Indonesia

Indonesian

[ind] 1 (National). Statutory national language (1945, Constitution, Article 36). 198,000,000 in Indonesia (2010 census), all users. L1 users: 42,800,000 (2015 UNSD), increasing. Total users in all countries: 198,996,550 (as L1: 43,627,550; as L2: 155,369,000).

3 (Wider communication)

Bakumpai

[bkr] 3 (Wider communication). Used as a LWC in the market in central Kalimantan Province. 100,000 (2003).

Banjar

[bjn] 3 (Wider communication). Banjar became a LWC through trade. LWC in the market, in business, and in media. Banjar, already dominant in South Kalimantan Province, is also growing rapidly in Central and Eastern Kalimantan provinces. 3,650,000 in Indonesia (2015 UNSD), increasing. Total users in all countries: 3,655,000.

Bugis

[bug] 3 (Wider communication). 4,370,000 in Indonesia, all users. L1 users: 3,870,000 in Indonesia (2010 census), increasing. L2 users: 500,000. Total users in all countries: 4,398,800 (as L1: 3,898,800; as L2: 500,000).

Chinese, Mandarin

[cmn] 3 (Wider communication). 466,000 in Indonesia (2005 J. Leclerc), increasing.

Indonesian, Makassar

[mfp] 3 (Wider communication). 1,880,950, all users. L1 users: 950 (2010 census). L2 users: 1,880,000 (2000). Ethnic population: No ethnic community.

Kaili, Ledo

[lew] 3 (Wider communication). Ledo is lingua franca in West Toraja area. 215,000 (2010 census), increasing.

Kendayan

[knx] 3 (Wider communication). Used as LWC among non-Muslim Dayaks of northwest West Kalimantan province. 321,000 in Indonesia (2007 SIL). Total users in all countries: 331,700.

Lamaholot

[slp] 3 (Wider communication). 180,000 in Indonesia (2010). Total users in all countries: 225,000.

Malay, Ambonese

[abs] 3 (Wider communication). Developed on the island of Ambon in 16th century. First used as trade language (spice trade). Now lingua franca for interethnic communication in market domain, some media. 1,600,000 in Indonesia, all users. L1 users: 200,000 in Indonesia (1987 J. Collins). L2 users: 1,400,000 (2013 M. Connor). Total users in all countries: 1,650,900 (as L1: 250,900; as L2: 1,400,000).

Malay, Kupang

[mkn] 3 (Wider communication). Derived from Malay. Language of wider communication used in spice trade in the city of Kupang and surrounding region in the 1640s. Lingua franca for interethnic communication in the region or in mixed marriages. 350,000, all users. L1 users: 200,000 (2015 C. Grimes). L2 users: 150,000 (2015 C. Grimes).

Malay, Manado

[xmm] 3 (Wider communication). Developed in 1658 under Dutch colonial period (trading and military posts). Important, growing lingua franca in much of Sulawesi. Spoken mostly (rarely written) in Manado, capital of North Sulawesi. 3,320,000, all users. L1 users: 1,820,000 (2010 census), increasing. L2 users: 1,500,000 (2013 D. Mead).

Malay, North Moluccan

[max] 3 (Wider communication). Lingua franca in Tidore in 1512, widespread medium of communication, trade language. Used mainly in bird business, forest products and more. 1,000,000, all users. L1 users: 700,000 (2001 SIL). L2 users: 300,000 (2001 R. Whisler). 100,000 monolinguals.

Malay, Papuan

[pmy] 3 (Wider communication). Used as a trade language in the 19th century and established further as an LWC by Dutch colonial language policies in early 20th century. Used as L2 by all living in coastal areas of the Papuan provinces. 1,100,000 (Kluge 2014), all users. L1 users: 500,000 (Clouse 2000), increasing.

Mandar

[mdr] 3 (Wider communication). Used for trading purposes and other inter-group communication by 5 other language groups in the area (2020 S. Anonby). 499,000 (2010 census).

Musi

[mui] 3 (Wider communication). Much of the population from other language groups in South Sumatra Province learn enough Urban Palembang dialect to use it as a trade language. 3,105,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 3,116,000.

Ngaju

[nij] 3 (Wider communication). Widely used as LWC for trade in much of Kalimantan, from Barito to Sampit rivers. Used in many domains (church, school, village-level government, market, etc.). 890,000 (2003).

Yetfa

[yet] 3 (Wider communication). Trade language in the area, extending to Papua New Guinea border. 1,400, all users. L1 users: 1,000 (1996). L2 users: 400 (2013 M. Donohue).

4 (Educational)

Javanese

[jav] 4 (Educational). De facto language of provincial identity in central and eastern Java. 68,200,000 in Indonesia (2015 UNSD). Ethnic population: 95,200,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 68,278,400.

5 (Developing)

Amarasi

[aaz] 5* (Developing). 70,000 (2011 Unit Bahasa dan Budaya - Gereja Masehi Injili di Timor (UBB-GMIT)).

Asmat, Casuarina Coast

[asc] 5* (Developing). 9,000 (1991 SIL). 5,200 in Matia and 3,400 in Sapan.

Bakati’, Rara

[lra] 5* (Developing). 12,000 in Indonesia (2004 M. Connor).

Batak Simalungun

[bts] 5* (Developing). 151,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 435,000 (2010 census).

Bidayuh, Biatah

[bth] 5* (Developing). 8,480 in Indonesia (2000).

Citak

[txt] 5* (Developing). 8,000 (1985 M. Stringer).

Dani, Lower Grand Valley

[dni] 5* (Developing). 20,000 (1996 SIL).

Dani, Mid Grand Valley

[dnt] 5* (Developing). 50,000 (1990 UBS).

Dani, Upper Grand Valley

[dna] 5* (Developing). 20,000 (1996).

Dhao

[nfa] 5* (Developing). 5,000 (1997 A. Ranoh).

Ekari

[ekg] 5* (Developing). 100,000 (1985 M. Doble).

Embaloh

[emb] 5* (Developing). 10,000 (1991 NTM).

Galela

[gbi] 5* (Developing). 79,000 (1990 SIL). 41,000 Kadai, 10,000 Kadina, 24,000 Morotai, and 4,000 Sopi.

Hatam

[had] 5* (Developing). 16,000 (1993 TEAM).

Hawu

[hvn] 5* (Developing). 110,000 (1997). About 30,000 outside Sabu Island.

Kambera

[xbr] 5* (Developing). 240,000 (2009).

Kangean

[kkv] 5* (Developing). 110,000 (2000 census).

Ketengban

[xte] 5* (Developing). 9,970 (2000).

Kisar

[kje] 5* (Developing). 20,000 (1995 SIL).

Kodi

[kod] 5* (Developing). 20,000.

Korupun-Sela

[kpq] 5* (Developing). 8,000 (1996 E. Young).

Loloda

[loa] 5* (Developing). 15,000 (1991 SIL). 2,000 Bakun.

Luang

[lex] 5* (Developing). 18,000 (1995 SIL). 200 monolinguals.

Lundayeh

[lnd] 5* (Developing). 23,000 in Indonesia (2007 SIL). Total users in all countries: 47,500.

Mairasi

[zrs] 5* (Developing). 3,300 (1996 SIL).

Mentawai

[mwv] 5* (Developing). 62,300 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 68,400 (2010 census).

Meyah

[mej] 5* (Developing). 14,800 (2000).

Moni

[mnz] 5* (Developing). 20,000 (1991 SIL).

Moskona

[mtj] 5* (Developing). 8,000 (1996 SIL).

Mualang

[mtd] 5* (Developing). 40,000 (Tjia 2007).

Nage

[nxe] 5* (Developing). 50,000 (Forth 1993).

Nalca

[nlc] 5* (Developing). 16,000 (2013 R. Doriot).

Nduga

[ndx] 5* (Developing). 10,000 (1985 M. Owen).

Nggem

[nbq] 5* (Developing). 4,400 (2005).

Sahu

[saj] 5* (Developing). 7,500 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). 3,500 in Tala’i, 4,000 in Pa’disua.

Sasak

[sas] 5* (Developing). 2,100,000 (1989). Ethnic population: 3,170,000 (2011 census).

Sentani

[set] 5* (Developing). 30,000 (1996 SIL), increasing. Few monolinguals.

Silimo

[wul] 5* (Developing). 5,000 (1987 SIL). 2,500 monolinguals.

Sougb

[mnx] 5* (Developing). 12,000 (1987 SIL).

Tabaru

[tby] 5* (Developing). 15,000 (1991 SIL).

Tae’

[rob] 5* (Developing). 272,000 (2010 census), increasing.

Tawoyan

[twy] 5* (Developing). 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Tetun

[tet] 5* (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in portions of Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara province. 400,000 in Indonesia (2011).

Tobelo

[tlb] 5* (Developing). 27,700 (2000).

Uab Meto

[aoz] 5* (Developing). 700,000 (2009 census).

Wolani

[wod] 5* (Developing). 5,000 (1992 UBS).

Yale, Kosarek

[kkl] 5* (Developing). 2,300 (1993 R. Doriot). 2,300 monolinguals. Nearly 100% are monolingual. Ethnic population: 2,300.

Yali, Angguruk

[yli] 5* (Developing). 15,000 (1991 J. Wilson).

Yali, Ninia

[nlk] 5* (Developing). 10,500 (1999 J. Wilson).

Yamdena

[jmd] 5* (Developing). 25,000 (1991 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 35,000 (1991 SIL).

Yawa

[yva] 5* (Developing). 10,000 (2011 SIL).

Aralle-Tabulahan

[atq] 5 (Developing). 29,300 (2010 census).

Auye

[auu] 5 (Developing). 350 (1995 SIL). Ethnic population: 500 (2012 SIL).

Bada

[bhz] 5 (Developing). 9,780 (2010 census), increasing.

Balantak

[blz] 5 (Developing). 20,500, all users. L1 users: 19,500 (2010 census), increasing. L2 users: 1,000 (2015 R. Busenitz). 1,500 monolinguals (2015 R. Busenitz).

Bali

[ban] 5 (Developing). 3,300,000 (2010 census). 7,000 in South Sulawesi. Includes immigrant speakers in west Nusa Tenggara, west Lombok Islands. Ethnic population: 3,950,000 (2011 census).

Bambam

[ptu] 5 (Developing). 42,100 (2010 census).

Bauzi

[bvz] 5 (Developing). 1,500 (1991 SIL). 1,350 monolinguals.

Citak, Tamnim

[tml] 5 (Developing). 290 (1993 R. Doriot).

Dobel

[kvo] 5 (Developing). 5,680 (2011 SIL), increasing.

Gerai

[gef] 5 (Developing). 2,000 (2019 D. Berglund).

Iau

[tmu] 5 (Developing). 1,500 (2018 J. Bateman), increasing. 500 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,500.

Kaili, Da’a

[kzf] 5 (Developing). 62,600 (2010 census), increasing. Many monolinguals.

Kata Kolok

[bqy] 5 (Developing). 1,125, all users. L1 users: 125 (Marsaja 2008). 47 deaf and 78 hearing. L2 users: 1,000 (Marsaja 2008).

Madura

[mad] 5 (Developing). 7,790,000 in Indonesia (2015 UNSD), decreasing. Ethnic population: 7,180,000 (2011 census). Total users in all countries: 7,790,900.

Mai Brat

[ayz] 5 (Developing). 20,000 (1987 SIL).

Minangkabau

[min] 5 (Developing). 4,880,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 6,480,000 (2010 census).

Moma

[myl] 5 (Developing). 9,940 (2010 census).

Napu

[npy] 5 (Developing). 6,240 (2010 census), increasing.

Nias

[nia] 5 (Developing). 867,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 1,040,000 (2010 census).

Sangir

[sxn] 5 (Developing). 110,000 in Indonesia (2010 census), increasing. Total users in all countries: 165,000.

Sedoa

[tvw] 5 (Developing). 660 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 4,000.

Semandang

[sdq] 5 (Developing). 100,000 (2019 D. Berglund). 40,000 Semandang, 60,000 Kualan.

Sikaritai

[tty] 5 (Developing). 2,000 (2015 C. Wanarahardja).

Sunda

[sun] 5 (Developing). De facto language of provincial identity in western Java. 32,400,000 (2015 UNSD). Ethnic population: 36,700,000 (2011 census).

Tado

[klw] 5 (Developing). 3,640 (2010 census), increasing.

Tarangan, West

[txn] 5 (Developing). 7,910 (2011 SIL), increasing. No monolinguals.

Toraja-Sa’dan

[sda] 5 (Developing). 588,000 in Indonesia (2010 census), increasing.

Uma

[ppk] 5 (Developing). 18,800 (2010 census), increasing.

Una

[mtg] 5 (Developing). 5,600 (2006 SIL), increasing.

5 (Dispersed)

Iban

[iba] 5* (Dispersed). 15,000 in Indonesia (Benjamin and Chou 2003).

Tausug

[tsg] 5* (Dispersed). 12,000 in Indonesia (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

6a (Vigorous)

Abui

[abz] 6a* (Vigorous). 16,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Adonara

[adr] 6a* (Vigorous). 98,000 (2008 census).

Alor

[aol] 6a* (Vigorous). 25,000 (Grimes et al 1997).

Ambelau

[amv] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,700 (1989 SIL). Ethnic population: 5,700.

Ampanang

[apg] 6a* (Vigorous). 30,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Anakalangu

[akg] 6a* (Vigorous). 16,000 (2011 SIL).

Asmat, North

[nks] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (1991 SIL).

Awyu, Central

[awu] 6a* (Vigorous). 7,500 (2002 Sohn Myo-sook).

Babar, Southeast

[vbb] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,460 (2007 SIL).

Badui

[bac] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 (2000 census). 12,000 in Kenekes village area.

Bagusa

[bqb] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (1987 SIL).

Bahau

[bhv] 6a* (Vigorous). 19,000 (2007 SIL).

Bakati’, Sara

[sre] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,000 (2004 M. Connor).

Bangka

[mfb] 6a* (Vigorous). 340,000 (2000 census). 50 or less speakers of the Lom dialect (Wurm 2007).

Barakai

[baj] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,450 (2011 SIL).

Batak Alas-Kluet

[btz] 6a* (Vigorous). 101,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 114,000 (2010 census).

Bayono

[byl] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (2020 M. Edelen).

Beginci

[ebc] 6a (Vigorous). 7,500 (2019 D. Berglund).

Benyadu’

[byd] 6a* (Vigorous). 54,000 (2007 SIL).

Bidayuh, Bukar-Sadong

[sdo] 6a* (Vigorous).

Bilba

[bpz] 6a (Vigorous). 7,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 7,000.

Bima

[bhp] 6a* (Vigorous). 500,000 (1989).

Blagar

[beu] 6a* (Vigorous). 11,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Boano

[bzn] 6a* (Vigorous). 3,240 (1982).

Bobongko

[bgb] 6a (Vigorous). 2,050 (2010 census).

Bonerate

[bna] 6a (Vigorous). 11,900 (2010 census).

Bulungan

[blj] 6a* (Vigorous). 30,000 (Kawi et al 2002).

Bunak

[bfn] 6a* (Vigorous). 21,000 in Indonesia (2010).

Buol

[blf] 6a (Vigorous). 90,200 (2010 census).

Burmeso

[bzu] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (Donohue 1998).

Burusu

[bqr] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,350 (2007 SIL).

Col

[liw] 6a (Vigorous). 145,000 (2000 census).

Dani, Western

[dnw] 6a* (Vigorous). 180,000 (1993 census).

Dela-Oenale

[row] 6a (Vigorous). 7,000 (2002 UKAW).

Dengka

[dnk] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 (2002 UKAW).

Duano

[dup] 6a* (Vigorous). 15,000 in Indonesia (2006 SIL). Ethnic population: Total ethnic population all countries: 19,000 (2006 E. Seidlitz). Total users in all countries: 15,600.

Dusun Deyah

[dun] 6a* (Vigorous). 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Ende

[end] 6a* (Vigorous). 110,000 (2009 census).

Foau

[flh] 6a (Vigorous). 350 (2010 SIL), increasing.

Geser-Gorom

[ges] 6a* (Vigorous). 36,500 (1989 SIL).

Haji

[hji] 6a (Vigorous). 17,500 (2000 census). Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 17,500 (Anderbeck 2007).

Iha

[ihp] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,500 (1987 SIL).

Indonesian Sign Language

[inl] 6a (Vigorous). 810,000 (2021 DBS/DOOR/SIL). Estimated 550,000–1,100,000 deaf signers (assuming 0.2%–0.4% of the total population).

Jangkang

[djo] 6a* (Vigorous). 37,000 (2007 SIL).

Kabola

[klz] 6a* (Vigorous). 3,900 (1995 N. Johnston).

Kaera

[jka] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,500 (2014 M. Kramer).

Kaili, Unde

[unz] 6a* (Vigorous). 35,700 (2010 census), increasing.

Kaimbulawa

[zka] 6a (Vigorous). 2,290 (2010 census).

Kalabra

[kzz] 6a* (Vigorous). 3,290 (2000).

Kalumpang

[kli] 6a (Vigorous). 18,000 (2010 census).

Kamoro

[kgq] 6a* (Vigorous). 8,000 (1987 SIL).

Kanum, Sota

[krz] 6a (Vigorous). 100 (1996 M. Donohue).

Karon Dori

[kgw] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,000 (1987 SIL).

Kaur

[vkk] 6a (Vigorous). 40,000 (2000 census).

Kauwera

[xau] 6a (Vigorous). 400 (1987 SIL).

Kedang

[ksx] 6a* (Vigorous). 30,000 (2008 census).

Kei

[kei] 6a (Vigorous). 85,000 (2000 E. Travis). 4,500 monolinguals.

Kemak

[kem] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,000 in Indonesia (2010 census).

Kembayan

[xem] 6a* (Vigorous). 11,000 (2007 SIL).

Keninjal

[knl] 6a* (Vigorous). 32,000 (2007 SIL).

Ke’o

[xxk] 6a (Vigorous). 40,000 (2001 L. Baird). Ethnic population: 40,000.

Kirikiri

[kiy] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (1982 SIL).

Kola

[kvv] 6a (Vigorous). 7,400 (2011 SIL).

Komering

[kge] 6a (Vigorous). 470,000 (2000 census). 20,000 in Jakarta (1992).

Korowai

[khe] 6a (Vigorous). 3,500 (2007 P. de Vries). 3,000 monolinguals.

Kosare

[kiq] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (1993 R. Doriot).

Kula

[tpg] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,000 (Grimes et al 1997).

Kulisusu

[vkl] 6a (Vigorous). 32,100 (2010 census), increasing.

Kwerba Mamberamo

[xwr] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (1993 R. Doriot).

Laha

[lhh] 6a (Vigorous). 3,890 (1987 SIL).

Lamalera

[lmr] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,000 (2008 census).

Lamatuka

[lmq] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,000 (2008 census).

Lamboya

[lmy] 6a (Vigorous). 25,000 (Grimes et al 1997).

Lampung Api

[ljp] 6a (Vigorous). 827,000 (2000 census).

Lampung Nyo

[abl] 6a (Vigorous). 180,000 (2000 census).

Laura

[lur] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,000 (Grimes et al 1997).

Lawangan

[lbx] 6a* (Vigorous). 100,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Legenyem

[lcc] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (Wurm 2000).

Lembata, South

[lmf] 6a* (Vigorous). 8,000 (Krausse 2016).

Lembata, West

[lmj] 6a* (Vigorous). 8,000 (2008 census).

Levuka

[lvu] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,000 (2008 census).

Lewo Eleng

[lwe] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,000 (2008 census).

Lewotobi

[lwt] 6a* (Vigorous). 6,000.

Li’o

[ljl] 6a* (Vigorous). 105,000 (2009 census).

Lole

[llg] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 20,000.

Lorang

[lrn] 6a (Vigorous). 220 (2011 SIL).

Lubu

[lcf] 6a* (Vigorous). 2,000 (2021).

Maba

[mqa] 6a* (Vigorous). 6,620 (2000).

Makian, West

[mqs] 6a* (Vigorous). 12,000 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). 7,000 on Makian Island, 5,000 on Kayoa Islands.

Malay

[zlm] 6a (Vigorous). De facto language of provincial identity in Sumatra. 4,910,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). 3,970,000 in Sumatra (100,000 in Belitung, 1,830,000 in Riau, 2,000,000 Deli, Asahan, etc. in North Sumatra and 40,000 Tamiang in Aceh), and 940,000 in Kalimantan (primarily Pontianak, Sambas and Ketapang).

Malay, Banda

[bpq] 6a* (Vigorous). 3,690 (2000).

Malay, Berau

[bve] 6a* (Vigorous). 11,200 (2007 SIL).

Malay, Bukit

[bvu] 6a* (Vigorous). 59,000 (2007 SIL).

Malay, Central

[pse] 6a (Vigorous). 1,590,000 (2000 census).

Malay, Jambi

[jax] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000,000 (2000 census).

Malay, Kota Bangun Kutai

[mqg] 6a* (Vigorous). 80,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Malay, Tenggarong Kutai

[vkt] 6a* (Vigorous). 210,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 100,000 in Tenggarong, 60,000 in Ancalong, 50,000 in Northern Kutai.

Malayic Dayak

[xdy] 6a* (Vigorous). 520,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 300 Tapitn, 100,000 Banana’, 100,000 Kayung, 200,000 Delang, 10,000 Semitau, 10,000 Suhaid, 20,000 Mentebah-Suruk.

Mamasa

[mqj] 6a (Vigorous). 89,100 (2010 census).

Mamboru

[mvd] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,000 (2007).

Mandobo Atas

[aax] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,000 (2002 SIL).

Manggarai

[mqy] 6a* (Vigorous). 900,000.

Mangole

[mqc] 6a* (Vigorous). 7,280 (2000).

Manombai

[woo] 6a* (Vigorous). 9,110 (2011 SIL).

Mariri

[mqi] 6a (Vigorous). 280 (2011 SIL).

Modang

[mxd] 6a* (Vigorous). 15,300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Morop

[iwo] 6a* (Vigorous). 6,900 (2011 J. Elliot).

Murkim

[rmh] 6a (Vigorous). 290 (2004 SIL).

Muyu, North

[kti] 6a* (Vigorous). 8,000 (2002 SIL).

Muyu, South

[kts] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,000 (2002 SIL).

Nasal

[nsy] 6a (Vigorous). 3,000 (2008 K. Anderbeck). Very few monolinguals.

Ngad’a

[nxg] 6a* (Vigorous). 60,000 (1995).

Ngad’a, Eastern

[nea] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,000 (1994).

Ngalum

[szb] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,000 in Indonesia (1987 SIL). Total users in all countries: 18,000.

Okolod

[kqv] 6a* (Vigorous). 3,390 in Indonesia (2000). Total users in all countries: 5,390.

Osing

[osi] 6a (Vigorous). 300,000 (2000 census).

Ot Danum

[otd] 6a* (Vigorous). 78,800 (2007 SIL).

Panasuan

[psn] 6a (Vigorous). 770 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 800.

Pancana

[pnp] 6a (Vigorous). 9,460 (2010 census).

Pantar, Western

[lev] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,800 (Holton 2014). Ethnic population: 10,800.

Patani

[ptn] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,600 (2000).

Pekal

[pel] 6a (Vigorous). 30,000 (2000 census).

Rajong

[rjg] 6a* (Vigorous). 6,000 (2010).

Rejang

[rej] 6a (Vigorous). 350,000 (2000 census).

Rembong

[reb] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,000 (2010 C. Grimes).

Ribun

[rir] 6a* (Vigorous). 45,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Rikou

[rgu] 6a (Vigorous). 12,000 (2011).

Riung

[riu] 6a* (Vigorous). 14,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Rongga

[ror] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,000 (2005 W. Arka).

Sajau Basap

[sjb] 6a* (Vigorous). 6,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Sanggau

[scg] 6a* (Vigorous). 45,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Seberuang

[sbx] 6a* (Vigorous). 37,000 (2007 SIL).

Seko Padang

[skx] 6a (Vigorous). 5,000 (1985 SIL). 2,300 in the Seko area.

Selayar

[sly] 6a (Vigorous). 103,000 (2010 census).

Siang

[sya] 6a* (Vigorous). 60,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Sika

[ski] 6a* (Vigorous). 175,000 (Lewis and Grimes 1995).

Simeulue

[smr] 6a (Vigorous). 40,300 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 44,700 (2010 census).

Skou

[skv] 6a (Vigorous). 700 (1999 M. Donohue).

So’a

[ssq] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,000 (1994).

Sou Nama

[tlt] 6a* (Vigorous). 17,000 (1989 SIL).

Sou Upaa

[wha] 6a* (Vigorous). 7,000 (1989 SIL).

Sula

[szn] 6a* (Vigorous). 20,000 (1983 SIL).

Sumbawa

[smw] 6a* (Vigorous). 300,000 (1989).

Talaud

[tld] 6a* (Vigorous). 53,100 (2010 census).

Taliabu

[tlv] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,520 (2000). 500–1,500 in Mangei.

Tamagario

[tcg] 6a* (Vigorous). 3,500 (1987 SIL).

Taman

[tmn] 6a* (Vigorous). 30,000 (2007 SIL).

Tarangan, East

[tre] 6a* (Vigorous). 6,110 (2011 SIL). Population counted in the 12 villages only.

Tause

[tad] 6a (Vigorous). 500 (2018 K. Song).

Teiwa

[twe] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,000 (Klamer and Klamer 2010).

Tela-Masbuar

[tvm] 6a (Vigorous). 1,050 (2007 SIL).

Tengger

[tes] 6a* (Vigorous). 80,000 (2000 census).

Termanu

[twu] 6a (Vigorous). 30,000 (2002 UKAW).

Tidore

[tvo] 6a* (Vigorous). 46,000, all users. L1 users: 26,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). L2 users: 20,000.

Tidung, Southern

[itd] 6a* (Vigorous). 27,000 in Indonesia (2007 SIL).

Tii

[txq] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 (2002 UKAW).

Tofanma

[tlg] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (2005 SIL).

Trimuris

[tip] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (1999 SIL).

Tugun

[tzn] 6a (Vigorous). 1,200 (1990 SIL). 10 monolinguals.

Tukang Besi North

[khc] 6a (Vigorous). 120,000 in Indonesia (1995 SIL). 60,000 in Maluku.

Tukang Besi South

[bhq] 6a (Vigorous). 130,000 (1995 SIL), increasing. 100,000 in Maluku.

Ulumanda’

[ulm] 6a (Vigorous). 31,600 (2010 census).

Walak

[wlw] 6a* (Vigorous). 20,000 (2007 P. Seow).

Wanukaka

[wnk] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Watubela

[wah] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,000 (1990 SIL).

Wejewa

[wew] 6a* (Vigorous). 55,000 (2011).

Welaun

[wlh] 6a (Vigorous). 1,500 in Indonesia (2018 O. Edwards). Ethnic population: 1,500 (2018 O. Edwards).

Wemale

[weo] 6a (Vigorous). 6,000 (2000 census). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,500.

Wersing

[kvw] 6a* (Vigorous). 3,700 (Grimes et al 1997).

Yali, Pass Valley

[yac] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,000 (1988 SIL).

6b (Threatened)

Abinomn

[bsa] 6b* (Threatened). 300 (Clouse et al 2002).

Abun

[kgr] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 (1995 SIL).

Aceh

[ace] 6b (Threatened). De facto language of provincial identity in Aceh province. 2,840,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 3,370,000 (2010 census).

Adang

[adn] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (2000), decreasing.

Aghu

[ahh] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (1987 SIL).

Airoran

[air] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 (1998 SIL).

Alune

[alp] 6b* (Threatened). 17,200 (2000).

Ambai

[amk] 6b* (Threatened). 10,100 (2000).

Anasi

[bpo] 6b* (Threatened). 2,000 (1993 R. Doriot).

Ansus

[and] 6b* (Threatened). 4,600 (1987 SIL).

Aoheng

[pni] 6b* (Threatened). 2,630 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Arandai

[jbj] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 (1987 SIL).

Arguni

[agf] 6b (Threatened). 150 (Wurm 2000).

Asilulu

[asl] 6b* (Threatened). 8,760 (1987 SIL).

Asmat, Central

[cns] 6b* (Threatened). 7,000 (Roesler 1972). Most are monolingual.

Atohwaim

[aqm] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 (1987 SIL).

Awbono

[awh] 6b (Threatened). 100 (1999 SIL). 100 monolinguals.

Awyu, Asue

[psa] 6b* (Threatened). 6,500 (2002 SIL).

Awyu, Edera

[awy] 6b* (Threatened). 3,870 (2002 SIL).

Awyu, Jair

[awv] 6b* (Threatened). 2,300 (2002 SIL).

Awyu, North

[yir] 6b* (Threatened). 1,500 (1987 SIL).

Awyu, South

[aws] 6b* (Threatened). 9,340 (2002 SIL).

Babar, North

[bcd] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 (2007 SIL).

Baham

[bdw] 6b (Threatened). 1,100 (1987 SIL).

Bajau, Indonesian

[bdl] 6b (Threatened). 226,000 (2010 census). 5,000 or more in North Maluku (Grimes 1982), 8,000 to 10,000 in South Sulawesi (Grimes and Grimes 1987), 7,000 in North Sulawesi and Gorontalo, 36,000 in Central Sulawesi, 40,000 in Southeast Sulawesi (Mead et al 2007), and several thousand in Nusa Tenggara (Wurm and Hattori 1981, Verheijen 1986).

Bakati’

[bei] 6b* (Threatened). 4,000 (1986 UBS).

Barapasi

[brp] 6b (Threatened). 2,500 (1995 SIL).

Basap

[bdb] 6b* (Threatened). 15,000 (2007 SIL).

Batak Angkola

[akb] 6b (Threatened). 535,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 614,000 (2010 census).

Batak Dairi

[btd] 6b (Threatened). 172,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 245,000 (2010 census).

Batak Karo

[btx] 6b (Threatened). 491,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 1,220,000 (2010 census).

Batak Mandailing

[btm] 6b (Threatened). 691,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 1,720,000 (2010 census).

Batak Toba

[bbc] 6b (Threatened). 1,610,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 4,160,000 (2010 census).

Bati

[bvt] 6b* (Threatened). 3,500 (Loski and Loski 1989).

Batuley

[bay] 6b* (Threatened). 3,640 (2011 SIL).

Behoa

[bep] 6b (Threatened). 4,280 (2010 census), increasing.

Bentong

[bnu] 6b* (Threatened). 10,100 (2010 census).

Berik

[bkl] 6b (Threatened). 1,200 (1994 SIL).

Betaf

[bfe] 6b (Threatened). 600 (2005 SIL).

Betawi

[bew] 6b* (Threatened). 5,000,000 (2000 census). Population count imprecise due to vague ethnic and linguistic definition of ‘Betawi’. Ethnic population: 6,800,000 (2011 census).

Biak

[bhw] 6b* (Threatened). 70,000 (van den Heuvel 2007).

Bidayuh, Bau

[sne] 6b (Threatened).

Biga

[bhc] 6b (Threatened). 330 (Arnold 2020).

Biritai

[bqq] 6b* (Threatened). 250 (1988 SIL).

Boano

[bzl] 6b (Threatened). 2,400 (2010 census).

Bobot

[bty] 6b* (Threatened). 4,500 (1989 SIL).

Bolango

[bld] 6b (Threatened). 5,770 (2010 census), decreasing.

Budong-Budong

[bdx] 6b (Threatened). 180 (2010 census), decreasing.

Bukat

[bvk] 6b* (Threatened). 400 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Bukitan

[bkn] 6b (Threatened). 570 in Indonesia (2000). Total users in all countries: 860.

Buli

[bzq] 6b* (Threatened). 2,520 (2000).

Bungku

[bkz] 6b (Threatened). 22,000 (2010 census), decreasing.

Buru

[mhs] 6b (Threatened). 45,000 (Grimes 2009).

Busami

[bsm] 6b (Threatened). 700 (1993 R. Doriot).

Cia-Cia

[cia] 6b (Threatened). 104,000 (2010 census), decreasing.

Dai

[dij] 6b (Threatened). 820 (2007 SIL).

Dakka

[dkk] 6b (Threatened). 1,140 (2010 census), decreasing.

Damal

[uhn] 6b* (Threatened). 14,000 (Wurm 2000).

Damar, East

[dmr] 6b* (Threatened). 2,800 (1990 SIL).

Damar, West

[drn] 6b* (Threatened). 800 (1987 SIL).

Dao

[daz] 6b* (Threatened). 250 (1991 SIL).

Dem

[dem] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 (1987 SIL).

Demisa

[dei] 6b* (Threatened). 400 (Wurm 2000).

Diebroud

[tbp] 6b* (Threatened). 300 (2006 SIL).

Diuwe

[diy] 6b (Threatened). 100 (1999 SIL).

Dondo

[dok] 6b (Threatened). 10,000 (2010 census).

Duri

[mvp] 6b (Threatened). 123,000 (2010 census).

Dusun Malang

[duq] 6b* (Threatened). 4,500 (2003). 2,000 Bayan.

Dusun Witu

[duw] 6b* (Threatened). 5,000 (2003).

Duvle

[duv] 6b* (Threatened). 930 (2000).

Edopi

[dbf] 6b* (Threatened). 1,500 (2012 SIL).

Elseng

[mrf] 6b (Threatened). 300 (Foley 2018b).

Emem

[enr] 6b (Threatened). 2,000 (2005 SIL). Some elderly monolinguals.

Enggano

[eno] 6b (Threatened). 870 (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 1,700 (2010 census).

Enrekang

[ptt] 6b (Threatened). 94,500 (2010 census).

Eritai

[ert] 6b* (Threatened). 530 (2000).

Erokwanas

[erw] 6b (Threatened). 200 (Wurm 2000).

Fayu

[fau] 6b (Threatened). 1,400 (2012 SIL).

Fordata

[frd] 6b* (Threatened). 50,000 (Marshall 2000). 25,000 in the language area and 25,000 elsewhere (Marshall 2000). Decreasing use in mixed language towns. 500 monolinguals.

Galolen

[gal] 6b (Threatened). 680 in Indonesia (1990 SIL).

Gamkonora

[gak] 6b* (Threatened). 1,500 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987).

Gane

[gzn] 6b* (Threatened). 2,900 (1982 D. Teljeur).

Gayo

[gay] 6b (Threatened). 275,000 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 335,000 (2010 census).

Gebe

[gei] 6b (Threatened). 2,650 (2000).

Gorontalo

[gor] 6b (Threatened). 505,000 (2010 census), decreasing.

Hamap

[hmu] 6b (Threatened). 900.

Helong

[heg] 6b (Threatened). 14,000 (Grimes et al 1997). Ethnic population: 18,000 (2015 S. Cameron).

Hitu

[htu] 6b* (Threatened). 16,000 (1987 SIL).

Hovongan

[hov] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 (1991 NTM).

Huaulu

[hud] 6b (Threatened). 300 (1987 SIL).

Hupla

[hap] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 (1982 WT).

Ile Ape

[ila] 6b* (Threatened). 15,000 (2008 census).

Ili’uun

[ilu] 6b* (Threatened). 1,400 (1990 SIL).

Irarutu

[irh] 6b* (Threatened). 4,000 (1987 SIL).

Isirawa

[srl] 6b (Threatened). 1,800 (Wurm 2000).

Itik

[itx] 6b (Threatened). 80 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 200.

Jofotek-Bromnya

[jbr] 6b (Threatened). 200 (2007), increasing. Few monolinguals.

Kaburi

[uka] 6b (Threatened). 600 (1986 SIL).

Kafoa

[kpu] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1981).

Kaiy

[tcq] 6b* (Threatened). 220 (Wurm 2000).

Kamang

[woi] 6b (Threatened). 6,000 (Schapper 2014).

Kamaru

[kgx] 6b (Threatened). 2,330 (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,700 (2019 SIL).

Kanum, Ngkâlmpw

[kcd] 6b (Threatened). 100 (Evans et al 2018).

Kanum, Smärky

[kxq] 6b (Threatened). 170 (Evans et al 2018).

Kapauri

[khp] 6b (Threatened). 200 (2006 SIL).

Karey

[kyd] 6b* (Threatened). 610 (2011 SIL).

Kawe

[kgb] 6b (Threatened). 600 (Remijsen 2001).

Kayagar

[kyt] 6b* (Threatened). 10,000 (1993 WT), decreasing.

Kayan Mahakam

[xay] 6b* (Threatened). 1,300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Kayan, Busang

[bfg] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Kayan, Kayan River

[xkn] 6b* (Threatened). 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Kayan, Mendalam

[xkd] 6b* (Threatened). 1,500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Kayan, Wahau

[whu] 6b (Threatened). 500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Kehu

[khh] 6b (Threatened). 200 (2007 SIL).

Kelabit

[kzi] 6b (Threatened). 640 in Indonesia (2000).

Kemberano

[bzp] 6b* (Threatened). 1,500 (1987 SIL).

Kenyah, Mainstream

[xkl] 6b* (Threatened). 12,000 in Indonesia (2007 A. Soriente), decreasing. No monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 52,000.

Kenyah, Wahau

[whk] 6b* (Threatened). 8,000 in Indonesia (2007 A. Soriente), decreasing. No monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 9,000.

Kepo’

[kuk] 6b* (Threatened). 6,000 (2010).

Kereho

[xke] 6b (Threatened). 500 (2003).

Kerinci

[kvr] 6b* (Threatened). 260,000 in Indonesia (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 285,000.

Ketum

[ktt] 6b* (Threatened). 900 (2003 SIL).

Kimaghima

[kig] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (1987 SIL).

Kimki

[sbt] 6b (Threatened). 500 (2004 SIL).

Kioko

[ues] 6b (Threatened). 5,970 (2010 census). 4,200 Kambowa dialect, 1,770 Kioko dialect. No monolinguals (2019).

Klon

[kyo] 6b* (Threatened). 5,000 (2008 L. Baird).

Koba

[kpd] 6b* (Threatened). 870 (2011 SIL).

Kodeoha

[vko] 6b (Threatened). 1,500 (Mead 1999).

Kohin

[kkx] 6b* (Threatened). 8,000 (2003).

Kokoda

[xod] 6b* (Threatened). 3,700 (1991 SIL).

Kombai

[tyn] 6b* (Threatened). 4,000 (1991 SIL).

Komodo

[kvh] 6b (Threatened). 1,730 (2015 F. Hurd).

Kompane

[kvp] 6b (Threatened). 330 (1995 SIL).

Komyandaret

[kzv] 6b* (Threatened). 300 (2000 SIL).

Konda

[knd] 6b (Threatened). 500 (1988 SIL).

Koneq-koneq

[cml] 6b (Threatened). 2,830 (2010 census), decreasing.

Konjo, Coastal

[kjc] 6b (Threatened). 167,000 (2010 census).

Konjo, Highland

[kjk] 6b (Threatened). 68,500 (2010 census).

Kopkaka

[opk] 6b* (Threatened). 400 (2002 SIL). 400 monolinguals.

Kowiai

[kwh] 6b (Threatened). 600 (2000 SIL).

Kubu

[kvb] 6b (Threatened). 10,000 (1989). Ethnic population: 15,000 (Persoon 1989).

Kui

[kvd] 6b (Threatened). 100 (Windschuttel and Shiohara 2018). Ethnic population: 830 (Windschuttel and Shiohara 2018).

Kumbewaha

[xks] 6b (Threatened). 1,010 (2010 census), decreasing.

Kur

[kuv] 6b* (Threatened). 3,180 (2000).

Kurudu

[kjr] 6b (Threatened). 2,180 (1993 R. Doriot).

Kwer

[kwr] 6b (Threatened). 100 (1998 M. Donohue).

Kwerba

[kwe] 6b* (Threatened). 2,500 (1996 SIL).

Kwinsu

[kuc] 6b (Threatened). 500 (2007).

Laba

[lau] 6b* (Threatened). 2,000 (1991 SIL).

Laiyolo

[lji] 6b (Threatened). 290 (2010 census). 60 Laiyolo, 230 Barang-Barang.

Larike-Wakasihu

[alo] 6b (Threatened). 12,600 (1987 SIL).

Lasalimu

[llm] 6b (Threatened). 1,150 (2010 census).

Lauje

[law] 6b (Threatened). 49,800 (2010 census). 6,000 use Ampibabo dialect (Himmelmann 2001).

Lengilu

[lgi] 6b (Threatened). 10 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). At least several dozen speakers remain (2019 C. Mortensen).

Lepki

[lpe] 6b* (Threatened). 530 (1991 SIL).

Liana-Seti

[ste] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (1989 SIL).

Lik

[eip] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 (1987 SIL).

Limola

[ley] 6b (Threatened). 900 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals (2019 W. McConvell). Ethnic population: 2,000 (2019 W. McConvell).

Lisabata-Nuniali

[lcs] 6b* (Threatened). 1,830 (1982).

Lola

[lcd] 6b (Threatened). 900 (2011 SIL).

Luhu

[lcq] 6b* (Threatened). 6,500 (Collins 1983).

Ma’anyan

[mhy] 6b* (Threatened). 150,000 (2003).

Maiwa

[wmm] 6b (Threatened). 31,500 (2010 census), decreasing. L2 users: 0 (2019). Ethnic population: 52,800 (2018).

Makasar

[mak] 6b (Threatened). 2,110,000, all users. L1 users: 1,710,000 (2010 census), decreasing. L2 users: 400,000.

Makian, East

[mky] 6b* (Threatened). 20,000. 18,000 or more in East Makian, 2,000 or more in Kayoa (1983 SIL).

Maklew

[mgf] 6b (Threatened). 120.

Malay, Balinese

[mhp] 6b* (Threatened). 25,000 (2000 census).

Malay, Larantuka

[lrt] 6b* (Threatened). 20,000 (2007).

Malimpung

[mli] 6b (Threatened). 3,090 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 9,400 (2018).

Mamuju

[mqx] 6b (Threatened). 62,900 (2010 census).

Mandobo Bawah

[bwp] 6b* (Threatened). 20,000 (2002 SIL).

Manem

[jet] 6b* (Threatened). 400 in Indonesia (1978 SIL).

Manipa

[mqp] 6b* (Threatened). 1,500 (Voorhoeve and Collins 1981).

Marau

[mvr] 6b* (Threatened). 1,700 (1987 SIL).

Marind

[mrz] 6b (Threatened). 7,000 (1987 SIL).

Masiwang

[bnf] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 (1989 SIL).

Matbat

[xmt] 6b (Threatened). 1,250 (Remijsen 2001).

Mawes

[mgk] 6b (Threatened). 850 (2006 SIL).

Ma’ya

[slz] 6b* (Threatened). 4,000 (Remijsen 2001).

Meoswar

[mvx] 6b* (Threatened). 250 (1993 R. Doriot).

Mer

[mnu] 6b (Threatened). 85 (2000).

Modole

[mqo] 6b* (Threatened). 2,000 (1983 SIL).

Moi

[mxn] 6b* (Threatened). 4,600 (1993 R. Doriot).

Molof

[msl] 6b* (Threatened). 230 (2005 SIL).

Momina

[mmb] 6b (Threatened). 200 (1998 M. Donohue).

Momuna

[mqf] 6b (Threatened). 2,000 (Wurm 2000).

Mongondow

[mog] 6b (Threatened). 117,000 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals (2019). Ethnic population: 230,000 (2019 J. Lobel).

Moraid

[msg] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 (1988 SIL).

Mori Atas

[mzq] 6b* (Threatened). 14,000 (1988 D. Mead).

Mori Bawah

[xmz] 6b (Threatened). 14,000 (1988 D. Mead).

Moronene

[mqn] 6b (Threatened). 26,300 (2010 census), decreasing. 1,850 monolinguals.

Mpur

[akc] 6b* (Threatened). 7,000 (1993 R. Doriot).

Muna

[mnb] 6b (Threatened). 266,000 (2010 census), decreasing.

Munggui

[mth] 6b* (Threatened). 800 (1982 SIL).

Murut, Selungai

[slg] 6b (Threatened). 640 in Indonesia (2000). Total users in all countries: 1,240.

Murut, Sembakung

[sbr] 6b* (Threatened). 3,180 in Indonesia (2000).

Murut, Tagal

[mvv] 6b (Threatened). 2,000 in Indonesia.

Nakai

[nkj] 6b* (Threatened). 700 (1999 M. Donohue).

Ndom

[nqm] 6b* (Threatened). 1,200 (2002 SIL).

Nedebang

[nec] 6b* (Threatened). 1,500.

Ninggerum

[nxr] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 in Indonesia.

Nipsan

[nps] 6b* (Threatened). 2,500 (1993 R. Doriot).

Nisa

[njs] 6b (Threatened). 500 (1987 SIL).

Nuaulu, North

[nni] 6b* (Threatened). 500 (1990 SIL).

Nuaulu, South

[nxl] 6b* (Threatened). 1,500 (1995 SIL).

Obokuitai

[afz] 6b (Threatened). 120 (Wurm 2000).

Onin

[oni] 6b (Threatened). 500 (Wurm 2000).

Orya

[ury] 6b (Threatened). 1,600 (1985 P. Fields). 900 in Unurum-Guay, 100 in Bonggo subdistrict, 600 in Lereh subdistrict. No monolinguals.

Padoe

[pdo] 6b (Threatened). 3,100 (2010 census).

Palu’e

[ple] 6b (Threatened). 10,000 (Grimes et al 1997).

Pamona

[pmf] 6b (Threatened). 77,900 (2010 census).

Pannei

[pnc] 6b (Threatened). 24,400 (2010 census).

Papasena

[pas] 6b* (Threatened). 400 (1982 SIL).

Papuma

[ppm] 6b (Threatened). 600 (1982 SIL).

Pendau

[ums] 6b (Threatened). 1,820 (2010 census).

Perai

[wet] 6b (Threatened). 280 (Hinton 2000).

Pom

[pmo] 6b (Threatened). 2,000 (1987 SIL).

Punan Aput

[pud] 6b (Threatened). 370 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Punan Merah

[puf] 6b (Threatened). 140 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Punan Merap

[puc] 6b (Threatened). 200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Punan Tubu

[puj] 6b* (Threatened). 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Puragi

[pru] 6b (Threatened). 700 (1991 SIL).

Putoh

[put] 6b* (Threatened). 6,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Rampi

[lje] 6b (Threatened). 7,500 (2010 census).

Rasawa

[rac] 6b (Threatened). 200 (1987 SIL).

Reta

[ret] 6b (Threatened). 800.

Riantana

[ran] 6b* (Threatened). 1,100 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977).

Roma

[rmm] 6b* (Threatened). 1,700 (1991 SIL).

Roon

[rnn] 6b* (Threatened). 1,100 (1993 R. Doriot).

Sa’ban

[snv] 6b (Threatened). 850 in Indonesia (2000).

Saleman

[sau] 6b* (Threatened). 4,800 (1989 SIL).

Saluan

[loe] 6b (Threatened). 51,900 (2010 census).

Samarokena

[tmj] 6b (Threatened). 400 (1982 SIL).

Sarudu

[sdu] 6b (Threatened). 2,550 (2010 census).

Sauri

[srt] 6b (Threatened). 100 (1987 SIL).

Sause

[sao] 6b* (Threatened). 250 (Wurm 2000).

Sawai

[szw] 6b (Threatened). 12,000 (2000 SIL), increasing. Few monolinguals.

Saweru

[swr] 6b (Threatened). 300 (1991 SIL).

Sawila

[swt] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 (Grimes et al 1997).

Segai

[sge] 6b* (Threatened). 2,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Seget

[sbg] 6b* (Threatened). 1,200 (1988 SIL).

Seit-Kaitetu

[hik] 6b* (Threatened). 10,200 (1987 SIL).

Sekak

[lce] 6b (Threatened). 420 (2000), decreasing.

Sekar

[skz] 6b (Threatened). 450 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977).

Seko Tengah

[sko] 6b* (Threatened). 2,500 (Laskowske and Laskowske 1987).

Selaru

[slu] 6b* (Threatened). 8,000 (2001 SIL).

Seluwasan

[sws] 6b (Threatened). 2,840 (2005). 740 Makatian, 2,100 Seluwasan.

Sempan

[xse] 6b* (Threatened). 1,000 (1987 SIL).

Sepa

[spb] 6b* (Threatened). 2,600 (1989 SIL).

Sikule

[skh] 6b (Threatened). 19,800 (2010 census). Ethnic population: 21,700 (2010 census).

Sowanda

[sow] 6b* (Threatened). 210 in Indonesia (2002 SIL).

Suabo

[szp] 6b* (Threatened). 1,100 (1987 SIL).

Taikat

[aos] 6b* (Threatened). 500 (Wurm 2000).

Talondo’

[tln] 6b (Threatened). 320 (2010 census), decreasing.

Tanahmerah

[tcm] 6b (Threatened). 500 (1978 SIL).

Tangko

[tkx] 6b (Threatened). 100 (2000 SIL).

Tefaro

[tfo] 6b (Threatened). 100 (1987 SIL).

Tehit

[kps] 6b* (Threatened). 10,000 (2000 R. Hesse). 500 monolinguals.

Teor

[tev] 6b* (Threatened). 1,100 (1986 SIL).

Tereweng

[twg] 6b* (Threatened). 800 (Grimes et al 1997).

Ternate

[tft] 6b* (Threatened). 62,000, all users. L1 users: 42,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). L2 users: 20,000.

Tolaki

[lbw] 6b (Threatened). 238,000 (2010 census), decreasing.

Tombelala

[ttp] 6b (Threatened). 2,240 (2010 census).

Tomini

[txm] 6b* (Threatened). 19,700 (2010 census).

Tonsea

[txs] 6b (Threatened). 670 (2010 census), decreasing.

Tontemboan

[tnt] 6b (Threatened). 14,900 (2010 census).

Tsaukambo

[kvz] 6b* (Threatened). 780 (2000 SIL).

Tugutil

[tuj] 6b* (Threatened). 2,590 (2000).

Tunggare

[trt] 6b (Threatened). 500 (1993 R. Doriot).

Tunjung

[tjg] 6b* (Threatened). 50,000 (Nikolic´ 2008).

Uma’ Lasan

[xky] 6b* (Threatened). 1,500 in Indonesia (Soriente 2005).

Uma’ Lung

[ulu] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (Soriente 2006), decreasing.

Uruangnirin

[urn] 6b (Threatened). 400 (1983 SIL).

Wae Rana

[wrx] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 (2010).

Waioli

[wli] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987).

Wambon

[wms] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 (1987 SIL).

Wamesa

[wad] 6b* (Threatened). 5,000 (1993 R. Doriot).

Wanggom

[wng] 6b* (Threatened). 1,180 (2002 SIL).

Wano

[wno] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 (2011), decreasing. L2 users: 0. 200 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,000.

Waris

[wrs] 6b (Threatened). 500 in Indonesia (2008 SIL).

Waritai

[wbe] 6b (Threatened). 150 (Wurm 2000).

Warkay-Bipim

[bgv] 6b (Threatened). 300 (1993 R. Doriot).

Waru

[wru] 6b (Threatened). 350 (Mead 1999).

Wawonii

[wow] 6b (Threatened). 27,600 (2010 census), decreasing. 19,500 Wawonii, 8,100 Menui.

Woi

[wbw] 6b (Threatened). 1,800 (2012 Y. Sawaki).

Wolio

[wlo] 6b (Threatened). 65,000 in Indonesia (2004 D. Andersen). Population does not include those in other provinces.

Yahadian

[ner] 6b (Threatened). 500 (1991 SIL).

Yaqay

[jaq] 6b* (Threatened). 10,000 (1987 SIL).

Yoke

[yki] 6b (Threatened). 200 (1998 M. Donohue).

7 (Shifting)

Ambel

[wgo] 7 (Shifting). 1,600 (Arnold 2018).

Andio

[bzb] 7 (Shifting). 335 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals.

Anus

[auq] 7 (Shifting). 320 (2005 SIL).

Asmat, Yaosakor

[asy] 7 (Shifting). 2,000 (1991 SIL).

Awera

[awr] 7 (Shifting). 70 (Wurm 2000).

Bahonsuai

[bsu] 7 (Shifting). 780 (2010 census).

Balaesang

[bls] 7 (Shifting). 3,300 (2010 census).

Banda

[bnd] 7 (Shifting). 3,000 (1987 SIL).

Banggai

[bgz] 7 (Shifting). 88,300 (2010 census), decreasing.

Batui

[zbt] 7 (Shifting). 850 (2010 census), decreasing.

Bedoanas

[bed] 7 (Shifting). 180 (Wurm 2000).

Beneraf

[bnv] 7 (Shifting). 200 (2005 SIL). Very few monolinguals.

Bintauna

[bne] 7 (Shifting). 2,800 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals (2019).

Burate

[bti] 7 (Shifting). 100 (Wurm 2000).

Buruwai

[asi] 7 (Shifting). 1,000 (2000).

Busoa

[bup] 7 (Shifting). 670 (2010 census), decreasing.

Dabe

[dbe] 7 (Shifting). 440 (2005 SIL).

Dampelas

[dms] 7 (Shifting). 9,560 (2010 census), decreasing.

Dawera-Daweloor

[ddw] 7 (Shifting). 1,270 (2007 SIL).

Dla

[kbv] 7 (Shifting). 300 in Indonesia (de Sousa 2006). 240 Dla, 60 Menggwa Dla in Indonesia. All Dla speakers: 1,200 (de Sousa 2006). Total users in all countries: 1,200.

Doutai

[tds] 7 (Shifting). 70 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 340 (1993 R. Doriot).

Fedan

[pdn] 7 (Shifting). 280 (2005 SIL).

Gorap

[goq] 7 (Shifting). 1,000 (1992 SIL).

Imroing

[imr] 7 (Shifting). 560 (2007 SIL).

Indonesian, Peranakan

[pea] 7 (Shifting). 20,000 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Kadai

[kzd] 7 (Shifting). 350 (2000).

Kaidipang

[kzp] 7 (Shifting). 6,660 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals (2019).

Kais

[kzm] 7 (Shifting). 700 (1993 R. Doriot).

Kalao

[kly] 7 (Shifting). 22 (2010 census).

Kamberau

[irx] 7 (Shifting). 1,570 (1993 R. Doriot).

Kemtuik

[kmt] 7 (Shifting). 2,500 (1987 SIL).

Kofei

[kpi] 7 (Shifting). 100 (Wurm 2000).

Koneraw

[kdw] 7 (Shifting). 1,200 (2001 SIL).

Koroni

[xkq] 7 (Shifting). 980 (2010 census).

Kuri

[nbn] 7 (Shifting). 500 (1982 SIL).

Kwesten

[kwt] 7 (Shifting). 2,000 (1987 SIL).

Latu

[ltu] 7 (Shifting). 2,130 (1982 SIL).

Leti

[lti] 7 (Shifting). 7,710 (2017 R. Saupia).

Lisela

[lcl] 7 (Shifting). 11,900 (1989 SIL).

Marind, Bian

[bpv] 7 (Shifting). 2,900 (2002 Sohn Myo-sook).

Masela, West

[mss] 7 (Shifting). 850 (2007 SIL).

[wkd] 7 (Shifting). 550 (2005 SIL).

Mor

[mhz] 7 (Shifting). 700 (1987 SIL).

Oirata

[oia] 7 (Shifting). 1,220 (1987 SIL).

Ormu

[orz] 7 (Shifting). 500 (Wurm 2000).

Pagu

[pgu] 7 (Shifting). 3,310 (2000).

Rahambuu

[raz] 7 (Shifting). 350 (2010 census).

Salawati

[xmx] 7 (Shifting). Unknown number. Total population of the villages where Salawati is spoken: 3,391. However, younger generations in at least some of the villages are no longer acquiring the language, and there are large numbers of speakers of other languages living in some of these villages (Arnold 2020).

Semimi

[etz] 7 (Shifting). 1,000 (1991 SIL).

Serui-Laut

[seu] 7 (Shifting). 1,200 (1987 SIL).

Sobei

[sob] 7 (Shifting). 1,000 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 1,850 (2000 D. Tryon).

Suwawa

[swu] 7 (Shifting). 7,590 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals (2019).

Tajio

[tdj] 7 (Shifting). 6,100 (2010 census).

Tombulu

[tom] 7 (Shifting). 19,000 (2010 census), decreasing.

Tonsawang

[tnw] 7 (Shifting). 21,000 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals.

Totoli

[txe] 7 (Shifting). 10,800 (2010 census).

Tulehu

[tlu] 7 (Shifting). 10,000 (Musgrave 2010).

Ujir

[udj] 7 (Shifting). 1,030 (2011 SIL).

Vitou

[vto] 7 (Shifting). 630 (2007).

Wabo

[wbb] 7 (Shifting). 1,500 (1987 SIL).

Warembori

[wsa] 7 (Shifting). 620, all users. L1 users: 600 (1998 SIL). L2 users: 20.

Wares

[wai] 7 (Shifting). 200 (1993 R. Doriot).

Waropen

[wrp] 7 (Shifting). 6,000 (1987 SIL).

Wauyai

[wuy] 7 (Shifting). 300 (Remijsen 2001).

Wotu

[wtw] 7 (Shifting). 250 (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 4,000 (2009).

Yalahatan

[jal] 7 (Shifting). 1,700 (2004 SIL), decreasing.

Yaur

[jau] 7 (Shifting). 350 (1978 SIL).

Yei

[jei] 7 (Shifting). 1,280 (Evans et al 2018).

Yeresiam

[ire] 7 (Shifting). 70 (Wurm 2000).

Yeretuar

[gop] 7 (Shifting). 350 (2000).

Zorop

[wfg] 7 (Shifting). 230 (2005 SIL). No monolinguals.

8a (Moribund)

Awyi

[auw] 8a (Moribund). 350 (Wurm 2000).

Bantik

[bnq] 8a (Moribund). 1,200 (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 10,000 (2019).

Baras

[brs] 8a (Moribund). 64 (2010 census).

Benggoi

[bgy] 8a (Moribund). 350 (1989 SIL).

Bonggo

[bpg] 8a (Moribund). 790 (2006 SIL).

Chinese, Hakka

[hak] 8a (Moribund). 640,000 in Indonesia (1982).

Chinese, Min Nan

[nan] 8a (Moribund). 766,000 in Indonesia (2015).

Chinese, Yue

[yue] 8a (Moribund). 182,000 in Indonesia (2005 J. Leclerc).

Dineor

[mrx] 8a (Moribund). 55 (2006 SIL), decreasing.

Duriankere

[dbn] 8a (Moribund). 30 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 60.

Gresi

[grs] 8a (Moribund). 2,500 (1987 SIL).

Haruku

[hrk] 8a (Moribund). 18,200 (1989 SIL).

Kao

[kax] 8a (Moribund). 400 (2000).

Kaptiau

[kbi] 8a (Moribund). 230 (2006 SIL).

Karas

[kgv] 8a (Moribund). 240 (1983 SIL).

Kaure

[bpp] 8a (Moribund). 450 (1995 SIL).

Kayupulau

[kzu] 8a (Moribund). 50 (Wurm 2000). Used by under 10% of the ethnic group (Wurm 2007).

Keijar

[kdy] 8a (Moribund). 370 (2005 SIL).

Kembra

[xkw] 8a (Moribund). 20 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 50.

Liabuku

[lix] 8a (Moribund). 160 (2019 SIL), decreasing.

Liki

[lio] 8a (Moribund). 11 (2005 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 320.

Masela, Central

[mxz] 8a (Moribund). 510 (1980 N. de Jonge).

Masela, East

[vme] 8a (Moribund). 520 (1980 N. de Jonge).

Mekwei

[msf] 8a (Moribund). 1,200 (1987 SIL).

Mombum

[mso] 8a (Moribund). 250 (1993 R. Doriot).

Mor

[moq] 8a (Moribund). 30 (2012 H. Hammarström). 70 semi-speakers (2012 H. Hammarström).

Nafri

[nxx] 8a (Moribund). 1,630 (1975 SIL).

Nimboran

[nir] 8a (Moribund). 2,000 (1987 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,500 (1987 SIL).

Paku

[pku] 8a (Moribund). 50 (Diedrich 2018), decreasing.

Saparua

[spr] 8a (Moribund). 10,200 (1989 SIL). 4,520 in Iha.

Sawi

[saw] 8a (Moribund). 3,500 (1993 R. Doriot).

Serili

[sve] 8a (Moribund). 330 (1980 N. de Jonge).

Sowari

[dmy] 8a (Moribund). 1,300 (2000), decreasing.

Sunum

[ymn] 8a (Moribund). 560 (2005 SIL).

Tabla

[tnm] 8a (Moribund). 3,750 (1990 UBS).

Taloki

[tlk] 8a (Moribund). 310 (2010 census), decreasing.

Tarpia

[tpf] 8a (Moribund). 630 (2006 SIL).

Tebi

[dmu] 8a (Moribund). 220 (2005 SIL).

Tomadino

[tdi] 8a (Moribund). 100 (2010 census).

Tondano

[tdn] 8a (Moribund). 9,560 (2010 census), decreasing. No monolinguals (2019 T. Brickell).

Topoiyo

[toy] 8a (Moribund). 440 (2010 census), decreasing.

Towei

[ttn] 8a (Moribund). 120 (1975 SIL).

Usku

[ulf] 8a (Moribund). 110 (2004 SIL). Population estimates range from 20 to 160 (Wurm 2007). Few monolinguals.

Viid

[snu] 8a (Moribund). 250 (2005 SIL). No monolinguals.

Yarsun

[yrs] 8a (Moribund). 200 (1991 SIL).

Yelmek

[jel] 8a (Moribund). 400 (1978 SIL).

8b (Nearly extinct)

Amahai

[amq] 8b (Nearly extinct). 50 (Wurm 2007).

Aputai

[apx] 8b (Nearly extinct). 150 (Hinton 2000).

[asz] 8b (Nearly extinct). 6 (Arnold 2020). Also 2 semi-speakers (Arnold 2020). Ethnic population: 45 (Arnold 2020).

Burumakok

[aip] 8b (Nearly extinct). 40 (1994 R. Kroneman).

Chinese, Min Dong

[cdo] 8b (Nearly extinct). Few speakers.

Emplawas

[emw] 8b (Nearly extinct). 250 (2007 SIL).

Ibu

[ibu] 8b (Nearly extinct). 35 (Voorhoeve and Visser 1987). In 1987, there were a few elderly speakers but it is now probably extinct (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 50 (1984).

Kaibobo

[kzb] 8b (Nearly extinct). 500 (Collins 1983).

Kanum, Bädi

[khd] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (Evans et al 2018).

Kwerisa

[kkb] 8b (Nearly extinct). 15 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 130.

Lolak

[llq] 8b (Nearly extinct). 50 (Lobel and Paputungan 2017), decreasing. No monolinguals (2017). Ethnic population: 3,000 (Lobel and Paputungan 2017).

Malay, Bacanese

[btj] 8b (Nearly extinct). 6 (2012 SIL).

Mander

[mqr] 8b (Nearly extinct). 20 (1991 SIL).

Masimasi

[ism] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (2005 SIL).

Massep

[mvs] 8b (Nearly extinct). 25 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 85.

Mlap

[kja] 8b (Nearly extinct). 300 (Wurm 2000).

Morori

[mok] 8b (Nearly extinct). 50 (1998 M. Donohue). Only a handful of Marori speakers left in 2012 (Evans et al 2018). Ethnic population: 250 (1998 M. Donohue).

Namla

[naa] 8b (Nearly extinct). 30 (2005 SIL).

Paulohi

[plh] 8b (Nearly extinct). 50 (1982). Very few left (Wurm 2007).

Petjo

[pey] 8b (Nearly extinct). There are some L1 speakers (Wurm 2007).

Ratahan

[rth] 8b (Nearly extinct). 1,340 (2010 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 30,000 (1989).

Salas

[sgu] 8b (Nearly extinct). 50 (1989 SIL).

Taje

[pee] 8b (Nearly extinct). 370 (2010 census), decreasing.

Tobati

[tti] 8b (Nearly extinct). 100 (Wurm 2007).

Woria

[wor] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (2000 R. Doriot).

9 (Dormant)

Dusner

[dsn] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1980s (Wurm 2007).

Javindo

[jvd] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. May have been a few L2 speakers and even a very few L1 speakers at beginning of 20th century (Wurm 2007).

Kamarian

[kzx] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (1987 SIL). Ethnic population: 6,000 (1987 SIL).

Kayeli

[kzl] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker of Leliali dialect died in 1989, and last speaker of Lumaete dialect died in the 1990s.

Nusa Laut

[nul] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the late 1990s (1989 SIL). Ethnic population: 2,230 (1989 SIL).

Ponosakan

[pns] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. 3 or 4 semi-speakers (2019 J. Lobel).

Tandia

[tni] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1990s (1991 SIL).

9 (Second language only)

Iha Based Pidgin

[ihb] 9 (Second language only). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community.

Onin Based Pidgin

[onx] 9 (Second language only). No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: No ethnic community.

10 (Extinct)

Hoti

[hti] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1990s (1987 SIL).

Hukumina

[huw] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the early 1990s (1989 SIL).

Hulung

[huk] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last know speakers survived into the early years of the 2000s (Wurm 2007).

Loun

[lox] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speakers survived into the late 1980s (Collins 1983).

Mapia

[mpy] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker survived into the 1990s. Ethnic population: The ethnic group emigrated from Micronesia in the early 20th century.

Moksela

[vms] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 1974.

Naka’ela

[nae] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (1985 SIL).

Nila

[nil] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speakers completely shifted to Ambon Malay [abs] by 1999 (Van Engelenhoven 2003).

Saponi

[spi] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the first decade of the 2000s (Wurm 2000).

Serua

[srw] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speakers completely shifted to Ambon Malay [abs] by 1999 (Van Engelenhoven 2003).

Ternateño

[tmg] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers.

Te’un

[tve] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speakers completely shifted to Ambon Malay [abs] by 1999 (Van Engelenhoven 2003).

Unestablished

Arabic, North Levantine Spoken

[apc] Unestablished. 283,000 in Indonesia (2021 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity.

English

[eng] Unestablished. 34,000 in Indonesia (2020 Joshua Project), based on ethnicity.

Korean

[kor] Unestablished. 22,800 in Indonesia (2019 Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs), based on nationality.

Rohingya

[rhg] Unestablished. 1,000 in Indonesia (2017 The Arakan Project), based on nationality.

Indonesia

Primary tabs

Browse by

25th Edition

Products

Related Sites