызшва (Abaza byzšva). Classification: Abkhaz-Adyghe, Abkhaz-Abazin.
Abkhaz
[abk] Users: 6,790 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 11,200 (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Abkhaz-Adyghe, Abkhaz-Abazin.
Adyghe
[ady] Adygea republic; Karachay-Cherkessia republic, Krasnodar krai, and Stavropol krai. Users: 117,500 in Russian Federation (2010 census). No monolinguals (Ministry of Education, Adygea Republic). Ethnic population: 129,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 605,400. Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Adyghea Republic (1995, Constitution, Adyghea Republic, Article 2). Alternate Names: Adyge, Adygei, Adygey, Kiakh, Kjax, Lower Circassian, Lowland Adyghe, West Circassian, Western Adyghe, Western Circassian. Autonym: Адыгабзэ (Adəgăbză), Кӏах Адыгабзэ (Kiakh Adəgăbză). Classification: Abkhaz-Adyghe, Circassian.
Aghul
[agx] Dagestan republic: Agulsky and Kurakhsky districts; Moscow city; Stavropol krai. Users: 29,300 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 34,200 (2010 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). Alternate Names: Aghul-ch’al, Agiul Shui. Autonym: агъул (Aġul), агъул чӀал (Ağul ҫ̇al). Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Lezgic, Nuclear Lezgic, East Lezgic.
Akhvakh
[akv] Dagestan republic: Akhvakhsky district, 6 villages; Kakhib district, 3 villages. Users: 210 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 7,930 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: ’Aqwalazul, Ašwałi, Ašwałi mic̣i, Ashvado, Axvax, Ghahvalal. Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Aleut
[ale] Kamchatka krai: Komandor Islands, Bering island, Nikolskoye settlement. Users: No known L1 speakers in Russian Federation (2021 A. Ermanov). The last fluent speak of Aleut in the Russian Federation, Vera Timoshenko, died in 2021. Ethnic population: 200 (Dorais 2010). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Unangam tunnu, Unangan, Unangany, Unanghan. Classification: Eskimo-Aleut, Aleut.
Aleut, Mednyj
[mud] Kamchatka krai: Komandor Islands, Copper island. Users: 350 (2010 census). Census includes Aleut [ale]. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Attuan, Copper, Copper Island Aleut, Copper Island Attuan, Creolized Attuan, Medny. Classification: Mixed language, Russian-Aleut.
Altai, Northern
[atv] Altai krai, Altai republic, and Khakassia republic; Gorno-Altai Ao mountains, along China and Mongolia border. Users: 57,400 (2010 census). 2,000 Tuba, several thousand Kumandy, 2,000 Chalkan (Salminen 2007). Census includes Southern Altai [alt]. Ethnic population: 74,200 (2010 census). Includes Southern Altai [alt]. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Telengit, Telengut, Teleut. Autonym: Алтай тили (Altay tili). Classification: Turkic, Northern.
Altai, Southern
[alt] Altai republic: Gorno-Altai Ao mountains, along China and Mongolia border. Users: 57,400 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 74,200 (2010 census). Includes Northern Altai [atv]. Status: 2 (Provincial). Alternate Names: Altai, Oirot, Oyrot. Autonym: алтай тили (Altay tili), алтайча (Altajča). Classification: Turkic, Northern.
Alutor
[alr] Kamchatka krai: Khailino and Vyvenka villages, northeast Kamchatka peninsula, Rekinniki, Tilichiki and Tymlat; some scattered. Users: 25 (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,000 (1997 M. Krauss). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Aliutor, Alyutor, Olyutor. Classification: Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Northern, Koryak-Alyutor.
Andi
[ani] Dagestan republic: Botlikhsky district, 9 villages. Users: 5,800 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 40,000 (2014 NCRP). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Andii, Andiy, Khivannal, Qandisel, Qwannab. Autonym: къIaваннаб мицци (Qwavannab Micci), мицци (Micci). Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Archi
[aqc] Dagestan republic: Arsha community, 8 villages on upper Risor river. Users: 970 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 2,000 (2014 NCRP). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Archib, Archin, Archintsy, Archsel, Arshashdib. Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Lezgic, Archi.
Armenian
[hye] Dagestan republic. Users: 661,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 1,180,000 (2010 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Indo-European, Armenian.
Armenian, Western
[hyw] Rostov province: Myasnikovsky and Yegorlyk districts; Rostov-on-Don city, Proletarsky district. Users: Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Indo-European, Armenian.
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
[aii] Users: 4,470 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 35,000. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern.
Avar
[ava] Dagestan republic: Sulak and Terek river areas; some in Chechnya republic. Users: 715,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 912,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 765,300. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). Avar is used in many areas of Dagestan as a lingua franca among different ethnic groups. Alternate Names: Avaro, Bolmac, Khundzuri, Maarul Dagestani. Autonym: Авар мацӏ (Avar maⱬ), Магӏарул мацӏ (Maⱨarul maⱬ). Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Avar-Andic, Avar.
Azerbaijani, North
[azj] Dagestan republic: south Caucasus mountains, Caspian coast. Users: 473,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 603,000 (2010 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). Classification: Turkic, Southern, Azerbaijani.
Bagvalal
[kva] Dagestan republic: Akhvakhsky district, Tlibisho and Tlissi; Tsumadinsky district, Gimerso, Khushtada, Kvanada, and Tlondoda; a few other communities. Users: 1,450 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 6,000 (2014 NCRP). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bagulal, Bagvalin, Bagwalal, Barbalin, Kvanada, Kvanadin. Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Bashkort
[bak] Bashkortostan republic; Chelyabinsk province, Kurgan province, and Sverdlovsk province; between Volga river and Ural mountains; beyond the Urals. Users: 1,150,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,590,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 1,240,940. Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Bashkortostan Republic (1925, Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Article 1). Alternate Names: Bashkir, Bashqort, Basquort. Autonym: Башҡорт теле (Başqort tele), Башҡортса (Başqortsa). Classification: Turkic, Western, Uralian.
Belarusian
[bel] Users: 174,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 521,000 (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East.
Bezhta
[kap] Dagestan republic: Babayurt district, Kachalai and Kara-Usek; Tsuntinsky district, Bezhta, Khasharkhota, and Tlyadal villages. Users: 6,100 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 9,000 (2014 NCRP). Total users in all countries: 6,800. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bazht’, Bazht’al, Bechitin, Bexita, Bezheta, Bezhita, Bezhituri, Bezht’alas mits, Bezhti, Bezhtin, Kapuch, Kapucha, Kapuchin, Kapuchin-Gunzib, Kapuchuri, Khvanal, Kiburabi, Kupuca. Autonym: бежкьалас миц (beƶⱡʼalas mic). Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Tsezic, East Tsezic.
Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
[bhn] Krasnodar krai: Krymsk; Stavropol krai: Novopavlovsk. Users: Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern.
Botlikh
[bph] Dagestan republic: Botlikh and Miarsu villages. Users: 210 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 7,000 (2014 NCRP). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Botlix, Buykhadi. Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Bulgarian
[bul] Users: 22,900 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 24,000 (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Eastern.
Buriat
Buriat, Russia
[bxr] Buryatia republic; Irkutsk province; Zabaykalsky krai; Siberia, east of Lake Baikal, Mongolia border. Users: 219,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 461,000 (2010 census). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Buryatia Republic (1994, Constitution of the Republic of Buryatia, Article 67). Alternate Names: Buriat-Mongolian, Buryat, Northern Mongolian. Autonym: буряад хэлэн (buryaad xelen). Classification: Mongolic, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Khalkha-Buriat, Buriat.
Chamalal
[cji] Chechnya republic, 8 villages; Dagestan republic: Tsumadinsky district, 14 villages. Users: 500 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2014 NCRP). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Camalal, Chamalal mitsts, Chamalin. Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Chechen
[che] Chechnya republic, Dagestan republic, and Ingushetia republic; Stavropol krai; north Caucasus, most in rural areas. Users: 1,350,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). 233,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,430,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 1,529,000. Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Chechen Republic (2003, Constitution of Chechen Republic, Article 10(1)). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). Alternate Names: Galancho, Nokchiin Muott, Nokhchi, Nokhchiin. Autonym: Нохчийн мотт (Noxchiin mott). Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Nakh, Chechen-Ingush.
Chinese, Mandarin
[cmn] Users: 70,700 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chukchi
[ckt] Chukotka autonomous district, Kamchatka krai, and Sakha (Yakutia) republic. Users: 5,100 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 15,900 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Chukcha, Chukchee, Chukot, Lygoravetlen. Autonym: Ԓыгъоравэтԓьэн йиԓыйиԓ (Ḷygʺoravėtḷʹėn jiḷyjiḷ). Classification: Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Northern, Chukot.
Chulym
[clw] Khakassia republic: Ob river tributary, Chulym river basin north of Altay mountains. Users: 44 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 360 (2010 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Chulim, Chulym Tatar, Chulym-Turkish, Melets Tatar. Classification: Turkic, Western, Uralian.
Chuvash
[chv] Chuvashia republic: east of Moscow, near Volga river. Users: 1,243,000 in Russian Federation, all users. L1 users: 1,043,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). L2 users: 200,000. Ethnic population: 1,440,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 1,281,150 (as L1: 1,081,150; as L2: 200,000). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Chuvash Republic (1937, Constitution of the Chuvash Republic, Article 8). Alternate Names: Bulgar. Autonym: Чӑваш чӗлхи (Čăvaš čĕlȟi), Чӑвашла (Čăvašla). Classification: Turkic, Bolgar.
Czech
[ces] Users: 13,100 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, West, Czech-Slovak.
Dargwa
[dar] Dagestan republic. Users: 486,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 589,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 496,510. Status: 4 (Educational). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). Alternate Names: Dargan Medz, Dargi, Dargin, Darginski, Dargintsy, Dargva, Khiurkilinskii, Uslar. Autonym: дарган мез (Dargan mez). Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Dargi.
Dido
[ddo] Dagestan republic: Tsuntinsky district, several villages. Users: 12,500 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD). Ethnic population: 20,000 (2014 NCRP). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Cez, Didoi, Tsez, Tsezy, Tsuntin. Autonym: Цез мец (Cez mec), Цезйас мец (Cezyas mec). Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Tsezic, West Tsezic.
Dolgan
[dlg] Krasnoyarsk krai: Dudinka and Khatange counties; perhaps Sakha. Users: 1,050 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 7,890 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dolgang, Haka. Autonym: Дулҕан (Dulğan). Classification: Turkic, Northern.
Enets, Forest
[enf] Krasnoyarsk krai: Potapovo (mostly), Dudinka, and other Taimyr settlements. Users: 40 (2010 census). Includes Tundra Enets [enh]. Ethnic population: 230 (2010 census). Includes Tundra Enets [enh]. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Bai Enets, Bay Enets, Pe-Bae, Yenisei Samoyedic. Autonym: Онэй базаан (onaj bazaan). Classification: Uralic, Samoyed, Northern Samoyed, Enets.
Enets, Tundra
[enh] Krasnoyarsk krai: Karepovsk and Vorontsovo settlements; some nomads near Tukhard. Users: 40 (2010 census). Includes Forest Enets [enf]. Ethnic population: 230 (2010 census). Includes Forest Enets [enf]. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Madu, Somatu, Yenisei Samoyedic. Classification: Uralic, Samoyed, Northern Samoyed, Enets.
English
[eng] Users: 7,572,520 in Russian Federation, all users. L1 users: 2,520 in Russian Federation (2010 census). L2 users: 7,570,000 (2010 census). Status: 4 (Educational). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English.
Erzya
[myv] Orenburg province, Penza province, Samara province, Saratov province, and Ulyanov province. Users: 300,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 553,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 359,280. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Erza-Mordvin, Erzia, Erzya Mordva, Erzya Mordvin, Mordva, Mordvin, Mordvin-Erzya, Mordvinian. Autonym: эрзянь кель (erzänj kelj). Classification: Uralic, Mordvin.
Estonian, Standard
[ekk] Users: 15,600 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
Even
[eve] Sakha (Yakutia) republic; Magadan province; Khabarovsk krai, scattered. Users: 5,660 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 21,800 (2010 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Eben, Ewen, Ilqan, Lamut, Orich. Autonym: эвэды торэн (eved’i toren). Classification: Tungusic, Northern, Even.
Evenki
[evn] Most in Sakha (Yakutia) republic, and Krasnoyarsk krai; Amur province; Buryatia republic; Irkutsk province; Zabaykalsky krai; Pacific coast settlements, Magadan province, Chukotka autonomous district; Khabarovsk krai; Kamchatka krai; Sakhalin province. Users: 4,800 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 38,400 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Avanki, Avankil, Chapogir, Ewenki, Khamnigan, Solon, Tungus. Classification: Tungusic, Northern, Evenki.
Finnish
[fin] Leningrad province: Ingria region, Saint Petersburg area. Users: 38,900 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 51,900 (2002 census). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Finskiy, Suomi. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
French
[fra] Users: 619,000 in Russian Federation (Beck et al 2018), L2 users. Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French.
Gagauz
[gag] Users: 5,920 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 13,700 (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Southern, Turkish.
Georgian
[kat] Users: 171,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Kartvelian, Georgian.
German, Standard
[deu] Kurgan province, Novosibirsk province, Omsk province, Saratov province, Tomsk province, Tyumen province, and Volgograd province. Users: 2,070,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census), all users. L1 users: 118,000 (2010). Ethnic population: 394,000 (2010 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Deutsch. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German.
Ghodoberi
[gdo] Dagestan republic: Botlikhsky district, Beledi, Godoberi, and Zibirkhali. Users: 130 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 3,000 (2014 NCRP). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Godoberi, Godoberin, Qibdili mitstsi. Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Gilyak
[niv] Sakhalin province: Nekrasovka and Nogliki villages, Chir-Unvd, Moskalvo, Rybnoe, Viakhtu, and other villages; Khabarovsk krai: Aleyevka village, Amur river area. Users: 200 (2010 census). A few hundred active users (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 4,650 (2010 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Nivkh, Nivkhi. Autonym: Nivxgu, Нивхгу диф (Nivxgu dif). Classification: Language isolate.
Greek
[ell] Users: 42,500 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 85,600 (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Alternate Names: Urum. Classification: Indo-European, Greek, Attic.
Hebrew
[heb] Users: 18,800 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Canaanite.
Hindi
[hin] Users: 6,330 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western Hindi, Hindustani.
Hinukh
[gin] Dagestan republic: Tsuntinsky district, Ginukh. Users: 600 (Forker 2019). Ethnic population: 600 (2014 NCRP). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ginukh, Ginukhtsy, Ginux, Hinuq, Hinux. Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Tsezic, West Tsezic.
Hungarian
[hun] Users: 6,890 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Uralic.
Hunzib
[huz] Dagestan republic: Tsuntinsky district, Garbutl, Gunzib and Nakhada; Kizilyurtovksy district, Stalskoe. Users: 1,010 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 2,000. Total users in all countries: 1,420. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Enzeb, Ghunzib, Gunzib, Hontl’os myts, Khunzal, Khunzaly, Khvanal, Xunzal. Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Tsezic, East Tsezic.
Ingrian
[izh] Leningrad province and Saint Petersburg: Kingisepp and Lomonosov areas. Users: 120 (2010 census). L1 speakers should not be confused with Ingrian Finns, who speak Finnish [fin]. Ethnic population: 820 (1989 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Ingermanlandian, Inkeroisen, Isuri keel, Izhor, Izhorian, Ižoran, Ižoran keeli. Autonym: Ižoran keel. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
Ingush
[inh] Chechnya republic, Ingushetia republic, Kabardino-Balkar republic, and North Ossetia-Alania republic. Users: 306,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 445,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 326,000. Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Republic of Ingushetia (1994, Constitution of the Republic of Ingushetia, Article 14). Alternate Names: Galgay, Ghalghay, Ingus, Ingushi, Kisti, Kistin. Autonym: Ghalghaj, Гӏалгӏай (Ğalğaj), гӏалгӏай мотт (Ğalğaj mott). Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Nakh, Chechen-Ingush.
Italian
[ita] Users: 83,200 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Italo-Dalmatian.
Itelmen
[itl] Kamchatka krai, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskij, Tigil region west coast. Users: 80 (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 3,200 (2010 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Itelymem, Kamchadal, Kamchatka, Western Itelmen, Western Kamchadal. Autonym: итэнмэн (Itėnmėn). Classification: Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Southern.
Japanese
[jpn] Users: 33,900 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Japonic.
Judeo-Tat
[jdt] Chechnya republic: Grozniy; Dagestan republic: Buinaksk, Derbent, Kizlyar, Majalis, and Makhachkala, south of Pyatigorsk; Kabardino-Balkar republic: Nalchyk; North Ossetia-Alania republic: Mozdok. Users: 2,010 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Census includes Tat [ttt]. Ethnic population: 10,000 (2014 NCRP). Total users in all countries: 81,500. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bik, Dzhuhuric, Hebrew Tat, Jewish Tat, Judeo-Tatic, Juhuri, Lahji, Mountain Jewish, Tati. Autonym: Juwri. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Tat.
Kabardian
[kbd] Kabardino-Balkar republic, North Ossetia-Alania republic, Stavropol krai. Users: 516,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). 36,700 monolinguals (2002 census). Ethnic population: 590,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 1,885,800. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: East Circassian, Eastern Adyghe, Eastern Circassian, Highland Adyghe, Kabard, Kabardin, Kabardino-Cherkes, Kabardo-Cherkess, Kabardo-Cherkessian, Upper Adyghe, Upper Circassian. Autonym: Къэбэрдей Адыгэбзэ (Qăbărdey Adəgăbză). Classification: Abkhaz-Adyghe, Circassian.
Kaitag
[xdq] Dagestan republic: Kaytagsky District, 36 villages. Users: 30,000 (2020 M. Magomedov), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kaitagskiy, Kaitagtsy, Kaitak, Kajtak, Kaytak, Khaydak, Xajdak. Autonym: Хайдакьан (Xajdaqan). Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Dargi.
Kalmyk-Oirat
[xal] Kalmykia republic; Astrakhan province; and Stavropol krai; Volga-Don steppes northwest of the Caspian, north of the Caucasus. West Kalmykia republic (Dörböt dialect); east, lower Volga region, Astrakhan province (Torgut dialect). Users: 80,500 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 183,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 431,800. Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Republic of Kalmykia (1999, Law on the Languages of the Republic of Kalmykia, Article 3), Co-official with Russian. Alternate Names: European Oirat, Kalmack, Kalmuck, Kalmuk, Kalmytskii Jazyk, Khalli, Oirat, Qalmaq, Volga Oirat, Western Mongolian. Autonym: хальмг келн (Xaľmg keln). Classification: Mongolic, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Oirat-Kalmyk-Darkhat.
Kamas
[xas] Krasnoyarsk krai: Abalakovo village, Sayan mountains. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Klavdiya Plotnikova, died in 1989. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Kamassian. Classification: Uralic, Samoyed, Southern Samoyed.
Karachay-Balkar
[krc] Kabardino-Balkar republic, Karachay-Cherkessia republic. Users: 305,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 314,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 311,700. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Balkar, Balkarian, Balqar, Karacaylar, Karachai, Karachaitsy, Karachay, Karachayla, Malqartil, Qarachaytil, Taulu til. Autonym: Къарачай-Малкъар тил (Qaraçay-Malqar til), Таулу тил (Tawlu til). Classification: Turkic, Western, Ponto-Caspian.
Karagas
[kim] Irkutsk province, Nizhneudinsk district, Alygdzher, Nerkha, and Verkhnyaya Gutara villages. Users: 93 (2010 census). Less than 40 fluent speakers, same number of passive speakers (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 760 (2010 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kamas, Karagass, Karagassisch, Karagasy, Khotowci, Taiga Sayan Turkic, Tofa, Tofalar. Autonym: тоъфа дыл (tofa dyl). Classification: Turkic, Northern.
Karaim
[kdr] Users: 3 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 210 (2010 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Karaite. Classification: Turkic, Western, Ponto-Caspian.
Karata
[kpt] Dagestan republic: Akhvakhsky district, 10 villages. Users: 260 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 6,400 (2014 NCRP). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Karatai, Karatay, Karatin, Kirdi, Kk’irtli micc’i. Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Karelian
[krl] Karelia republic; Leningrad province; Murmansk province; Tver province: mainly Tolmachi area, Maksatikha and Ves’yegonsk. Users: 25,600 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Census includes Livvi-Karelian [olo] and Ludian [lud]. Ethnic population: 60,800 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 30,600. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Karel, Karel’skiy Jazyk, Karelian Proper, Karely, Severno-Karel’skij, Sobstvenno-Karel’skij-Jazyk. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
Kazakh
[kaz] Users: 401,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 648,000 (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian.
Kerek
[krk] Kamchatka krai: Chukchi villages, Cape Navarin. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last known speaker died in 2005 (Moseley 2010). Ethnic population: 4 (2010 census). Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Northern, Koryak-Alyutor.
Ket
[ket] Krasnoyarsk krai: Baikitsk and Turukhansk regions, Bakhta, Baklanikha, Farkovo, Goroshikha, Kangatovo, Kellog, Maduyka, Sulomai, Surgutikha, Vereshchagino, and Verkhneimbatsk villages; eastern Siberia, upper Yenisei valley. Users: 210 (2010 census). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,220 (2010 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Imbak, Imbatski-Ket, Yenisei Ostyak, Yenisey Ostiak, Yenisey Ostyak. Autonym: остыганна ка’ (Ostyganna ka’). Classification: Yeniseian.
Khakas
[kjh] Kemerovo province; Khakassia republic; Krasnoyarsk krai: north; all north of Altai mountains; scattered throughout Russia. Users: 42,600 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Spoken by about 10% of the population of Khakasia (Salminen 2007). 1,500 monolinguals (2002 census). Ethnic population: 73,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 42,610. Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Khakassia Republic (1995, Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia, Article 69). Alternate Names: Abakan Tatar, Hakass, Khakhass, Xakas, Yenisei, Yennisej Tatar. Autonym: Хакас тілі (Xakas tili). Classification: Turkic, Northern.
Khanty
[kca] Khanty-Mansi autonomous district; Tomsk province; Yamalo-Nenets autonomous district; along Ob river. Users: 9,580 (2010 census). Mostly speakers of Northern Khanty, 2,000 speakers of Eastern Khanty and probably no speakers left in Southern Khanty (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 30,900 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Hanty, Kazym-Berezover-Suryskarer Khanty, Khant, Khanti, Ostjak, Ostyak, Xanty. Autonym: ханты ясаң (hantĩ jasaň). Classification: Uralic.
Khvarshi
[khv] Dagestan republic: Tsumadinsky district, Khonokh, Khvarshi, Kvantlada, Inkhokvari, and Santlada villages. Users: 1,740 (2010 census). 1,000 Inxokvari speakers (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 4,000 (2014 NCRP). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Atl’ilqo, Khvarsh, Khvarshin, Khwarshi-Inkhoqwari, Xvarshi, Xvarshik. Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Tsezic, West Tsezic.
Komi
Komi-Permyak
[koi] Perm krai: west of central Ural mountains. Kirov province: Afanasievo district (Zyudin dialect). Users: 63,100 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 94,500 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 64,200. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kama Permyak, Komi-Perm, Komi-Permian, Komi-Permyaki, Komi-Permyan, Komi-Permyat, Permian, Permyak. Classification: Uralic, Permian, Komi.
Komi-Zyrian
[kpv] Arkhangelsk province; Komi republic; Nenets autonomous district; near the Arctic sea. Users: 156,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 228,000 (2010 census). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Komi Republic (1993, Constitution of the Komi Republic, Article 67). Alternate Names: Komi, Komi-Syrjänisch, Komi-Zyryan, Syrjänisch, Syränisch, Yazva, Ziryene, Zyrian, Zyriène, Zyryan. Autonym: Коми кыв (Komi kyv). Classification: Uralic, Permian, Komi.
Korean
[kor] Khabarovsk krai, Primorsky krai, Sakhalin province. Users: 42,400 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 170,000 (2019 Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Goryeomal, Koryomal. Classification: Koreanic.
Koryak
[kpy] Kamchatka krai: north half of peninsula; Magadan province. Users: 1,670 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 7,950 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Koryaki, Nymylan. Autonym: Нымылг’ын (Nymylg’yn). Classification: Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Northern, Koryak-Alyutor.
Krimchak
[jct] Users: 2 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 90 (2010). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Turkic, Western, Ponto-Caspian.
Kubachi
[ugh] Dagestan republic: Dakhadayevsky district, Kubachi. Users: 7,000 (2020 M. Magomedov), based on ethnicity. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Arbuk, Kubachi-Ashty, Kubachin, Kubachinskiy, Kubachintsy, Kubaci, Ughbug, Zirexgeran. Autonym: Гӏугъбуган (Ghug’bugan). Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Dargi.
Kumyk
[kum] Chechnya republic, Gudermes district east to the Grozny region; Dagestan republic: north and east plain; North Ossetia-Alania republic, Mozdok district. Users: 426,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 503,000 (2010 census), 432,000 of these are reported to live in Dagestan. Total users in all countries: 427,600. Status: 5* (Developing). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). Alternate Names: Kumuk, Kumuklar, Kumyki, Qumuqlar. Autonym: Къумукъ (Qumuq). Classification: Turkic, Western, Ponto-Caspian.
Kurdish, Northern
[kmr] Users: 34,700 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish.
Kyrgyz
[kir] Users: 80,300 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 103,000 (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian.
Lak
[lbe] Dagestan republic. Users: 146,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 179,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 158,000. Status: 4 (Educational). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). Alternate Names: Kazikumukhtsy, Lakh, Laki. Autonym: лакку маз (Lakku maz). Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Lak.
Latvian, Standard
[lvs] Users: 30,100 in Russian Federation (2002 census). Of these 1,620 declared themselves Latgalian. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Baltic, Eastern.
Lezgi
[lez] Dagestan republic: west of Caspian sea coast; central Caucasus. Users: 402,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 474,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 630,510. Status: 5 (Developing). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). Alternate Names: Kiurintsy, Lezghi, Lezgian, Lezgin. Autonym: лезги (Lezgi), лезги чӏал (Lezgi ҫ̇al). Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Lezgic, Nuclear Lezgic, East Lezgic.
Lithuanian
[lit] Users: 31,300 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Baltic, Eastern.
Livvi-Karelian
[olo] Karelia republic: southwest Kondopozhsky, Olonetsky, and west Pryazhinsky districts; Leningrad province. Users: 25,600 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Census includes Karelian[krl] and Ludian [lud]. Ethnic population: 65,000. Total users in all countries: 30,770. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Karel, Karelian, Livvi, Livvikovian, Livvikovskij Jazyk, Olonets, Southern Olonetsian. Autonym: Livvin kieli. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
Ludian
[lud] Karelia republic: central Kondopozhsky and east Pryazhinsky districts; Olonetsky district, Mikhaylovskoye region; Leningrad province. Users: 3,000 (2012 T. Salminen). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Ludic, Lyudic, Lyudikovian, Lüüdi. Autonym: Lüüdikiel. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
Mansi
[mns] Khanty-Mansi autonomous district; Sverdlovsk province; between Ural and Ob rivers. Users: 940 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 12,300 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mansiy, Vogul, Vogulich, Voguly. Autonym: Ма̄ньси ла̄тыӈ (Māńsi łātyŋ), Маньси (Man’si). Classification: Uralic.
Mari
Mari, Hill
[mrj] Mari El republic: Nizhny Novgorod province; south of the Volga. Users: 30,000 (2012 T. Salminen). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Cheremis, Gorno-Mariy, High Mari, Highland Mari, Mari-Hills, Western Mari. Autonym: Кырык мары йӹлмӹ (Kyryk mary jÿlmÿ), кырык мары (Kyryk mary). Classification: Uralic, Mari.
Mari, Meadow
[mhr] Bashkortostan republic, Kirov province, Mari El republic, Sverdlovsk province, Perm krai; east of the Volga. Users: 470,000 in Russian Federation (2012 T. Salminen). Ethnic population: 548,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 482,700. Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Cheremis, Eastern Mari, Low Mari, Lowland Mari, Lugovo Mari, Mari, Mari-Woods, Woods Mari. Autonym: олык марий (Olyk Marij), олык марий йылме (Olyk Marij jylme). Classification: Uralic, Mari.
Mingrelian
[xmf] Users: 1,530 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Alternate Names: Megrel. Classification: Kartvelian, Zan.
Moksha
[mdf] Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, and Samara provinces and Bashkortostan, Mordovia, and Tatarstan republics. Users: 133,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 253,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Moksha Mordvin, Mokshan, Mordoff, Mordov, Mordovian, Mordvin-Moksha. Autonym: Мокшень кяль (Mokšenj kälj). Classification: Uralic, Mordvin.
Mongolian, Halh
[khk] Buryatia republic. Users: 8,830 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 11,500 (2000 census). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Central Mongolian, Halh, Khalkha Mongolian, Mongol. Classification: Mongolic, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Khalkha-Buriat, Mongolian Proper.
Nanai
[gld] Khabarovskiy Kray: extreme far east, confluence of Amur and Ussuri rivers, scattered in Ussuri valley, Sikhote-Alin, centered in Amur valley below. Users: 1,350 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 12,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 1,390. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Gold, Goldi, Heche, Hezhe, Hezhen, Nanaj. Autonym: Нанай (Nanaj). Classification: Tungusic, Southern, Southeast, Nanaj.
Negidal
[neg] Khabarovsk krai: Im and Kamenka; Paulina Osipenko region, lower reaches of Amur river. Users: 74 (2010 census). Only a few fully fluent (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 510 (2010 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: El’kan Beye, Elkembey, Ilkan Beye, Neghidal, Negidaly. Classification: Tungusic, Northern, Negidal.
Nenets
[yrk] Khanty-Mansi, Nenets, and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous districts; Krasnoyarsk krai; Arkhangelsk province; Komi republic; northwest Siberia, north Dvina river mouth tundra area to Yenisei river delta, scattered in Kola peninsula. Users: 21,900 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 44,600 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nenec, Nenetsy, Nentse, Yurak, Yurak Samoyed. Autonym: ненэцяʼ вада (nyenetsya’ wada). Classification: Uralic, Samoyed, Northern Samoyed.
Nganasan
[nio] Krasnoyarsk krai: Duinka region, Ust-Avam and Volochanka villages; Khatang region, Novaya village; northernmost people in Russia, Siberia, Taimyr peninsula. Users: 130 (2010 census). A group of about 100 lead a semi-nomadic life in Dudypta river region near Ust’-Avam (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 860 (2010 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Nya, Tavgi Samoyed. Autonym: Ня” (Nja’), Ӈана”са (Ŋanaʿsa). Classification: Uralic, Samoyed, Northern Samoyed.
Nogai
[nog] Karachay-Cherkessia republic; Dagestan republic: Babayurt, Kizlyar, Nogay, and Tarumovka districts; Chechnya republic: Shelkovskaya district; Stavropol district: Kochubeyevskoye, Mineral’nyye Vody, and Neftekumsk counties; northern Caucasus. Users: 87,100 (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 104,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). Alternate Names: Karanogai, Kubanogai, Nogaitsy, Nogalar, Nogay, Noghai, Noghay, Noghaylar, Yurt Tatar. Autonym: Ногай тили (Noğay tili). Classification: Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian.
Norwegian
[nor] Users: 4,930 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, North, East Scandinavian, Danish-Swedish, Danish-Bokmal.
Oroch
[oac] Khabarovsk krai: along rivers that empty into Tatar channel; Amur river near Komsomolsk-na-Amure; Vanino region: Datta and Uska-Orochskaya settlements. Users: 8 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 600 (2010 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Orochi. Classification: Tungusic, Southern, Southeast, Udihe.
Orok
[oaa] Sakhalin province: Poronajsk district, Poronajsk town, Gastello and Vakhrushev settlements; Nogliki district, Val village, Nogliki settlement. Users: 47 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 300 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 50. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Oroc, Uilta, Ujlta, Ulta. Classification: Tungusic, Southern, Southeast, Nanaj.
Ossetic
[oss] Kabardino-Balkar republic, North Ossetia-Alania republic; north of Ossetic in Georgia. Users: 451,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 529,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 599,050. Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Republic of North Ossetia-Alania (1994, Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Article 15). Alternate Names: Osetin, Ossete, Ossetian. Autonym: ирон æвзаг (iron ævzag). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Northeastern.
Persian, Iranian
[pes] Users: 13,100 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian.
Polish
[pol] Rostov province (Masurian dialect). Users: 67,400 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, West, Lechitic.
Pontic
[pnt] Krasnodar province; Novorosibirsk district; Rostov province: Rostov-on-Don; Stravropol krai: Sochi. Users: 358,000 in Russian Federation (2009 Z. Diakonikolaou). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Greek, Attic.
Portuguese
[por] Users: 11,200 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Portuguese-Galician.
Romani, Baltic
[rml] Scattered. Users: Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Balt Romani, Balt Slavic Romani, Baltic Slavic Romani, Romani. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Romani, Northern.
Romani, Vlax
[rmy] Scattered. Users: 128,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Census includes all Romani languages. Ethnic population: 205,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Rom. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Romani, Vlax.
Romanian
[ron] Users: 117,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). 96,100 Moldovan and 21,200 Romanian (2010 census). Ethnic population: 159,000 (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Eastern.
Russian
[rus] Users: 138,000,000 in Russian Federation (Arefyev 2012), all users. L1 users: 119,000,000 (Arefyev 2012). Total users in all countries: 258,177,060 (as L1: 154,042,490; as L2: 104,079,570). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1993, Constitution, Article 68(1)). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). Autonym: русский язык (russkij jazyk). Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East.
Russian Sign Language
[rsl] Scattered. Moscow and Saint Petersburg are major centers. Users: 700,000 in Russian Federation (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 430,000–860,000 deaf signers, assuming 0.3%–0.6% of total population. Other estimates: 121,000 (2010 census); 715,000 (2014 IMB). Total users in all countries: 909,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language.
Rutul
[rut] Dagestan republic: Akhtynski district, Xnov village; Rutulsky district, 24 villages. Users: 30,400 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 35,200 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 36,400. Status: 5 (Developing). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). Alternate Names: Chal, Mukhad, Myhynnynydy-ch’al, Rutal, Rutultsy, Rutuly. Autonym: мыхӏабишды (Myḥabišdy), мыхӏабишды чӏел (Myḥabišdy č̣el). Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Lezgic, Nuclear Lezgic, West Lezgic.
Saami, Akkala
[sia] Murmansk province: southwest Kola peninsula. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker, Marja Sergina, died in 2003. Ethnic population: 100 (1995 M. Krauss). 1,770 including all Saami (2010 census). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Ahkkil, Babino, Babinsk. Classification: Uralic, Sami, Eastern.
Saami, Kildin
[sjd] Murmansk province: central Kola peninsula, Lujavv’r, Revda, Kola, and Teriberka. Users: 600 (2014 Barents Observer). Ethnic population: 1,770 (2010 census). Number includes all Saami. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Eastern Sámi, Kildin Sámi, Kola Sámi, Saam, Saami, “Kildin Lappish” (pej.), “Lapp” (pej.). Autonym: кӣллт са̄мь кӣлл (Kīllt sām’ kīll). Classification: Uralic, Sami, Eastern.
Saami, Skolt
[sms] Murmansk province: north and west Kola peninsula, Petsamo area. Users: 20 in Russian Federation (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 400 (1995 M. Krauss). 1,770 including all Saami (2010 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Kolta, Lopar, Saam, Saami, Skolt, Sääʹmǩiõll, “Lapp” (pej.), “Russian Lapp” (pej.), “Skolt Lappish” (pej.). Classification: Uralic, Sami, Eastern.
Saami, Ter
[sjt] Murmansk province: eastern Kola peninsula. Users: 2 (2010 Barents Observer). Ethnic population: 100 (2004). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Saam, Saami, “Lapp” (pej.), “Ter Lappish” (pej.). Classification: Uralic, Sami, Eastern.
Selkup
[sel] Tomsk province: Yamalo-Nenets autonomous district; Krasnoyarsk krai: Krasnoselkup region, Krasnoselkup, Krasnoselkupskaya Tolka, and Ratta villages; Krasnoyarsk district, Farkovo; Purovsk region, Tolka Purovskaya village; Turukhan river basin; Baikha (all northern dialect); north Tomsk province area villages (southern dialect). Users: 1,020 (2010 census). Central Selkup: 200 speakers, Northern Selkup: 1,000 to 1,500 speakers, Southern Selkup: less than 100 speakers (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 3,900 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Central Selkups, Chumyl’ Khumyt, Northern Selkups, Ostyak Samoyed, Shöl Khumyt, Shösh Gulla, Syusugulla. Autonym: шӧльӄумыт әты (šöľqumyt әty). Classification: Uralic, Samoyed, Southern Samoyed.
Serbian
[srp] Scattered. Users: 11,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Census includes Bosnian [bos] and Croatian [hrv]. Ethnic population: 9,670 Serbo-Croatian (2002 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Serbo-Croatian. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Western.
Seto
[vro] Pskov province: Pechory area; south of Lake Peipus, on the border of Estonia. Users: 210 in Russian Federation (2010 census), based on nationality. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Setu, Võro, Võro kiil. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
Shor
[cjs] Kemerovo province; scattered throughout Russian Federation. Users: 2,840 (2010 census). 50 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 12,900 (2010 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Aba, Kuznets Tatar, Shortsy, Tom-Kuznets Tatar. Autonym: Тадар тили (Tadar tili), Шор тили (Šor tili). Classification: Turkic, Northern.
Siberian Tatar
[sty] Novosibirsk province, Omsk province, Tomsk province, and Tyumen province. Novosibirsk region and the Barabinsk steppe (Baraban dialect); Omsk and Tyumensk districts, basins of Irtysh and Tobol rivers (Tobol-Irtysh dialect); Kemerovsk and Novosibirsk districts, Tomsk district, along Tomi and Ob rivers (Tomsk dialect). Users: 101,000 (2012 M. Sagidullin). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Eastern Tatar, Seber, Sebertatar, Siberian Turkish, Sybyr. Autonym: Себер тел (Seber tel), Себертатарца (Sebertatartsa), Сыбыр тел (Sybyr tel), Сыбырца (Sybyrtsa). Classification: Turkic, Western, Uralian.
Slavonic, Church
[chu] Scattered. Users: No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Status: 9 (Second language only). Alternate Names: Old Church Slavonic. Autonym: Словѣньскъ (Slovyensk). Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Eastern.
Slovak
[slk] Users: 1,450 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, West, Czech-Slovak.
Slovene
[slv] Users: 2,020 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Western.
Spanish
[spa] Users: 35,100 in Russian Federation, all users. L1 users: 3,000 in Russian Federation (Instituto Cervantes 2019). L2 users: 32,100 (Instituto Cervantes 2019). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian.
Svan
[sva] Kabardino-Balkar republic: along border with Georgia. Users: 71 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Lushnu. Classification: Kartvelian, Svan.
Swedish
[swe] Users: 7,400 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, North, East Scandinavian, Danish-Swedish, Swedish.
Tabasaran
[tab] Dagestan republic: half live in urban areas, half in 98 Tabasaran-speaking mountain villages. Users: 126,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 146,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 126,300. Status: 5* (Developing). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). Alternate Names: Ghumghum, Tabasarantsky, Tabassaran. Autonym: табасаран чIал (tabasaran ҫ̇al). Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Lezgic, Nuclear Lezgic, East Lezgic.
Tajik
[tgk] Users: 142,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 200,000 (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian.
Talysh
[tly] Users: 3,400 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Alternate Names: Talyshi. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Talysh.
Tat, Muslim
[ttt] Dagestan republic; community in Moscow. Users: 2,010 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Census includes Judeo-Tat [jdt]. Status: 6b (Threatened). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). Alternate Names: Mussulman Tati, Musulman Tats. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Tat.
Tatar
[tat] Bashkortostan republic, Tatarstan republic, Saint Petersburg, Moscow. Users: 4,280,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Population may include L2 speakers. Ethnic population: 5,310,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 5,315,550. Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Tatarstan Republic (1992, Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, Article 8). Alternate Names: Tartar. Autonym: татар теле (tatar tele), татарча (tatarça). Classification: Turkic, Western, Uralian.
Tindi
[tin] Dagestan republic: Tsumadinsky district, Aknada, Angida, Echeda, Tindi, and Tissi villages. Users: 2,150 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2014 NCRP). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Idarab mitstsi, Tindal, Tindin. Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Avar-Andic, Andic.
Tsakhur
[tkr] Dagestan republic: Rutulsky district, 13 villages. Users: 10,600 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 12,800 (2010 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). Alternate Names: Caxur, Ts’axna Miz, Ts’axurskii yazyk, Tsakhury, Tsaxur, Yedna Miz, Yikbi, Yiqny Miz. Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Lezgic, Nuclear Lezgic, West Lezgic.
Turkish
[tur] Users: 146,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Southern, Turkish.
Turkmen
[tuk] Astrakhan province; Stavropol krai. Users: 30,800 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 36,900 (2010 census). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Turkpen. Classification: Turkic, Southern, Turkmenian.
Tuvan
[tyv] Krasnoyarsk krai and Tyva republic; southern Siberia near Mongolia border. Users: 254,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 268,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 297,000. Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Tuva Republic (2001, Constitution of the Tuva Republic, Article 5(1)). Alternate Names: Diba, Kizhi, Kök Mungak, Soyod, Soyon, Soyot, Tannu-Tuva, Tofa, Tokha, Tuba, Tuva, Tuvia, Tuvin, Tuvinian, Tyvan, Uriankhai, Uriankhai-Monchak, Uryankhai. Autonym: тыва (tyva), тыва дыл (tyva dyl). Classification: Turkic, Northern.
Udi
[udi] Users: 2,270 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 4,270 (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Alternate Names: Udin. Classification: Nakh-Daghestanian, Lezgic, Udi.
Udihe
[ude] Khabarovsk krai: Lazo area, Arsenievo and Gvasiugi settlements; Primorsky krai: Pozharsky area, Krasny Yar, Olon, and Sobolinyi settlements; Ternei area, Agzu settlement; Krasnoarmeisky area, Dalniy Kut, Melnichnoye, and Roschino settlements; Siberia far east. Users: 100 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 1,500 (2010 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kiakala, Tazy, Ude, Udege, Udegei, Udegej, Udeghe, Udehe, Udekhe, Udige, Udighe. Autonym: Удиэ кэйэвэни (Udi Keiwani). Classification: Tungusic, Southern, Southeast, Udihe.
Udmurt
[udm] Tatarstan republic; Udmurtia republic; near Ural Mountains, bounded by Kama and Cheptsa rivers. Users: 324,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 554,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 339,870. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Votiak, Votyak. Autonym: Удмурт кыл (Udmurt kyl). Classification: Uralic, Permian.
Ukrainian
[ukr] Users: 1,130,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 1,930,000 (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East.
Ulch
[ulc] Khabarovsk krai: Ulch county, Bulava, Dudi, Kalinovka, Kolchom, Mariinskoe, Mongol, Nizhnaya Gavan, Savinskoe, Sofiyskoe, Solontsy, Tur, and Ukhta; Bogorodskove is capital; Amur river and tributaries, Tatar channel coast. Users: 150 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 2,770 (2010 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Hoche, Hol-Chih, Olch, Olcha, Olchis, Ul’cha, Ulcha, Ulchi, Ulych. Classification: Tungusic, Southern, Southeast, Nanaj.
Uyghur
[uig] Users: 1,050 in Russian Federation (2002 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Eastern.
Uzbek, Northern
[uzn] Users: 273,500 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Turkic, Eastern.
Veps
[vep] Karelia republic: south of Petrozavodsk; Leningrad province; Vologda province. Users: 1,640 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 5,940 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Vepsian, Vepsish, Vepsän keli, “Chudy” (pej.), “Chuhari” (pej.), “Chukhari” (pej.). Autonym: Vepsä, Vepsän kelʹ. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
Vietnamese
[vie] Users: 10,100 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 14,000 (2010 census). Status: Unestablished. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Viet-Muong, Vietnamese.
Vod
[vot] Leningrad province: Saint Petersburg area, Kingisepp. Users: 25 (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 64 (2010 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Vodian, Vote, Votian, Votic, Votish. Autonym: Maatšeeli, Vad́d́a tšeeli. Classification: Uralic, Finnic.
Yakut
[sah] Irkutsk province, Magadan province, and Sakha (Yakutia) republic; Khabarovsk krai and Krasnoyarsk krai; near Arctic Sea, middle Lena river, Aldan and Kolyma rivers, 3,220 km. Users: 450,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 478,000 (2010 census). Status: 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Sakha Republic (1992, Constitution of the Republic of Sakha, Article 46). Alternate Names: Sakha, Yakut-Sakha. Autonym: саха тыла (Saxa tıla), сахалыы (saȟalyy). Classification: Turkic, Northern.
Yiddish, Eastern
[ydd] Scattered. Users: 1,680 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Yiddish.
Yug
[yug] Krasnoyarsk krai: Turukhan area, Vorogovo settlement. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the 1970s (Werner 2012). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Jug, Sym-Ket, Yugh, Yugi. Classification: Yeniseian.
Yukaghir, Northern
[ykg] Sakha (Yakutia) republic: lower Kolyma county, Andryushkino and Kolymskoye. Users: 370 (2010 census). Census includes Southern Yukaghir [yux]. Ethnic population: 1,600 (2010 census). Census includes Southern Yukaghir [yux]. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Jukagir, Northern Yukagir, Odul, Tundra, Tundra Yukaghir, Tundre, Wadul, Yukaghir, Yukagir. Autonym: Юкагир йылме (Yukagir yülmye). Classification: Yukaghir.
Yukaghir, Southern
[yux] Magadan province: upper Kolyma county, Nelemnoye and Zyryanka. Users: 370 (2010 census). Census includes Northern Yukaghir [ykg]. Ethnic population: 1,600. Census includes Southern Yukaghir [yux]. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Forest Yukagir, Jukagir, Kolym, Kolyma, Kolyma Yukaghir, Odul, Southern Yukagir, Yukagir. Classification: Yukaghir.
Yupik, Central Siberian
[ess] Chukotka autonomous district: Bering Sea coast, Wrangel island; Providenie region, Chaplino, Novoe Chaplino, Provideniya, and Sireniki villages. Users: 200 in Russian Federation (Dorais 2010). Ethnic population: 1,200 (Dorais 2010). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Asiatic Yupik, Bering Strait, Siberian Yupik, Yoit, Yuit, Yuitsky, Yuk. Classification: Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Yupik.
Yupik, Naukan
[ynk] Chukotka autonomous district: Lavrentiya, Nunyamo, and Uelen villages. Users: 60 (Dorais 2010). Ethnic population: 450 (Dorais 2010). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: East Cape Yupik, Naukan, Naukan Siberian Yupik, Naukanski, Nevuqaq. Classification: Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Yupik.
Yupik, Sirenik
[ysr] Chukotka autonomous district: Chukot peninsula, Sireniki village. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Vyie, died in 1997 (Dorais 2010). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Old Sirenik, Sirenik, Sirenik Eskimo, Sirenikski, Vuteen. Classification: Eskimo-Aleut, Eskimo, Yupik.