Indonesia
PrintPrimary tabs
Abinomn
[bsa] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu sub-district. Lakes plain area, Baso river mouth at Idenburg river to headwaters in Foya mountains. Users: 300 (Clouse et al 2002). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Avinomen, Foja, Foya, “Baso” (pej.). Classification: Language isolate.
Abui
[abz] East Nusa Tenggara province: west Alor island. Users: 16,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Barue, Namatalaki, “Barawahing” (pej.). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor.
Abun
[kgr] West Papua province: Sorong regency, Ayamaru, Moraid, and Sausapor sub-districts, about 20 villages; north coast, interior of central Bird’s Head. Users: 3,000 (1995 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: A Nden, Karon, Manif, Yimbun. Autonym: Abun. Classification: Language isolate.
Aceh
[ace] Aceh province: Aceh Barat, Aceh Barat Daya, Aceh Besar, Aceh Jaya, Aceh Selatan, Aceh Singkil, Aceh Tamiang, Aceh Timur, Aceh Utara, Bireuen, Kota Langsa, Kota Lhokseumawe, Nagan Raya, Pidie, and Pidie Jaya regencies, on Weh and neighboring islands; North Sumatra province: Tapanuli Tengah regency, south coast enclave. Users: 2,840,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 3,370,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). De facto language of provincial identity in Aceh province. Alternate Names: Acehnese, Achehnese, Achinese, Atjehnese, Basa Acèh. Autonym: Aceh, Bahsa Acèh. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Chamic, Acehnese.
Adang
[adn] East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, northwest of Kalabahi town toward Banda Sea coast. Users: 3,000 (2000), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Alor. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor.
Adonara
[adr] East Nusa Tenggara province: Adonara and east Solor islands. Users: 98,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nusa Tadon, Sagu, Vaiverang, Waiwerang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Aghu
[ahh] Papua province: Boven Digoel regency, Jair sub-district in south interior between Mapi and Digul rivers. Users: 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Djair, Dyair. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu.
Airoran
[air] Papua province: Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Hilir and Pantai Barat sub-districts, Isirania, Motobiak, Subu, and other villages on lower Apauwer river. Users: 1,000 (1998 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Adora, Aeroran, Iriemkena. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, West Coast.
Alor
[aol] East Nusa Tenggara province: coastal Bird’s Head of Alor, north Pantar and adjacent islands. Users: 25,000 (Grimes et al 1997). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Alorese. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Alune
[alp] Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Kairatu and Taniwel districts, 27 villages in Latuhelu area and Piru bay. Users: 17,200 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Patasiwa Alfoeren, Sapalewa. Autonym: Alune. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Ulat Inai.
Amahai
[amq] Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, 4 villages; Seram island in Elpaputih bay near Masohi town. Users: 50 (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Amahei. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Elpaputi.
Amarasi
[aaz] East Nusa Tenggara province: Kupang regency, Timor island southwest tip; Timur sea near Benini point east to Ela point, interior as far north as Oesa town; 80 villages. Dialects: central and east (Kotos dialect), west (Ro’is dialect), south (Ro’is Tais Nonof dialect), Kota Kupang area (Ro’is Hero dialect). Users: 70,000 (2011 Unit Bahasa dan Budaya - Gereja Masehi Injili di Timor (UBB-GMIT)). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Timor Amarasi, Uab Meto. Autonym: Amarasi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Uab Meto.
Ambai
[amk] Papua province: Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Selatan and Yapen Timur sub-districts, 10 villages on Ambai island, Cenderawasih bay, and Yapen island south coast. Users: 10,100 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ambai-Menawi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western.
Ambel
[wgo] West Papua province: Raja Ampat regency, Waigeo Selatan sub-district, Go, Kabare, Kabilol, Nyandesawai, Selegop, Waifoi, and Warsanbin villages in north central Waigeo island off western Bird’s Head. Users: 1,600 (Arnold 2018). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Amber, Amberi, Siam, Waigeo, Waigiu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat.
Ambelau
[amv] Maluku province: central Ambelau island; Buru island coast, Wae Tawa village; 8 villages. Users: 5,700 (1989 SIL). Ethnic population: 5,700. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Amblau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Ambelau.
Ampanang
[apg] East Kalimantan province: east of Jambu and Lamper towns west of Mahakam river delta. Users: 30,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Barito-Mahakam.
Anakalangu
[akg] East Nusa Tenggara province: Sumba island, southwest coast. Users: 16,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Anakalang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba.
Anasi
[bpo] Papua province: Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Hilir sub-district on north coast, lower west bank Mamberamo river. Users: 2,000 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bapu. Classification: East Geelvink Bay.
Andio
[bzb] Central Sulawesi province: Lamala sub-district, Tangeban and Tauge villages, peninsula east tip area. Users: 335 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Andio’o, Imbao’o, Masama, “Bobongko” (pej.). Autonym: Andio. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western.
Ansus
[and] Papua province: Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Barat sub-district, Aibondeni, Ansus, Kairawi, and Yenusi villages on Yapen island south coast. Users: 4,600 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western.
Anus
[auq] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pulau Anus and Podena islands off north coast; coastal area east of Biri river. Users: 320 (2005 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Koroernoes, Korur. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi.
Aoheng
[pni] Central Kalimantan province: border areas; East Kalimantan province: Sarawak border area, upper reaches of Barito, Kapuas, and Mahakam rivers. Users: 2,630 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Penihing. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’.
Aputai
[apx] Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency; Wetar island, Banda Sea coast, Ilputih village; Wetar strait coast, Lurang village. Users: 150 (Hinton 2000). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Ilputih, Opotai, Tutunohan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Wetar.
Arabic, North Levantine Spoken
[apc] Users: 283,000 in Indonesia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic.
Aralle-Tabulahan
[atq] West Sulawesi province: Mamasa regency, Mambi sub-district, Aralle and Tabulalang towns, 2 separate areas. Users: 29,300 (2010 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu.
Arandai
[jbj] West Papua province: Manokwari regency, Bintuni sub-district; South Bird’s Head, Ceram Sea coast. Users: 1,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dombano, Jaban, Sebyar, Sumuri, Yaban. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Eastern.
Arguni
[agf] West Papua province: Fak-Fak district; Arguni island in Maccluer gulf off northwest coast, Bomberai peninsula. Users: 150 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Argoeni. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai.
As
[asz] West Papua province: Sorong regency, Asbaken and Sorong. Users: 6 (Arnold 2020). Also 2 semi-speakers (Arnold 2020). Ethnic population: 45 (Arnold 2020). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat.
Asilulu
[asl] Maluku province: Asilulu, Negeri Lima, and Ureng, villages. Northwest Ambon island and west Seram island, Hoamoal peninsula, south coast. Users: 8,760 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Asilulu.
Asmat, Casuarina Coast
[asc] Papua province: Mappi regency, Edera and Pantai Kasuari sub-districts on Casuarina Coast from Ewta river north to Kuti river south, and inland. Users: 9,000 (1991 SIL). 5,200 in Matia and 3,400 in Sapan. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: As-amat, Asmat, Kaweinag. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat.
Asmat, Central
[cns] Papua province: Asmat regency; Sawa-Erma, Agats, Atsy, and Pantai Kasuari sub-districts, south coast from Owap river northwest to Farec river southwest, inland; Mappi regency, Edera and Nambai sub-districts in Digul river delta area. Users: 7,000 (Roesler 1972). Most are monolingual. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jas, Manowee, Yas. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat.
Asmat, North
[nks] Papua province: Merauke regency, Sawa-Erma sub-district. Near Pater Le Cocq river headwaters west to Unir river east to the foothills. Users: 1,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Keenok. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat.
Asmat, Yaosakor
[asy] Papua province: Asmat regency, Agats and Atsy sub-districts; lower Surets and Eilanden rivers confluence area. Users: 2,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: As-amat, Yaosakor. Autonym: Asmat. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat.
Atohwaim
[aqm] Papua province: Mappi regency, Pantai Kasuari sub-district. South coast inland, between Cook and Kronkel rivers. Users: 1,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kaugat. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kayagar.
Auye
[auu] Papua province: Paniai regency, Napan sub-district; central highlands in Siriwo river area. Users: 350 (1995 SIL). Ethnic population: 500 (2012 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Auwje. Autonym: Auye. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes.
Awbono
[awh] Papua province: Jayawijaya regency; Modera river area. Users: 100 (1999 SIL). 100 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kvolyab. Classification: Bayono-Awbono.
Awera
[awr] Papua province: Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah sub-district,1 village; east Cenderawasih bay at Wapoga river mouth. Users: 70 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Lakes Plain, Awera.
Awyi
[auw] Papua province: Keerom regency, Arso sub-district; northeast highland enclave near Papua New Guinea border. Users: 350 (Wurm 2000). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Awje, Awji, Awye, Njao, Nyao. Classification: Border, Taikat.
Awyu, Asue
[psa] Papua province: Asmat and Mappi regencies; inland from Pirimapun. Users: 6,500 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Miaro, Miaro Awyu, Pisa. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu.
Awyu, Central
[awu] Papua province: Mappi and Boven Digul regencies, Bimika, Citak Mitak, Mandobo, and Obaa sub-districts; south coast inland. Users: 7,500 (2002 Sohn Myo-sook). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ajau, Auyu, Avio, Awju, Awya, Nohon. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu.
Awyu, Edera
[awy] Papua province: Merauke regency, both banks, lower Digul river. Users: 3,870 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jenimu, Oser, Siagha, Sjiagha, Syiagha, Yenimu. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu.
Awyu, Jair
[awv] Papua province: Merauke district. Users: 2,300 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kia River Awyu. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu.
Awyu, North
[yir] Papua province: Merauke district; Digul river west side. Users: 1,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Awyu, Djair, Dyair, Jair, Yair. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu.
Awyu, South
[aws] Papua province: Merauke and Mappi regencies, Bade town area; lower Digul river. Users: 9,340 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jenimu, Oser, Siagha, Sjiagha, Syiagha, Yenimu. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Awyu.
Babar, North
[bcd] Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Ilwiara, Nakarhamto, and Yatoke villages, northeast Babar island. Users: 1,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, North.
Babar, Southeast
[vbb] Maluku province: Ahanari, Analutur, Kokwari, Kroing, Letwurung, Manuweri, Tutuwawan, and Wakpapai villages; southeast Babar island coast. Users: 4,460 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Masela-South Babar.
Bada
[bhz] Central Sulawesi and border area South Sulawesi provinces: Luwu Utara and Poso regencies, Lore Selatan, Pamona Selatan, Parigi, and Poso Pesisir sub-districts; at least 24 villages. Northern Mamuju regency, Pasangkayu sub-district; some in Ampibabo sub-district, Lemusa village (Ako dialect). Users: 9,780 (2010 census), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Tobada’. Autonym: Bádá’. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern, Badaic.
Badui
[bac] Banten province: Rangkasbitung regency, Pandeglang town, on Ujung river; West Java province: Sukabumi city area, 1 village, and Cikajang city area. Users: 20,000 (2000 census). 12,000 in Kenekes village area. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Baduy, Bahasa Sunda, Gajebo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sundanese.
Bagusa
[bqb] Papua province: Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Tengah sub-district. Users: 300 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kapeso, Suaseso. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear.
Baham
[bdw] West Papua province: northwest Bomberai peninsula, Fakfak regency, Fakfak, Kaimana, and Kokas sub-districts; Kaimana regency, Cape Papisoi area. Users: 1,100 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Patimuni. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Bomberai, West Bomberai Proper.
Bahau
[bhv] East Kalimantan province: Kutai Barat regency, Long Apari, Long Bagun, and Long Hubung, and Long Pahangai sub-districts; Ratah and Mahakam rivers’ confluence area. Users: 19,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper.
Bahonsuai
[bsu] Central Sulawesi province: Morowali regency, Bungku Tengah sub-district, Bahonsuai village on the east coast, Tolo bay. Users: 780 (2010 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bahoe-soeaai, Bahonsoewaai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast.
Bajau, Indonesian
[bdl] Sulawesi island: widespread throughout north central area; North Maluku province: on Bacan, Kayoa, Obi, and Sula islands. Users: 226,000 (2010 census). 5,000 or more in North Maluku (Grimes 1982), 8,000 to 10,000 in South Sulawesi (Grimes and Grimes 1987), 7,000 in North Sulawesi and Gorontalo, 36,000 in Central Sulawesi, 40,000 in Southeast Sulawesi (Mead et al 2007), and several thousand in Nusa Tenggara (Wurm and Hattori 1981, Verheijen 1986). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Badjaw, Badjo, Bajao, Bajau, Bajo, Bayo, Baʔong Sama, Gaj, Indonesian Bajaw, Orang Laut, Sama, Taurije’ne’. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Borneo Coast Bajaw.
Bakati’
[bei] West Kalimantan province: Sambas regency; Sambas river headwaters. Users: 4,000 (1986 UBS). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bakati Nyam, Bakati Riok, Bakatik Dayak, Bakatiq, Bekati. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bakati’.
Bakati’, Rara
[lra] West Kalimantan province: Bengkayang regency, Pejampi and 2 other villages; Sanggau regency border area; upper Lundu and Sambas rivers. Users: 12,000 in Indonesia (2004 M. Connor). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bekati’ Kendayan, Bekati’ Nyam-Pelayo, Bekatiq, Lara’, Luru, Rara Bakati’. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bakati’.
Bakati’, Sara
[sre] West Kalimantan province: near Sanggau-Ledo. Users: 4,000 (2004 M. Connor). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Riok. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bakati’.
Bakumpai
[bkr] Central Kalimantan province: Barito Selatan, and Barito Utara, and Kapuas regencies, Kapuas and Barito rivers; possibly southernmost Murung Raya regency. Users: 100,000 (2003). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Used as a LWC in the market in central Kalimantan Province. Alternate Names: Bara-Jida. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, South.
Balaesang
[bls] Central Sulawesi province: Donggala regency, Balaesang sub-district, Kamonji, Ketong, and Rano villages on Manimbayu peninsula. Users: 3,300 (2010 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Balaesan, Balaisang, Pajo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern.
Balantak
[blz] Central Sulawesi province: Banggai regency, Balantak, Lamala, Luwuk, and Tinangkung Lamala sub-districts, at least 49 villages; Cape Talabu. Users: 20,500, all users. L1 users: 19,500 (2010 census), increasing. L2 users: 1,000 (2015 R. Busenitz). 1,500 monolinguals (2015 R. Busenitz). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Balanta, Kosian. Autonym: Wurung Balantak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Eastern.
Bali
[ban] Bali province: widespread; West Nusa Tenggara province: Kota Mataram and Lombok Barat regency; west central Lombok island. Users: 3,300,000 (2010 census). 7,000 in South Sulawesi. Includes immigrant speakers in west Nusa Tenggara, west Lombok Islands. Ethnic population: 3,950,000 (2011 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Balinese. Autonym: Basa Bali. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa.
Bambam
[ptu] West Sulawesi province: Mamasa regency, Mambi sub-district, Maloso and Mapilli rivers watershed; into Majene and Mamuju regencies. Users: 42,100 (2010 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Pitu Uluna Salu, Pitu-Ulunna-Salu. Autonym: Basa Bambam. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu.
Banda
[bnd] Maluku province: Maluku Tenggara regency, Banda-Eli and Banda-Elat villages, possibly a third; Kei Besar island west and northeast. Users: 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser.
Banggai
[bgz] Central Sulawesi province: Banggai Kepulauan regency, at least 157 villages; Banggai and Bowokan islands. Users: 88,300 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Aki, Banggaai, Banggaiy, Banggay, Banggaya. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Eastern.
Bangka
[mfb] Bangka Belitung Islands province: widespread, Bangka island. Users: 340,000 (2000 census). 50 or less speakers of the Lom dialect (Wurm 2007). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Banjar
[bjn] Central Kalimantan province: Palangkaraya, Pangkalanbun, and Sampit; East Kalimantan province: Kutai, Pasir, and Pulau Laut coastal regions, north toward Samarinda city and Mahakan delta; South Kalimantan province: Banjarmasin area; West Kalimantan province: some in coastal Matua; Kalimantan south and southeastern coasts, Java Sea and Makassar Strait. Users: 3,650,000 in Indonesia (2015 UNSD), increasing. Total users in all countries: 3,655,000. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Banjar became a LWC through trade. LWC in the market, in business, and in media. Banjar, already dominant in South Kalimantan Province, is also growing rapidly in Central and Eastern Kalimantan provinces. Alternate Names: Bandjarese, Banjar Malay, Banjarese, Labuhan. Autonym: بنجر (Banjar). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Bantik
[bnq] North Sulawesi province: Manado city area, 11 villages; north peninsula, northeast section. Users: 1,200 (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 10,000 (2019). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Banti’. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sangiric, Southern.
Barakai
[baj] Maluku province: Apara, Bemun, Longgar, and Mesiang villages in the south; Barakai island; some on Gomo-Gomo island northeast of Barakai. Users: 4,450 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Workai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru.
Barapasi
[brp] Papua province: Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Atas sub-district; east Cenderawasih bay, Barapasi river area and tributaries. Users: 2,500 (1995 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baropasi. Classification: East Geelvink Bay.
Baras
[brs] West Sulawesi province: Mamuju Utara regency, Baras sub-district, in and north of Bambaloka village, Karossa sub-district, Salubiro village. Users: 64 (2010 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Ende. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili.
Basap
[bdb] East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan provinces: Berau, Bulungan, Kutai Kartanegara, Penajam Paser Utara, and Kutai Timur regencies, scattered. Users: 15,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bosap. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Rejang-Sajau.
Batak Alas-Kluet
[btz] Aceh province: inland from Tapaktuan, and northwest towards Kutacane; into North Sumatra province. Users: 101,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 114,000 (2010 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Alas-Kluet Batak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Northern.
Batak Angkola
[akb] North Sumatra province: Labuhan Batu, Labuhan Batu Selatan, Padang Lawas, Padang Lawas Utara, Tapanuli Selatan, Tapanuli Tengah, and Tapanuli Utara regencies; inland from Sibolga city area south, east to Binanga, northeast toward the Strait of Malacca. Users: 535,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 614,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Anakola, Angkola. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Southern.
Batak Dairi
[btd] Aceh province: Aceh Singkil regency; North Sumatra province: Dairi, Humbang Hasundutan, Pakpak Barat, Samosir, and Tapanuli Tengah regencies, Sidikalang town area south to coast. Users: 172,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 245,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Pakpak Dairi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Northern.
Batak Karo
[btx] Aceh province: Aceh Selatan, Aceh Singli, Aceh Tenggara, and Kota Subulussalam regencies; North Sumatra province: Dairi, Deli Serdang, Karo, and Langkat regencies; Tapanuli Tengah regency, south small border area. Users: 491,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 1,220,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Karo Batak, kalak Karo. Autonym: cakap Karo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Northern.
Batak Mandailing
[btm] North Sumatra province: south interior from Padang Sidempuan into Riau and West Sumatra provinces. Users: 691,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 1,720,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Batta, Mandailing Batak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Southern.
Batak Simalungun
[bts] North Sumatra province: Deli Serdang, Kota Pematang Siantar, Serdang Bedagai, and Simalungun regencies. Users: 151,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 435,000 (2010 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Simelungan, Timur. Autonym: Sahap Simalungun. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Simalungan.
Batak Toba
[bbc] North Sumatra province: Asahan, Humbang Hasundutan, Labuhan Batu Utara, Samosir, Simalungan, south Tapanuli Tengah, Tapanuli Utara, and Toba Samosir regencies; Samosir island; east, south, and west of Lake Toba. Users: 1,610,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 4,160,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Toba Batak. Autonym: Batta. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Batak, Southern.
Bati
[bvt] Maluku province: Seram island east coast between Kian Darat and Keleser towns, inland. Users: 3,500 (Loski and Loski 1989). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gah. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser, Geser-Gorom.
Batui
[zbt] Central Sulawesi province: Banggai regency, Batui sub-district, Balantang, Batui, Sisipan, and Tolando villages; eastern peninsula. Users: 850 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Baha. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western, Saluanic.
Batuley
[bay] Maluku province: Aru islands regency, Arafura Sea east coast offshore communities, 7 island villages. Users: 3,640 (2011 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gwataley, Watulai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru.
Bauzi
[bvz] Papua province: Jayapura and Yapen Waropen regencies, Mamberamo Tengah and Waropen Atas sub-districts, Danau Bira, Itaba, Kustera, Neao, Noiadi, Solom, and Vakiadi villages; extensive inland area between Mamberamo and Rouffaer rivers. Users: 1,500 (1991 SIL). 1,350 monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Baudi, Baudji, Baudzi, Bauri. Autonym: Bauzi. Classification: East Geelvink Bay, Bauzi.
Bayono
[byl] Papua province: Asmat regency, Eilanden-Steenboom river area. Users: 300 (2020 M. Edelen). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Benanu, Bese, Kofoyap. Classification: Bayono-Awbono.
Bedoanas
[bed] West Papua province: Fakfak regency, Kokas sub-district; Bomberai peninsula. Users: 180 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Bomberai.
Beginci
[ebc] West Kalimantan: Ketapang regency, Nanga Tayap and Hulu Sungai. Users: 7,500 (2019 D. Berglund). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bihak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Southern.
Behoa
[bep] Central Sulawesi province: Poso regency, Lore Utara sub-district, 8 villages; Behoa and Napu valleys. Users: 4,280 (2010 census), increasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ako, Besoa. Autonym: básá Behóá. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern, Badaic.
Beneraf
[bnv] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Beneraf and part of Nenke village; north coast area east of Tor river mouth. Users: 200 (2005 SIL). Very few monolinguals. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Boneraf, Bonerif, Edwas. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor.
Benggoi
[bgy] Maluku province: Werinama and Bula districts, Balakeo, Benggoi, and Lesa villages; Seram island, north Seram Sea coast. Users: 350 (1989 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Bengoi, Isal, Kobi-Benggoi, Uhei Kachlakan, Uhei-Kaclakin, Uhei-Kahlakim. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti.
Bentong
[bnu] South Sulawesi province: Barru, Bone, Pangkep, and Maros regencies; highland areas northeast of Makassar city. Users: 10,100 (2010 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bentong-Dentong, Dentong. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar.
Benyadu’
[byd] West Kalimantan province: Bengkayang and Landak regencies; near Sarawak border. Users: 54,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Balantian, Balantiang, Njadu, Nyadu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak.
Berik
[bkl] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Tor Atas sub-district, Beu, Bora Bora, Dangken, Doronta, Kondirjan, Safrontani, Sewan, Somanente, Taminambor, Tenwer, Togonfo, and Waf villages; north coast, mid and upper Tor river, inland from Sarmi peninsula. Users: 1,200 (1994 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Berick, Berrik, Sewan Teteris, Upper Tor. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor.
Betaf
[bfe] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district; north coast area east of Sarmi. Users: 600 (2005 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ten’a, Tena. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor.
Betawi
[bew] Banten province: Tangerang recency and city; dominant in Jakarta Special Capital Region; West Java province: Bekasi, Bogar, and Karawang regencies, also Bekasi and Depok cities. Users: 5,000,000 (2000 census). Population count imprecise due to vague ethnic and linguistic definition of ‘Betawi’. Ethnic population: 6,800,000 (2011 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Anak Betawi, Batavi, Batavian, Batawi, Betawi Malay, Jakarta Malay, Melayu Betawi, Melayu Jakarte, Orang Betawi. Autonym: Betawi. Classification: Creole, Malay based.
Biak
[bhw] Papua province: Biak Numfor regency, Biak and Numfor islands; Yapen Island regency, north coast area; West Papua province: Mapia islands; Raja Ampat regency, Bantanta and south Waigeo islands; numerous island communities, east, north, and west of Bird’s Head. Users: 70,000 (van den Heuvel 2007). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bahasa Biak, Biak-Numfor, Mafoor, Mafoorsch, Mefoor, Myfoorsch, Noefoor, Noefoorsch, Nufoor. Autonym: Wós Kovedi, Wós Vyak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic.
Bidayuh, Bau
[sne] West Kalimantan: Bengkayang regency, Jagoi Babang sub-district. Users: Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bau-Jagoi, Jaggoi, Jagoi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bidayuh, Core, Western.
Bidayuh, Biatah
[bth] West Kalimantan province: Sanggau regency, area near Sarawak border; possibly northeast Landak regency. Users: 8,480 in Indonesia (2000). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Biatah, Bideyu, Landu, Lundu, Pueh, Siburan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bidayuh, Core, Central.
Bidayuh, Bukar-Sadong
[sdo] West Kalimantan province: Sanggau and Sintang regencies; Mount Cemaru, near Sarawak border. Users: Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buka, Bukar, Bukar Sadong, Bukar Sadung Bidayah, Sabutan, Sadong, Serian, Tebakang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Bidayuh, Eastern.
Biga
[bhc] West Papua province: Sorong district, Biga village, on south Misool island. Users: 330 (Arnold 2020). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat.
Bilba
[bpz] East Nusa Tenggara province: northeast Rote island; Semau island; Timor mainland near Kupang. Users: 7,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 7,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Belubaa, Bilbaa, Eastern Rote, Rote, Rote Timur, Roti, Rotinese. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote.
Bima
[bhp] East Nusa Tenggara province: Komodo island area; West Nusa Tenggara province: Sumbawa island, east of the isthmus, Banta and Sangeang islands. Users: 500,000 (1989). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bimanese. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Bintauna
[bne] North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondou Utara regency, Bintauna town and inland; Celebes Sea. Users: 2,800 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals (2019). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bintaoena, Bintawoena, Bitaoena. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic.
Biritai
[bqq] Papua province: Puncakjaya district, Biri village. Users: 250 (1988 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aliki, Ati, Biri. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East.
Blagar
[beu] East Nusa Tenggara province: east Pantar, north Pura, and south Ternate islands. Users: 11,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Belagar, Pura, Tarang. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar.
Boano
[bzn] Maluku province: North Buano main village; Boano and Seram islands. Users: 3,240 (1982). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buano. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Hoamoal.
Boano
[bzl] Central Sulawesi province: Parigi Moutong sub-district, Bolano village; north peninsula, south coast, facing gulf of Tomini. Users: 2,400 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Boan-diks, Bolano. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tolitoli.
Bobongko
[bgb] Central Sulawesi province: Batu Daka island, Tumbulawa village on northwest coast; Togian islands, Lembanato village on Kilat bay, north side of Togian island. Users: 2,050 (2010 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western, Saluanic.
Bobot
[bty] Maluku province: Seram Bagian Timur regency, Werinama sub-district, southeast from Atiahu village to Kota Baru; Tunsai village in Liana area. Users: 4,500 (1989 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ahtiago, Atiahu, Hatumeten, Ntau, Werinama. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Bobot.
Bolango
[bld] Gorontalo province: Gorontalo Utara regency, Atinggola town area; North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondow Selantan regency, Molibagu area; Bolaang Mongondow Utara regency. Users: 5,770 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Atinggola-Bolango, Bolaang Uki, Bolang-Banka, Bulanga, Bulanga-Uki. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic.
Bonerate
[bna] South Sulawesi province: Bonerate, Madu, Kalaotoa, Karompa, and Selayer islands. Users: 11,900 (2010 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-Bonerate.
Bonggo
[bpg] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district. Users: 790 (2006 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Armopa, Bgu, Bogu, Bongo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi.
Budong-Budong
[bdx] West Sulawesi province: Mamuju Tengah regency, Topoyo sub-district, Tabolang village; Makassar strait, Budong-Budong river area. Users: 180 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bubudong, Tangkou, To Budo-Budo, Tongkou. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko, Panasuan.
Bugis
[bug] Central Sulawesi province: Donggola, Oti, and Toaya, west; 3 Tolo bay enclaves east; South Sulawesi province: widespread in peninsular interior (except south and east of Makassar city) east to Bone bay; Southeast Sulawesi province: Kasiputih area, 3 interior enclaves near Sulawesi Tenggara, Lake Towuti, Bone bay east coast; West Sulawesi province: More, Pasangkayu on Mandar bay; possibly in Kalimantan, Maluku, Papua, and Sumatra provinces. Users: 4,370,000 in Indonesia, all users. L1 users: 3,870,000 in Indonesia (2010 census), increasing. L2 users: 500,000. Total users in all countries: 4,398,800 (as L1: 3,898,800; as L2: 500,000). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Boegineesche, Boeginezen, Bugi, Buginese, De’, Rappang Buginese, To Ugi. Autonym: Basa Ugi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis.
Bukat
[bvk] West Kalimantan province: northeast near Sarawak border, Kapuas river, 3 areas. Users: 400 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’.
Bukitan
[bkn] North Kalimantan province: Malinau regency on Sarawak border, 2 enclaves on Iwan river. Users: 570 in Indonesia (2000). Total users in all countries: 860. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bakatan, Bakitan, Beketan, Mangkettan, Manketa, Pakatan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Melanau-Kajang, Kajang.
Buli
[bzq] North Maluku province: central Halmahera, 3 villages on Buli bay north shore. Users: 2,520 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, Southeast.
Bulungan
[blj] East Kalimantan province: Tanjungselor town area, lower Kayan river. Users: 30,000 (Kawi et al 2002). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bolongan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Unclassified.
Bunak
[bfn] East Nusa Tenggara province: Belu regency, central interior, near East Timor border, on Timor island. Users: 21,000 in Indonesia (2010). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buna’, Bunake, Bunaq, Gae’, Marae. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Timor.
Bungku
[bkz] Central Sulawesi province: Bungku Selatan, Bungku Tengah, and Bungku Utara sub-districts, about 45 coastal villages from Mondeodo south to Kendari area; Southeast Sulawesi province: Konawe regency, Asera, Soropia, and Lasolo sub-districts, Tulambatu and Kenduri areas inland, interior enclave southeast of Lake Poso. Users: 22,000 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ikinyikiusa, Tamboeko, Tambuku, Tobuco, “Nahina” (pej.). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast.
Buol
[blf] Central Sulawesi province: Baolan, Biau, Bokat, Bunobogu, Momunu, and Paleleh sub-districts, 68 villages on north coast, near Gorontalo province border. Users: 90,200 (2010 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bual, Bwo’ol, Bwool, Dia. Autonym: Apadu Vuolo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic.
Burate
[bti] Papua province: Yapen Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah sub-district, 1 village near Wapoga river mouth. Users: 100 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: East Geelvink Bay.
Burmeso
[bzu] Papua province: Mamberamo Raya regency, Mamberamo Tengah sub-district, 1 village on Middle Mamberamo river. Users: 250 (Donohue 1998). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Boromeso, Borumesso, Burumeso, Manau, Monao, Monau, Taurap. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Burmeso.
Buru
[mhs] Maluku province: Buru island except northeast corner, 70 villages; some on Ambon island in Jakarta. Users: 45,000 (Grimes 2009). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Boeroe, Buruese. Autonym: Buru. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Buru.
Burumakok
[aip] Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Kurima sub-district, Burumakok village. Users: 40 (1994 R. Kroneman). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Western.
Burusu
[bqr] East Kalimantan province: Bulungan regency, Sesayap sub-district, Sekatakbunyi town area. Users: 4,350 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Berusuh, Bulusu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Rejang-Sajau.
Buruwai
[asi] West Papua province: Fakfak and Kaimana regencies, Esania, Gaka, Guriasa, Hia, Kuna, Marobia, Tairi, and Yarona villages in Kamrau bay southwest. Users: 1,000 (2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Asianara, Asienara, Karufa, Madidwana, Sabakor, Sebakoor. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sabakor.
Busami
[bsm] Papua province: Yapen Waropen regency, Yapen Barat and Yapen Selatan sub-districts, Kamanap, Kaonda and Masiaroti villages on south and north coast of Yapen island. Users: 700 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western.
Busoa
[bup] Southeast Sulawesi province: South Buton regency, Batauga district, Busoa and Lakambau villages, around 22 km south of the town of Baubau. Users: 670 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bosoa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan.
Chinese, Hakka
[hak] Widespread. Provinces: Aceh, Bangka-Belitung, Java (5 provinces), Lampung, Maluku (Ambon island), Papua (Jayapura city), Riau Islands (Batam island), North and South Sulawesi, North and South Sumatra; West Kalimantan: Singkawang city; South Kalimantan: Banjarmasin city. Users: 640,000 in Indonesia (1982). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Mandarin
[cmn] Scattered. Users: 466,000 in Indonesia (2005 J. Leclerc), increasing. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Min Dong
[cdo] Bali and Java provinces: scattered throughout. Users: Few speakers. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Foochow, Hokchiu, Min Dong. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Min Nan
[nan] Bali, Java, Kalimantan, and Sumatra provinces: Scattered. Users: 766,000 in Indonesia (2015). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Banlamgi, Min Nan, Minnan. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Chinese, Yue
[yue] Jakarta Raya, Kalimantan, and central Sumatra: Scattered. Users: 182,000 in Indonesia (2005 J. Leclerc). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Cantonese, Konghu, Yue, Yueh. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese.
Cia-Cia
[cia] Southeast Sulawesi province: southeast tip, Flores sea; Buton island, inland between Sampolawa and Pasawajo towns; Batu Atas and Binongko islands. Users: 104,000 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Boetoneezen, Buton, Butonese, Butung, South Buton, Southern Butung. Autonym: Cia-Cia. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Buton, West Buton.
Citak
[txt] Papua province: Mappi regency, Citak-Mitak sub-district, 19 villages on south coast. Users: 8,000 (1985 M. Stringer). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Asmat Darat, Cicak, Kaunak, Tjitak, Tjitjak. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat.
Citak, Tamnim
[tml] Papua province: Asmat and Mappi regencies, Epem, Tamnim, Wowi, and Zinak villages; Senggo town area. Users: 290 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Asmat Darat, Tamnim. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Asmat.
Col
[liw] Bengkulu and South Sumatra provinces: Lubuklinggau and Muaraklingi areas south, east, and north; small group east of Bengkulu city. Users: 145,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Cul, Sindang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Dabe
[dbe] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Dabe village, Tor river valley north to coast. Users: 440 (2005 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Mangambilis. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor.
Dai
[dij] Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Sinairusi, 3 other villages on Lewa island. Users: 820 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, North.
Dakka
[dkk] West Sulawesi province: Polewali-Mandar regency, Wonomulyo sub-district. Users: 1,140 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nordost-Celebes. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu.
Damal
[uhn] Papua province: central highlands, Paniai regency, Beoga and Ilaga sub-districts; Asmat, Deiya, Mimika, and Puncak regencies, north and south Carstens mountains; possibly Lanny Jaya and Nduga regencies. Users: 14,000 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Amung, Amung Kal, Amungme, Amuy, Enggipiloe, Hamung, Oehoendoeni, Uhunduni. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Damal.
Damar, East
[dmr] Maluku province: southeast, 6 villages; east Damar island. Users: 2,800 (1990 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: South Damar. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, East Damar.
Damar, West
[drn] Maluku province: southeast, 2 villages; north Damar island. Users: 800 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: North Damar. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, West Damar.
Dampelas
[dms] Central Sulawesi province: Donggala, Parigi-Moutong, and Toli-Toli regencies, Balaesang, Dampelas, and Sojol sub-districts, 8 villages on northwest Makassar Strait. Users: 9,560 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Dampelasa, Dian. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern.
Dani, Lower Grand Valley
[dni] Papua province: Ndugu regency, Baliem Grand Valley central highlands; lower gorge. Users: 20,000 (1996 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dani, Grand Valley Dani. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper.
Dani, Mid Grand Valley
[dnt] Papua province: Lanny Jaya and Ndugu regencies, Baliem Grand Valley central highlands. Users: 50,000 (1990 UBS). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Baliem Valley Dani, Central Grand Valley Dani, Dani, Tulem. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper.
Dani, Upper Grand Valley
[dna] Papua province: Lanny Jaya regency, Baliem Grand Valley central highlands; upper gorge. Users: 20,000 (1996). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dani. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper.
Dani, Western
[dnw] Papua province: Central highlands. Users: 180,000 (1993 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dani Barat, Ilaga Western Dani, Laany, Lani, Oeringoep, Timorini. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper.
Dao
[daz] Papua province: Paniai regency, Napan sub-district; west central highlands along Dao river. Users: 250 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Maniwo, “X-Ray” (pej.). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes.
Dawera-Daweloor
[ddw] Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Wiratan, Watuwei, and Nurnyaman villages in Banda Sea on twin coral islands northeast of Babar island; Daweloor island; Dawera island, Ilmarang, Letmasa, and Welora villages. Users: 1,270 (2007 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Davelor. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, North.
Dela-Oenale
[row] East Nusa Tenggara province: Rote island west coast, Dela and Oe Nale areas. Users: 7,000 (2002 UKAW). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dela, Delha, Oe Nale, Rote, Rote Barat, Roti, Rotinese, Western Rote. Autonym: Rote Dela. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote.
Dem
[dem] Papua province: Western highlands along Rouffaer river headwaters. Users: 1,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lem, Ndem. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Dem.
Demisa
[dei] Papua province: Waropen Bawah sub-district, Botawa, Desawa, and Muyere villages; inland in northeast Canderawasih bay. Users: 400 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Desawa. Classification: East Geelvink Bay, Bauzi.
Dengka
[dnk] East Nusa Tenggara province: Rote island northwest coast, Ba’a town west to Tasilo bay. Users: 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Rote, Rote Barat, Roti, Rotinese, Western Rote. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote.
Dhao
[nfa] East Nusa Tenggara province: Rote Ndao regency, Ndao island off western tip of Rote island; scattered settlements on Rote and Timor islands. Users: 5,000 (1997 A. Ranoh). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dao, Kahore, Ndao, Ndaonese, Ndaundau. Autonym: Lii Dhao. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Hawu-Dhao.
Diebroud
[tbp] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu sub-district. Users: 300 (2006 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bok, Dabra, Taburta, Taria, Taworta, Taworta-Aero. Classification: Lakes Plain, East.
Dineor
[mrx] Papua province: Sarmi regency on north coast, Walckenaer bay area. Users: 55 (2006 SIL), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Maremgi, Marengge. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor.
Diuwe
[diy] Papua province: Asmat regency, southeast of Wamena city. Users: 100 (1999 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Diuwe.
Dla
[kbv] Papua province: Keerom regency, 13 villages on Papua New Guinea border. Users: 300 in Indonesia (de Sousa 2006). 240 Dla, 60 Menggwa Dla in Indonesia. All Dla speakers: 1,200 (de Sousa 2006). Total users in all countries: 1,200. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Awe, Dera, Dra, Kamberataro, Mangguar. Autonym: Dla. Classification: Senagi.
Dobel
[kvo] Maluku province: Kepulauan Aru regency, Aru islands; Kobror island central and east coast, 18 villages; southeast Wokam island, 1 village; 4 villages in east Barakai strait on Kobror and Koba islands; 2 villages south of Beding Warlai town; many in Dobo; some in Ambon. Users: 5,680 (2011 SIL), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Doibel, Kobro’or, Kobroor, Sersifar Tannin. Autonym: Dobel. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru.
Dondo
[dok] Central Sulawesi province: Buol and Tolitoli regencies, Baolan, Dampal Utara, Dondo, Galang, and Tolitoli Utara sub-districts; at least 25 villages; Gorontalo province: Pohuwato regency. Users: 10,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Northern.
Doutai
[tds] Papua province: Toli-Dou village southwest of Taiyeve town. Users: 70 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 340 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Taori, Taori-So, Tolitai. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East.
Duano
[dup] Sumatra, Riau province: west archipelago and Daratan east coast; into Jambi province: northeast coast; Riau Province, Bengkalis, Kepulauan Meranti, and Pelawan regencies, offshore islands Rangsang, Mendol, and Bengkalis, 4 areas. Users: 15,000 in Indonesia (2006 SIL). Ethnic population: Total ethnic population all countries: 19,000 (2006 E. Seidlitz). Total users in all countries: 15,600. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Desin Dolak, Desin Duano, Duano’, Orang Kuala. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Duri
[mvp] South Sulawesi province: north Enrekang regency; Makassar city and other communities. Users: 123,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Masenrempulu, Massenrempulu. Autonym: Duri. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu.
Duriankere
[dbn] West Papua province: one island between Salawati island and Bird’s Head west end. Users: 30 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 60. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Duriankari, Esaro, Sailen. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, Inanwatan.
Dusner
[dsn] West Papua province: Teluk Wondama regency. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Dusnir. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic.
Dusun Deyah
[dun] South Kalimantan province: Tabalong river northeast of Bongkang town; into Central Kalimantan province. Users: 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Deah, Dejah. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, Central.
Dusun Malang
[duq] Central Kalimantan province: North Barito regency, northeast and west of Muarainu town; East Kalimantan province: Kutai Barat regency, small border area. Users: 4,500 (2003). 2,000 Bayan. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South.
Dusun Witu
[duw] Central Kalimantan province: South Barito regency, near Pendang and Buntokecil towns. Users: 5,000 (2003). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South.
Duvle
[duv] Papua province: south of Van Daalen river; Dagai river (Eastern Duvle), Fedide and Wedi rivers (Western Duvle). Users: 930 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Duvde, Duve, Duvele, Duvre, Wiri. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, Duvle.
Edopi
[dbf] Papua province: southwest Mamberamo Raya and north Puncak regencies; Rouffaer river between Splitsingbivak and Motorbivak. Users: 1,500 (2012 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dosobou, Dou, Doufou, Elopi, Foi, Iau, Turu, Urundi, Ururi, Yau. Autonym: Edopi. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, Central.
Ekari
[ekg] Papua province: Deiya, Dogiyai, Intan Jaya, north Mimika, south Nabire, and Paniai regencies in west central highlands and Lake Paniai area; West Papua province: Kaimana regency south-southwest. Users: 100,000 (1985 M. Doble). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ekagi, Kapauku, Me Mana, Mee Mana, Tapiro. Autonym: Me. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes.
Elseng
[mrf] Papua province: Jayapura and Keerom regencies, Abepura, Arso, Kemtuk Gresi, and Senggi sub-districts, Lake Sentani area, south, southwest. Users: 300 (Foley 2018b). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Djanggu, Janggu, Sawa, Tabu, “Morwap” (pej.). Classification: Language isolate.
Embaloh
[emb] West Kalimantan province: northeast Kapuas Hulu regency, upper Kapuas river, Embaloh, Kalis, Lauh, Leboyan, Nyabau, and Palin tributaries; small area south of the Kapuas, Mandai river, and Batutenobong. Users: 10,000 (1991 NTM). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Malo, Maloh, Matoh, Mbaloh, Memaloh, Palin, Pari, Sangau, Sanggau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis, Tamanic.
Emem
[enr] Papua province: Keerom and Pegunungan Bintang regencies, border area south of Jayapura city. Users: 2,000 (2005 SIL). Some elderly monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Emumu, Imimkal, Kiamerop. Classification: Pauwasi, Eastern.
Emplawas
[emw] Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Emplawas village, south Babar island. Users: 250 (2007 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Southwest Babar.
Ende
[end] East Nusa Tenggara province: south central Flores island. Users: 110,000 (2009 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Endeh. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Enggano
[eno] Bengkulu province: Enggano island, southwest of mainland; 4 small nearby islands. Users: 870 (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,700 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Engganese. Classification: Unclassified.
English
[eng] Large cities in Java; other industrial areas. Users: 34,000 in Indonesia (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity. Status: Unestablished. Alternate Names: Inggris. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English.
Enrekang
[ptt] South Sulawesi province: Enrekang and Pinrang regencies, Enrekang town area, west toward Mandar bay head; West Sulawesi province: Polewali Mandar regency coastal area. Users: 94,500 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Endekan, Endekan Timur. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu.
Eritai
[ert] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Mamberamo Hulu and Mamberamo Tengah sub-districts, Erai, Haya, and Kustera villages; low mountains, Kustera airstrip area. Users: 530 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aliki, Babiruwa, Babrua, Babruwa, Baburiwa, Barua, Editode Edai, Erai, Eri, Haya. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East.
Erokwanas
[erw] West Papua province: Fakfak regency on Berau bay. Users: 200 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Bomberai.
Fayu
[fau] Papua province: Kliki river area; northwest towards Cenderawasik bay. Users: 1,400 (2012 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sehudate. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, West.
Fedan
[pdn] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district, coastline and island off north coast of Biri river area. Users: 280 (2005 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Fandanus, Podena. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi.
Foau
[flh] Papua province: Jayapura and Mamberamo Raya regencies, Kecamatan sub-district, 1 village; Mamberamo basin region on Dijai river. Users: 350 (2010 SIL), increasing. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Abawiri, Doa, Fuau. Classification: Lakes Plain, East.
Fordata
[frd] Maluku province: southeast, 30 villages; north archipelago on Fordata, Larat, and Molu-Maru islands; northwest, Yamdena island west coast, Seira island; also Jakarta, other cities. Users: 50,000 (Marshall 2000). 25,000 in the language area and 25,000 elsewhere (Marshall 2000). Decreasing use in mixed language towns. 500 monolinguals. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Larat, Vai Fordata, Vai Sera-Larat-Fordata, Vai Tnebar, Vaidida. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Kei-Tanimbar, Kei-Fordata.
Galela
[gbi] North Maluku province: Halmahera Selatan regency, Bisa island, Koto Wonto area; Obi island: Laiwai and Sesepe area, and Woi Lower and Wui islands on south coast; Kasiratua, Mandioli, and Obit islands in Bacan islands group; Halmahera Utara regency, Galela bay, east of Galela town; Pulau Morotai regency, Rau and Morotai islands. Users: 79,000 (1990 SIL). 41,000 Kadai, 10,000 Kadina, 24,000 Morotai, and 4,000 Sopi. Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Galelaka. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda.
Galolen
[gal] Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Iliwaki village on Wetar island. Users: 680 in Indonesia (1990 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Galoleng, Iliwaki, Ilmedu, Ilwaki, Lir Talo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor.
Gamkonora
[gak] North Maluku province: Halmahera island, Baru town and inland on northwest coast. Users: 1,500 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu.
Gane
[gzn] North Maluku province: Halmahera island, south peninsula. Users: 2,900 (1982 D. Teljeur). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gani, Giman. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, East Makian-Gane.
Gayo
[gay] Aceh province: Central Aceh, East Aceh, Gayo Lues, and Southeast Aceh regencies; Sumatra highland region near Mount Sembuang. Users: 275,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 335,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gajo, Gayonese. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands.
Gebe
[gei] North Maluku province: Gag, Gebe, and Yoi’umiya islands, 4 villages; Special Region of West Papua province: Halmahera island. Users: 2,650 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gebi, Minyafuin. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat.
Gerai
[gef] West Kalimantan: Ketapang regency. Users: 2,000 (2019 D. Berglund). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Gema, Temiang. Autonym: Gorai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Southern.
Geser-Gorom
[ges] Maluku province: Seram island southeast. Users: 36,500 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gesa, Geser, Goram, Goran, Gorom, Gorong, Seram, Seran, Seran Laut. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser, Geser-Gorom.
Gorap
[goq] North Maluku province: Halmahera Utara regency, Bobane and Igo villages; Pulau Morotai regency, Pilowo and Waringin villages on Morotai island. Users: 1,000 (1992 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Unclassified.
Gorontalo
[gor] Gorontalo province: widespread along both coasts; North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondow Utara regency, northeast of Gorontalo city. Users: 505,000 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gorongtalo, Guarantala, Gunongtello, Holontalo, Hulondalo, Hulonthalo. Autonym: Hulontalo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic.
Gresi
[grs] Papua province: Jayapura regency, Bring, Hawa, Ibub, Klaysu, Sunna, Tabangkwari, and Yansu villages. Users: 2,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Geresi, Glesi, Gresik, Klesi. Classification: Nimboran.
Haji
[hji] South Sumatra province: Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan regency, 2 areas on Sumatra. Users: 17,500 (2000 census). Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 17,500 (Anderbeck 2007). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aji, Malayisch. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Hamap
[hmu] East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, Moru town area, 2 villages in east Kalabahi bay. Users: 900. Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor.
Haruku
[hrk] Maluku province: Haruku island, Lease islands. Users: 18,200 (1989 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay.
Hatam
[had] West Papua province: Manokwari regency. Users: 16,000 (1993 TEAM). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Atam, Borai, Hattam, Mansim. Classification: Language isolate.
Hawu
[hvn] East Nusa Tenggara province: Flores island, Ende area; Raijua and Sawu islands, 3 enclaves; Sumba island, Waingapu and Melolo areas; Timor island, Kupang city. Users: 110,000 (1997). About 30,000 outside Sabu Island. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Havu, Havunese, Sabu, Savu, Savunese, Sawu, Sawunese. Autonym: Lii Hawu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Hawu-Dhao.
Helong
[heg] East Nusa Tenggara province: Semau island; Timor island west tip, and Kupang city. Users: 14,000 (Grimes et al 1997). Ethnic population: 18,000 (2015 S. Cameron). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Helon, Kupang, Semau. Autonym: Helong. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor.
Hitu
[htu] Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, Hila, Hitu, Mamala, Morela, and Wakal villages on Ambon island, Piru Sea coast, Hitu peninsula. Users: 16,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Ambon.
Hoti
[hti] Maluku province: east Seram island. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1990s (1987 SIL). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, East Seram.
Hovongan
[hov] East Kalimantan province: border area northeast near Sarawak; West Kalimantan province: Kapuas Hulu regency. Users: 1,000 (1991 NTM). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Hobongan, Punan Bungan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’.
Huaulu
[hud] Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, 10 villages on north Seram island, Salemen bay, south end near Opin town. Users: 300 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Alakamat, Bahasa Asli. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti.
Hukumina
[huw] Maluku province: Hukumina, Palumata, and Tomahu districts on northwest Buru island. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the early 1990s (1989 SIL). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Balamata, Bambaa, Palamata, Palumata. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Hukumina.
Hulung
[huk] Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Hulung village on west Seram island. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last know speakers survived into the early years of the 2000s (Wurm 2007). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Hulung.
Hupla
[hap] Papua province: central highlands area, Baliem gorge. Users: 3,000 (1982 WT). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Soba. Autonym: Hupla. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper.
Iau
[tmu] Papua province: Puncak Jaya regency, Bakusi, Duita, Fawi, and Fi villages between Rouffaer and Van Daalen rivers. Users: 1,500 (2018 J. Bateman), increasing. 500 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,500. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Iaw, Urundi, Ururi, Yau. Autonym: yav ba. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, Central.
Iban
[iba] West Kalimantan province: Kapuas Hulu regency, Nanga Katungau north to Sarawak border on middle Kapuas river, east of Mount Betung to Udjungumbut, west to Sebangkung town; Sintang regency, lower Kapuas south bank. Users: 15,000 in Indonesia (Benjamin and Chou 2003). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Sea Dayak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Ibanic.
Ibu
[ibu] North Maluku province: Halmahera Barat regency, Gamlamo and Gamici villages on north Halmahera island, Iboe river mouth. Users: 35 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). In 1987, there were a few elderly speakers but it is now probably extinct (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 50 (1984). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu.
Iha
[ihp] West Papua province: Fakfak regency, Fakfak, Kaimana, and Kokas sub-districts on west Bomberai peninsula. Users: 5,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kapaur. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Bomberai, West Bomberai Proper.
Iha Based Pidgin
[ihb] West Papua province: Fak Fak regency, Fak Fak Selantan area on Bomberai peninsula south coast. Users: No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Status: 9 (Second language only). Classification: Pidgin, Iha based.
Ile Ape
[ila] East Nusa Tenggara province: Lembata regency, north Lomblem island, Ile Ape peninsula and inland. Users: 15,000 (2008 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nusa Tadon. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Ili’uun
[ilu] Maluku province: Erai, Esulit, Ilmaumau, Istutun, Karbubu, Klishatu, Nabar, and Telemar villages southwest; Lirang island; Wetar island southwest tip. Users: 1,400 (1990 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Erai, Hahutan, Hahutau, Iliun, Ilmaumau, Limera. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Wetar.
Imroing
[imr] Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Emroing village; Babar island southwest. Users: 560 (2007 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Imroin. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Southwest Babar.
Indonesian
[ind] Widespread. Users: 198,000,000 in Indonesia (2010 census), all users. L1 users: 42,800,000 (2015 UNSD), increasing. Total users in all countries: 198,996,550 (as L1: 43,627,550; as L2: 155,369,000). Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1945, Constitution, Article 36). Autonym: Bahasa Indonesia. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Indonesian Sign Language
[inl] Scattered: Java and Bali, especially Jakarta. Users: 810,000 (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 550,000–1,100,000 deaf signers (assuming 0.2%–0.4% of the total population). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: BISINDO, Bahasa Isyarat Indonesia, ISL. Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language.
Indonesian, Makassar
[mfp] South Sulawesi province: Makassar port area. Users: 1,880,950, all users. L1 users: 950 (2010 census). L2 users: 1,880,000 (2000). Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Macassarese Malay, Makassar Malay, Makassarese Malay, Sulsel Indonesian, Ujung Pandang Indonesian. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Indonesian, Peranakan
[pea] Central Java, East Java, West Java, and Yogyakarta provinces scattered on north coast. Users: 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Baba Indonesian, Chinese Indonesian, Peranakan. Classification: Creole, Malay based.
Irarutu
[irh] West Papua province: Fakfak, north Kaimana, and Teluk Bintani regencies on east Bomberai peninsula, Arguni bay north to Bintuni bay southwest, 44 villages. Users: 4,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Arguni Bay, Irahutu, Irutu, Kaitero, Kasira. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera.
Isirawa
[srl] Papua province: Jayapura, north coast, Sarmi regency: Amsira, Arabais, Arsania, Kamenawari, Mararena, Martewar, Nisero, Nuerawar, Perkami, Siaratesa, Waim, Wari, and Webro villages. Users: 1,800 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Okwasar, Saberi, Saweri. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Isirawa.
Itik
[itx] Papua province: Sarmi regency, north coast on upper Biri river. Users: 80 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 200. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Betef, Borto, Ittik, Ittik-Tor. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor.
Jangkang
[djo] West Kalimantan province: central Sanggau regency, between Sanggau and Balai Sebut towns on Kapuas river tributary. Users: 37,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Djongkang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Southern.
Javanese
[jav] Banten, Central Java, and East Java provinces; Special Region of Yogyakarta; Sumatra island: Lampung province; resettlements in Kalimantan, Maluku, Papua, and Sulawesi. Users: 68,200,000 in Indonesia (2015 UNSD). Ethnic population: 95,200,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 68,278,400. Status: 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in central and eastern Java. Alternate Names: Djawa. Autonym: Jawa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Javanese.
Javindo
[jvd] Java island, Central Java province: south. Users: No known L1 speakers. May have been a few L2 speakers and even a very few L1 speakers at beginning of 20th century (Wurm 2007). Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Creole, Dutch based.
Jofotek-Bromnya
[jbr] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district, Srum village (Bromnya dialect); Pantai Timur sub-district, Biridua village (Jofotek dialect). Users: 200 (2007), increasing. Few monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor.
Kabola
[klz] East Nusa Tenggara province: northwest Alor island, Bird’s Head area. Users: 3,900 (1995 N. Johnston). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor.
Kaburi
[uka] West Papua province: Sorong Selatan and Teluk Bintuni regencies, Inanwatan and Merdei sub-districts; south Bird’s Head and west bank lower Kamundan river. Users: 600 (1986 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Western.
Kadai
[kzd] North Maluku province: Kepulauan Sula regency in Sula Islands, Molucca sea coast, Tjapaplulu strait area; Taliabu island, 2 east coast groups; west Mangole island coast east from Dofa; 2 small offshore islands. Users: 350 (2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula, Taliabo.
Kaera
[jka] East Nusa Tenggara Timur province: Abangiwang, Bibit Gomi, Matgomi/Weniwa, Padangsul, Pantar, and Tamalabang villages on northeast coast. Users: 5,500 (2014 M. Kramer). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar.
Kafoa
[kpu] East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, southwest enclave. Users: 1,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aikoli, Fanating, Jafoo, Pailelang, Ruilak. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor.
Kaibobo
[kzb] Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Kairatu sub-district, Hatusua, Kaibobo, Kamarian, Seruawan, Tihulale, and Waisamu villages; west Seram island, north Piru bay area. Users: 500 (Collins 1983). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Kaibubu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East.
Kaidipang
[kzp] North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondo Utara regency, Kaidipang and Bolangitang towns; north coast. Users: 6,660 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals (2019). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bolangitang, Dio, Kaidipang-Bolangitang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic.
Kaili, Da’a
[kzf] Central Sulawesi and West Sulawesi provinces: Banawa, Dolo, Marawola, Palolo, and Sigi-Biromaru sub-districts. Users: 62,600 (2010 census), increasing. Many monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Binggi, Bunggu, Da’a, Pakawa, Pekava, Pekawa. Autonym: Basa Da’a. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili.
Kaili, Ledo
[lew] Central Sulawesi province: south Donggala, Morowali, south Parigi Moutong, Poso, Sigi, and Tojo Una-Una regencies, Kota Palu city; Una-Una island in Togian chain, coastal groups near Malai, Puna, and Tomori bay head. Users: 215,000 (2010 census), increasing. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Ledo is lingua franca in West Toraja area. Alternate Names: Kaili, Ledo, Paloesch, Palu. Autonym: Kaili-Ledo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili.
Kaili, Unde
[unz] Central Sulawesi province: Banawa, Palu, and Tawaeli sub-districts; Palu bay west to Makassar strait; West Sulawesi province: Pasangkayu sub-district. Users: 35,700 (2010 census), increasing. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Banava, Banawa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili.
Kaimbulawa
[zka] Southeast Sulawesi province: Kaimbulawa and Lantoi villages on Siompu island, southwest Buton island, Kambe-kambero village. Users: 2,290 (2010 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic.
Kais
[kzm] West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency, south Bird’s Head area; inland along Kais river: 8 villages. Users: 700 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Aiso, Atori, Kampung Baru, Mintamani. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Western.
Kaiy
[tcq] Papua province: Kaiy and Kokou villages in Lakes plain area, lower Rouffaer river. Users: 220 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kai, Taori-Kaiy, Taori-Kei, Todi. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East.
Kalabra
[kzz] West Papua province: west Bird’s Head, Kalabra river inland. Users: 3,290 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Beraur. Classification: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head.
Kalao
[kly] South Sulawesi province: Kepulauan Selayar regency, Selayar islands; east Kalao island. Users: 22 (2010 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Kalaotoa, Lambego. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, Kalao.
Kalumpang
[kli] South Sulawesi province; West Sulawesi province: southeast Mamuju regency, Kalumpang sub-district, Karama river headwaters. Users: 18,000 (2010 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Galumpang, Ma’ki, Maki, Makki, Mangki, Mangkir. Autonym: Kalumpang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan.
Kamang
[woi] East Nusa Tenggara province: central Alor island. Users: 6,000 (Schapper 2014). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kamana-Kamang, Waisika, Woisika. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor.
Kamarian
[kzx] Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, southwest Seram island inland from Ceram strait, Haruku, and Sapura islands. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (1987 SIL). Ethnic population: 6,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Kamariang, Seruawan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Kamarian.
Kamaru
[kgx] Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton regency, east Buton island on Lawelu bay. Users: 2,330 (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,700 (2019 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, Wolio-Kamaru.
Kambera
[xbr] East Nusa Tenggara province: east Sumba island. Users: 240,000 (2009). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: East Sumba, East Sumbanese, Humba, Kamberaas, Oost-Sumbaas, Sumba, Sumbaasch, Sumbaneesch, Sumbanese, Sumbasch. Autonym: Hilu Humba. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba.
Kamberau
[irx] West Papua province: Kaimana regency, Bahomia, Coa, Inari, Koi, Tanggaromi, Ubia-Seramuku, Waho, Wamesa, and Wamoma villages; southeast Bomberai peninsula, Kamerau bay area. Users: 1,570 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Iria, Kambrau, Kamrau. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sabakor.
Kamoro
[kgq] Papua province: south coast; Mukamuga river into West Papua province: Etna bay area. Users: 8,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kamora, Kaokonau, Lakahia, Mimika, Mukamuga, Nafarpi, Nagramadu, Nefarpi, Neferipi, Umar, Umari. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Kamoro.
Kangean
[kkv] Java island, East Java province: sea coast; Kangean islands. Users: 110,000 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Madurese.
Kanum, Bädi
[khd] Papua province: Merauke regency, Onggaya village; south coast border area. Users: 5 (Evans et al 2018). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Bedi Ngkolmpu, Enkelembu, Kanum, Kenume, Knwne. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda.
Kanum, Ngkâlmpw
[kcd] Papua province: Merauke regency, Onggaya, Tomer, and Yanggandur villages south along Papua New Guinea border. Users: 100 (Evans et al 2018). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Enkelembu, Kanum, Kenume, Knwne, Ngkolmpu, Ngkontar Ngkolmpu. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda.
Kanum, Smärky
[kxq] Papua province: Kondo, Rawa Biru, Tomer, Tomerau, and Yanggandur villages, south point bordering Papua New Guinea. Users: 170 (Evans et al 2018). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Barkari, Enkelembu, Kenume, Knwne, Smärki. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda.
Kanum, Sota
[krz] Papua province: Merauke regency, Sota village; south, bordering Papua New Guinea. Users: 100 (1996 M. Donohue). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ngar, Nggarna, Sota. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda.
Kao
[kax] North Maluku province: Halmahera Utara regency; north Halmahera island on Kao bay area near Kao river mouth. Users: 400 (2000). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Ka’u, Kau. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu.
Kapauri
[khp] Papua province: Pagai village, Kamikaru and Magri hamlets on upper Idenburg river north bank. Users: 200 (2006 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kapori. Classification: Kaure, Kapore.
Kaptiau
[kbi] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district, Kaptiau village. Users: 230 (2006 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kapitiauw, Kaptiauw, Sobei. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi.
Karas
[kgv] West Papua province: Antalisa and Mas villages on Karas island. Users: 240 (1983 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kalamang. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, West Bomberai, Karas.
Karey
[kyd] Maluku province: Tarangan island southeast coast, Karey valley in Aru Islands. Users: 610 (2011 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kerei, Krei. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru.
Karon Dori
[kgw] West Papua province: Asses, Pef, Siakwa, and Sunopi villages; central Bird’s Head Kamundan river headwaters area. Users: 5,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Maiyach, Mari, Meon. Classification: Maybrat.
Kata Kolok
[bqy] Northern Bali province: Buleleng regency, Kubutambahan Disctrict, Desa Kolok, about 20 km east of Singaraja. Users: 1,125, all users. L1 users: 125 (Marsaja 2008). 47 deaf and 78 hearing. L2 users: 1,000 (Marsaja 2008). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bengkala Sign Language, Benkala Sign Language. Classification: Sign language, Shared sign language.
Kaur
[vkk] Bengkulu province: south; South Sumatra province: northwest from Danay Panay; all on Sumatra island. Users: 40,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bintuhan, Ka’ur, Mulak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Kaure
[bpp] Papua province: Aurina, Harna, Lereh, Masta, and Wes villages on Nawa river. Users: 450 (1995 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kaureh, Kaurne. Autonym: Kaureki. Classification: Kaure, Kaure Proper.
Kauwera
[xau] Papua province: middle Mamberamo river, north bank. Users: 400 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kabera, Kaowerawedj, Kauwerawec, Kauwerawetj, Kawera, Koassa, Tekutameso. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear.
Kawe
[kgb] West Papua province: Raja Ampat regency, Bird’s Head west coast, Bianci, Menyefun, Salio, and Selepele villages; Batangpele, Kawe, Minjaifuin, Waigeo, and nearby islands. Users: 600 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat.
Kayagar
[kyt] Papua province: Asmat and Mappi regencies, southwest coast from Arafura sea inland. Users: 10,000 (1993 WT), decreasing. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kajagar, Kaygi, Kaygir, Wiyagar. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kayagar.
Kayan Mahakam
[xay] East Kalimantan province: Malinau and West Kutai regencies; Muller Mountains from south border north almost to Malaysia. Users: 1,300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper.
Kayan, Busang
[bfg] Central Kalimantan province; East Kalimantan province: Muller Mountains, Belayan, upper Mahakam, and Oga river areas. Users: 3,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Busaang, Busang, Kajan, Kajang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper.
Kayan, Kayan River
[xkn] East Kalimantan province: Kayan river headwaters south, and downstream. Users: 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kajang, Kayan River Kajan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper.
Kayan, Mendalam
[xkd] West Kalimantan province: along Mendalam river. Users: 1,500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mendalam Kajan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper.
Kayan, Wahau
[whu] East Kalimantan province: Kutai Timur regency, Telen river north tributary. Users: 500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Wahau Kajan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Kayan Proper.
Kayeli
[kzl] Maluku province: Buru regency, northeast Buru island, Kayeli bay area. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker of Leliali dialect died in 1989, and last speaker of Lumaete dialect died in the 1990s. Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Caeli, Cajeli, Gaeli, Kajeli. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Kayeli.
Kayupulau
[kzu] Papua province: Kota Jayapura city and island in Jayapura harbor. Users: 50 (Wurm 2000). Used by under 10% of the ethnic group (Wurm 2007). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kajupulau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay.
Kedang
[ksx] East Nusa Tenggara province: northeast Lembata island. Users: 30,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dang, Kdang, Kedangese, Kédang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Kehu
[khh] Papua province: Nabire regency, Sareba bay, Wapoga river in the foothills. Users: 200 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Keuw. Classification: East Geelvink Bay.
Kei
[kei] Maluku province: about 207 villages on 10 islands southeast; Besar, Kecil, and surrounding islands, Kei island group, and Kur islands northwest of Kei group. Users: 85,000 (2000 E. Travis). 4,500 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kai, Keiese, Saumlaki, Veveu Evav. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Kei-Tanimbar, Kei-Fordata.
Keijar
[kdy] Papua province: Pacific coast east, north of Tor river mouth. Users: 370 (2005 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Keder. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor.
Kelabit
[kzi] East Kalimantan province: Nunukan regency, 2 remote mountain enclaves, on Sarawak border. Users: 640 in Indonesia (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Apo Duat, Kalabit, Kerabit. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic.
Kemak
[kem] East Nusa Tenggara province: Belu regency; north central Timor island, East Timor border area. Users: 10,000 in Indonesia (2010 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ema. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor.
Kembayan
[xem] West Kalimantan province: Balaikarangan and Kembayan to Sarawak border area. Users: 11,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Karambai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Southern.
Kemberano
[bzp] West Papua province: several villages on Bird’s Head south coast, northwest Bomberai peninsula, Kalitami across Bintuni bay. Users: 1,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Arandai, Barau, Kalitami, Wariagar. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Eastern.
Kembra
[xkw] Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Okbibab sub-district. Users: 20 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 50. Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Unclassified.
Kemtuik
[kmt] Papua province: Jayapura regency, Aib, Aimbe, Braso, Mamda, Mamdayawang, Meikari, Merem, Sabeyap, Sabeyap Kecil, Sabron Yaru, Sabransamon, Sekorup, and Yanim villages; Lake Sentani southwest area. Users: 2,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Kamtuk, Kemtuk. Classification: Nimboran.
Kendayan
[knx] West Kalimantan province: Bengkayang, Kota Singkawang, Kuba Raya, Landak, Sambas, and Sanggau regencies; northwest Kalimantan island, South China sea coast, and Madi and Papan jungle area. Users: 321,000 in Indonesia (2007 SIL). Total users in all countries: 331,700. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Used as LWC among non-Muslim Dayaks of northwest West Kalimantan province. Alternate Names: Badameà, Baicit, Damea, Kanayatn, Kendayan Dayak, Salako. Autonym: Kendayan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic.
Keninjal
[knl] Central Kalimantan province; West Kalimantan province: Gelalak, Nangaella, Nangapinoh, and Nangasayan town areas, and along Melawi and Sayan rivers. Users: 32,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dayak Kaninjal, Kaninjal, Kaninjal Dayak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic.
Kenyah, Mainstream
[xkl] East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan provinces: Batu Kajang, Long Belua, Long Setulang, Long Uli, and Pimping villages; Djempang area enclave, Melintang, and Semajang; on Bahau, upper Balui, upper Baram, Belayan, Kayan, Kelai, Mahakam, Malinau, Segah, and Telen rivers. Users: 12,000 in Indonesia (2007 A. Soriente), decreasing. No monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 52,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Highland Kenyah, Usun Apau Kenyah. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah.
Kenyah, Wahau
[whk] East Kalimantan province: Berau regency, Batu Majang, Buluk Sen, Kampung Baru, Muara Pedohon, Tabang Lama, Uma’ Bekuai, and Uma’ Dian villages on upper Mahakam river. Users: 8,000 in Indonesia (2007 A. Soriente), decreasing. No monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 9,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lebu’ Kulit, Wahau Kenya. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Kayanic Kenyah.
Ke’o
[xxk] East Nusa Tenggara province: 4 villages on south central Flores island. Users: 40,000 (2001 L. Baird). Ethnic population: 40,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nage-Keo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Kepo’
[kuk] East Nusa Tenggara province: Manggarai Timur regency, 2 areas in central Flores island highlands. Users: 6,000 (2010). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kepoq. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Kereho
[xke] Central Kalimantan province: Murung Raya regency; East Kalimantan province: Kutai Barat regency; West Kalimantan province: east Kapuas Hulu regency. Users: 500 (2003). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Keriau Punan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’.
Kerinci
[kvr] Sumatra, Jambi province: Kerinci regency, Sungaipenuh area in western mountains; West Sumatra province: Solok Selatan regency. Users: 260,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 285,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kerinchi, Kinchai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Ketengban
[xte] Papua province: Papua New Guinea border area, east highland slopes, scattered. Users: 9,970 (2000). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kufel-wenga, Kupel, Oktengban. Autonym: Ketengban. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Western.
Ketum
[ktt] Papua province: foothills on east Digul river. Users: 900 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kitum, Wambon-Ketum. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut.
Kimaghima
[kig] Papua province: Merauke regency, Kolopom island interior. Users: 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kaladdarsch, Kimaama, Kimaghama, Kimaghana, Teri-Kalwasch. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kolopom.
Kimki
[sbt] Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Batom sub-district, near Sepik river entrance to Papua New Guinea. Users: 500 (2004 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aipki, Kimgi, Sukubatom, Sukubatong. Classification: Unclassified.
Kioko
[ues] Southeast Sulawesi province: north Buton regency, Bonegunu and Kambowa sub-districts, east central Buton island. Users: 5,970 (2010 census). 4,200 Kambowa dialect, 1,770 Kioko dialect. No monolinguals (2019). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western.
Kirikiri
[kiy] Papua province: Dofu Wahuka and Paniai villages, west of Tariku and Kliki rivers’ confluence. Users: 250 (1982 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kirira. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, West.
Kisar
[kje] Maluku province: south, over 20 villages; Kisar island, northeast of Timor island, 19 villages; Roma and Wetar islands, Amau, Hila, Hi’ai, Likagraha, and Naumatan villages; some in Ambon, Dili, and Kupang cities. Users: 20,000 (1995 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Yotowawa. Autonym: Bahasa Meher. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Kisar-Roma.
Klon
[kyo] East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor regency, Halerman, Manatang, Margera, Probur, Probur Utara, and Tribur villages. Users: 5,000 (2008 L. Baird). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kalong, Kelon, Kelong, Kolon. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor.
Koba
[kpd] Maluku province: southeast, at least 3 villages; Aru island group, Baun and Fukarel islands in mouth of Barakai strait. Users: 870 (2011 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aru. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru.
Kodeoha
[vko] Southeast Sulawesi province: North Kolaka regency, Lasusua sub-district, 4 villages in upper Bone bay, east coast. Users: 1,500 (Mead 1999). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kondea, Kondeha. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Coast.
Kodi
[kod] East Nusa Tenggara province: west Sumba. Users: 20,000. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kudi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba.
Kofei
[kpi] Papua province: Mamberamo Raya and Waropen regencies; east side of Cendrawasih bay. Users: 100 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Kifei. Classification: East Geelvink Bay.
Kohin
[kkx] Central Kalimantan province: Kotawaringin Timur regency, 10 villages in central and north Seruyan river area. Users: 8,000 (2003). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bahasa Seruyan, Seruyan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, North.
Kokoda
[xod] West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency in Bird’s Head, northwest coast of Maccluer gulf. Users: 3,700 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kasuweri, Komudago, Nebes, Oderago, Samalek, Tarof. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Central.
Kola
[kvv] Maluku province: 22 villages in north Aru islands on Kola and adjacent islands. Users: 7,400 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kulaha, Marlasi, Warilau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru.
Kombai
[tyn] Papua province: Asmat regency, between upper Wideman and Digul rivers. Users: 4,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Komboy. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut.
Komering
[kge] South Sumatra province: Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan, Ogan Komering Ulu Timur, Ogan Komering Ulu, and Ogan Ilir regencies; along Komering river from Ranaumeer to near Palembang city. Users: 470,000 (2000 census). 20,000 in Jakarta (1992). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kumoring. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Lampung.
Komodo
[kvh] East Nusa Tenggara province: Manggarai Barat regency, Komodo island. Users: 1,730 (2015 F. Hurd). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Kompane
[kvp] Maluku province: Kepulauan Aru regency, Kompane village on Kongan island. Users: 330 (1995 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Komfana, Kongampani. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru.
Komyandaret
[kzv] Papua province: Sungai river west bank headwaters. Users: 300 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum.
Konda
[knd] West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency, Teminabuan sub-district, Konda village; lower Waromge river in southwest Bird’s Head facing Seram Sea. Users: 500 (1988 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ogit, Yabin, Yabin-Konda. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, Konda-Yahadian.
Koneq-koneq
[cml] West Sulawesi province: Polewali Mandar regency on Mandar bay south coast. Users: 2,830 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kone’-Kone’e, Kone-Konee, Tallumpanuae, Tasing, Tjampalagian. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis.
Koneraw
[kdw] Papua province: Merauke regency, Kolopom island south coast. Users: 1,200 (2001 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Konorau. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mombum.
Konjo, Coastal
[kjc] South Sulawesi province: Bantaeng, Bulukumba, and Sinjai regencies; southeast peninsula on Salayer strait. Users: 167,000 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kondjo, Tiro. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar.
Konjo, Highland
[kjk] South Sulawesi province: Bone, Bulukumba, Gowa, and Sinjai regencies, south peninsula interior; Mount Lompobatang area northwest, past Makassar city. Users: 68,500 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Konjo Pegunungan, Konyo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar.
Kopkaka
[opk] Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Kurima sub-district, Burungmakok and Siradala villages in lowlands; headwaters area, and Sirac river tributaries. Users: 400 (2002 SIL). 400 monolinguals. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kopka. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Western.
Korean
[kor] Users: 22,800 in Indonesia (2019 Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs), based on nationality. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Koreanic.
Koroni
[xkq] Central Sulawesi province: Morowali regency, Bungku Tengah sub-district, Unsongi village on Tolo bay east coast. Users: 980 (2010 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Oengsongi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast, Kulisusu.
Korowai
[khe] Papua province: southeast inland area between upper Sirac and Digul rivers. Users: 3,500 (2007 P. de Vries). 3,000 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kolufaup. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Korowai.
Korupun-Sela
[kpq] Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Kurima sub-district in eastern highlands, on Erok river upper reaches. Users: 8,000 (1996 E. Young). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kimyal of Korupun, Korapun. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern.
Kosare
[kiq] Papua province: west of Nawa and Idenburg rivers confluence, south of Jayapura city. Users: 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kosadle. Classification: Kaure, Kaure Proper.
Kowiai
[kwh] West Papua province: Kaimana regency, Adijaya, Kayumerah, Keroi, and Namatota villages; Bomberai peninsula, Kamrau bay area, Kaimana, Namatote, and Adi islands, smaller islands in bay. Users: 600 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Adi, Aiduma, Kaiwai, Kajumerah, Kayumerah, Koiwai, Kuiwai, Namatota, Namatote. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Bomberai.
Kubu
[kvb] Sumatra, Jambi province: Sarolangun and Batang Hari regencies, 2 enclaves, eastern swamp region; Riau province: Indrigiri Hulu regency, Batang Cenaku, Alim, Batu Papan, and Sungai Pampan; South Sumatra province: Musi Banyuasin regency. Users: 10,000 (1989). Ethnic population: 15,000 (Persoon 1989). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Anak Dalam, Orang Hutan, Orang Rimba. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Kui
[kvd] East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor regency. Lerabaing and Buraga villages on Alor island (Kui dialect); Kapebang and Sibera villages in Kalabahi bay (Batulolong dialect). Users: 100 (Windschuttel and Shiohara 2018). Ethnic population: 830 (Windschuttel and Shiohara 2018). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lerabaing, Masin-Lak. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Alor.
Kula
[tpg] East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, northeast coast, Kiralela, Koilela, Maukuru, Peisaka, and Takala villages; also east central mountains. Users: 5,000 (Grimes et al 1997). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kola, Lamtoka, Lantoka, Tanglapui. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Tanglapui.
Kulisusu
[vkl] Southeast Sulawesi province: North Buton regency, Bonegunu, Kulisusu Barat, Kulisusu Induk, and Kulisusu Utara sub-districts on north Buton island. Users: 32,100 (2010 census), increasing. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kalisusu, Kolensusu, Kolinsusu. Autonym: Kulisusu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast, Kulisusu.
Kumbewaha
[xks] Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton regency, Lasalimu sub-district, Kumbewaha and Wajah Jaya villages on southeast Buton island. Users: 1,010 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kumberaha, Umbewaha. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Buton, East Buton.
Kur
[kuv] Maluku province: west Kei Kecil district in Kur and surrounding islands southeast. Users: 3,180 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Teor-Kur.
Kuri
[nbn] West Papua province: Teluk Bintuni regency, 16 villages in southwest Bomberai peninsula. Users: 500 (1982 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Modan, Nabi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Unclassified.
Kurudu
[kjr] Papua province: Mamberamo Raya regency, Kaipuri and Poiwai villages; Kurudu islands. Users: 2,180 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, East.
Kwer
[kwr] Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Kurima sub-district, Kwer village; lowlands area at Sirac river headwaters. Users: 100 (1998 M. Donohue). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kware. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Western.
Kwerba
[kwe] Papua province: Apiaweti, Aurime, Munukania, Tatsewalem, and Wamariri villages in Apauwer river headwaters. Users: 2,500 (1996 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Air Mati, Airmati, Armati, Koassa, Mataweja, Naibedj, Segar Tor, Tekutameso. Autonym: Kwerba. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear.
Kwerba Mamberamo
[xwr] Papua province: Edifalen, Kwerba, and Marinafalen villages on Mamberamo river east bank and into highlands. Users: 300 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Napok, Nobuk, Nogukwabai, Nopuk, Nopukw, Tatsewalem. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear.
Kwerisa
[kkb] Papua province: Mamberamo Raya regency, lower Rouffaer river. Users: 15 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 130. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Taogwe. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East.
Kwesten
[kwt] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Arare, Holmhaven, Mafenter, and Omte villages in Pacific coast area. Users: 2,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor.
Kwinsu
[kuc] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Ansudu village. Users: 500 (2007). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ansudu. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor.
Laba
[lau] North Maluku province: south Loloda district, 4 villages; Halmahera island northwest interior. Users: 2,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kedi, South Loloda. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda.
Laha
[lhh] Maluku province: Laha and other villages on Ambon island south central coast. Users: 3,890 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Central Ambon. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Ambon.
Laiyolo
[lji] South Sulawesi province: Kepulauan Selayar regency, Barang-Barang, Laiyolo, Lowa, and other villages on Selayar island south tip. Users: 290 (2010 census). 60 Laiyolo, 230 Barang-Barang. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Barang-Barang, Da’ang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, Kalao.
Lamaholot
[slp] East Nusa Tenggara province: Flores Timur regency; also Solor island; possibly north Pantar coast, northwest Alor, and surrounding islands. Users: 180,000 in Indonesia (2010). Total users in all countries: 225,000. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Solor, Solorese. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Lamalera
[lmr] East Nusa Tenggara province: 3 or more villages on Lembata island south coast. Users: 4,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kawela, Lebatukan, Mulan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Lamatuka
[lmq] East Nusa Tenggara province: central Lembata island, several villages between Ile Ape [ila] and Lewo Eleng [lwe] language areas. Users: 4,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lamatoka. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Lamboya
[lmy] East Nusa Tenggara province: Sumba island southwest coast. Users: 25,000 (Grimes et al 1997). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Laboya. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba.
Lampung Api
[ljp] Bengkulu province: Kaur regency; Lampung province: Lampung Barat and Tanggamus regencies in Semangko bay area; Way Kanan, north Lampung, and Pringsewu regencies on Lampung bay east coast; also Sebuku, Sebesi, Tabuan, and Legundi islands; South Sumatra province: Ogan Komering Ulu, Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan, and Ogan Komering Ulu Timur regencies, near Kanan river headwaters. Users: 827,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Api, Lampong, Lampung, Lampung Pesisir. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Lampung.
Lampung Nyo
[abl] Lampung province: 3 enclaves east between Kanan and Seputih rivers. Users: 180,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Abung, Lampong. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Lampung.
Larike-Wakasihu
[alo] Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, Allang, Lai, Larike, Tapi, and Wakasihu villages on southwest Ambon island coast, Hitu peninsula. Users: 12,600 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Hoamoal.
Lasalimu
[llm] Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton regency, Lasalimu sub-district, Lasalima town, Lasalimu and Malaoge villages facing Lawelu bay on Buton island. Users: 1,150 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Buton, East Buton.
Latu
[ltu] Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Latu village; west Seram island, southwest Elpaputih bay, Point Latu. Users: 2,130 (1982 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Saparua.
Lauje
[law] Central Sulawesi province: Donggala and Parigi Moutong regencies, Ampibabo, Dampelas Sojol, Dondo, Tinombo, and Tomini sub-districts in Sidoan river area. Users: 49,800 (2010 census). 6,000 use Ampibabo dialect (Himmelmann 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Laudje, Tinombo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Northern.
Laura
[lur] East Nusa Tenggara province: Mamboru town west to Cape Karosso on northwest Sumba island. Users: 10,000 (Grimes et al 1997). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Laora. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba.
Lawangan
[lbx] Central Kalimantan province: North, East, and South Barito regencies; East Kalimantan province: Karau river area; South Kalimantan province: Balangan, Kotabaru, and Tabalong regencies. Users: 100,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Luwangan, Northeast Barito. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, North.
Legenyem
[lcc] West Papua province: Raja Ampat Islands, Waigeo island, Beo, Lempintol, and Wawiai villages in northwest main bay and south coast. Users: 250 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Laganyan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat.
Lembata, South
[lmf] East Nusa Tenggara province: Lembata regency, south Lembata island, Atadei district. Users: 8,000 (Krausse 2016). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bahasa Atadei, Eastern Atadai, Painara. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Lembata, West
[lmj] East Nusa Tenggara province: west Lembata island. Users: 8,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Labalekan, Mingar. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Lengilu
[lgi] North Kalimantan province: Long Layu’, Long Padi. Users: 10 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). At least several dozen speakers remain (2019 C. Mortensen). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic.
Lepki
[lpe] Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Teiraplu, Yefta, and Aboy districts, west of Sungai Sobger. Users: 530 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Unclassified.
Leti
[lti] Maluku province: Southwest Maluku regency, Leti island sub-district. Users: 7,710 (2017 R. Saupia). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Lir Leti. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Luang.
Levuka
[lvu] East Nusa Tenggara province: west central Lembata island. Users: 4,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lembata, Lewokukun, Lewuka. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Lewo Eleng
[lwe] East Nusa Tenggara province: central eastern Lembata island; north coastal plains villages are from recent government-induced migration. Users: 4,000 (2008 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Lewotobi
[lwt] East Nusa Tenggara province: southeastern Flores island in Lewotobi volcano area. Users: 6,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Southwest Lamaholot. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Liabuku
[lix] Southeast Sulawesi province: Bungi district, Bau-Bau sub-district; south Buton island Waliabuku village area north of Bau-Bau. Users: 160 (2019 SIL), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western.
Liana-Seti
[ste] Maluku province: Maluku Tengah and Seram Bagian regencies, Tehoru, Timur Bula, and Werinama districts, 8 villages from east Teluti bay north to Seram Sea coast. Users: 3,000 (1989 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Liambata-Kobi, Liana, Lianan, Teula, Uhei Kachlakan, Uhei Kaclakin, Uhei Kahlakim. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti.
Lik
[eip] Papua province: Eastern highlands, Eipo river area. Users: 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Eipo, Eipomek, T-Valley. Autonym: Lik. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern.
Liki
[lio] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Sarmi sub-district, Liki and Nirumoar islands. Users: 11 (2005 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 320. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Moar. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi.
Limola
[ley] South Sulawesi province: Luwu Utara regency, Sassa and Salassa villages, in middle Rongko river area; scattered in Sabbang sub-district. Users: 900 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals (2019 W. McConvell). Ethnic population: 2,000 (2019 W. McConvell). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baebunta, Lemolang, Limolang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Lemolang.
Li’o
[ljl] East Nusa Tenggara province: east central Flores island. Users: 105,000 (2009 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aku, Lio, Lionese, Tanah Kunu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Lisabata-Nuniali
[lcs] Maluku province: 5 villages on west and north Seram island. Users: 1,830 (1982). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lisabata, Noniali, Nuniali. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram.
Lisela
[lcl] Maluku province: Buru island; Wae and Apo river valleys, and west on north Seram Sea coast; some in Ambon. Users: 11,900 (1989 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Buru, Li Enyorot, Liet Enjorot, North Buru, Wayapo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Buru.
Lola
[lcd] Maluku province: Kepulauan Aru regency, Jambuair, Lola, and Warabal villages in Aru island group on Barakan, Lola, and Penambulai islands. Users: 900 (2011 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru.
Lolak
[llq] North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondow regency, Lolak sub-district, Lolak, Mongkoinit, Mongkoinit Barat, Tombolango, and Motabang villages. Users: 50 (Lobel and Paputungan 2017), decreasing. No monolinguals (2017). Ethnic population: 3,000 (Lobel and Paputungan 2017). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic.
Lole
[llg] East Nusa Tenggara province; west central Rote island, Ba’a town and north to south coast; north and central region (North Lole dialect). Users: 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 20,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Central Rote, Loleh, Rote, Rote Tengah, Roti, Rotinese. Autonym: Rote Lole. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote.
Loloda
[loa] North Maluku province: North Halmahera regency on northwest coast, nearby islands. Users: 15,000 (1991 SIL). 2,000 Bakun. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Loda, Loda’sch, North Loloda. Autonym: Lolodaka. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda.
Lorang
[lrn] Maluku Province: Aru islands group, Koba island on northwest coast. Users: 220 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru.
Loun
[lox] Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, north central Seram island. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers survived into the late 1980s (Collins 1983). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Loun.
Luang
[lex] Maluku province: Wetan island, and across Wetan strait to northwest Babar island. Users: 18,000 (1995 SIL). 200 monolinguals. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Leti, Letri Lgona, Lgona, Literi Lagona. Autonym: Lteri Lgona. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Luang.
Lubu
[lcf] North Sumatra province: Mandailing Natal regency, Kotanopan district. Users: 2,000 (2021). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Luhu
[lcq] Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Luhu village on northwest and south coast of Seram island, Boano and Manipa islands. Users: 6,500 (Collins 1983). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Piru. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram.
Lundayeh
[lnd] North Kalimantan province: mountainous Sesayap river area. Users: 23,000 in Indonesia (2007 SIL). Total users in all countries: 47,500. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Buri tau, Lun Bawang, Lun Daya, Lun Dayah, Lun Daye, Lun Dayeh, Lun Dayoh, Lundaya Putuk, Southern Murut. Autonym: Buri’ Lun Bawang, Buri’ Lun Dayeh. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic.
Ma’anyan
[mhy] Central Kalimantan province: Barito Selatan and Barito Timur regencies, Awang, Dusun Hilir, Dusun Selatan, Dusun Tengah, Dusun Utara, Gunung Bintang Awai, Karau Kuala, and Patangkep Tutui sub-districts, south Tamianglayang town area; South Kalimantan province: border area, and 2 areas near Damar and Tawahan. Users: 150,000 (2003). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ma’anjan, Maanyak Dayak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South.
Maba
[mqa] North Maluku province: Halmahera island, Wasilei area on southeast peninsula, north coast facing Buli bay. Users: 6,620 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bicoli, Bitjoli, Ingli. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, Southeast.
Madura
[mad] East Java province: Java island coast south and west of Surabaja city, Bawean, Kangean, and Sapudi islands; South Kalimantan province: Java Sea area. Users: 7,790,000 in Indonesia (2015 UNSD), decreasing. Ethnic population: 7,180,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 7,790,900. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Madhura, Madurese. Autonym: Basa Mathura. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Madurese.
Mai Brat
[ayz] West Papua province: about 40 villages in central Bird’s Head, Ayamaru lakes area. Users: 20,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Ajamaru, Atinjo, Ayamaru, Brat, Maibrat, Maite, Majbrat, Maybrat, Mey Brat. Autonym: Mai Brat. Classification: Maybrat.
Mairasi
[zrs] Papua province; West Papua province: Bomberai peninsula, southwest coast facing Arafura Sea, southeast from Arguni bay. Users: 3,300 (1996 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Faranjao, Faranjo, Faranyao, Faranyau, Kaniran. Autonym: Mairasi. Classification: Mairasi.
Maiwa
[wmm] South Sulawesi province: Enrekang, Polewali Mandar and Sidenrang-Rappang regencies; Boya river area. Users: 31,500 (2010 census), decreasing. L2 users: 0 (2019). Ethnic population: 52,800 (2018). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Masenrempulu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu.
Makasar
[mak] South Sulawesi province: Bantaeng, Gowa, Jeneponto, Maros, Pangkajene Dan Kepulauan, and Takalar regencies; southwest peninsula. Users: 2,110,000, all users. L1 users: 1,710,000 (2010 census), decreasing. L2 users: 400,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Goa, Macassar, Macassarese, Makassa, Makassaarsche, Makassar, Makassarese, Mangasara, Mengkasara, Taena, Tena. Autonym: Basa Mangkasara’. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar.
Makian, East
[mky] North Maluku province: Kota Tidore Kepaluan regency; Bacan, Halmahera west coast, Kayoa, south Mori, and Obi islands. Users: 20,000. 18,000 or more in East Makian, 2,000 or more in Kayoa (1983 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Makian Dalam, Makian Timur. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, East Makian-Gane.
Makian, West
[mqs] North Maluku province: Halmahera southwest coast, Kayoa, west Makian islands. Users: 12,000 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). 7,000 on Makian Island, 5,000 on Kayoa Islands. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Makian Barat, Makian Luar. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, West Makian.
Maklew
[mgf] Papua province: Merauke regency, Welbuti village; south coast area. Users: 120. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Makleu. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Yelmek-Maklew.
Malay
[zlm] Aceh, Bangka Belitung Islands, Central Kalimantan, Jambi, North Sumatra, Riau, Riau Islands, South Kalimantan, West Kalimantan, and West Sumatra; widespread in central and north Sumatra, areas of Kalimantan, and island provinces between. Users: 4,910,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). 3,970,000 in Sumatra (100,000 in Belitung, 1,830,000 in Riau, 2,000,000 Deli, Asahan, etc. in North Sumatra and 40,000 Tamiang in Aceh), and 940,000 in Kalimantan (primarily Pontianak, Sambas and Ketapang). Status: 6a (Vigorous). De facto language of provincial identity in Sumatra. Alternate Names: Bahasa Daerah, Bahasa Melayu, Malayu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Malay, Ambonese
[abs] Maluku province: Kepulauan Aru regency, Aru island group, Wamar island; Seram Bagian Barat regency, Ambon city, Kamarian to Seriholu on Hoamoa peninsula; Maluku Tengah regency, Nusa Laut island, upper Elpaputih bay east to Sepa; Ceram sea coast from Karlutu east to Sawai. Users: 1,600,000 in Indonesia, all users. L1 users: 200,000 in Indonesia (1987 J. Collins). L2 users: 1,400,000 (2013 M. Connor). Total users in all countries: 1,650,900 (as L1: 250,900; as L2: 1,400,000). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Developed on the island of Ambon in 16th century. First used as trade language (spice trade). Now lingua franca for interethnic communication in market domain, some media. Alternate Names: Ambon Malay, Ambonese, Ambong, Bahasa Ambon, Bahasa Melaju Ambon, Bahasa Melayu Ambon, Malayu Ambon, Moluccan (Maluku) Malay. Autonym: Malayu Ambong. Classification: Creole, Malay based.
Malay, Bacanese
[btj] North Maluku province: at least 2 villages on Bacan and Mandioli islands. Users: 6 (2012 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Bacan, Batjan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Malay, Balinese
[mhp] Bali province: widespread on Bali and Nusa islands. Users: 25,000 (2000 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Creole, Malay based.
Malay, Banda
[bpq] Maluku province: south Banda islands. Users: 3,690 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Creole, Malay based.
Malay, Berau
[bve] East Kalimantan province: Cape Pandan, Tanjungreder, and Muaramalinau towns on lower Segah river; Celebes Sea coast and south past Sepinang town to Cape Batube area. Users: 11,200 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Berau, Merau Malay. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Malay, Bukit
[bvu] South Kalimantan province: Sampanahan river area northwest of Limbungan town. Users: 59,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bukat, Bukit, Meratus. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Malay, Central
[pse] Bengkulu province: central Bukit Barisan highlands west to Indian Ocean along Bengkulu coast; Lampung province; South Sumatra province: Lematang and Ogan river valleys. Users: 1,590,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bengkulu, Besemah, Enim, Lintang, Melayu Tengah, Midden Maleisch, Ogan, Pasemah, Semendo, Serawai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Malay, Jambi
[jax] Bengkulu province: small area south of Lake Dipatipan; Jambi province: widespread; Riau province: Indragiri Hulu and Indragiri Hilir regencies; South Sumatra province: northern border area; all on southeast West Sumatra province: Pessisir Selantan regency border enclave. Users: 1,000,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bahasa Melayu Jambi, Bahaso Daerah, Bahaso Dusun, Baso Jambi, Batin, Djambi, Jambi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Malay, Kota Bangun Kutai
[mqg] East Kalimantan province: Lakes Semajang and Melintang areas, north along Belayen river and central Mahakam river basin. Users: 80,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Malay, Kupang
[mkn] East Nusa Tenggara province: Kupang regency, Kupang city and Semau island; all on west Timor island. Users: 350,000, all users. L1 users: 200,000 (2015 C. Grimes). L2 users: 150,000 (2015 C. Grimes). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Derived from Malay. Language of wider communication used in spice trade in the city of Kupang and surrounding region in the 1640s. Lingua franca for interethnic communication in the region or in mixed marriages. Alternate Names: Basa Kupang. Autonym: Kupang. Classification: Creole, Malay based.
Malay, Larantuka
[lrt] East Nusa Tenggara province: Flores Timur regency, Larantuka city area, and southwest Flores Strait towards Lewotobi town. Users: 20,000 (2007). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bahasa Nagi, Ende Malay, Melayu Larantuka, Nagi. Classification: Creole, Malay based.
Malay, Manado
[xmm] Gorontalo and North Sulawesi provinces. Users: 3,320,000, all users. L1 users: 1,820,000 (2010 census), increasing. L2 users: 1,500,000 (2013 D. Mead). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Developed in 1658 under Dutch colonial period (trading and military posts). Important, growing lingua franca in much of Sulawesi. Spoken mostly (rarely written) in Manado, capital of North Sulawesi. Alternate Names: Manadonese, Manadonese Malay, Minahasan Malay. Autonym: Bahasa Manado. Classification: Creole, Malay based.
Malay, North Moluccan
[max] North Maluku province: Halmahera Selatan regency, Damar, northwest Jaronga, and south Halmahera islands. Users: 1,000,000, all users. L1 users: 700,000 (2001 SIL). L2 users: 300,000 (2001 R. Whisler). 100,000 monolinguals. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Lingua franca in Tidore in 1512, widespread medium of communication, trade language. Used mainly in bird business, forest products and more. Alternate Names: Melayu Maluku Utara, Ternate Malay. Autonym: Bahasa Pasar. Classification: Creole, Malay based.
Malay, Papuan
[pmy] Widespread in coastal areas of the Papuan provinces. Users: 1,100,000 (Kluge 2014), all users. L1 users: 500,000 (Clouse 2000), increasing. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Used as a trade language in the 19th century and established further as an LWC by Dutch colonial language policies in early 20th century. Used as L2 by all living in coastal areas of the Papuan provinces. Alternate Names: Bahasa Tanah, Logat Papua. Autonym: Melayu Papua. Classification: Creole, Malay based.
Malay, Tenggarong Kutai
[vkt] East Kalimantan province: Mahakam river basin east to Celebes Sea coast, north from Cape Pandan along coast south to Samarinda city area. Users: 210,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 100,000 in Tenggarong, 60,000 in Ancalong, 50,000 in Northern Kutai. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kutai, Tenggarong. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Malayic Dayak
[xdy] Widely dispersed; Central Kalimantan province: Katingan, Kotawaringgin Barat, Koti Timur, Lamandau, and Sukamara regencies; West Kalimantan province: small area near Sintang, area near Putussibau, and Sandai area, all along Kapuas river; Ketapang city northeast towards Kotabaru. Sandai, Muarakayang, Pembuanghulu, Sukamara, and Sukaraja town areas (Kayung and Delang dialects); Sintang to Putus Sibau town areas (Semitau, Suhaid, and Mentebah-Suruk dialects); Singakawang, Bengkayang, Darit, and Sungairaya town areas (Banana’ and Tapitn dialects); Muarakayang, Pembuanghulu, Sandai, Sukamara, and Sukaraja town areas (Kayung and Delang dialects). Users: 520,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 300 Tapitn, 100,000 Banana’, 100,000 Kayung, 200,000 Delang, 10,000 Semitau, 10,000 Suhaid, 20,000 Mentebah-Suruk. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bamayo, Bumayoh, Malayik Dayak, Maleyik Dayak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic.
Malimpung
[mli] South Sulawesi province: Pinrang regency, Patampanua sub-district, Malimpung, Sulili (part), and Urung villages; north Sadang river. Users: 3,090 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 9,400 (2018). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Masenrempulu.
Mamasa
[mqj] South Sulawesi province: north Pare-Pare area; West Sulawesi province: Mamasa regency, along Mamasa river. Users: 89,100 (2010 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mamasa Toraja. Autonym: Mamasa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan.
Mamboru
[mvd] East Nusa Tenggara province: northwest Sumba island, coastal Memboro town. Users: 10,000 (2007). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Memboro. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba.
Mamuju
[mqx] West Sulawesi province: Mamuju regency, Budong-Budong, Kalukku, and Mamuju sub-districts; Point Rangas north along Makassar strait coast to Limba town area. Users: 62,900 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mamoedjoe, Mamoedjoesch, Mamudju, Udai. Autonym: Mamuju. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Mamuju.
Mandar
[mdr] South Sulawesi province: Pangkajene Islands regency, Pabbring islands near Makassar city, other areas; West Sulawesi province: Majene, Mamuju, and Polewali Mandar regencies, Cape Mandar and Majene city, and 3 coastal enclaves north; coastal area between Parangkayu and Simajo towns. Users: 499,000 (2010 census). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Used for trading purposes and other inter-group communication by 5 other language groups in the area (2020 S. Anonby). Alternate Names: Andian, Mandharsche, Manjar. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Mandar.
Mander
[mqr] Papua province: Sarmi regency, 2 areas on upper Tor river tributary of upper Bu river. Users: 20 (1991 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor.
Mandobo Atas
[aax] Papua province: between Tanahmerah and Mindiptanah towns, toward Fly river border in Papua New Guinea. Users: 10,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dumut, Kambon, Kwem, Mandobbo, Nub, Wambon, “Kaeti” (pej.). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut.
Mandobo Bawah
[bwp] Papua province: Boven Digul regency, Aiwat, Anggai, Butiptiri, Getentiri, Kaisah, and Subur villages; south of Tanahmerah and Mindiptanah towns, to Fly river on Papua New Guinea border. Users: 20,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dumut, Kambon, Mandobbo, Nub, “Kaeti” (pej.). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut.
Manem
[jet] Papua province: Keerom regency, northeast border area, Kiba, Wembi, and Yeti villages. Users: 400 in Indonesia (1978 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jeti, Skofro, Wembi, Yeti. Classification: Border, Waris.
Manggarai
[mqy] East Nusa Tenggara province: Flores island, western third. Users: 900,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Mangole
[mqc] North Maluku province: Sula islands on Mangole island south coast, south to Sula Besi island south tip. Users: 7,280 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mangoli, Sula Mangoli. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula.
Manipa
[mqp] Maluku province: Central Maluku regency, 4 villages on Manipa island, west of Seram island. Users: 1,500 (Voorhoeve and Collins 1981). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Soow Huhelia. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East.
Manombai
[woo] Maluku province: Aru islands, Manombai strait to Wakua island, from Wokam village south, 21 villages; Kobror island, Benjina; Maikor island, Gardakau; Wokam island east coast, Kobamar village. Users: 9,110 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Manobai, Wamar, Wokam. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru.
Mapia
[mpy] Papua Barat province: Manokwari regency, Mapia islands. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker survived into the 1990s. Ethnic population: The ethnic group emigrated from Micronesia in the early 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Mapian, Old Mapian. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Micronesian, Micronesian Proper, Pohnpeic-Chuukic, Chuukic.
Marau
[mvr] Papua province: 5 villages on east Yapen island, Cenderawasih bay. Users: 1,700 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western.
Marind
[mrz] Papua province: Merauke regency south coast area; also, enclave in extreme south Papua. Users: 7,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gawir, Holifoersch, Southeast Marind, Tugeri. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Nuclear Marind.
Marind, Bian
[bpv] Papua province: Merauke regency, Muting sub-district, Sanayu village in upper Bian river area. Users: 2,900 (2002 Sohn Myo-sook). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bian, Boven-Mbian, Malind Deg, Northwest Marind. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Nuclear Marind.
Mariri
[mqi] Maluku province: 1 village southeast on Mairi island in Aru island group. Users: 280 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mairiri. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru.
Masela, Central
[mxz] Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, 3 villages in Ilbutung area on Marsela island. Users: 510 (1980 N. de Jonge). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Central Marsela, Marsela-South Babar. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Masela-South Babar.
Masela, East
[vme] Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, 3 villages from Welulora to Latalola Besar on east central Marsela island west coast. Users: 520 (1980 N. de Jonge). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: East Marsela. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Masela-South Babar.
Masela, West
[mss] Maluku province: 5 villages on Masela island west tip. Users: 850 (2007 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: West Marsela. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Masela-South Babar.
Masimasi
[ism] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Masi-Masi island off north coast. Users: 10 (2005 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi.
Masiwang
[bnf] Maluku province: Bula district along Seram island northeast coast. Users: 1,000 (1989 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bonfia. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Masiwang.
Massep
[mvs] Papua province: Sarmi regency, north coast; also west of Sarmi near Apauwer river. Users: 25 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 85. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Masep, Potafa, Wotaf. Classification: Language isolate.
Matbat
[xmt] West Papua province: Raja Ampat archipelago in Misool and Segaf islands. Users: 1,250 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Me. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat.
Mawes
[mgk] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district, Mawes Dai, Mawes Mukti, and Mawes Wres villages on Buri river west bank inland. Users: 850 (2006 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Language isolate.
Ma’ya
[slz] West Papua province: Raja Ampat archipelago on east Bantanta, central Salawati islands, and Misool island. Users: 4,000 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sailolof, Salawati, Samate. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat.
Mekwei
[msf] Papua province: Jayapura regency, Kendate, Maribu, Sabron Dosay, and Waibrong villages. Users: 1,200 (1987 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Demenggong-Waibron-Bano, Menggei, Menggwei, Moi, Mooi, Munggai, Mungge, Munkei. Classification: Nimboran.
Mentawai
[mwv] West Sumatra province: Sumatra island; Mentawai islands, across from Padang city. Users: 62,300 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 68,400 (2010 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mentawei, Mentawi. Autonym: Mentawai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands.
Meoswar
[mvx] West Papua province: Meoswar island, west Cenderawasih bay. Users: 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: War. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Biakic.
Mer
[mnu] Papua province: Nabire regency; West Papua province: Kaimana and Teluk Wondama regencies on central Bird’s Head, headwaters of Uremo and Wosimi rivers. Users: 85 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Miere, Muri. Classification: Mairasi.
Meyah
[mej] West Papua province: Bird’s Head northeast coast. Users: 14,800 (2000). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Arfak, Meah, Meax, Mejach, Mejah, Meyach, “Mansibaber” (pej.). Autonym: Meyah. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, East Bird’s Head, Meax.
Minangkabau
[min] Bengkulu province: west coast Mukomuko area. Sumatra island, Indian Ocean coast, Padang is central area; South Sumatra province; West Sumatra province. Users: 4,880,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 6,480,000 (2010 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Minang, Padang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Mlap
[kja] Papua province: Jayapura regency, west of Lake Sentani. Users: 300 (Wurm 2000). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Kuangsu-Bonggrang, Kwangsu-Bonggrang, Kwansu, Kwansu-Bonggrang, Malf. Classification: Nimboran.
Mo
[wkd] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district; Wakde island, and north coastal area. Users: 550 (2005 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Wakde. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi.
Modang
[mxd] East Kalimantan province: 5 enclaves on upper reaches of Belayan, Kelinjau, Mahakam, and Segah rivers. Users: 15,300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Modang.
Modole
[mqo] North Maluku province: Kao river headwaters on north Halmahera island. Users: 2,000 (1983 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Madole. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda.
Moi
[mxn] West Papua province: 9 villages on west Bird’s Head; Salawati island, Sorong city east and southeast. Users: 4,600 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mekwei, Mooi, Mosana, Waipu. Classification: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head.
Moksela
[vms] Maluku province: east Buru island near Kayeli. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 1974. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Maksela, Opselan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Buru.
Molof
[msl] Papua province: 9 villages 100 km south of Jayapura city. Users: 230 (2005 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Poule. Classification: Unclassified.
Moma
[myl] Central Sulawesi province: Kulawi sub-district, Kulawi and Toro town areas. Users: 9,940 (2010 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kulawi, Moma-Kulawi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili.
Mombum
[mso] Papua province: Kolopom island. Users: 250 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kemelom, Kemelomsch, Komolom. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mombum.
Momina
[mmb] Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Samboka village on lowland hills at headwaters of Brazza and Einladen rivers. Users: 200 (1998 M. Donohue). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Somahai.
Momuna
[mqf] Papua province: west Asmat regency into Yahukimo regency; lowlands south of main ranges. Users: 2,000 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Somage, Somahai, Sumohai. Classification: Somahai.
Mongondow
[mog] North Sulawesi province: Bolaang Mongondow, Bolaang Mongondow Selatan, and Bolaang Mongondow Timur regencies; north peninsula, Nanasi town west to Bijaj river; south side, southwest of Ratatotok almost to Kombot town. Users: 117,000 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals (2019). Ethnic population: 230,000 (2019 J. Lobel). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bolaang Mongondow, Bolang-Mogondo, Minahassa, Mongondou. Autonym: Mongondow. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Mongondowic.
Moni
[mnz] Papua province: central highlands, northeast Lake Paniai area. Users: 20,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Djonggunu, Jonggunu, Megani, Migani. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes.
Mor
[mhz] Papua Barat province: Nabire regency, Mor islands, east Cenderawasih bay; coastal area northeast of Ruwianui point. Users: 700 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Austronesian Mor. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Mor.
Mor
[moq] West Papua province: Fakfak regency on northwest Bomberai peninsula, Berau bay inland. Users: 30 (2012 H. Hammarström). 70 semi-speakers (2012 H. Hammarström). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mor.
Moraid
[msg] West Papua province: west Bird’s Head inland, Mata to Worbo area. Users: 1,000 (1988 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head.
Mori Atas
[mzq] Central Sulawesi province: Lembo, Mori Atas, and Petasia sub-districts, 25 villages on southeast peninsula neck; South Sulawesi province: Nuha sub-district. Users: 14,000 (1988 D. Mead). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aikoa, Berg-Tomori, Boven-Mori, Upper Mori, West Mori. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, Interior.
Mori Bawah
[xmz] Central Sulawesi province: Bungku Tengah, Lembo, and Petasia sub-districts, 24 villages; South Sulawesi province: Mahalone and Matano lakes. All locations are on southeast Sulawesi island peninsula, Lake Towuti area. Users: 14,000 (1988 D. Mead). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Beneden-Tomori, East Mori, Lower Mori, Nahina, Oost-Mori, Petasia. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast.
Moronene
[mqn] Southeast Sulawesi province: Bombana regency, Bombana district, Wita Ea village; Rumbia mountains on southeast mainland; Kabaena island, Tokotu’a village; mainland opposite Kabaena. Rumbia, Poleang, and Poleang Timur sub-districts (Wita Ea dialect). Users: 26,300 (2010 census), decreasing. 1,850 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Maronene. Autonym: Moronene. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, Southwest.
Morop
[iwo] Papua province: Iwur river valley border area, Ok Iwur east to Ok Denom. Dewok (Dinamne dialect); Aurarin hamlet (Upper Dintere dialect). Users: 6,900 (2011 J. Elliot). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Iwoer, Iwur. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland.
Morori
[mok] Papua province: south coast border area. Users: 50 (1998 M. Donohue). Only a handful of Marori speakers left in 2012 (Evans et al 2018). Ethnic population: 250 (1998 M. Donohue). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Marori, Moaraeri, Moraori, Morari. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Moraori.
Moskona
[mtj] West Papua province: southeast Bird’s Head, west Bituni Bay; Sebjor river basin. Users: 8,000 (1996 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Meninggo, Meningo, Meyah, Sabena. Autonym: Moskona. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, East Bird’s Head, Meax.
Mpur
[akc] West Papua province: Manokwari regency on north coast of Bird’s Head; also Kebar valley. Users: 7,000 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Amberbaken, Dekwambre, Ekware, Kebar. Classification: Language isolate.
Mualang
[mtd] West Kalimantan province: Belitang, Belitang Hilir, and Belitang Hulu Sekadau sub-districts along Ayak and Belitang rivers. Users: 40,000 (Tjia 2007). Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Mualang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Ibanic.
Muna
[mnb] Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton regency, Kendari city; Central Buton, Muna, West-Muna, and South Buton regencies. Users: 266,000 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Autonym: Wuna. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western.
Munggui
[mth] Papua province: Yapen island north coast, 1 village. Users: 800 (1982 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Natabui. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western.
Murkim
[rmh] Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Batom sub-district, Milki and Mot villages. Users: 290 (2004 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Unclassified.
Murut, Selungai
[slg] East Kalimantan province: Nunukan regency on upper Sembakung river. Users: 640 in Indonesia (2000). Total users in all countries: 1,240. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Murut. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Murut.
Murut, Sembakung
[sbr] East Kalimantan province: Nunukan regency, Sembakung river mouth. Users: 3,180 in Indonesia (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sembakoeng, Sembakong, Simbakong, Tingalun, Tinggalan, Tinggalum. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Southern.
Murut, Tagal
[mvv] North Kalimantan province: Nunukan regency, northwest valley east to Simalumung. Users: 2,000 in Indonesia. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Semambu, Semembu, Sumambu, Sumambu-Tagal, Sumambuq. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Murut.
Musi
[mui] South Sumatra province: widespread in northern 2 thirds of province from Musi river upstream to Bukit Barisan mountains, downstream to coastal swamplands; Lampung province: northeast; border areas in Jambi and Bengkulu provinces. Users: 3,105,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 3,116,000. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Much of the population from other language groups in South Sumatra Province learn enough Urban Palembang dialect to use it as a trade language. Alternate Names: Baso Palembang, Palembang, Palembangnese, Sekayu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Muyu, North
[kti] Papua province: south coast border area. Users: 8,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kataut, Kati-Ninanti, Niinati, Ninatie, North Kati, North Moejoe, Yonggom, Yongkom, Yongom. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland.
Muyu, South
[kts] Papua province: south coast, north of Fly river border with Papua New Guinea. Users: 4,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Digoel, Digul, Kati Metomka, Metomka, Moejoe, Ok Bari, South Kati, Yonggom, Yongkom, Yongom. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland.
Nafri
[nxx] Papua province: Jayapura area, Nafri village on southeast Yotafa bay. Users: 1,630 (1975 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Sentani Proper.
Nage
[nxe] East Nusa Tenggara province: central Flores island, west slopes of Ebu Lobo volcano. Users: 50,000 (Forth 1993). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Nage-Keo, Nagé. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Naka’ela
[nae] Maluku province: Seram Bagian Barat regency, Taniwel village on Seram island. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (1985 SIL). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Amalumute, Northwest Seram, Ulat Inai.
Nakai
[nkj] Papua province: east of upper Digul river, Awimbom village in the center of 5 other villages extending toward Ok Sibil northeast, and southwest toward Morop [iwo] language area. Users: 700 (1999 M. Donohue). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Na’ai, Na’i, Nagai. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain.
Nalca
[nlc] Papua province: east highlands north slopes. Users: 16,000 (2013 R. Doriot). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Hmanggona, Hmonono, Kimjal, Kimyal, Nalja, Naltje, Naltya. Autonym: Mek, Nalca. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern.
Namla
[naa] Papua province: Keerom regency, Senggi sub-district, Namla village. Users: 30 (2005 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Unclassified.
Napu
[npy] Central Sulawesi province: Poso regency, Lore Utara sub-district, 10 villages in Tomini bay. Users: 6,240 (2010 census), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Basa Napu. Autonym: Pekurehua. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern, Badaic.
Nasal
[nsy] Bengkulu province: Kaur regency, Gedung Menung, Tanjung Baru, and Tanjung Betuah villages in Nasal river area on Sumatra. Users: 3,000 (2008 K. Anderbeck). Very few monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Nasal.
Ndom
[nqm] Papua province: Kolopom island. Users: 1,200 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kolopom.
Nduga
[ndx] Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Tiom in central highlands, and scattered. Users: 10,000 (1985 M. Owen). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dauwa, Dawa, Ndauwa, Ndugwa, Pesecham, Pesechem, Pesegem. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik.
Nedebang
[nec] East Nusa Tenggara province: north central Pantar island in Banda sea. Users: 1,500. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Balungada, Klamu, Nédebang. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar.
Ngad’a
[nxg] East Nusa Tenggara province: south central Flores island. Users: 60,000 (1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Badjava, Bajava, Bajawa, Nad’a, Nga’da, Ngada, Ngadha, Rokka. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Ngad’a, Eastern
[nea] East Nusa Tenggara province: south central Flores, Desa Rowa, Kabupaten Ngada, Kecamatan Boawae, Kecamatan Golewa, Sanga Deto, Sara Sedu, and Taka Tunga. Users: 5,000 (1994). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Southeast Ngada. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Ngaju
[nij] Central Kalimantan province: Gunung Mas, Kapuas, Katingan, Kota Palangkaraya, Kotawaringin Timur, and Pulang Pisau regencies; headwaters of Kahayan, Kapuas, Katingan, and Mentaya rivers. Users: 890,000 (2003). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Widely used as LWC for trade in much of Kalimantan, from Barito to Sampit rivers. Used in many domains (church, school, village-level government, market, etc.). Alternate Names: Biadju, Dayak Ngaju, Ngadju, Ngaja, Ngaju Dayak, Southwest Barito. Autonym: Ngaju. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, South.
Ngalum
[szb] Papua province: Ok Bon, Ok Sibil, and Ok Tsop valleys. Users: 10,000 in Indonesia (1987 SIL). Total users in all countries: 18,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sibil. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum.
Nggem
[nbq] Papua province: middle Hablifoeri river north of Wamena. Users: 4,400 (2005). Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Nggem. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper.
Nias
[nia] North Sumatra province: Batu, Nias and Mursala islands. Alasa, Sirombu and Mandrehe (Northwest dialect); Gomo, and south in Teluk Dalam and Batu islands (Central dialect). Users: 867,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 1,040,000 (2010 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Batu, Niha. Autonym: Li Nias. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Nias.
Nila
[nil] Maluku province: south central Seram island, 6 villages. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers completely shifted to Ambon Malay [abs] by 1999 (Van Engelenhoven 2003). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Teun-Nila-Serua, Nila-Serua.
Nimboran
[nir] Papua province: Jayapura regency, about 26 villages west of Lake Sentani. Users: 2,000 (1987 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Nambrong. Autonym: Nmblong nmbuo. Classification: Nimboran.
Ninggerum
[nxr] Papua province: Boven Digoel regency on Papua New Guinea border. Users: 1,000 in Indonesia. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kasiwa, Kativa, Muyu, Ninggeroem, Ninggirum, Ninggrum, Orgwo. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland.
Nipsan
[nps] Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Kurima sub-district west of Hmanggona. Users: 2,500 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Southern Jale, Yale-Nipsan. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern.
Nisa
[njs] Papua province: east Geelvink bay inland, Danau Nisa area. Users: 500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bonefa, Kerema. Classification: East Geelvink Bay.
Nuaulu, North
[nni] Maluku province: 2 villages on Seram island, central north coast and inland, and Saleman bay. Users: 500 (1990 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Fatakai, Nuaulu, Patakai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Sawai-Nuaulu.
Nuaulu, South
[nxl] Maluku province: Amahai district, 6 villages on Seram island inland from south coast. Users: 1,500 (1995 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Fatakai, Nuaulu, Patakai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Sawai-Nuaulu.
Nusa Laut
[nul] Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, Lease islands and Nusa Laut island in Titawai village. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the late 1990s (1989 SIL). Ethnic population: 2,230 (1989 SIL). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Nusalaut. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Elpaputi.
Obokuitai
[afz] Papua province: Mamberamo Raya regency, Obogwi village on Lakes plain north of Rouffaer river. Users: 120 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aliki, Ati, Obogwitai. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East.
Oirata
[oia] Maluku province: southeast Maluku Barat Daya regency; Kisar island, Oirata village; some in Ambon city. Users: 1,220 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Maaro. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar.
Okolod
[kqv] East Kalimantan province: Sabah border area in northwest. Users: 3,390 in Indonesia (2000). Total users in all countries: 5,390. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kolod, Kolour, Kolur, Okolod Murut. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Murut.
Onin
[oni] West Papua province: Fakfak regency on north Bomberai peninsula in Berau bay south coast west to Wetin point, then southwest to Wirtopin bay; south coast facing Panjang island. Users: 500 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Onim, Sepa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai.
Onin Based Pidgin
[onx] Papua Barat province: Fak Fak regency, Maruntiri area on Onin peninsula and inland highlands. Users: No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Status: 9 (Second language only). Classification: Pidgin, Onin based.
Ormu
[orz] Papua province: Jayapura regency north coast, Ormu Besar and Ormu Kecil villages. Users: 500 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay.
Orya
[ury] Papua province: Jayapura and Sarmi regencies, Bonggo, Lereh, and Unurum-Guay sub-districts, Taja, Wamho, and Witi villages. Users: 1,600 (1985 P. Fields). 900 in Unurum-Guay, 100 in Bonggo subdistrict, 600 in Lereh subdistrict. No monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Oria, Uria, Warpok, Warpu. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Orya.
Osing
[osi] East Java province: Banyuwangi regency area on far east Java island facing Bali strait. Users: 300,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Banyuwangi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Javanese.
Ot Danum
[otd] Central Kalimantan province: upper south Kapuas river, 7 villages; East Kalimantan province: Kutai Barat regency; West Kalimantan province: Melawi river watershed. Users: 78,800 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dohoi, Malahoi, Uud Danum, Uut Danum. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, North.
Padoe
[pdo] South Sulawesi province: Luwu Utara regency, Malili, Mangkutana, and Nuha sub-districts, 9 villages inland between Lake Matano and Usu arm of Bone bay. Users: 3,100 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Alalao, Mori, Pado-e, Padoé, South Mori. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, Interior.
Pagu
[pgu] North Maluku province: Halmahera Utara regency on lower Kao river and west to interior foothills. Users: 3,310 (2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Pago, Pagoe. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda.
Paku
[pku] Central Kalimantan province: East Barito regency, Paku district, Bantei Napu, Kalamus, Tampa, and Tarinsing villages. Users: 50 (Diedrich 2018), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Bakau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, Central-South, South.
Palu’e
[ple] East Nusa Tenggara province: Palu’e island; Flores mainland, Nangahure village northwest of Maumere. Users: 10,000 (Grimes et al 1997). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lu’a, Palue, Paluqe. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Pamona
[pmf] Central Sulawesi province: Poso regency, Ampana Kota, Ampanatete, Bungku Tengah, Bungku Utara, Lage, Mori Atas, Pamona Selatan, Pamona Utara, Parigi, Petasia, Poso Kota, Poso Pesisir, Tojo, Ulubongko, and Una-Una sub-districts; South Sulawesi province: Luwu Utara district, Bone-Bone, Mangkutana, and north Wotu sub-districts. 193 villages. Users: 77,900 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bare’e, Baree, Poso. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Pamona.
Panasuan
[psn] South Sulawesi province: Luwu Utara regency northwest; West Sulawesi province: Mamuju regency, Kalumpang and Seko sub-districts, 2 villages. Users: 770 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 800. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: To Pamosean, To Panasean. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko, Panasuan.
Pancana
[pnp] Southeast Sulawesi province: central Buton island, east and west coasts. Users: 9,460 (2010 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Pantjana. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Nuclear Muna-Buton, Munan, Munic, Western.
Pannei
[pnc] West Sulawesi province: Polewali Mandar regency, Wonomulyo sub-district. Users: 24,400 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Panei, Tapango. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu.
Pantar, Western
[lev] East Nusa Tenggara province: west Pantar island. Users: 10,800 (Holton 2014). Ethnic population: 10,800. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lamma, Lamma’, Lemma, Mauta, Pantar Barat. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar.
Papasena
[pas] Papua province: Lakes plain area, lower Idenburg river. Users: 400 (1982 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East.
Papuma
[ppm] Papua province: Kepulauan Yapen regency, Papuma village on Yapen island south coast. Users: 600 (1982 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western.
Patani
[ptn] North Maluku province: 9 villages on Halmahera island along the west coast. Users: 10,600 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, Southeast.
Paulohi
[plh] Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, Kecamatan and Amahai villages on Seram island, Elpaputih bay west shore. Users: 50 (1982). Very few left (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Solehua.
Pekal
[pel] Sumatera Selatan and Bengkulu provinces: northeast of Ipuh town to Tembesi river, to Argamakmur area south. Users: 30,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Pendau
[ums] Central Sulawesi province: Balaesang sub-district, Sibayu, Walandano, and other villages; scattered north to Dampal Utara district. Users: 1,820 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ndaoe, Ndau, “Umalasa” (pej.). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern.
Perai
[wet] Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Moning and Uhak villages on Wetar island northeast coast. Users: 280 (Hinton 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tutunohan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Wetar.
Petjo
[pey] Jakarta Special Capital Region. Users: There are some L1 speakers (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Peco’, Pecok, Petjoh. Classification: Creole, Dutch based.
Pom
[pmo] Papua province: Kepulauan Yapen regency, Mias Endi, Pom, and Serewen villages on Yapen island, from Pon bay west to Woko point; some on east Num island. Users: 2,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western.
Ponosakan
[pns] North Sulawesi province: Belang town area. Users: No known L1 speakers. 3 or 4 semi-speakers (2019 J. Lobel). Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Ponasakan, Ponosakansch. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Mongondowic.
Punan Aput
[pud] North Kalimantan province: Malinau regency south of Kayan river. Users: 370 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aput. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’.
Punan Merah
[puf] East Kalimantan province: Kutai Barat regency on Mahakam river. Users: 140 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Muller-Schwaner ‘Punan’.
Punan Merap
[puc] North Kalimantan province: Malinau regency on upper Malinau river. Users: 200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Rejang-Sajau.
Punan Tubu
[puj] East Kalimantan province: Malinau, Mentarang, and Sembakung river areas. Users: 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Punan Tubu.
Puragi
[pru] West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency on southwest Bird’s Head along Maccluer Gulf, Matamani river area, and inland. Users: 700 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mogao. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, South Bird’s Head Proper, Western.
Putoh
[put] North Kalimantan province: Malinau and Nunukan regencies, Bangalan, Longberang, and Mensalong towns in Mentarang river area. Users: 6,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Putuk. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic.
Rahambuu
[raz] Southeast Sulawesi province: Kolaka Utara regency, Pakue sub-district on upper Bone bay west coast, Batunong and north; some in South Sulawesi Selatan province. Users: 350 (2010 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Lellewao, Lellewau, Noihe, Wiaoe, Wiau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Coast.
Rajong
[rjg] East Nusa Tenggara province: Central Flores island near Mount Watuweri, 2 areas. Users: 6,000 (2010). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Razong. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Rampi
[lje] Central Sulawesi province: border area southwest of Lake Poso; South Sulawesi province: Luwu Utara regency, Rampi district, 6 mountain villages; Limbong, Mangkutana, Sabbang, and Wotu districts scattered. Users: 7,500 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ha’uwa, Leboni, Rampi-Leboni. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern.
Rasawa
[rac] Papua province: Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah sub-district, 2 villages on Cenderawasih bay east coast at Rombak river mouth. Users: 200 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Lakes Plain, Rasawa-Saponi.
Ratahan
[rth] North Sulawesi province: Minahasa regency on northeast peninsula and Tomini bay. Users: 1,340 (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 30,000 (1989). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Bentenan, Pasan, Toratan, Toratán. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sangiric, Southern.
Rejang
[rej] Bengkulu province: Arga Makmur, Curup, Kapahiang, and Muara Aman town areas in southwest highlands; South Sumatra province: Musi Rawas Ulu, west. Users: 350,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Djang, Jang, Redjang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Rejang.
Rembong
[reb] East Nusa Tenggara province: north central Flores island. Users: 5,000 (2010 C. Grimes). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Reta
[ret] East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor regency, south Pura and south Ternate (Alor) islands. Users: 800. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Retta. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar.
Riantana
[ran] Papua province: Kolopom island. Users: 1,100 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kimaam. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kolopom.
Ribun
[rir] West Kalimantan province: Kapuas Hulu regency, Tayan Hulu sub-district, Landak river area. Users: 45,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Southern.
Rikou
[rgu] East Nusa Tenggara province: East Rote island, Landu, Oe Pao, and Rikou areas. Users: 12,000 (2011). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Eastern Rote, Ringgou, Rote, Rote Timur, Roti, Rotinese. Autonym: Rikou. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote.
Riung
[riu] East Nusa Tenggara province: north central Flores island, Kabupaten Ngada and Kecamatan Riung. Users: 14,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Far Eastern Manggarai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Rohingya
[rhg] Users: 1,000 in Indonesia (2017 The Arakan Project), based on nationality. Status: Unestablished. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Outer Languages, Eastern, Bengali-Assamese.
Roma
[rmm] Maluku province: Jerusu village on Roma island. Users: 1,700 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Romang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Kisar-Roma.
Rongga
[ror] East Nusa Tenggara province: south central Flores island. Users: 4,000 (2005 W. Arka). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Roon
[rnn] West Papua province: Roon island west of Cenderawasih bay. Users: 1,100 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ron. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western.
Sa’ban
[snv] North Kalimantan province: Nunukan regency. Users: 850 in Indonesia (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Merau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Kelabitic.
Sahu
[saj] North Maluku province: Jailolo town area on north Halmahera island. Users: 7,500 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). 3,500 in Tala’i, 4,000 in Pa’disua. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Sa’u, Sahu’u, Sau. Autonym: Sahu. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu.
Sajau Basap
[sjb] East Kalimantan province: Berau and Bulungan regencies. Users: 6,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sajau, Sujau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Rejang-Sajau.
Salas
[sgu] Maluku province: Seram Bagian Timur regency, Gunung village on Seram island northeast coast. Users: 50 (1989 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Lenkaitahe, Liambata, Salas Gunung. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti.
Salawati
[xmx] West Papua province: Raja Ampat regency, northwest Salawati island. Users: Unknown number. Total population of the villages where Salawati is spoken: 3,391. However, younger generations in at least some of the villages are no longer acquiring the language, and there are large numbers of speakers of other languages living in some of these villages (Arnold 2020). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Maden, Palamul, Saparan, Sapran. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat.
Saleman
[sau] Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency on Saleman bay, north central Seram island, 3 areas. Users: 4,800 (1989 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Hatue, Sawai, Seleman, Wahai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Sawai-Nuaulu.
Saluan
[loe] Central Sulawesi province: Banggai regency, Balingara town east to Mount Balantak area; Lamala bay southwest along Peleng strait to Mantawa town, inland to central highlands; Tojo Una-Una regency, Togian islands, Walbabhi island: Batui, Boalemo, Bunta, Kintom, Luwuk, East Luwuk, Nuhon, and Pagimana sub-districts, 136 villages. Users: 51,900 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Coastal Saluan, Loinang, Loindang, Madi, Mondono. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Saluan-Banggai, Western, Saluanic.
Samarokena
[tmj] Papua province: Mamberamo Raya and Sarmi regencies, Karfasia, Maseb, Samarkena, and Tamaya villages on north coast, and inland east of Apauwar river and west of Sarmi. Users: 400 (1982 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Karfasia, Samarkena, Tamaja, Tamaya. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, West Coast.
Sanggau
[scg] West Kalimantan province: Sanggau regency along Kapuas river. Users: 45,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak.
Sangir
[sxn] North Sulawesi province: Great Sangir island east peninsula. Users: 110,000 in Indonesia (2010 census), increasing. Total users in all countries: 165,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Sangi, Sangih, Sangirese. Autonym: Sangihẹ̆. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sangiric, Northern.
Saparua
[spr] Maluku province: Hualoy, Iha, Kairatu, Kulur, Latu, Siri-Sori, Tomalehu villages; Saparua and Seram islands. Users: 10,200 (1989 SIL). 4,520 in Iha. Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Uliase, Hatuhaha, Saparua.
Saponi
[spi] Papua province: Waropen regency, Waropen Bawah sub-district, Botawa village. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the first decade of the 2000s (Wurm 2000). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Lakes Plain, Rasawa-Saponi.
Sarudu
[sdu] West Sulawesi province: Mamuju Utara regency, south Pasangkayu sub-district, 1 area near Lariang river mouth, another south, both on Makassar strait north coast. Users: 2,550 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Doda’. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern.
Sasak
[sas] West Nusa Tenggara province: Lombok island. Users: 2,100,000 (1989). Ethnic population: 3,170,000 (2011 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Lombok. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa, Sasak-Sumbawa.
Sauri
[srt] Papua province: Waropen regency, Sauri-Sirami village on east Cenderawasih bay. Users: 100 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: East Geelvink Bay.
Sause
[sao] Papua Province, southwest of Sentani, northwest of Lereh, Ures, Mubararon, Sause-Bokoko, Witti-Yadow, Lidya, and Puaral villages. Users: 250 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Seuce. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Sause.
Sawai
[szw] North Maluku province, Halmahera Tengah and Halmahera Selatan regencies, Gane Timur and Weda districts;13 villages. Halmahera island, southeast peninsula, Weda bay, both coasts: 13 villages. Users: 12,000 (2000 SIL), increasing. Few monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Weda, Weda-Sawai, Were. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, South Halmahera, Southeast.
Saweru
[swr] Papua Province, Serui Waropen regency, Yapen Selatan subdistrict, central Yapen island, an island south of Yapen island near Serui. Users: 300 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sarwar Use. Classification: West Papuan, Yapen.
Sawi
[saw] Papua Province, Asmat Regency, Pantai Kasuari and Fayit subdistricts, near south coastal lowland, between Kronkel and Ayip rivers and upper Fayit river area, Kamur, Esebor, Wiagas, Minahai, and Comoro villages. Users: 3,500 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Aejauroh, Sawuy. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Sawi.
Sawila
[swt] East Nusa Tenggara Province; southeast Alor island, between Kula [tpg] and Wersing [kvw] language areas. Users: 3,000 (Grimes et al 1997). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Manata, Sawali, Tanglapui, Tanlapui, Wullili. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Tanglapui.
Seberuang
[sbx] West Kalimantan province. Kapuas river area from Nanga Silat town to Selimbau town, on Belimbing, Lebang, Belitang, Seauk, Tempunak, Selimbau, and Silat rivers. Users: 37,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Ibanic.
Sedoa
[tvw] Central Sulawesi province, Lore Utara subdistrict, Sedoa village; Poso Pesisir subdistrict, parts of Tambarona and Pinedapa villages. Users: 660 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 4,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Baria, Tawaelia, Tawailia, Tawelia, Topobaria. Autonym: Sedoa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili.
Segai
[sge] East Kalimantan province, Berau regency. Kelai river area around Longlaai town. Users: 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ga’ay, Menggae, Segayi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kayanic, Modang.
Seget
[sbg] West Papua province, west Bird’s Head southwest of Sorong, Walian, Sailolof, Segum, and Seget villages. Users: 1,200 (1988 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head.
Seit-Kaitetu
[hik] Maluku Province, Maluku Tengah regency, Piru bay, Ambon island, north coast: Seit and Kaitetu villages. Users: 10,200 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Hila-Kaitetu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, West, Asilulu.
Sekak
[lce] Riau province; Riau Islands province; Bangka Belitung Islands province: Bangka Barat, Banka Tenga, and Bangka Selatan regencies, 2 coastal enclaves northern and southeast Bangka island; Belitung regency, western Belitung, Lepar, Liat, Mendanau, and other islands. Users: 420 (2000), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lonchong, Loncong, Lontjong, Orang Laut, Orang Sawang, Sawang, Seka, Sekah. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayo-Chamic, Malayic, Malay.
Sekar
[skz] West Papua province: Fakfak regency, Kokas area on northwest Bomberai peninsula coast; Ogar island. Users: 450 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Seka. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai.
Seko Padang
[skx] Central Sulawesi Tengah province: Palolo valley; South Sulawesi province: North Luwu regency, northeast Limbong sub-district. Users: 5,000 (1985 SIL). 2,300 in the Seko area. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Seko, Wono. Autonym: Sua: tu Padang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko.
Seko Tengah
[sko] South Sulawesi province: west Limbong sub-district along Betue river. Users: 2,500 (Laskowske and Laskowske 1987). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Pewanean, Pewaneang, Pohoneang, Seko. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Seko.
Selaru
[slu] Maluku province: Maluku Tenggara Barat regency, Tanimbar island group; at least 6 villages on Nuswotar, Selaru, and Yamdena islands; some in Ambon and Saumlaki. Users: 8,000 (2001 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Salaru. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Southern.
Selayar
[sly] South Sulawesi province: Selayar island. Users: 103,000 (2010 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Salajar, Salayar, Salayer, Saleier, Siladja, Silajara. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Makassar.
Seluwasan
[sws] Maluku province: Maluku Tenggara Barat regency, Batu Putih, Makatian, Marantutu, and Wermatang villages in Tanimbar island group on Yamdena island southwest coast. Users: 2,840 (2005). 740 Makatian, 2,100 Seluwasan. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Selvasa, Selwasa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Southern.
Semandang
[sdq] West Kalimantan province: Ketapang regency in Kualan and Semandang river areas. Users: 100,000 (2019 D. Berglund). 40,000 Semandang, 60,000 Kualan. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Semanang, Semandang-Kualan, Simpang. Autonym: Semandang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak, Southern.
Semimi
[etz] Papua province: Nabire regency, border area west of Lake Jamur; West Papua province: Kaimana regency, Bomberai peninsula from Tarera bay west and north to Lacmora and Aiwasa lakes area. Users: 1,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Etna Bay, Muri, Wesrau. Classification: Mairasi.
Sempan
[xse] Papua province: middle south coast, between Agats and Kokonao. Users: 1,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nararapi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Asmat-Kamoro, Sempan.
Sentani
[set] Papua province: Lake Sentani area, about 30 scattered villages; scattered in other parts of Indonesia. Users: 30,000 (1996 SIL), increasing. Few monolinguals. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Buyaka. Autonym: Sentani. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Sentani Proper.
Sepa
[spb] Maluku province: Sepa village on Seram island, and several areas on southwest coast. Users: 2,600 (1989 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tamilouw. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East.
Serili
[sve] Maluku province: Babar island group, Papilewan town on northeast Marsela island. Users: 330 (1980 N. de Jonge). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Masela-South Babar.
Serua
[srw] Maluku province: south central Seram island, 4 villages. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers completely shifted to Ambon Malay [abs] by 1999 (Van Engelenhoven 2003). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Teun-Nila-Serua, Nila-Serua.
Serui-Laut
[seu] Papua province: Kepulauan Yapen regency, Serui town area on Yapen island south coast; west past Panduan point; Sareba bay on Nau island; 5 villages. Users: 1,200 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Arui. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western.
Siang
[sya] Central Kalimantan province: Murung Raya regency, Barito river north along tributary. Users: 60,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ot Siang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, West, North.
Sika
[ski] East Nusa Tenggara province: east Flores island. Users: 175,000 (Lewis and Grimes 1995). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Krowe, Maumere, Sara Sikka, Sikka, Sikkanese. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Sikaritai
[tty] Papua province: Haya, Iri, and Sikari villages in Lakes plain area. Users: 2,000 (2015 C. Wanarahardja). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Aikwakai, Araikurioko, Ati, Sikari, Tori, Tori Aikwakai. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East.
Sikule
[skh] Aceh province: central Simeulue island. Users: 19,800 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 21,700 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Salang, Sichule, Sigulai, Sikhule, Simeulue Barat, Wali Banuah. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, Nias.
Silimo
[wul] Papua province: central highlands, Amo and Kiniage valleys. Users: 5,000 (1987 SIL). 2,500 monolinguals. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ngalik, Paiyage, South Ngalik, Usak, Wulik. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik.
Simeulue
[smr] Aceh province: east and west Simeulue island; Babi and Banyak islands. Users: 40,300 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 44,700 (2010 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Defayan, Long Bano, Simalur, Simeuloë, Simulul. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands.
Skou
[skv] Papua province: Sko-Mabu, Sko-Sai, and Sko-Yambe villages, north coast border area at Tami river mouth. Users: 700 (1999 M. Donohue). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sekol, Sekou, Sko, Skouw, Skow, Sukou, Te Mawo, Tumawo. Classification: Skou, Skou-Serra-Lagoon, Nuclear Skou, Skou.
So’a
[ssq] East Nusa Tenggara province: Flores island, central Kabupaten Ngada. Users: 10,000 (1994). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Soa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Sobei
[sob] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Sarmi sub-district, north coast area, Bagaiserwar, Sarmi, and Sawar villages. Users: 1,000 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 1,850 (2000 D. Tryon). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Biga, Imasi, Liki. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi.
Sou Nama
[tlt] Maluku province: south Seram island, Teluti bay area. Users: 17,000 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Silen, Taluti, Tehoru, Teluti, Tihoru, Wolu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East.
Sou Upaa
[wha] Maluku province: 30 villages on north Seram island mountain area; south along Teluti bay. Users: 7,000 (1989 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Manusela, Wahai, Wahinama. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Manusela-Seti.
Sougb
[mnx] West Papua province: about 50 villages in Bird’s Head area, southeast from Anggi lakes to Momi town on northwest Cenderawasih bay. Users: 12,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mantion, Sogh, “Manikion” (pej.). Autonym: Sougb. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, East Bird’s Head, Mantion.
Sowanda
[sow] Papua province: Keerom regency, northeast border area. Users: 210 in Indonesia (2002 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Waina, Waina-Sowanda, Wanja, Wanya, Wina. Classification: Border, Waris.
Sowari
[dmy] Papua province: Ambora, Muris Besar, Muris Kecil, and Yougafsa villages on north coast. Users: 1,300 (2000), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Demta, Muris. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Demta.
Suabo
[szp] West Papua province: south Bird’s Head, 15 villages along Maccluer bay. Users: 1,100 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Iagu, Inanwatan, Mirabo, Suabau. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, Inanwatan.
Sula
[szn] North Maluku province: Sula islands; Sula Besi (Sanana) island, widespread; Mangole island scattered on east, west and north coasts; Buru island northeast coast. Users: 20,000 (1983 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sanana. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula.
Sumbawa
[smw] West Nusa Tenggara province: Sumbawa and Moyo islands. Users: 300,000 (1989). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Semawa, Sumbawarese. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa, Sasak-Sumbawa.
Sunda
[sun] Banten and West Java provinces: western third of Java; Central Java province: Cilacap regency. Users: 32,400,000 (2015 UNSD). Ethnic population: 36,700,000 (2011 census). Status: 5 (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in western Java. Alternate Names: Basa Gumung, Priangan, Sundanese. Autonym: Basa Sunda. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sundanese.
Sunum
[ymn] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, coastal area and Nirumoar island. Users: 560 (2005 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Yamna. Autonym: Sunum. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi.
Suwawa
[swu] Gorontalo province: Bone Bolango regency, Bone river valley. Users: 7,590 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals (2019). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bonda, Bone, Bunda, Bune, Suvava, Toewawa, Tuwawa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Gorontalo-Mongondow, Gorontalic.
Tabaru
[tby] North Maluku province: West Halmahera regency, Ibu, Jailolo, and Oba sub-districts. Users: 15,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Tobaru. Autonym: Tabaru. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda.
Tabla
[tnm] Papua province: Jayapura regency, Bukia, Depapre, and Wari towns, and 13 villages on north coast. Users: 3,750 (1990 UBS). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Jakari, Tabi, Tanah Merah, Tanahmerah. Autonym: Tepera. Classification: East Bird’s Head-Sentani, Sentani, Sentani Proper.
Tado
[klw] Central Sulawesi province: Lindu sub-district, Anca, Langko, and Tomado villages near Lake Lindu. Users: 3,640 (2010 census), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Lindoe, Lindu, Linduan, Tado-Lindu. Autonym: Tado. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili.
Tae’
[rob] South Sulawesi province: Luwu and North Luwu regencies; northwest coast; Bone bay; Bastem sub-district, Rongkong river valley. East Luwu regency, Nuha sub-district (Rongkong dialect). Users: 272,000 (2010 census), increasing. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: East Toraja, Luwu’, Luwu-Rongkong, Rongkong, Rongkong-Luwu, Tae’ Tae’, Taeq, Toala’, Toraja, Toraja Timur, Toware. Autonym: Tae’. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan.
Taikat
[aos] Papua province: northeast border area south of Jayapura. Users: 500 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Abrab, Abrap, Arso, Tajkat. Classification: Border, Taikat.
Taje
[pee] Central Sulawesi province: Parigi Moutong regency, Ampibabo and Parigi Tengah sub-districts in Tomini bay. Users: 370 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Andje, Lole, Petapa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern.
Tajio
[tdj] Central Sulawesi province: Ampibabo, Sindue, and Tinombo sub-districts, 21 villages on Tomini bay west coast. Users: 6,100 (2010 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Adjio, Kasimbar, Ta’adjio, Tadjio. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Southern.
Talaud
[tld] North Sulawesi province: Talaud islands. Users: 53,100 (2010 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Talaur, Talaut, Talodda. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sangiric, Northern.
Taliabu
[tlv] North Maluku province: Sula island group; Taliabu island northwest coast; some on Mangole island. Users: 4,520 (2000). 500–1,500 in Mangei. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Taliabo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, Sula, Taliabo.
Taloki
[tlk] Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton Utara regency; Kapontori and Wakorumba sub-districts, Maligano and Wakalambe villages on Buton island northwest coast. Users: 310 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Taaloki, Talloki, Taluki. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast, Kulisusu.
Talondo’
[tln] West Sulawesi province: Mamuju regency, Bonehau sub-district, Bonehau village area. Users: 320 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Talondo Kondo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan.
Tamagario
[tcg] Papua province: south coast area. Users: 3,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buru, Tamaraw, Wagow, Wiyagar. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kayagar.
Taman
[tmn] West Kalimantan province: Kapuas Hulu regency; upper Kapuas river. Users: 30,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dayak Taman, Taman Dayak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Bugis, Tamanic.
Tanahmerah
[tcm] West Papua province: Teluk Bintuni regency on north Bomberai peninsula, Bintuni bay, Bapai and Gondu river areas. Users: 500 (1978 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sumeri, Sumerine. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Tanah Merah.
Tandia
[tni] Papua province: Nabire regency, Bird’s Head neck area south of Wandamen peninsula and Wohsimi river; possibly Papua Barat province. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1990s (1991 SIL). Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Tandia.
Tangko
[tkx] Papua province: Kawemaot village. Users: 100 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Tangko.
Tarangan, East
[tre] Maluku province: 12 villages in south Aru islands, Tarangan island east coast, and Maikor strait (Sungai Maikor). Users: 6,110 (2011 SIL). Population counted in the 12 villages only. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: East Trangan, Tarangan Timur. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru.
Tarangan, West
[txn] Maluku province: south Aru islands, Tarangan island west coast. Users: 7,910 (2011 SIL), increasing. No monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Tarangan Barat, West Trangan. Autonym: Rau Jarjar. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru.
Tarpia
[tpf] Papua province: Jayapura regency, Demta sub-district, Tarfia village on north coast. Users: 630 (2006 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Sufrai, Tarfia. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi.
Tause
[tad] Papua province: Mamberamo Raya and Waropen regencies, 3 areas on Rouffaer river. Users: 500 (2018 K. Song). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Darha, Doa. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, West.
Tausug
[tsg] North Kalimantan province: scattered coastal settlements; immigrants from Sulu Archipelago in the Philippines. Users: 12,000 in Indonesia (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 5* (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Bahasa Sūg, Joloano Sulu, Jolohano, Moro Joloano, Sinug Tausug, Sooloo, Sulu, Suluk, Taosug, Tausog, Taw Sug. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, South, Butuan-Tausug.
Tawoyan
[twy] Central Kalimantan province: Palori town area; East Kalimantan province: southeast border area. Users: 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Tabojan, Tabojan Tongka, Taboyan, Tabuyan, Tawoyan Dayak, Tewoyan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, East, North.
Tebi
[dmu] Papua province: Keerom regency, Affi, Dubu, and Jembatan Web villages’ border area. Users: 220 (2005 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Dubu. Classification: Pauwasi, Western.
Tefaro
[tfo] Papua province: Demba and Tefaro villages in east Cenderawasih bay. Users: 100 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Demba. Classification: East Geelvink Bay.
Tehit
[kps] West Papua province: Sorong regency, most of Teminabuan sub-district, half of Sawiat sub-district, about 31 villages in southwest Bird’s Head. Users: 10,000 (2000 R. Hesse). 500 monolinguals. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kaibus, Tahit, Tehid, Teminabuan. Classification: West Papuan, West Bird’s Head.
Teiwa
[twe] East Nusa Tenggara province: 6 villages on central Pantar island. Users: 4,000 (Klamer and Klamer 2010). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tewa. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar.
Tela-Masbuar
[tvm] Maluku province: Maluku Barat Daya regency, Masbuar and Tela villages on southwest Babar island. Users: 1,050 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Masbuar-Tela, Tela’a. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Babar, South, Southwest Babar.
Tengger
[tes] East Java province: south of Pasuran regency, near Mount Bromo. Users: 80,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tenggerese. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Javanese.
Teor
[tev] Maluku province: Watubela archipelago, Teor and Ut islands. Users: 1,100 (1986 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tio’or. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Teor-Kur.
Tereweng
[twg] East Nusa Tenggara province: 2 villages on Tereweng island; 1 village on Pantar island. Users: 800 (Grimes et al 1997). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Alor-Pantar, Pantar.
Termanu
[twu] East Nusa Tenggara province: Bokai, Keka, Korbafo, Talae, and Termanu areas on central Rote island. Users: 30,000 (2002 UKAW). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Central Rote, Pa’da, Rote, Rote Tengah, Roti, Rotinese. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote.
Ternate
[tft] North Maluku province: Kota Ternate regency, Hiri and Ternate islands; Halmahera Selatan regency, islands between Bacan and Kasiruta islands; Halmahera island southeast of Gane bay; Damar and Yoronga islands. Users: 62,000, all users. L1 users: 42,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). L2 users: 20,000. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Ternate-Tidore.
Ternateño
[tmg] North Maluku province: Kota Ternate city on Ternate island. Users: No known L1 speakers. Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Portugis, Ternatenyo. Classification: Creole, Portuguese based.
Tetun
[tet] East Nusa Tenggara province: central Timor island. Users: 400,000 in Indonesia (2011). Status: 5* (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in portions of Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara province. Alternate Names: Belo, Belu, Fehan, Teto, Tettum, Tetu, Tetum, Tetun Belu, Tetung. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor.
Te’un
[tve] Maluku province: 4 villages on central and south central Seram island. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speakers completely shifted to Ambon Malay [abs] by 1999 (Van Engelenhoven 2003). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Teun-Nila-Serua, Teun.
Tidore
[tvo] North Maluku province: Tidore, Mare, and Moti islands; Halmahera island west coast areas. Users: 46,000, all users. L1 users: 26,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). L2 users: 20,000. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Ternate-Tidore.
Tidung, Southern
[itd] North Kalimantan province: Atap, Malinau, Mensalong, Nunukan, Pembeliangan, Tarakan, and Tideng Pale towns. Users: 27,000 in Indonesia (2007 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Camucones, Tedong, Tidoeng, Tidong, Tidung, Tiran, Tirones, Tiroon, Zedong. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, Sabahan, Murutic, Tidung.
Tii
[txq] East Nusa Tenggara province: southwest Rote island. Users: 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Rote, Rote Barat, Roti, Rotinese, Thie, Ti, Western Rote. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Rote.
Tobati
[tti] Papua province: Enggros, Entrop, Kota Raja, Tanah Hitam, and Tobati villages on Jayapura bay. Users: 100 (Wurm 2007). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Enggros, Humboldt Jotafa, Jayapura, Jotafa, Tobwadic, Yautefa, Yotafa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Jayapura Bay.
Tobelo
[tlb] North Maluku province: Kao, Jailolo, and Tubelo districts on north Halmahera island; Maba and Wasile districts on central Halmahera; Morotai island central east coast; Ambon, Bacan, Gane, Obi, Patani, Raja Ampat, and Weda islands; Papua province: Sorong area. Users: 27,700 (2000). Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Tobelo. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda.
Tofanma
[tlg] Papua province: Keerom regency, Senggi sub-district, most of Namla, Tofanma Dua, and Tofanma Satu villages in south Jayapura border area. Users: 250 (2005 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tofamna. Classification: Unclassified.
Tolaki
[lbw] Southeast Sulawesi province: Kolaka, North Kolaka, Konawe, North Konawe, and South Konawe regencies, Mekongga district; Point Kolono on southeast peninsula, northwest across plains to highlands; west coast, past Klaka town toward Bone bay narrows. Users: 238,000 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Laki, Lolaki, To’olaki, Tokia, Tololaki. Autonym: Tolaki. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Coast.
Tomadino
[tdi] Central Sulawesi province: Bungku Tengah sub-district, Sakita village on Tolo bay east coast. Users: 100 (2010 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, Interior.
Tombelala
[ttp] Central Sulawesi province: Morowali regency, Bungku Tengah sub-district, 4 villages on Tolo bay west coast. Users: 2,240 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baria, Belala, Mbelala. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Pamona.
Tombulu
[tom] North Sulawesi province: Minahasa regency, Kota Tomohon city. Users: 19,000 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Minahasa, Minhasa, Tombalu, Tombula, Tombulu’, Toumbulu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Minahasan, North, Northeast.
Tomini
[txm] Central Sulawesi province: Parigi Moutong and Toli-Toli regencies; Gorontalo province: Pohuwato regency, east to Mautang area. 42 villages. Users: 19,700 (2010 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mouton, Moutong, Tiadje, Tialo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tomini, Northern.
Tondano
[tdn] North Sulawesi province: Minahasa regency on north peninsula, Lake Tondano area. Users: 9,560 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals (2019 T. Brickell). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Tolou, Tolour, Tondanou, Toulour. Autonym: Toundano. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Minahasan, North, Northeast.
Tonsawang
[tnw] North Sulawesi province: Minahasa Tenggara regency; north area near Ronoketang town. Users: 21,000 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Tombatu, Toundanow. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Minahasan.
Tonsea
[txs] North Sulawesi province: Minahasa Utara regency, Kota Bitung and Kota Manado cities. Users: 670 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tonsea’. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Minahasan, North, Northeast.
Tontemboan
[tnt] North Sulawesi province: Minahasa Selatan regency on Amurang bay inland; Minahasa and Minahasa Tenggara regencies, Lake Tondano southeast strip to coast. Users: 14,900 (2010 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Pakewa, Tompakewa, Tountemboan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Minahasan, North.
Topoiyo
[toy] West Sulawesi province: Mamuju regency, Budong-Budong sub-district, inland along Budong-Budong river. Users: 440 (2010 census), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Northern, Kaili.
Toraja-Sa’dan
[sda] South Sulawesi province: Luwu and Tana Toraja regencies; West Sulawesi province: Mamasa regency; possibly Makassar city, west coast. Users: 588,000 in Indonesia (2010 census), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Basa Toraya, Sa’dan, Sa’dansche, Sada, Sadan, Sadang, South Toraja, Tae’, Taeq, Toradja, Toraja. Autonym: Basa Tora’a. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Toraja-Sa’dan.
Totoli
[txe] Central Sulawesi province: Toli-Toli regency, Baolan, Dampal Selatan, Dampal Utara, Dondo, Galang, and Tolitoli Utara sub-districts, 29 villages; also Kabetan island. Users: 10,800 (2010 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Gage, Tolitoli, Tontoli. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Tomini-Tolitoli, Tolitoli.
Towei
[ttn] Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Towe Hitam village. Users: 120 (1975 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Towe. Classification: Pauwasi, Western.
Trimuris
[tip] Papua province: Jayapura regency, Mamberamo Tengah sub-district on Mamberamo river east bank. Users: 300 (1999 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Greater Kwerba, Kwerba, Nuclear.
Tsaukambo
[kvz] Papua province: upper Digul river west side. Users: 780 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kotogüt, Tsakwambo, Tsokwambo. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum.
Tugun
[tzn] Maluku province: southwest in Arwala, Ilpokil, Ilway, Kahailin, Mahuan, Masapun, and Tomliapat villages; southeast Wetar island. Users: 1,200 (1990 SIL). 10 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mahuan, Tutunohan. Autonym: Tugun. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Southwest Maluku, Wetar.
Tugutil
[tuj] North Maluku province: East Halmahera regency, Maba district, Miaf, Bebsili, and Marasipno villages; Wasile district, pass between Lolobata and Buli; North Halmahera regency, Kao district, Taboulamo area; Tobelo district, Kusuri. Dodaga, Tutuling, Akelamo, and Mabulan rivers in Maba district. Users: 2,590 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tobelo Boeng, Togutil. Autonym: O Totobeloho. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Galela-Loloda.
Tukang Besi North
[khc] Southeast Sulawesi province: Ambon, Bacan, Buru, Kaledupa, Maluku, Mongole, Runduma, Seram, Sulabesi, Taliabu, and Wangiwangi islands; Baubau and Sumbawa cities. Users: 120,000 in Indonesia (1995 SIL). 60,000 in Maluku. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buton, Wakatobi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-Bonerate.
Tukang Besi South
[bhq] South Sulawesi province: Selayar regency, Bonerate, Kalaotoa, Karompa, and Madu islands; Alor, Ambon, Buru, Maluku, Mongole, Seram, Sulawesi, and Taliabu islands; Southeast Sulawesi province: Tukang Besi archipelago, south islands, and northern Binongko and Tomea islands; Papua province: western areas. Users: 130,000 (1995 SIL), increasing. 100,000 in Maluku. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buton, Tukang-Besi, Wakatobi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Muna-Buton, Tukangbesi-Bonerate.
Tulehu
[tlu] Maluku province: Maluku Tengah regency, Ambon island, Liang, Tulehu, Tengah-tengah, and Tial villages. Users: 10,000 (Musgrave 2010). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Northeast Ambon, Sou Amana Teru. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Piru Bay, East, Seram Straits, Ambon.
Tunggare
[trt] Papua province: Nabire regency, south Cendrawasih bay, Nabire town northeast past Ruwiami point. Users: 500 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tarunggare, Turunggare. Classification: East Geelvink Bay.
Tunjung
[tjg] Central Kalimantan province: North Barito regency border area; East Kalimantan province: Kutai Barat and Kutai Kartanegara regencies between Adas, Dempar, and Melak towns, then down Mahakam river, east around Djempang lake. Users: 50,000 (Nikolic´ 2008). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tunjung Dayak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Barito, Barito-Mahakam.
Uab Meto
[aoz] East Nusa Tenggara province: most of west Timor island. Users: 700,000 (2009 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Atoni, Meto, Orang Gunung, Timol, Timor, Timoreesch, Timoreezen, Timorese, Uab Atoni Pah Meto, Uab Pah Meto, “Dawan” (pej.), “Rawan” (pej.), “Timor Dawan” (pej.). Autonym: Uab Meto. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor, Uab Meto.
Ujir
[udj] Maluku province: Kepulauan-Aru regency; northwest Aru islands on Udjir and Wokam islands. Users: 1,030 (2011 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Udjir. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Aru.
Ulumanda’
[ulm] West Sulawesi province: Majene, Mamuju, and Polewali-Mandar regencies, mostly interior. Users: 31,600 (2010 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Awo-Sumakuyu, Botteng-Tappalang, Kado, Oeloemanda, Paʔnnei, Tubbi, Ulumandak, Ulunda. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, South Sulawesi, Northern, Pitu Ulunna Salu.
Uma
[ppk] Central Sulawesi province: Sigi regency, South Kulawi and Pipikoro sub-districts, 32 villages on Lariang river and tributaries; South Sulawesi province: north Luwu regency, enclave within Seko Padang [skx] language area; south Pasangkayu regency, Mamuju sub-district; West Sulawesi province: Lariang river west bank area. Users: 18,800 (2010 census), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Koro, Oema, Pipikoro. Autonym: Uma. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Kaili-Pamona, Southern.
Uma’ Lasan
[xky] East Kalimantan province: Malinau regency, Long Jelet Mesahan, Long Pejalin (Uma Alim dialect), and Long Pujungan villages. Users: 1,500 in Indonesia (Soriente 2005). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Western Kenyah. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Upper Pujungan.
Uma’ Lung
[ulu] North Kalimantan province: Bulungan regency, small area; Malinau regency, Batu Kajang, Pimping, Long Belua, Long Setulang, Long Uli villages on middle Malinau river. Users: 3,000 (Soriente 2006), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Oma Longh. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, North Borneo, North Sarawakan, Kayan-Kenyah, Kenyah, Upper Pujungan.
Una
[mtg] Papua province: Langda, Bomela, and Sumtamon areas in east Weip and Yay valleys. Users: 5,600 (2006 SIL), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Goliath, Langda, Mount Goliath, Oranje-Gebergte. Autonym: Una. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern.
Uruangnirin
[urn] West Papua province: Fak-Fak regency, Faur and Tuburuasa islands; southwest Bomberai peninsula mainland; possibly Karas island. Users: 400 (1983 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Faur, Tubiruasa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, North Bomberai.
Usku
[ulf] Papua province: Keerom regency, Usku village west of Sobger river. Users: 110 (2004 SIL). Population estimates range from 20 to 160 (Wurm 2007). Few monolinguals. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Afra. Classification: Unclassified.
Viid
[snu] Papua province: Senggi village in border area south of Jayapura. Users: 250 (2005 SIL). No monolinguals. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Senggi. Classification: Border, Waris.
Vitou
[vto] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Pantai Timur sub-district, Takar village inland. Users: 630 (2007). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Takar. Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor.
Wabo
[wbb] Papua province: Kepulauan Yapen regency, 6 villages on Yapen island, north and south coast. Users: 1,500 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Berbai, Nusari, Woriasi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, East.
Wae Rana
[wrx] East Nusa Tenggara province: south central Flores island, 2 separate areas between Manggarai [mqy] and Ngad’a [nxg] language areas. Users: 3,000 (2010). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Waerana. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata.
Waioli
[wli] North Maluku province: northwest Halmahera island coast from Sasu town inland to highland interior. Users: 3,000 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Wajoli, Wayoli. Classification: West Papuan, North Halmahera, Sahu.
Walak
[wlw] Papua province: Jayawijaya regency, Asologoima, Biri, Bolakme, Bugi, Koragi, Ngguma (Tagima), Pyramid, Silo Karno, Wolo, and Yalengga districts; Mamberamo Tengah Regency, Eragiam, Ilugwa, Mogonik, Winam, and Wurigelebur districts. Users: 20,000 (2007 P. Seow). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lower Pyramid, Wodo. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Dani Proper.
Wambon
[wms] Papua province: Boven Digoel regency, Ambatkwi sub-district. Users: 3,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut.
Wamesa
[wad] West Papua province: Manokwari, Wasior, Wandamen bay to Bintuni bay east end. Users: 5,000 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Wandamen, Wandamen-Windesi. Autonym: Wamesa, Wondama. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western.
Wanggom
[wng] Papua province: Boven Digoel regency, upper Digul river area. Users: 1,180 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Wanggo, Wangom. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Awyu-Dumut, Dumut.
Wano
[wno] Papua province: Puncak and Puncak Jaya regencies in central highlands area; Van Daalen river to upper Rouffaer river. Users: 1,000 (2011), decreasing. L2 users: 0. 200 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Waano. Autonym: Wano. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Wano.
Wanukaka
[wnk] East Nusa Tenggara province: west Sumba island, southwest coast. Users: 10,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Wanokaka. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba.
Warembori
[wsa] Papua province: Maberamo Raya regency, Bonoi, Poiwai, Tamakuri, and Warembori villages, Mamberamo river mouth west to Manini point. Users: 620, all users. L1 users: 600 (1998 SIL). L2 users: 20. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Waremboivoro, Warenbori. Classification: Lower Mamberamo.
Wares
[wai] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Maweswares village on Biri river headwaters south side. Users: 200 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Tor-Kwerba, Orya-Tor, Tor.
Waris
[wrs] Papua province: Keerom regency, Waris sub-district. Users: 500 in Indonesia (2008 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Walsa. Classification: Border, Waris.
Waritai
[wbe] Papua province: Tolikara regency; Taiyeve area south of Idenburg, Mamberama, and Rouffaer rivers’ confluence. Users: 150 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Wari, Weretai. Classification: Lakes Plain, Tariku, East.
Warkay-Bipim
[bgv] Papua province: Asmat regency south coast, 3 villages near Otsianep and northeast near Bapiem. Users: 300 (1993 R. Doriot). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bipim, Bipim As-So. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Yaqay.
Waropen
[wrp] Papua province: Mamberamo Raya and Waropen regencies; south Waropen bay area (Ambumi dialect), and southwest to Rombak river mouth. Users: 6,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Aropen, Wonti, Worpen. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Waropen.
Waru
[wru] Southeast Sulawesi province: Konawe Utara regency, Asera sub-district interior, Mopute village. Users: 350 (Mead 1999). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mapute, Mopute. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Western, West Coast.
Watubela
[wah] Maluku province: Watubela islands east central area. Users: 4,000 (1990 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Esiriun, Kasiui, Kasui, Kesui, Matabello, Snabi Watubela, Wesi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Banda-Geser, Geser-Gorom.
Wauyai
[wuy] West Papua province: Raja Ampat regency, Wauyai village on southeast coast. Users: 300 (Remijsen 2001). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Raja Ampat.
Wawonii
[wow] Southeast Sulawesi province: Wawonii and Menui islands near Kendari port. Users: 27,600 (2010 census), decreasing. 19,500 Wawonii, 8,100 Menui. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Wowonii. Autonym: Wawonii. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Eastern, Southeastern, Bungku-Tolaki, Eastern, East Coast.
Wejewa
[wew] East Nusa Tenggara province: west Sumba island interior. Users: 55,000 (2011). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Veveva, Waidjewa, Wajewa, West Sumbanese, Wewewa, Wewjewa, Weyewa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Sumba-Hawu, Sumba.
Welaun
[wlh] East Nusa Tenggara: Belu regency, Asumanu, Baudaok, Bauho, Raiulun, Sarabau, Silawan, Tohe, and Tulakadi. Users: 1,500 in Indonesia (2018 O. Edwards). Ethnic population: 1,500 (2018 O. Edwards). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Timor-Babar, Nuclear Timor.
Wemale
[weo] Maluku province: at least 14 villages on Seram island north coast, from Taniwel to Walakone towns; also southwest Seram. Users: 6,000 (2000 census). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,500. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Honitetu, Oemale, Tala. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers, Wemale.
Wersing
[kvw] East Nusa Tenggara province: Alor island, Pietoko, Pureman, and 2 enclaves on central north, east, and southeast coasts. Users: 3,700 (Grimes et al 1997). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kolana, Kolana-Wersin, Warsina, Wersin. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Timor-Alor-Pantar.
Woi
[wbw] Papua province: west Yapen island, Wooi and Wainap villages. Users: 1,800 (2012 Y. Sawaki). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Wo’oi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen, Central-Western.
Wolani
[wod] Papua province: west central highlands, Kemandoga and Mbiyandogo rivers area northeast of Lake Paniai, north of Wissel Lakes. Users: 5,000 (1992 UBS). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Woda, Woda-Mo, Wodani. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Wissel Lakes.
Wolio
[wlo] Southeast Sulawesi province: Buton regency, Bau-Bau city on Buton island southwest coast. Users: 65,000 in Indonesia (2004 D. Andersen). Population does not include those in other provinces. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baubau, Buton, Butonese, Butung. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio, Wolio-Kamaru.
Woria
[wor] Papua province: Waropen regency, Botawa village; Sanoringga river mouth to interior, and northeast. Users: 5 (2000 R. Doriot). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: East Geelvink Bay.
Wotu
[wtw] South Sulawesi province: Luwu Timur regency, Wotu sub-district, Bawalipu and Lampenai villages in north Bone bay; coast near Kalaena river mouth. Users: 250 (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 4,000 (2009). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Wadu. Autonym: Wotu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, Wotu-Wolio.
Yahadian
[ner] West Papua province: Sorong Selatan regency, south Bird’s Head along Maccluer bay. Users: 500 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jahadian, Nerigo, Yabin Yahadian. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird’s Head, Konda-Yahadian.
Yalahatan
[jal] Maluku province: Makulu Tengah regency, south central Seram island coastal area. Users: 1,700 (2004 SIL), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Atamanu, Awaiya, Jahalatan, Jahalatane, Yalahatan-Haruru-Awaiya. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Central Maluku, East, Seram, Nunusaku, Three Rivers.
Yale, Kosarek
[kkl] Papua province: eastern highlands. Users: 2,300 (1993 R. Doriot). 2,300 monolinguals. Nearly 100% are monolingual. Ethnic population: 2,300. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: In-lom, Kosarek, Mek Kosarek, Wanam, Yale, Yale yubu, Yale-Kosarek, Yali, Yali Kosarek. Autonym: Yale yupu. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Mek, Eastern.
Yali, Angguruk
[yli] Papua province: central highlands area. Users: 15,000 (1991 J. Wilson). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Angguruk, Ngalik, Northern Yali, Yali, Yalimo. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik.
Yali, Ninia
[nlk] Papua province: central highlands, Holuwon, Lolat, and Ninia villages. Users: 10,500 (1999 J. Wilson). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Jaly, Jalè, Ninia, North Ngalik, Southern Yali, Yali, Yali Selatan. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik.
Yali, Pass Valley
[yac] Papua province: central highlands, Jayawijaya, Kurima, and Kurulu regencies. Users: 5,000 (1988 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Abendago, North Ngalik, Western Yali, Yali, Yaly. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West, Dani, Ngalik.
Yamdena
[jmd] Maluku province: Tannembar islands, east coast Yamdena island, south to north tip of Selaru island, 35 villages; southwest Yamdena island, Latdalam village. Users: 25,000 (1991 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 35,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Jamden, Jamdena, Tanemprar lirin. Autonym: Tanempar Liriny. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Southeast Maluku, Kei-Tanimbar, Yamdena.
Yaqay
[jaq] Papua province: Mappi regency, south coast along Obaa river north to Gandaimu area. Users: 10,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jakai, Jaqai, Mapi, Sohur, Yaqai. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Yaqay.
Yarsun
[yrs] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Bonggo sub-district. Users: 200 (1991 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Sarmi-Jayapura Bay, Sarmi.
Yaur
[jau] Papua province: Nabire regency, west Cenderawasih bay, Manggua point south to Wororomi. Users: 350 (1978 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Jaur. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yaur.
Yawa
[yva] Papua province: central Yapen island, 8 north coast villages, 2 interior villages, and 18 south coast villages. Users: 10,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mantembu, Mora, Turu, Unat, Yapanani, Yava. Autonym: Yawa Unat. Classification: West Papuan, Yapen.
Yei
[jei] Papua province: Merauke regency, 6 villages in south coast area, along Maro river. Users: 1,280 (Evans et al 2018). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Je, Jei, Yei-Nan, Yey. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Yey.
Yelmek
[jel] Papua province: Merauke regency, Bibikem, Dodalim, Wanam, and Woboyo villages; South coast, east Muli strait. Users: 400 (1978 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Jab, Jabsch, Jelmek, Jelmik. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Yelmek-Maklew.
Yeresiam
[ire] Papua province: Nabire regency, south Cenderawasih bay, Yamur lake area; West Papua province: Kaimana regency. Users: 70 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Beduba, Iresim. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Iresim.
Yeretuar
[gop] Papua province: Nabire regency, lower Kwatisore bay; West Papua province: south Teluk Wondama regency, Wandamen peninsula. Users: 350 (2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Goni, Umar, Umari. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, West New Guinea, Cenderawasih Bay, Yeretuar.
Yetfa
[yet] Papua province: Pegunungan Bintang regency, Okbibab sub-district. Users: 1,400, all users. L1 users: 1,000 (1996). L2 users: 400 (2013 M. Donohue). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Trade language in the area, extending to Papua New Guinea border. Alternate Names: Biaksi, Biksi, Inisine, Yetfa ma. Classification: Unclassified.
Yoke
[yki] Papua province: Sarmi regency, Mantarbori village northeast of Rombebai lake, east of Mamberamo river. Users: 200 (1998 M. Donohue). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bitovondo, Jauke, Pauwi, Yauke, Yoki. Classification: Lower Mamberamo.
Zorop
[wfg] Papua province: Keerom regency, Warlef village. Users: 230 (2005 SIL). No monolinguals. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Jafi, Jafi Wagarindem, Wagarindem, Wargarindem, Warlef, Yaffi, Yafi. Classification: Pauwasi, Eastern.