Cameroon

English

[eng] 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 1(3)). 9,805,900 in Cameroon, all users. L1 users: 5,900 in Cameroon (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. L2 users: 9,800,000 (Pinyon and Haydon 2010).

French

[fra] 1 (National). Statutory national language (1996, Constitution, Article 1(3)). 10,000,000 in Cameroon (Beck et al 2018), L2 users.

3 (Wider communication)

Arabic, Shuwa

[shu] 3 (Wider communication). Used as a LWC in the market and media, and in some churches. Originated from the migration of Arabic speakers from Chad to Cameroon from colonial period until present. 145,000 in Cameroon, all users. L1 users: 75,000 in Cameroon (2005 SIL). L2 users: 70,000 (2013 SIL).

Bamun

[bax] 3 (Wider communication). Originated in the high western grasslands of Cameroon with capital at Foumban, a town in Northwest Cameroon. 420,000 (2005 SIL). Based on actual population of the subdivisions where the Bamun people are present, as of the official 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm).

Bulu

[bum] 3 (Wider communication). Migrated in 1883 from Nubia, between southern Egypt and central Sudan, and settled in the Centre Province of Cameroon. Spread through the work of Protestant missionaries who chose it as a church language in 1887 and established Bulu schools at many locations. Used in church, commerce, and education. Currenlty used as LWC throughout much of the South region and some in the East. 1,658,000, all users. L1 users: 858,000 (2007). L2 users: 800,000 (1991 UBS).

Duala

[dua] 3 (Wider communication). First spoken in Cameroon in 1650 by immigrants who arrived from Congo and who settled in the estuary of Wouri River, site of present-day Duala city. In 1845 a mission was opened in Duala, and by 1875 Duala had become the lingua franca for many ethnic groups in Cameroon. Duala is now the most widely spoken language in the largest city in Cameroon and is used in all domains, including trade, church, education, and communication (‘drum language’ as earlier form). 87,700 (1982 SIL).

Ewondo

[ewo] 3 (Wider communication). Originated in the forests south of the Sanaga river (East Region, Central Region and Littoral Region of Cameroon). Used for trade. 578,000 (1982 SIL).

Fulfulde, Adamawa

[fub] 3 (Wider communication). Brought to Cameroon in 1805 via a religious war (jihad) launched by Usman Dan Fodio in Northern Nigeria. Originally used as a trade language. Since the arrival of missionaries in 1885, used as a church language. Now used as LWC in 3 regions of northern Cameroon. 5,180,000 in Cameroon, all users. L1 users: 2,500,000 in Cameroon (2019). L2 users: 2,680,000 (2019). Total users in all countries: 5,685,500 (as L1: 3,005,500; as L2: 2,680,000).

Kom

[bkm] 3 (Wider communication). Originated in Cameroon. Today used as a church language and/or in other domains by nine language groups. 233,000 (2005 CABTAL), increasing. 69,900 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 233,000.

Lamnso’

[lns] 3 (Wider communication). Originated in the Bamenda Grassfields of northwest Cameroon. Used by speakers of many other languages. 240,000 (2005 SIL), increasing. 72,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 240,000.

Mafa

[maf] 3 (Wider communication). 500,000 in Cameroon (1997 SIL). Total users in all countries: 504,910.

Medumba

[byv] 3 (Wider communication). Grassfields language, originated in the Nde division of the West Region of Cameroon. Used as a church language by Protestant missionaries in the early 1900s. 210,000 (1991 UBS).

Pidgin, Cameroon

[wes] 3 (Wider communication). Originated along the West Coast of Africa from Sierra Leone through Nigeria to Cameroon around 1800 and was used as a trade language between 1800 and 1884. Later used in market, prisons, playground, school campuses, and political campaigns. Now the most widespread lingua franca in Cameroon, used by about half the population (Todd and Mühlhäusler 1978). Also used in spoken media. 12,000,000 (Ayafor and Green 2017), all users.

4 (Educational)

German, Standard

[deu] 4 (Educational). 300,000 in Cameroon (2010 D. Bathe), L2 users.

5 (Developing)

Duupa

[dae] 5* (Developing). 5,000 (1991 UBS).

Elip

[ekm] 5* (Developing). 6,400 (1982 SIL).

Fali, South

[fal] 5* (Developing). 20,000 (1982 SIL).

Fe’fe’

[fmp] 5* (Developing). 140,000 (2005 SIL). Based on the population of the subdivision where the Fe’fe’ people are present; this is the best estimate available since the 1982 census (2014 C. Hamm).

Ghomálá’

[bbj] 5* (Developing). 350,000 (2005 SIL). Based on the actual population of the subdivisions where the Ghomala’ people are present, as of the official 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm).

Gidar

[gid] 5* (Developing). 54,000 in Cameroon (1982 SIL). Total users in all countries: 65,700.

Gude

[gde] 5* (Developing). 20,000 in Cameroon (1992 SIL).

Kare

[kbn] 5* (Developing). 4,460 in Cameroon (2000).

Kera

[ker] 5* (Developing). 6,000 in Cameroon.

Kolbila

[klc] 5* (Developing). 4,500 (2018 IMB).

Kuo

[xuo] 5* (Developing). 7,950 in Cameroon (2011 SIL).

Kwakum

[kwu] 5* (Developing). 10,000 (2002 SIL).

Kwanja

[knp] 5* (Developing). 10,000 (2011 LBT).

Makaa

[mcp] 5* (Developing). 80,000 (1987 SIL).

Mambila, Cameroon

[mcu] 5* (Developing). 30,000 (1993 UBS).

Masana

[mcn] 5* (Developing). 103,000 in Cameroon (1982 SIL).

Mbum

[mdd] 5* (Developing). 38,600 in Cameroon (1982 SIL). Total users in all countries: 51,100.

Mengaka

[xmg] 5* (Developing). 38,500 (2005 SIL).

Mofu, North

[mfk] 5* (Developing). 27,500 (1982 SIL).

Mundang

[mua] 5* (Developing). 44,700 in Cameroon (1982 SIL).

Musey

[mse] 5* (Developing). 50,000 in Cameroon (2005 SIL). Based on the actual population of the subdivisions where the Musey people are present as of the 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm).

Musgu

[mug] 5* (Developing). 140,000 in Cameroon (2005 SIL). Based on the actual population of the sub-divisions where the Musgu people are present, as of the 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm). Total users in all countries: 164,400.

Njyem

[njy] 5* (Developing). 4,400 in Cameroon (2005 SIL). Based on the actual population of the subdivision where the Njyem people are present, as of the official 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm). 3,750 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 7,900.

Nzakambay

[nzy] 5* (Developing). 13,000 in Cameroon (2000).

Pere

[pfe] 5* (Developing). 50,000 in Cameroon (2017 UBS).

Psikye

[kvj] 5* (Developing). 40,500 in Cameroon (1982 SIL). Total users in all countries: 52,500.

Samba Leko

[ndi] 5* (Developing).

Aghem

[agq] 5 (Developing). 39,100 (2005 SIL), increasing.

Akoose

[bss] 5 (Developing). 100,000 (2001 SIL), increasing.

Awing

[azo] 5 (Developing). 19,000 (2001 SIL).

Babanki

[bbk] 5 (Developing). 39,000 (2011 SIL), increasing.

Bafanji

[bfj] 5 (Developing). 18,000 (2005 SIL).

Bafut

[bfd] 5 (Developing). 100,000 (Tamanji 2009), increasing.

Baka

[bkc] 5 (Developing). 40,000 in Cameroon (2007 Y. Léonard). 15,000 monolinguals. Mainly women. Ethnic population: 40,000. Total users in all countries: 43,200.

Bamali

[bbq] 5 (Developing). 10,800 (2008 SIL).

Bambalang

[bmo] 5 (Developing). 29,000 (2008 SIL).

Bamukumbit

[bqt] 5 (Developing). 12,000 (2008 SIL).

Bamunka

[bvm] 5 (Developing). 31,000 (2008 SIL).

Bana

[bcw] 5 (Developing). 23,000 (2007 SIL). 14,000 Gamboura and 9,000 Guili.

Bangolan

[bgj] 5 (Developing). 14,000 (2008 census).

Basaa

[bas] 5 (Developing). 300,000 (2005 SIL). Based on the actual population of the subdivisions where the Basaa people are present, as of the official 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm).

Bum

[bmv] 5 (Developing). 21,400 (2001 SIL), increasing.

Buwal

[bhs] 5 (Developing). 10,000 (2004 SIL), increasing.

Chung

[cnq] 5 (Developing). 1,400 (2001 SIL).

Cuvok

[cuv] 5 (Developing). 13,500 (2021 SIL), increasing.

Daba

[dbq] 5 (Developing). 24,000 in Cameroon (2007 SIL). Total users in all countries: 25,000.

Denya

[anv] 5 (Developing). 11,200 (1982 SIL), increasing.

Dii

[dur] 5 (Developing). 50,000 (2010 L. Bohnhoff).

Doyayo

[dow] 5 (Developing). 15,000 (Wiering and Wiering 1994).

Ejagham

[etu] 5 (Developing). 49,400 in Cameroon (2000), increasing.

Gbaya, Northwest

[gya] 5 (Developing). 65,000 in Cameroon (1980).

Giziga

[giz] 5 (Developing). 60,000 (1991 UBS).

Hdi

[xed] 5 (Developing). 25,000 in Cameroon (2001 SIL). Total users in all countries: 29,000.

Iyasa

[yko] 5 (Developing). 2,200 in Cameroon (2015 SIL). Ethnic population: 4,400 (2015 SIL). Total users in all countries: 3,200.

Jukun Takum

[jbu] 5 (Developing). 2,440 in Cameroon (2000). Total users in all countries: 42,440 (as L1: 2,440; as L2: 40,000).

Kako

[kkj] 5 (Developing). 100,000 in Cameroon (2003 SIL). Total users in all countries: 123,400.

Kemedzung

[dmo] 5 (Developing). 3,540 (2008 Misaje council).

Kenswei Nsei

[ndb] 5 (Developing). 25,000 (2008 SIL).

Kenyang

[ken] 5 (Developing). 65,000 (1992 SIL), increasing. Ethnic population: 65,000.

Koonzime

[ozm] 5 (Developing). 40,000 (2011 SIL). 26,400 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 40,000.

Kwasio

[nmg] 5 (Developing). 9,000 in Cameroon (1982 SIL), increasing. Total users in all countries: 22,000.

Lefa

[lfa] 5 (Developing). 15,000 (2010 SIL).

Limbum

[lmp] 5 (Developing). 130,000 in Cameroon (2005 SIL), increasing. Based on the actual population of the subdivisions where the Limbum people are present as of the 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm).

Matal

[mfh] 5 (Developing). 18,000 (1982 SIL).

Mbembe, Tigon

[nza] 5 (Developing). 40,000 in Cameroon (2005 SIL), increasing. Based on the actual population of the subdivision where the Tigon Mbembe people are present, as of the official 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm). Total users in all countries: 60,000.

Mbuko

[mqb] 5 (Developing). 15,000 (2008 SIL), increasing.

Merey

[meq] 5 (Developing). 10,000 (1982 SIL).

Meta’

[mgo] 5 (Developing). 83,000 (2013 CABTAL), increasing.

Mofu-Gudur

[mif] 5 (Developing). 90,000 (2008 SIL), increasing.

Moloko

[mlw] 5 (Developing). 10,000 (Starr 1997).

Mundani

[mnf] 5 (Developing). 34,000 (1987 SIL).

Muyang

[muy] 5 (Developing). 30,000 (2007 SIL).

Naami

[bzv] 5 (Developing). 3,550 (2008 SIL).

Nchane

[ncr] 5 (Developing). 13,200 (2008 Misaje Council).

Ngiemboon

[nnh] 5 (Developing). 250,000 (2000 CABTAL), increasing. 80,000 monolinguals.

Ngomba

[jgo] 5 (Developing). 63,000 (1999 SIL), increasing.

Ngombale

[nla] 5 (Developing). 53,500 (2005 SIL), increasing.

Nomaande

[lem] 5 (Developing). 6,000 (1982 SIL), increasing.

Noone

[nhu] 5 (Developing). 40,000 (2005 SIL). Based on actual population of the sub-divisions where the Noone people are present as of the 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm).

Nugunu

[yas] 5 (Developing). 35,000 (1987 SIL).

Oku

[oku] 5 (Developing). 87,000 (2005 SIL). Based on the actual population of the subdivision where the Oku people are present, as of the official 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm).

Oroko

[bdu] 5 (Developing). 106,000 (2000).

Parkwa

[pbi] 5 (Developing). 30,000 (1993 SIL).

Pinyin

[pny] 5 (Developing). 24,600 (2001 SIL), increasing.

Sari

[asj] 5 (Developing). 7,600 (2008 SIL).

Tikar

[tik] 5 (Developing). 110,000 (2005 SIL). Based on the actual population of the subdivisions where the Tikar people are present, as of the official 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm).

Tunen

[tvu] 5 (Developing). 40,000 (1997 J. Mbongue). Ethnic population: 100,000 (1997 J. Mbongue).

Tupuri

[tui] 5 (Developing). 130,000 in Cameroon (2005 SIL). Based on the actual population of the subdivision where the Tupuri people are present, as of the official 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm). Total users in all countries: 321,000.

Vame

[mlr] 5 (Developing). 8,500 (1992 SIL). Few monolinguals.

Vengo

[bav] 5 (Developing). 27,000 (2008 SIL).

Vute

[vut] 5 (Developing). 20,000 in Cameroon (1997 L. Lode). 300 in Banyo (1995 B. Connell). Total users in all countries: 21,000.

Wandala

[mfi] 5 (Developing). 23,500 in Cameroon (1982 SIL). Total users in all countries: 43,500.

Wuzlam

[udl] 5 (Developing). 10,500 (1982 SIL), increasing. Very few monolinguals.

Yamba

[yam] 5 (Developing). 80,000 in Cameroon (2000), increasing, including those living outside the area.

Yemba

[ybb] 5 (Developing). 300,000 (1992 SIL), increasing.

Zulgo-Gemzek

[gnd] 5 (Developing). 26,000 (2002 SIL).

5 (Dispersed)

Fang

[fan] 5 (Dispersed). 111,000 in Cameroon (2000).

Fulfulde, Mbororo

[fuv] 5* (Dispersed). 85,000 in Cameroon (2011 SIL), increasing.

Hausa

[hau] 5* (Dispersed). 312,500 in Cameroon, all users. L1 users: 23,500 in Cameroon (1982 SIL). L2 users: 289,000 (2018 J. Leclerc).

Kanuri, Yerwa

[knc] 5* (Dispersed). 56,500 in Cameroon (1982 SIL).

Ngambay

[sba] 5* (Dispersed). 57,000 in Cameroon (2005 SIL). Based on the actual population of the subdivisions where the Ngambay people are present, as of the official 2005 census (2014 C. Hamm).

Tiv

[tiv] 5* (Dispersed). Few in Cameroon.

6a (Vigorous)

Akum

[aku] 6a (Vigorous). 1,400 in Cameroon (2002 SIL).

Ambele

[ael] 6a (Vigorous). 5,000 (2005 SIL). Ethnic population: 6,000 (2001 SIL).

Bafaw-Balong

[bwt] 6a* (Vigorous). 8,400 (1982 SIL).

Bafia

[ksf] 6a (Vigorous). 60,000 (1991 UBS).

Bakoko

[bkh] 6a (Vigorous). 50,000 (1982 SIL), increasing.

Bambili-Bambui

[baw] 6a (Vigorous). 12,500 (2005 SIL), increasing.

Bamenyam

[bce] 6a (Vigorous). 5,300 (2005 SIL).

Bangandu

[bgf] 6a (Vigorous). 2,700 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977).

Bassossi

[bsi] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,000 (2004 SIL).

Bebil

[bxp] 6a* (Vigorous). 6,000 (1991 SIL).

Bekwel

[bkw] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,700 in Cameroon (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity.

Bitare

[brt] 6a* (Vigorous). 6,000 in Cameroon (2000).

Bomwali

[bmw] 6a* (Vigorous). 6,100 in Cameroon (2000).

Byep

[mkk] 6a* (Vigorous). 9,500 (1988 SIL).

Dugun

[ndu] 6a* (Vigorous). 7,000 (1997 L. Lode).

Dugwor

[dme] 6a (Vigorous). 5,000 (2001 SIL).

Esimbi

[ags] 6a (Vigorous). 34,800 in Cameroon (2005 SIL), increasing.

Eton

[eto] 6a (Vigorous). 250,000 (2005 census). Based on census results for whole Lekie division. Delpech (1985: 161), cited in Van de Velde 2006, gives 250,000 in 1982 (2014 C. Hamm).

Gavar

[gou] 6a (Vigorous). 15,000 (2010 SIL).

Gbaya-Mbodomo

[gmm] 6a (Vigorous). 8,000 (1992).

Giziga, North

[gis] 6a* (Vigorous). 20,000 (1982 SIL).

Gvoko

[ngs] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 in Cameroon (2000 SIL).

Iceve-Maci

[bec] 6a (Vigorous). 7,000 in Cameroon (1990). Total users in all countries: 12,000.

Ipulo

[ass] 6a (Vigorous). 2,500 (1990 SIL).

Isu

[isu] 6a (Vigorous). 15,400 (1993 SIL), increasing.

Iyive

[uiv] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 in Cameroon (1996 WT). Total users in all countries: 2,000.

Jimjimen

[jim] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 (2019 SIL).

Kendem

[kvm] 6a (Vigorous). 1,900 (2005 SIL).

Kol

[biw] 6a* (Vigorous). 12,000 (2007 B. Henson). 1,000 in Bikeng.

Korop

[krp] 6a (Vigorous). 7,440 in Cameroon (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007).

Kwaja

[kdz] 6a (Vigorous). 5,500 (2005 SIL).

Laimbue

[lmx] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,000 (1994 SIL).

Lidzonka

[add] 6a (Vigorous). 2,600 in Cameroon (2000), increasing.

Mada

[mxu] 6a (Vigorous). 17,000 (1982 SIL).

Mambai

[mcs] 6a (Vigorous). 12,000 in Cameroon (2011 E. Anonby). Total users in all countries: 14,000.

Mazagway-Hidi

[dkx] 6a (Vigorous). 35,000 (2005 census).

Mbessa

[emz] 6a (Vigorous). 25,000 (2020 K. Toah Nsah).

Mbudum

[xmd] 6a (Vigorous). 6,000 (2001 SIL).

Mbuk

[bpc] 6a* (Vigorous). 600 (2020 N. Tschonghongei).

Mefele

[mfj] 6a (Vigorous). 11,000 (2002 SIL).

Menka

[mea] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,200 (2000 SIL).

Mesaka

[iyo] 6a (Vigorous). 14,000 (1982 SIL).

Mfumte

[nfu] 6a (Vigorous). 24,700 (1982 SIL).

Mina

[hna] 6a (Vigorous). 11,000 (2000).

Mmen

[bfm] 6a (Vigorous). 35,000 (2001 SIL), increasing. 1,000 Fungom (1993 SIL).

Mom Jango

[ver] 6a* (Vigorous). 6,520 in Cameroon (2000).

Mpiemo

[mcx] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,000 in Cameroon (1991 SIL).

Mpumpong

[mgg] 6a* (Vigorous). 45,000 (1991 SIL).

Mubako

[muo] 6a* (Vigorous). 39,500 in Cameroon (2005 SIL).

Mungaka

[mhk] 6a* (Vigorous). 152,000 (2021 Joshua Project).

Nda’nda’

[nnz] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,000 (1990 SIL).

Ndemli

[nml] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 (Ngoran 1999).

Ngemba

[nge] 6a (Vigorous). 18,800 (2002 SIL).

Ngie

[ngj] 6a (Vigorous). 37,000 (2001 SIL), increasing.

Ngwe

[nwe] 6a (Vigorous). 73,200 (2001 SIL).

Ngwo

[ngn] 6a (Vigorous). 22,000 (2004 SIL).

Njen

[njj] 6a (Vigorous). 1,800 (2002 SIL).

Nyokon

[nvo] 6a (Vigorous). 3,900 (Guthrie and Tucker 1956).

Nzanyi

[nja] 6a* (Vigorous). 9,000 in Cameroon.

Pana

[pnz] 6a (Vigorous). 2,980 in Cameroon (2000), increasing.

Pévé

[lme] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,720 in Cameroon (2000).

Pol

[pmm] 6a* (Vigorous). 38,700 in Cameroon (2000). Total users in all countries: 44,130.

Supapya

[bbw] 6a (Vigorous). 24,500 (2005 SIL).

Tuki

[bag] 6a (Vigorous). 26,000 (1982 SIL), increasing.

Vemgo-Mabas

[vem] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 in Cameroon (Hamm 2004a).

Weh

[weh] 6a (Vigorous). 8,000 (1993 SIL), increasing.

Wushi

[bse] 6a (Vigorous). 25,000 (2008 SIL).

6b (Threatened)

Afade

[aal] 6b* (Threatened). 5,000 in Cameroon (Tourneux 2004). 40,000 all Kotoko languages (Tourneux 2004).

Ajumbu

[muc] 6b (Threatened). 200 (Good et al 2011).

Atong

[ato] 6b* (Threatened). 4,200 (2000 SIL).

Bakaka

[bqz] 6b (Threatened). 30,000 (1998 SIL).

Balo

[bqo] 6b (Threatened). 2,230 (2000).

Bankon

[abb] 6b (Threatened). 12,000 (2001 SIL).

Barombi

[bbi] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (2001 SIL).

Bata

[bta] 6b* (Threatened). 2,500 in Cameroon.

Batanga

[bnm] 6b* (Threatened). 5,750 in Cameroon (2015 SIL), decreasing. Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 11,500 (2015 SIL). Total users in all countries: 13,750.

Bati

[btc] 6b (Threatened). 800 (1975 census).

Beba

[bfp] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (2002 SIL).

Bebele

[beb] 6b (Threatened). 24,000 (Welmers 1971a).

Beezen

[bnz] 6b (Threatened). 450 (2001 SIL).

Befang

[bby] 6b* (Threatened). 9,000 (2005 SIL).

Bokyi

[bky] 6b (Threatened). 7,900 in Cameroon (2005 SIL).

Bonkeng

[bvg] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 (2000).

Bubia

[bbx] 6b (Threatened). 600 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977).

Buduma

[bdm] 6b* (Threatened). 200 in Cameroon.

Busam

[bxs] 6b (Threatened). 3,400 (2005 SIL).

Caka

[ckx] 6b* (Threatened). 5,000 (Dieu and Renaud 1983).

Dek

[dek] 6b* (Threatened). 2,980 (2000).

Eman

[emn] 6b (Threatened). 800 (1990 SIL).

Evant

[bzz] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 in Cameroon (1996 SIL).

Fali, North

[fll] 6b* (Threatened). 16,000 (1982 SIL).

Fang

[fak] 6b (Threatened). 4,000 (Good et al 2011).

Gimme

[kmp] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 (1982 SIL).

Gimnime

[gmn] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 (1982 SIL).

Glavda

[glw] 6b* (Threatened). 2,800 in Cameroon (1982 SIL).

Gyele

[gyi] 6b (Threatened). 4,250 in Cameroon (2012 SIL). Total users in all countries: 4,300.

Hijuk

[hij] 6b (Threatened). 400 (1992 SIL).

Isu

[szv] 6b (Threatened). 800 (1982 SIL). Few speakers (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007).

Jina

[jia] 6b (Threatened). 1,500 (Tourneux 2004). 40,000 all Kotoko languages (Tourneux 2004).

Kamkam

[bgu] 6b (Threatened).

Karang

[kzr] 6b (Threatened). 17,000 in Cameroon (Dimmendaal and Voeltz 2007). Very few monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 18,000.

Koma

[kmy] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 in Cameroon (1984 SIL).

Koshin

[kid] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (Good et al 2011).

Kuk

[kfn] 6b (Threatened). 3,600 (2005 SIL).

Kung

[kfl] 6b (Threatened). 600 (Good et al 2011).

Kutep

[kub] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 in Cameroon (2005 SIL).

Lagwan

[kot] 6b* (Threatened). 15,000 in Cameroon (Shryock and Brahim 2014). 40,000 all Kotoko languages (Tourneux 2004).

Longto

[wok] 6b* (Threatened). 2,400 (1982 SIL).

Majera

[xmj] 6b (Threatened). 500 in Cameroon (Tourneux 2004). 40,000 all Kotoko languages (Tourneux 2004).

Malgbe

[mxf] 6b* (Threatened). 6,000 in Cameroon (Tourneux 2004). 40,000 all Kotoko languages (Tourneux 2004).

Malimba

[mzd] 6b (Threatened). 1,780 (2009 SIL).

Manta

[myg] 6b* (Threatened). 6,500 (2005 SIL).

Mbo

[mbo] 6b* (Threatened). 45,000 (Ewané Etamé 1995).

Mbo’

[mtk] 6b (Threatened). 1,490 (2000).

Mbonga

[xmb] 6b (Threatened). 1,490 (2000).

Mbule

[mlb] 6b (Threatened). 110 (2009 SIL). No monolinguals.

Mendankwe-Nkwen

[mfd] 6b* (Threatened). 27,700 (2005 SIL).

Mengisa

[mct] 6b (Threatened). 20,000 (1979 SIL), decreasing.

Mmaala

[mmu] 6b (Threatened). 8,000 (2014 G. Boyd).

Mokpwe

[bri] 6b* (Threatened). 20,000 (2014 M. Engeler). Ethnic population: 150,000 (2014 M. Engeler).

Mpade

[mpi] 6b* (Threatened). 16,000 in Cameroon (Tourneux 2004). 40,000 all Kotoko languages (Tourneux 2004).

Mundabli

[boe] 6b (Threatened). 530 (Good et al 2011).

Mungbam

[mij] 6b (Threatened). 1,850 (Good et al 2011).

Naki

[mff] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (Breton 1993). 300 in Nse chiefdom.

Ngamambo

[nbv] 6b* (Threatened). 108,000 (2013 CABTAL). 8,000 Ngamambo and 100,000 Moghamo (2013 CABTAL).

Ngoshie

[nsh] 6b* (Threatened). 9,200 (2001 SIL).

Nizaa

[sgi] 6b (Threatened). 10,000 (1985).

Nkongho

[nkc] 6b (Threatened). 2,230 (2000).

Nubaca

[baf] 6b (Threatened). 4,500 (2007 SIL). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 5,000.

Osatu

[ost] 6b (Threatened). 400 (2002 SIL).

Sharwa

[swq] 6b (Threatened). 5,100 (2000 SIL).

Swo

[sox] 6b (Threatened). 9,000 (1992 SIL).

Tibea

[ngy] 6b (Threatened). 1,400 (1992 SIL).

Tsuvan

[tsh] 6b (Threatened). 2,300 (2000 SIL).

Tuotomb

[ttf] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 (Dieu and Renaud 1983).

Usaghade

[usk] 6b* (Threatened). 10,000 in Cameroon (1990 B. Connell).

Wawa

[www] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (1991 SIL). 700 in Gandoua dialect (2014 SIL).

Wumboko

[bqm] 6b (Threatened). 4,000 (2000).

Yambeta

[yat] 6b (Threatened). 3,700 (1982 SIL).

Yangben

[yav] 6b (Threatened). 2,300 (1994 SIL).

Yukuben

[ybl] 6b* (Threatened). 950 in Cameroon (1986 R. Breton).

Zhoa

[zhw] 6b (Threatened). 2,000 (Troyer et al 1995).

7 (Shifting)

Kwa’

[bko] 7 (Shifting). 1,000 (2000 SIL).

Leti

[leo] 7 (Shifting). Some L1 speakers (2014 SIL).

8a (Moribund)

Dama

[dmm] 8a (Moribund). 50 (Ayotte and Ayotte 2002). Ethnic population: 500 (Ayotte and Ayotte 2002).

Dimbong

[dii] 8a (Moribund). 140 (1992 SIL). Ethnic population: 50,000.

Hya

[hya] 8a (Moribund). 940 in Cameroon (2002 SIL). Total users in all countries: 2,940.

Maslam

[msv] 8a (Moribund). 250 in Cameroon (Tourneux 2004). 40,000 all Kotoko languages (Tourneux 2004).

Mono

[mru] 8a (Moribund). 300 (2001 SIL).

Mser

[kqx] 8a (Moribund). 500 in Cameroon (Tourneux 2004). 40,000 all Kotoko languages (Tourneux 2004).

Ndoola

[ndr] 8a (Moribund). 2,120 in Cameroon (2000). 3 elderly speakers in Dodeo dialect (2014 SIL).

Pam

[pmn] 8a (Moribund). 30 (Ayotte and Ayotte 2002). Ethnic population: 65 (Ayotte and Ayotte 2002).

Twendi

[twn] 8a (Moribund). 30 (2000 B. Connell). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1991 SIL).

8b (Nearly extinct)

Bakole

[kme] 8b (Nearly extinct). 300 (1982 SIL).

Ndai

[gke] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (Ayotte and Ayotte 2002). Ethnic population: 50 (Ayotte and Ayotte 2002).

Oblo

[obl] 8b (Nearly extinct).

Zizilivakan

[ziz] 8b (Nearly extinct). 200 in Cameroon (2010 Z. Yoder et al.).

9 (Dormant)

Duli-Gey

[duz] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Probably became extinct in the latter half of the 20th century. Ethnic population: 1,900 (1982 SIL).

Nimbari

[nmr] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. The last speakers probably died by the 1930s (Sommer 1992). Ethnic population: 130.

9 (Second language only)

La’bi

[lbi] 9 (Second language only). 4,400, all users. L1 users: No known L1 speakers (Samarin 1971). L2 users: 4,400 (2006). Ethnic population: No ethnic community.

[toz] 9 (Second language only). No known L1 speakers in Cameroon. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Total users in all countries: none known.

10 (Extinct)

Baldemu

[bdn] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers probably survived into the early 2010s.

Bikya

[byb] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the late 1980s (1986 R. Breton).

Bishuo

[bwh] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the late 1980s (1986 R. Breton).

Bung

[bqd] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. 3 semi-speakers in 1997 (Connell 1997). Last speaker probably died in the 1970s.

Busuu

[bju] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers probably survived into the late 2000s.

Kasabe

[luw] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker died in November 1995 (1997 B. Carroll).

Nagumi

[ngv] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (1983 Atlas Linguistique du Cameroun).

Yeni

[yei] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Probably became extinct in the early 20th century.

Zumaya

[zuy] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died or shifted to Fulfulde by the late 1980s.

Cameroon

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