Russian Federation

Russian

[rus] 1 (National). Statutory national language (1993, Constitution, Article 68(1)). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). 138,000,000 in Russian Federation (Arefyev 2012), all users. L1 users: 119,000,000 (Arefyev 2012). Total users in all countries: 258,177,060 (as L1: 154,042,490; as L2: 104,079,570).

2 (Provincial)

Adyghe

[ady] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Adyghea Republic (1995, Constitution, Adyghea Republic, Article 2). 117,500 in Russian Federation (2010 census). No monolinguals (Ministry of Education, Adygea Republic). Ethnic population: 129,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 605,400.

Altai, Southern

[alt] 2 (Provincial). 57,400 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 74,200 (2010 census). Includes Northern Altai [atv].

Bashkort

[bak] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Bashkortostan Republic (1925, Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Article 1). 1,150,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,590,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 1,240,940.

Buriat, Russia

[bxr] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Buryatia Republic (1994, Constitution of the Republic of Buryatia, Article 67). 219,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 461,000 (2010 census).

Chechen

[che] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Chechen Republic (2003, Constitution of Chechen Republic, Article 10(1)). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). 1,350,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). 233,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,430,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 1,529,000.

Chuvash

[chv] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Chuvash Republic (1937, Constitution of the Chuvash Republic, Article 8). 1,243,000 in Russian Federation, all users. L1 users: 1,043,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). L2 users: 200,000. Ethnic population: 1,440,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 1,281,150 (as L1: 1,081,150; as L2: 200,000).

Ingush

[inh] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Republic of Ingushetia (1994, Constitution of the Republic of Ingushetia, Article 14). 306,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 445,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 326,000.

Kalmyk-Oirat

[xal] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Republic of Kalmykia (1999, Law on the Languages of the Republic of Kalmykia, Article 3), Co-official with Russian. 80,500 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 183,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 431,800.

Khakas

[kjh] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Khakassia Republic (1995, Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia, Article 69). 42,600 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Spoken by about 10% of the population of Khakasia (Salminen 2007). 1,500 monolinguals (2002 census). Ethnic population: 73,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 42,610.

Komi-Zyrian

[kpv] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Komi Republic (1993, Constitution of the Komi Republic, Article 67). 156,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 228,000 (2010 census).

Ossetic

[oss] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Republic of North Ossetia-Alania (1994, Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Article 15). 451,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 529,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 599,050.

Tatar

[tat] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Tatarstan Republic (1992, Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, Article 8). 4,280,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Population may include L2 speakers. Ethnic population: 5,310,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 5,315,550.

Tuvan

[tyv] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Tuva Republic (2001, Constitution of the Tuva Republic, Article 5(1)). 254,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 268,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 297,000.

Yakut

[sah] 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Sakha Republic (1992, Constitution of the Republic of Sakha, Article 46). 450,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 478,000 (2010 census).

3 (Wider communication)

Avar

[ava] 3 (Wider communication). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). Avar is used in many areas of Dagestan as a lingua franca among different ethnic groups. 715,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 912,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 765,300.

Finnish

[fin] 3 (Wider communication). 38,900 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 51,900 (2002 census).

Mongolian, Halh

[khk] 3 (Wider communication). 8,830 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 11,500 (2000 census).

4 (Educational)

Dargwa

[dar] 4 (Educational). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). 486,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 589,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 496,510.

English

[eng] 4 (Educational). 7,572,520 in Russian Federation, all users. L1 users: 2,520 in Russian Federation (2010 census). L2 users: 7,570,000 (2010 census).

Lak

[lbe] 4 (Educational). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). 146,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 179,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 158,000.

Mari, Meadow

[mhr] 4 (Educational). 470,000 in Russian Federation (2012 T. Salminen). Ethnic population: 548,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 482,700.

5 (Developing)

Abaza

[abq] 5* (Developing). 37,800 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 43,300 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 51,000.

Erzya

[myv] 5* (Developing). 300,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 553,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 359,280.

Kabardian

[kbd] 5* (Developing). 516,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). 36,700 monolinguals (2002 census). Ethnic population: 590,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 1,885,800.

Karachay-Balkar

[krc] 5* (Developing). 305,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 314,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 311,700.

Kumyk

[kum] 5* (Developing). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). 426,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 503,000 (2010 census), 432,000 of these are reported to live in Dagestan. Total users in all countries: 427,600.

Romani, Baltic

[rml] 5* (Developing).

Siberian Tatar

[sty] 5* (Developing). 101,000 (2012 M. Sagidullin).

Tabasaran

[tab] 5* (Developing). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). 126,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 146,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 126,300.

Tsakhur

[tkr] 5* (Developing). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). 10,600 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 12,800 (2010 census).

Bezhta

[kap] 5 (Developing). 6,100 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 9,000 (2014 NCRP). Total users in all countries: 6,800.

Lezgi

[lez] 5 (Developing). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). 402,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 474,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 630,510.

Russian Sign Language

[rsl] 5 (Developing). 700,000 in Russian Federation (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 430,000–860,000 deaf signers, assuming 0.3%–0.6% of total population. Other estimates: 121,000 (2010 census); 715,000 (2014 IMB). Total users in all countries: 909,000.

Rutul

[rut] 5 (Developing). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). 30,400 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 35,200 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 36,400.

5 (Dispersed)

Armenian

[hye] 5* (Dispersed). 661,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 1,180,000 (2010 census).

Azerbaijani, North

[azj] 5* (Dispersed). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). 473,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 603,000 (2010 census).

French

[fra] 5* (Dispersed). 619,000 in Russian Federation (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.

German, Standard

[deu] 5* (Dispersed). 2,070,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census), all users. L1 users: 118,000 (2010). Ethnic population: 394,000 (2010 census).

Korean

[kor] 5* (Dispersed). 42,400 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 170,000 (2019 Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs).

Polish

[pol] 5* (Dispersed). 67,400 in Russian Federation (2010 census).

Serbian

[srp] 5* (Dispersed). 11,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Census includes Bosnian [bos] and Croatian [hrv]. Ethnic population: 9,670 Serbo-Croatian (2002 census).

Turkmen

[tuk] 5* (Dispersed). 30,800 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 36,900 (2010 census).

6a (Vigorous)

Aghul

[agx] 6a (Vigorous). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). 29,300 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 34,200 (2010 census).

Kaitag

[xdq] 6a* (Vigorous). 30,000 (2020 M. Magomedov), based on ethnicity.

Kubachi

[ugh] 6a* (Vigorous). 7,000 (2020 M. Magomedov), based on ethnicity.

6b (Threatened)

Akhvakh

[akv] 6b (Threatened). 210 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 7,930 (2010 census).

Altai, Northern

[atv] 6b (Threatened). 57,400 (2010 census). 2,000 Tuba, several thousand Kumandy, 2,000 Chalkan (Salminen 2007). Census includes Southern Altai [alt]. Ethnic population: 74,200 (2010 census). Includes Southern Altai [alt].

Andi

[ani] 6b (Threatened). 5,800 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 40,000 (2014 NCRP).

Archi

[aqc] 6b (Threatened). 970 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 2,000 (2014 NCRP).

Bagvalal

[kva] 6b* (Threatened). 1,450 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 6,000 (2014 NCRP).

Botlikh

[bph] 6b (Threatened). 210 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 7,000 (2014 NCRP).

Chamalal

[cji] 6b (Threatened). 500 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2014 NCRP).

Chukchi

[ckt] 6b (Threatened). 5,100 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 15,900 (2010 census).

Dido

[ddo] 6b (Threatened). 12,500 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD). Ethnic population: 20,000 (2014 NCRP).

Dolgan

[dlg] 6b (Threatened). 1,050 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 7,890 (2010 census).

Evenki

[evn] 6b (Threatened). 4,800 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 38,400 (2010 census).

Hinukh

[gin] 6b (Threatened). 600 (Forker 2019). Ethnic population: 600 (2014 NCRP).

Hunzib

[huz] 6b (Threatened). 1,010 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 2,000. Total users in all countries: 1,420.

Judeo-Tat

[jdt] 6b* (Threatened). 2,010 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Census includes Tat [ttt]. Ethnic population: 10,000 (2014 NCRP). Total users in all countries: 81,500.

Karata

[kpt] 6b* (Threatened). 260 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 6,400 (2014 NCRP).

Karelian

[krl] 6b (Threatened). 25,600 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Census includes Livvi-Karelian [olo] and Ludian [lud]. Ethnic population: 60,800 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 30,600.

Khanty

[kca] 6b (Threatened). 9,580 (2010 census). Mostly speakers of Northern Khanty, 2,000 speakers of Eastern Khanty and probably no speakers left in Southern Khanty (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 30,900 (2010 census).

Khvarshi

[khv] 6b (Threatened). 1,740 (2010 census). 1,000 Inxokvari speakers (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 4,000 (2014 NCRP).

Komi-Permyak

[koi] 6b (Threatened). 63,100 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 94,500 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 64,200.

Koryak

[kpy] 6b (Threatened). 1,670 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 7,950 (2010 census).

Livvi-Karelian

[olo] 6b (Threatened). 25,600 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Census includes Karelian[krl] and Ludian [lud]. Ethnic population: 65,000. Total users in all countries: 30,770.

Mansi

[mns] 6b (Threatened). 940 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 12,300 (2010 census).

Mari, Hill

[mrj] 6b (Threatened). 30,000 (2012 T. Salminen).

Moksha

[mdf] 6b (Threatened). 133,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 253,000 (2010 census).

Nenets

[yrk] 6b (Threatened). 21,900 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 44,600 (2010 census).

Nogai

[nog] 6b (Threatened). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). 87,100 (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 104,000 (2010 census).

Romani, Vlax

[rmy] 6b* (Threatened). 128,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Census includes all Romani languages. Ethnic population: 205,000 (2010 census).

Selkup

[sel] 6b (Threatened). 1,020 (2010 census). Central Selkup: 200 speakers, Northern Selkup: 1,000 to 1,500 speakers, Southern Selkup: less than 100 speakers (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 3,900 (2010 census).

Seto

[vro] 6b* (Threatened). 210 in Russian Federation (2010 census), based on nationality.

Tat, Muslim

[ttt] 6b (Threatened). Provincially recognized language in Dagestan Autonomous Republic (1994, Constitution of Dagestan Autonomous Republic, Article 10). 2,010 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Census includes Judeo-Tat [jdt].

Tindi

[tin] 6b (Threatened). 2,150 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2014 NCRP).

Udmurt

[udm] 6b (Threatened). 324,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 554,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 339,870.

Veps

[vep] 6b (Threatened). 1,640 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 5,940 (2010 census).

7 (Shifting)

Even

[eve] 7 (Shifting). 5,660 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 21,800 (2010 census).

Ghodoberi

[gdo] 7 (Shifting). 130 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 3,000 (2014 NCRP).

Ludian

[lud] 7 (Shifting). 3,000 (2012 T. Salminen).

Nganasan

[nio] 7 (Shifting). 130 (2010 census). A group of about 100 lead a semi-nomadic life in Dudypta river region near Ust’-Avam (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 860 (2010 census).

Shor

[cjs] 7 (Shifting). 2,840 (2010 census). 50 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 12,900 (2010 census).

Yiddish, Eastern

[ydd] 7 (Shifting). 1,680 in Russian Federation (2010 census).

8a (Moribund)

Armenian, Western

[hyw] 8a (Moribund).

Chulym

[clw] 8a (Moribund). 44 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 360 (2010 census).

Enets, Forest

[enf] 8a (Moribund). 40 (2010 census). Includes Tundra Enets [enh]. Ethnic population: 230 (2010 census). Includes Tundra Enets [enh].

Enets, Tundra

[enh] 8a (Moribund). 40 (2010 census). Includes Forest Enets [enf]. Ethnic population: 230 (2010 census). Includes Forest Enets [enf].

Gilyak

[niv] 8a (Moribund). 200 (2010 census). A few hundred active users (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 4,650 (2010 census).

Ingrian

[izh] 8a (Moribund). 120 (2010 census). L1 speakers should not be confused with Ingrian Finns, who speak Finnish [fin]. Ethnic population: 820 (1989 census).

Itelmen

[itl] 8a (Moribund). 80 (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 3,200 (2010 census).

Karagas

[kim] 8a (Moribund). 93 (2010 census). Less than 40 fluent speakers, same number of passive speakers (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 760 (2010 census).

Ket

[ket] 8a (Moribund). 210 (2010 census). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,220 (2010 census).

Nanai

[gld] 8a (Moribund). 1,350 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 12,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 1,390.

Negidal

[neg] 8a (Moribund). 74 (2010 census). Only a few fully fluent (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 510 (2010 census).

Orok

[oaa] 8a (Moribund). 47 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 300 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 50.

Saami, Kildin

[sjd] 8a (Moribund). 600 (2014 Barents Observer). Ethnic population: 1,770 (2010 census). Number includes all Saami.

Svan

[sva] 8a (Moribund). 71 in Russian Federation (2010 census).

Udihe

[ude] 8a (Moribund). 100 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 1,500 (2010 census).

Ulch

[ulc] 8a (Moribund). 150 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 2,770 (2010 census).

Yukaghir, Northern

[ykg] 8a (Moribund). 370 (2010 census). Census includes Southern Yukaghir [yux]. Ethnic population: 1,600 (2010 census). Census includes Southern Yukaghir [yux].

Yukaghir, Southern

[yux] 8a (Moribund). 370 (2010 census). Census includes Northern Yukaghir [ykg]. Ethnic population: 1,600. Census includes Southern Yukaghir [yux].

Yupik, Naukan

[ynk] 8a (Moribund). 60 (Dorais 2010). Ethnic population: 450 (Dorais 2010).

8b (Nearly extinct)

Aleut, Mednyj

[mud] 8b (Nearly extinct). 350 (2010 census). Census includes Aleut [ale].

Alutor

[alr] 8b (Nearly extinct). 25 (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,000 (1997 M. Krauss).

Bohtan Neo-Aramaic

[bhn] 8b (Nearly extinct).

Karaim

[kdr] 8b (Nearly extinct). 3 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 210 (2010 census).

Krimchak

[jct] 8b (Nearly extinct). 2 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 90 (2010).

Oroch

[oac] 8b (Nearly extinct). 8 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 600 (2010 census).

Saami, Skolt

[sms] 8b (Nearly extinct). 20 in Russian Federation (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 400 (1995 M. Krauss). 1,770 including all Saami (2010 census).

Saami, Ter

[sjt] 8b (Nearly extinct). 2 (2010 Barents Observer). Ethnic population: 100 (2004).

Vod

[vot] 8b (Nearly extinct). 25 (Salminen 2007). Ethnic population: 64 (2010 census).

Yupik, Central Siberian

[ess] 8b (Nearly extinct). 200 in Russian Federation (Dorais 2010). Ethnic population: 1,200 (Dorais 2010).

9 (Dormant)

Aleut

[ale] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers in Russian Federation (2021 A. Ermanov). The last fluent speak of Aleut in the Russian Federation, Vera Timoshenko, died in 2021. Ethnic population: 200 (Dorais 2010).

Kerek

[krk] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last known speaker died in 2005 (Moseley 2010). Ethnic population: 4 (2010 census).

Saami, Akkala

[sia] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker, Marja Sergina, died in 2003. Ethnic population: 100 (1995 M. Krauss). 1,770 including all Saami (2010 census).

9 (Second language only)

Slavonic, Church

[chu] 9 (Second language only). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community.

10 (Extinct)

Kamas

[xas] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Klavdiya Plotnikova, died in 1989.

Yug

[yug] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker died in the 1970s (Werner 2012).

Yupik, Sirenik

[ysr] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Vyie, died in 1997 (Dorais 2010).

Unestablished

Abkhaz

[abk] Unestablished. 6,790 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 11,200 (2010 census).

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

[aii] Unestablished. 4,470 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 35,000.

Belarusian

[bel] Unestablished. 174,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 521,000 (2010 census).

Bulgarian

[bul] Unestablished. 22,900 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 24,000 (2010 census).

Chinese, Mandarin

[cmn] Unestablished. 70,700 in Russian Federation (2010 census).

Czech

[ces] Unestablished. 13,100 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD).

Estonian, Standard

[ekk] Unestablished. 15,600 in Russian Federation (2010 census).

Gagauz

[gag] Unestablished. 5,920 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 13,700 (2010 census).

Georgian

[kat] Unestablished. 171,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census).

Greek

[ell] Unestablished. 42,500 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 85,600 (2010 census).

Hebrew

[heb] Unestablished. 18,800 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD).

Hindi

[hin] Unestablished. 6,330 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD).

Hungarian

[hun] Unestablished. 6,890 in Russian Federation (2010 census).

Italian

[ita] Unestablished. 83,200 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD).

Japanese

[jpn] Unestablished. 33,900 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD).

Kazakh

[kaz] Unestablished. 401,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 648,000 (2010 census).

Kurdish, Northern

[kmr] Unestablished. 34,700 in Russian Federation (2010 census).

Kyrgyz

[kir] Unestablished. 80,300 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 103,000 (2010 census).

Latvian, Standard

[lvs] Unestablished. 30,100 in Russian Federation (2002 census). Of these 1,620 declared themselves Latgalian.

Lithuanian

[lit] Unestablished. 31,300 in Russian Federation (2010 census).

Mingrelian

[xmf] Unestablished. 1,530 in Russian Federation (2010 census).

Norwegian

[nor] Unestablished. 4,930 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD).

Persian, Iranian

[pes] Unestablished. 13,100 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD).

Pontic

[pnt] Unestablished. 358,000 in Russian Federation (2009 Z. Diakonikolaou).

Portuguese

[por] Unestablished. 11,200 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD).

Romanian

[ron] Unestablished. 117,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). 96,100 Moldovan and 21,200 Romanian (2010 census). Ethnic population: 159,000 (2010 census).

Slovak

[slk] Unestablished. 1,450 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD).

Slovene

[slv] Unestablished. 2,020 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD).

Spanish

[spa] Unestablished. 35,100 in Russian Federation, all users. L1 users: 3,000 in Russian Federation (Instituto Cervantes 2019). L2 users: 32,100 (Instituto Cervantes 2019).

Swedish

[swe] Unestablished. 7,400 in Russian Federation (2012 UNSD).

Tajik

[tgk] Unestablished. 142,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 200,000 (2010 census).

Talysh

[tly] Unestablished. 3,400 in Russian Federation (2010 census).

Turkish

[tur] Unestablished. 146,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census).

Udi

[udi] Unestablished. 2,270 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 4,270 (2010 census).

Ukrainian

[ukr] Unestablished. 1,130,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 1,930,000 (2010 census).

Uyghur

[uig] Unestablished. 1,050 in Russian Federation (2002 census).

Uzbek, Northern

[uzn] Unestablished. 273,500 in Russian Federation (2010 census).

Vietnamese

[vie] Unestablished. 10,100 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 14,000 (2010 census).

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