Papua New Guinea
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Abadi
[kbt] Central province: Kairuku district, 5 main villages. Users: 2,900 (Kassell and Potter 2011), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Gabadi, Kabadi. Autonym: Abadi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Peripheral, Central Papuan, West Central Papuan, Gabadi.
Abau
[aau] Sandaun province: Green River district, Sepik and Green rivers. Users: 7,500 (Lock 2008), increasing. No monolinguals (Lock 2008). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Green River. Autonym: Abau. Classification: Sepik, Abau.
Abom
[aob] Western province: Lewada, Mutam, and Tewara villages. Users: 3 (Rogers 2018). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Tirio.
Abu
[ado] Madang and East Sepik provinces: between Angoram, Ramu, and Sepik rivers; northwest of Madang. 22 villages. Users: 4,200 (2000 census). 820 Sabu, 3,380 Abu. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Adjora, Adjoria, Azao. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Grass.
Abu’
[aah] East Sepik province: Maprik district, Mablep Rural LLG, ward 8; Sandaun province: Aitape district, East Aitape Rural LLG, wards 23, 24, 25. Users: 2,560 (2000). Ethnic population: 2,560 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Abu’ Arapesh, Ua. Classification: Torricelli, Kombio-Arapesh, Arapesh.
Adzera
[adz] Eastern Highlands province: Kainantan Rural LLG border area; Morobe province: Markham district and valley, Leron river to Markham-Ramu divide. Users: 30,000 (2000 census). A few monolinguals, among the youngest and oldest. Ethnic population: 30,000 (2000 census). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Acira, Atsera, Atzera, Azera. Autonym: Adzera. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, Markham, Upper.
Aeka
[aez] Oro province: Sohe district, Tamata rural LLG. Users: 3,400 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ajeka. Autonym: Aeka. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, Nuclear Binanderean, South Binanderean, Orokaivan.
Aekyom
[awi] Western province: Kiunga area. Users: 21,100 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 21,100 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aiwin, Akium, Awin, West Awin. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Awin-Pare.
Agarabi
[agd] Eastern Highlands province: Kainantu district. Users: 27,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Agarabe, Bare. Autonym: Agarabi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Gadsup-Auyana-Awa.
Agi
[aif] Sandaun province. Users: 960 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Palei.
Agob
[kit] Western province: Pahoturi river area and south coast. Users: 2,440 (2000 census). 1,440 Agob, 540 Ende, 460 Kawam. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Agob-Ende-Kawam, Dabu. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Pahoturi.
Aighon
[aix] West New Britain province: Gasmata and Mosa rural LLGs, Akolet and Avau inland, between Avio and Amgen rivers, to north side of Whiteman range. Users: 2,100 (2002 SIL), increasing. 100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,100 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aigon, Eighon. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Southwest New Britain, Arawe-Pasismanua, Pasismanua.
Aiklep
[mwg] West New Britain province: Ais, Analo, Asailo, and Yumielo villages on southwest coast; inland, Aviklo island near Kandrian. Users: 3,700 (1991 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Agerlep, Eklep, Kaul, Moewehafen. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Southwest New Britain, Arawe-Pasismanua, Arawe, West Arawe.
Ainbai
[aic] Sandaun province: Vanimo district, south of Bewani station. 2 villages. Users: 100 (2003 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Ainba. Classification: Border, Bewani.
Aiome
[aki] Madang province: west of Madang town, scattered. Users: 1,790 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aren, Ayom. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Middle Ramu.
Aisi
[mmq] Madang province: Ramu river west of Astrolabe bay. Users: 400 (Daniels 2015). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Musak. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Sogeram, East Sogeram.
Ak
[akq] Sandaun province: Kwieftim village. Users: 10 (2017 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Sepik, Yellow River.
Akolet
[akt] West New Britain province: south coast, and islands Awio bay area. Users: 1,970 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Southwest New Britain, Arawe-Pasismanua, Arawe, East Arawe.
Akoye
[miw] Gulf province: Kaberofe district, valleys between Nabo range and Albert mountains, Lohiki river. Most in a Kerema settlement. Users: 600 (2001 UNESCO), decreasing. Ethnic population: 600 (2001 UNESCO). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Akoinkake, Akoyi, Angoya, Lohiki, Mai-Hea-Ri, Maihiri, Obi. Autonym: Akoye. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan.
Akukem
[spm] Madang province: Bogia district, mountains east of lower Ramu river. Users: 650 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sepen. Autonym: Akɨghɨm. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Mikarew.
Alamblak
[amp] East Sepik province: Angoram district. 9 villages on Middle Karawari and Wagupmeri rivers. Another dialect has 4 villages near Kuvanmas lake. Users: 1,000 (Coulter 2011). Ethnic population: 1,530 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Arambak. Autonym: Alamblak. Classification: Sepik, Sepik Hill, Alamblak.
Alekano
[gah] Eastern Highlands province: Goroka district, Goroka town area. Users: 40,000 (2008 SIL), decreasing. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Gafuku, Gahuku, Gahuku-Asaro, Gahuku-Gama. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Gahuku-Benabena.
Amaimon
[ali] Madang province. Users: 1,780 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Okim. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles.
Amako
[koz] Madang province. Users: 510 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Korak. Autonym: Amako. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Kowan.
Amal
[aad] East Sepik and Sandaun provinces: Wagana river, near confluence with Wanibe creek. Users: 830 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Alai. Classification: Sepik, Iwam.
Amam
[wer] Central province: Goilala district northeast; Morobe province: Wau district, Biaru, Ono, and Waria rivers’ headwaters. Users: 6,900 (2017 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Wele, Weli, Weri. Autonym: Amam. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Goilalan, Kunimaipa.
Amanab
[amn] Sandaun province: Amanab district. Users: 4,420 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Autonym: Awai. Classification: Border, Waris.
Amara
[aie] West New Britain province: northwest coast, Anepmate, Kaugo, Niuniuai, Siamatai, and Waramasalai villages. Users: 230 (2011 SIL), decreasing. No monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bibling, Longa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Southwest New Britain, Amara.
Ambakich
[aew] East Sepik Province: Angoram District; along the Porapora (Bien) and Keram Rivers. Users: 770 (Potter et al 2008). Ethnic population: 1,970 (Potter et al 2008). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Aion, Porapora. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Grass.
Ambrak
[aag] Sandaun province: Nuku district. Users: 290 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Palei.
Ambul
[apo] West New Britain province: Ambonge, Asepsep, Ayuvet, and Melenglo villages; south coast area islands between Andru and Johanna rivers. Users: 1,200 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Apalik, Palik. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Southwest New Britain, Arawe-Pasismanua, Arawe, West Arawe.
Ambulas
[abt] East Sepik province: Maprik district. Users: 33,000 (Aikhenvald 2004). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Abelam. Autonym: Abulas. Classification: Sepik, Ndu.
Amele
[aey] Madang province: Madang district, hills up from Astrolabe bay, between Gum and Gogol rivers. 40 hamlets. Users: 5,300 (1987 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Amale. Autonym: Amele. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Gum.
Amio-Gelimi
[let] West New Britain and East New Britain provinces: east and Solomon sea coast. Kaskas island, Amio village (Amio dialect), Atui island and Poronga village (Gelimi dialect). Users: 2,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Amio, Atui, Gelimi, Lesing-Atui, Lesing-Gelimi, Poronga. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Southwest New Britain, Arawe-Pasismanua, Arawe, East Arawe.
Amol
[alx] Sandaun province: Nuku district. Users: 500 (2004 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Alatil, Aru, Eru, Mol, Oru. Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Palei.
Amto
[amt] Sandaun province: Amanab and Rocky Peak districts, Amto, Amu and Habiyon villages south of Upper Sepik river, toward Left May river headwaters on Samaia river. Users: 500 (2013 SIL). Ethnic population: 500 (2013 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Amto-Musan.
Anam
[pda] Madang province: Josephstaal area villages. Users: 1,070 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Pondoma. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Josephstaal, Pomoikan.
Anamuxra
[imi] Madang province: northwest of Josephstaal. Users: 1,960 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Anamgura, Ikundun, Mindivi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Josephstaal, Pomoikan.
Andai
[afd] East Sepik province: Karawari rural district. Andambit, Awarem, Imboin, Kaiyam, Kupini, and Namata mountain villages; Arafundi and Wagupman rivers’ head. Users: 440 (Kassell et al 2017). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Anday, Pundungum, Wangkai. Classification: Arafundi.
Andarum
[aod] Madang province. Users: 2,100 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Tanggu.
Andra-Hus
[anx] Manus province: Andra and Hus islands. Users: 1,500 (2018 SIL). 500 in Pohon Kol Andra, 1000 in Idioh (2018 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ahus, Ha’us. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Manus, East.
Anem
[anz] West New Britain province: northwest coast and inland. Users: 830 (Paris et al 2012b). Ethnic population: 830 (Paris et al 2012b). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Yele-West New Britain, West New Britain.
Aneme Wake
[aby] Oro province: Afore district, both sides of Owen Stanley range; Central province: north from Ianu along Domara and Foasi creeks. Users: 650 (1990 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Abia, Abie. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Yareban.
Angaataha
[agm] Morobe province: Menyamya district. Users: 2,500 (2015 BTA). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Angaatiha, Angaatiya, Angataha, Langimar. Autonym: Angaataha. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Angaatiha.
Angal
[age] Southern Highlands province: Mendi area, north into Mendi valley, west into Lai valley, east bank, west of Mount Giluwe. Users: 18,600 (2000). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: East Angal, Mendi. Autonym: Angal Heneng. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Angal-Kewa.
Angal Enen
[aoe] Southern Highlands province: south of Nipa, north of Erave river, east of Lake Kutubu, west of Lai valley. Users: 34,400 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Nembi, South Angal Heneng, South Mendi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Angal-Kewa.
Angal Heneng
[akh] Southern Highlands province: south of Kandep and Margarima, north of Lake Kutubu, west of Lai valley. Users: 40,000 (1994 V. Schlatter). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Agarar, Augu, Katinja, Wage, West Angal Heneng, West Mendi. Autonym: Angal Heneng. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Angal-Kewa.
Angor
[agg] Sandaun province: Amanab district. 11 villages. Users: 1,500 (Litteral 2004). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Anggor, Senagi, Wan, Watapor. Classification: Senagi.
Angoram
[aog] East Sepik province: Angoram district, lower Sepik river area. Users: 8,220 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kanda, Olem, Pondo, Tjimundo. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Lower Sepik, Angoram.
Anjam
[boj] Madang province: Astrolabe Bay district. Users: 2,020 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bogadjim, Bogajim, Bogati, Bom, Lalok. Autonym: Anjam. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Mindjim.
Ankave
[aak] Gulf province: Kerema district, Mbwei and Swanson valleys’ rivers. Users: 1,500 (Bonnemère 2014). Ethnic population: 1,500 (Bonnemère 2014). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Angave, Ankave-Anga. Autonym: Aga pɨ’ne’. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan.
Anor
[anj] Madang province. Users: 980 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Middle Ramu.
Anuki
[aui] Milne Bay province: north coast, Cape Vogel. Users: 630 (Landweer 2010). Ethnic population: 900 (Landweer 2010). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gabobora. Autonym: Anuki. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Anuki.
Ap Ma
[kbx] East Sepik province: Angoram district. Users: 10,000 (2010 PBT). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ap Ma Botin, Botin, Kambot, Karaube. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Kambot.
Apal
[ena] Madang province: Aiome district, upper Ramu river area. Users: 980 (2003 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Apali, Emerum. Autonym: Apalɨ. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Sogeram, Central Sogeram.
Aramba
[stk] Western province: Morehead subprovince, southwest of Suki. Users: 750 (Evans et al 2018). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Serki, Serkisetavi, Upper Morehead. Autonym: Arammba. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda.
Are
[mwc] Milne Bay province: Cape Vogel tip. Users: 1,700 (2015 BTA). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mukawa. Autonym: Are. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Are-Taupota, Are.
Ari
[aac] Western province: Ari and Serea villages; Aramia river area. Users: 50 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Gogodala-Suki, Gogodala.
Aribwatsa
[laz] Morobe province: Butibum and Kamkumun villages, lower Wamped river. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 1997 (Wurm 2007). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Lae, Lahe. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, Markham, Lower, Busu.
Aribwaung
[ylu] Morobe province: Yalu village; lower Markham valley. Users: 500 (2008 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,200 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aribwaungg, Jaloc, Yalu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, Markham, Lower, Busu.
Aro
[tei] East Sepik province: Maprik district; Sandaun province: west of Kombio. 5 villages. Users: 520 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Anamagi, Lou, Torricelli. Classification: Torricelli, Kombio-Arapesh, Kombio.
Arop-Lokep
[apr] Madang province: Saidor district, Long and Crown islands (Arop dialect); Morobe province: Siassi district, Tolokiwa island and northwest tip of Umboi island (Lokep dialect). Vitiaz Strait, Siassi chain, 4 islands. Users: 4,500 (D’Jernes 2013), increasing. Few monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Arop-Lukep, Lukep, Moromiranga, Siasi, Siassi, Tolokiwa. Autonym: Arop-Lokep. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Korap.
Aruamu
[msy] Madang province: Bogia district, between Ramu river and Bogia town. Users: 12,000 (2018 PBT). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Ariawiai, Makarub, Makarup, Mikarew, Mikarew-Ariaw, Mikarup. Autonym: Aruamɨn Akam. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Mikarew.
Aruek
[aur] Sandaun province: north of Yessip Mission; East Sepik province. Users: 740 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Djang. Classification: Torricelli, Kombio-Arapesh, Kombio.
Aruop
[lsr] Sandaun province. 6 villages. Users: 800 (2004 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lau’u, Lauisaranga, Lawu Srenge, Srenge. Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Palei.
Asa’a
[kyy] Eastern Highlands province: Kainantu district. Users: 3 (2016 SIL). Ethnic population: 500 (2000 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Kambaira. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Kambaira.
Asaba
[seo] Sandaun province: Telefomin district, Kenu river hamlets; Om river tributary. Near Duranmin airstrip. Users: 300 (Lancey and Little 2016). Ethnic population: 300 (Lancey and Little 2016). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Akiapmin, Asabano, Duranmin, Suarmin. Classification: Sepik, Sepik Hill, Papi.
Asaro’o
[mtv] Madang province: Bagen, Baru, Somek, and Subura; some in Mur; possibly Kasu; southeast of Saidor. Users: 1,250 (2003 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Morafa. Autonym: Asarɨ’o. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Warup.
Askopan
[eiv] Bougainville province: south central mountains. Users: 5,000 (2000 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Eivo, Eiwo. Autonym: Askopan. Classification: North Bougainville, Rotokas.
Au
[avt] Sandaun province: Lumi district, Torricelli mountain foothills. 19 villages. Users: 8,000 (2000 census). 1,600 monolinguals. Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Au. Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei.
’Auhelawa
[kud] Milne Bay province: Sehuleya district, Normanby island. Users: 950 (2015 BTA). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: ’Urada, Kurada, Nuakata, Ulada. Autonym: ’Auhelawa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, Suauic.
Auwe
[smf] Sandaun province: Amanab district, Simog and Watape villages. Users: 410 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Simog. Classification: Border, Waris.
Avau
[avb] West New Britain province: south coast and islands around Gasmata. Users: 620 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Awau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Southwest New Britain, Arawe-Pasismanua, Arawe, East Arawe.
Awa
[awb] Eastern Highlands province: Kainantu and Okapa districts. Users: 2,050 (2003 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mobuta. Autonym: Ahwa. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Gadsup-Auyana-Awa.
Awad Bing
[bcu] Madang province: Astrolabe Bay area, west of Saidor. 7 villages. Users: 1,450 (2000 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Awad Gey, Biliau, Bing, Samang, Sengam. Autonym: Awad Bing. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Bel, Astrolabe.
Awar
[aya] Madang province: Bogia district, Hansa bay coast. 3 villages. Users: 900 (2013 PBT). Ethnic population: 1,200 (2013 PBT). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Ottilien, Bosmun-Awar.
Awara
[awx] Morobe province: Lae district, near the Wantoat [wnc] language area. Users: 1,800 (Quigley and Quigley 2011), increasing. 630 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,800 (Quigley and Quigley 2011). Status: 5 (Developing). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Wantoat.
Awiyaana
[auy] Eastern Highlands province: Kainantu and Okapa districts. 15 villages. Users: 11,100 (2000). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Auyana. Autonym: Awiyaana. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Gadsup-Auyana-Awa.
Awtuw
[kmn] Sandaun province: Galkutua, Gutaiya, Kamnom, Tubum, and Wiup villages. Users: 700 (2014 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2014 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Autu, Kamnum. Classification: Sepik, Ram.
Awun
[aww] Sandaun province: Yakeltim village east of Namia. Users: 400 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Auwon, Awon. Classification: Sepik, Yellow River.
Ayi
[ayq] Sandaun province: southeast corner, Wan Wan division. 3 villages. Users: 430 (2000 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Sepik, Tama.
Aziana
[gat] Eastern Highlands province: Wonenara district, Wonenara area. 3 villages. Users: 1,000 (2004 Ethnos360). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Ganati, Kenathi, Kenati. Autonym: Aziana. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu.
Bagupi
[bpi] Madang province: Gogol river headwaters, west of Mabanob, northwest of Madang town. Users: 50 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 75 (2000 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman.
Bahinemo
[bjh] East Sepik province: Ambunti district, Hunstein range, south of Sepik river. 4 villages. Users: 700 (Dye and Dye 2012). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bahenemo, Gahom, Inaru, Wogu, Yigai. Autonym: Bahinemo. Classification: Sepik, Sepik Hill, Bahinemo.
Baibai
[bbf] Sandaun province: Amanab district. Users: 340 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Fas.
Baimak
[bmx] Madang province: west of Madang city. Users: 650 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman.
Baiyamo
[ppe] Sandaun and East Sepik provinces: Frieda river area; Paupe village. Users: 220 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 220 (2011 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Papi, Paupe. Classification: Sepik, Sepik Hill, Papi.
Bamu
[bcf] Gulf province: Turama river mouth south bank; Western province: Bamu river from mouth to confluence of Wawoi and Guavi rivers, lower Wawoi, Guavi and Gama rivers, Sagero creek to its mouth at Fly river. Users: 6,310 (2000 census). 960 Gama. Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Bamu Kiwai, Kiwai. Autonym: Bamu Owera. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kiwaian.
Bannoni
[bcm] Bougainville province: Empress Augusta Bay coast, between Aruma and Puriata rivers. Users: 4,500 (2000 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Banoni. Autonym: Tsunari. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Piva-Banoni.
Barai
[bbb] Central province: Rigo district, Rigo Inland RLLG, west of Moni river; Oro province: Afore district, Managalas plateau; Itokama, Madokoro, Naokanane, and Umuate villages (Birarie dialect). Users: 3,500 (2015 BTA). Status: 5 (Developing). Autonym: Barai. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Koiarian, Baraic.
Baramu
[bmz] Western province: Baramura, Tapila, Tirio, and Tirio 2 villages; lower Fly river south bank. Users: 850 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Tirio.
Bargam
[mlp] Madang province: Madang district, North Coast road opposite Karkar island. Users: 4,000 (2006 SIL). Ethnic population: 6,640 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mugil, Saker. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Mugil.
Bariai
[bch] West New Britain province: east of Cape Gloucester, northwest coast. Users: 1,400 (Gallagher 2008). Status: 5 (Developing). Autonym: Bariai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Ngero, Bariai.
Bariji
[bjc] Oro province: Bariji river south bank. Users: 460 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aga Bereho. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Yareban.
Barikewa
[jbk] Gulf province: Omati river. Users: 320 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Iba. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Turama-Kikorian, Kaser.
Barok
[bjk] New Ireland province: south central, east and west coasts. 15 villages. Users: 2,740 (Du 2010). 1,000 Usen (Du 2010), 1,740 Nabo (2000 census). Ethnic population: 7,000 (Du 2010). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kanalu, Kanapit, Kolube, Komalu, Kulubi. Autonym: Barok. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, Madak.
Baruga
[bjz] Oro province: Tufi district, west Musa and Bariji rivers flood plains; Gaina [gcn], Bariji [bjc], and Yareba [yrb] language areas on south and west borders, Dyke Ackland bay is north; Ewage-Notu (Okeina dialect) [nou], Ambe Tofo, Korafe-Mokorua, Miniafia-Arifama, Ubir [ubr], and Maisin [mbq] villages on the east. Users: 2,230 (2003 SIL), increasing. 800 Tafota, 990 Bareji, 440 Mado. 200 monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Autonym: Baruga. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, Nuclear Binanderean, South Binanderean, Coastal Binanderean, Baruga.
Bauni
[bpe] Sandaun province: West Aitape LLG, Barupu, Pou, and Warapu villages. Users: 2,220 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 2,220 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Barapu, Barupu, Warapu. Autonym: Bauni. Classification: Skou, Skou-Serra-Lagoon, Serra Hills, Lagoon.
Bauwaki
[bwk] Oro province: south of Moni river; into Central province: Amau river. Users: 520 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bawaki. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Mailuan.
Bebeli
[bek] West New Britain province: Stettin Bay, Cape Hoskins area. Users: 3,130 (Bullock et al 2013). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Banaule, Beli, Benaule, Kapore, Yangura. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Southwest New Britain, Arawe-Pasismanua, Arawe, East Arawe.
Bedamuni
[beo] Western province: east of Nomad; into Southern Highlands province. Users: 5,000 (Minnegal and Dwyer 2006). Ethnic population: 12,000 (Fleming 2019). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Beami, Bedamini, Biami, Mougulu, Piame. Autonym: Bedamuni. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Bosavi.
Beli
[bey] Sandaun province: west of Mehek. Users: 2,200 (2000). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Akuwagel, Makarim, Mukili. Classification: Torricelli, Maimai, Beli.
Benabena
[bef] Eastern Highlands province: Goroka district. Users: 45,000 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bena. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Gahuku-Benabena.
Bepour
[bie] Madang province: Bogia district, south of lower Kumil river and Sikor. Users: 50 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 340 (2000 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Northern Adelbert, Kumil-Tibor, Kumil.
Berinomo
[bit] East Sepik province: April river, Bitara and Kagiru villages. Users: 350 (2000 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bitara. Classification: Sepik, Sepik Hill, Bahinemo.
Biage
[bdf] Oro province: Sohe district, Kokoda RLLG, along Owen Stanley range foothills and mountains. Users: 1,100 (2009 S. Cott). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Koiarian, Koiaric.
Biangai
[big] Morobe province: Wau district, Bulolo river headwaters. 7 villages. Users: 6,230 (Halvaksz 2020). 700 monolinguals. Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Biangai. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Goilalan, Kunimaipa.
Biem
[bmc] East Sepik province: Bam, Blupblup, Kadovar, and Viai islands east of Wewak. Users: 3,000 (2012 NTM). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bam. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Schouten, Kairiru-Manam, Manam.
Bilakura
[bql] Madang province: Madang district, headwaters of Gilagil river, due east of Kosilanta. Users: 34 (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 42 (2000 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Northern Adelbert, Numugen, Karian-Usan-Yaban.
Bilbil
[brz] Madang province: coast just south of Madang town. Users: 1,250 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bilibil. Autonym: Bel. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Bel, Nuclear Bel, Northern.
Bimin
[bhl] Western province: large area west of Strickland river; Sandaun province: Telefomin district, Oksapmin RLLG; Southern Highlands province: small border area south of Umanapi. Users: 2,250 (2003 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Autonym: Bimin. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain.
Bina
[bmn] Central province: north of Baibara. Users: No known L1 speakers. Extinct by late 20th century. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Peripheral, Central Papuan, Oumic, Magoric.
Binahari
[bxz] Central province: Cloudy Bay hills range inland. Users: 630 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Binahari-Neme. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Mailuan.
Binandere
[bhg] Oro province: along Eia, Gira, Kumusi, and Mamba rivers; between Iwaia and Sowara villages on coast; some in Morobe province. Users: 7,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Ioma Binandere. Autonym: Binandere. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, Nuclear Binanderean, Binandere.
Bine
[bon] Western province: Daru district, south of Fly river. Users: 2,050 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Oriomo, Pine. Autonym: Bine. Classification: Eastern Trans-Fly.
Binumarien
[bjr] Eastern Highlands province: Kainantu district. Users: 1,200 (van Dasselaar 2019). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Binamarir, Binumaria. Autonym: Binumarien. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Tairora.
Bipi
[biq] Manus province: west coast, Maso, Matahei, and Salapai villages, Bipi and Sisi islands. Users: 1,380 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sisi-Bipi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Manus, West.
Bisis
[bnw] East Sepik province: Ambunti district, between Lower Salumei river and Chambri lake, Hunstein range. 3 villages. Users: 3,500 (2013 Ethnos360). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2013 Ethnos360). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Yambiyambi, Yembiyembi. Autonym: Bises. Classification: Sepik, Sepik Hill, Bahinemo.
Bisorio
[bir] East Sepik province: Bisorio, Gadio, and Iniai villages; Karawari, Korosameri, and Wagupmeri rivers’ headwaters. Users: 260 (2003 SIL). 50–100 Bikaru. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Iniai, Inyai-Gadio-Bisorio. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Enga.
Bitur
[mcc] Western province: Bisuaka, Kasimap, Petom, Tewara and Upiara villages; south bank and inland of Fly river. Users: 860 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bituri, Dudi, Mutum, Paswam. Autonym: Bitur. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Tirio.
Biwat
[bwm] East Sepik province: lower and middle Yuat river. Users: 3,040 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Munduguma, Mundugumor, Mundukumo. Classification: Yuat.
Biyom
[bpm] Madang province: southeast of Gende. Users: 650 (2011 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sasime. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Biyom-Tauya.
Blafe
[bfh] Western province: Indorodoro village is center; west of Nambo [ncm] language area. Users: 550 (Evans et al 2018). 350 Blafe, 200 Ránmo (Evans et al 2018). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Blafe Wonana, Indorodoro, Mblafe, Tonda. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda.
Bo
[bpw] Sandaun province: Bo, Kaumifi, Kobaru, and Nigyama Umarita villages; East Sepik province: Sandaun province border area, near Right May river. Heart of Western Range. Users: 85 (1998 NTM). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Po, Sorimi. Classification: Arai (Left May).
Bo-Ung
[mux] Western Highlands province: Hagen, Lower Kaugel, and Tambul districts. Users: 30,000 (Head 2010). 10,000 in Ku Waru (Rumsey et al 2020). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mbo-Ung, Mboung. Autonym: Bo-Ung. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Hagen, Kaugel.
Bogaya
[boq] Hela province: Koroba Lake Kopiago district; Western province: large area east of Strickland river; North Fly district, Olsobip and Nomad RLLGs. Users: 300 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bogaia, Pogaya. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Duna-Bogaya.
Boikin
[bzf] East Sepik province: Yangoru district. Users: 35,000 (Aikhenvald 2004). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Boiken, Nucum, Yengoru. Autonym: Yangoru. Classification: Sepik, Ndu.
Bola
[bnp] West New Britain province: Willaumez peninsula northeast coast, Harua east of Kimbe. Users: 13,700 (2000 census). 2,250 Harua. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bakovi, Talasea, Valupai. Autonym: Bola-Bakovi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, Willaumez.
Bongu
[bpu] Madang province: Astrolabe bay, Rai coast. Users: 850 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Mindjim.
Bonkiman
[bop] Madang and Morobe provinces. Users: 150 (Slotta 2014). Ethnic population: 230 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Yupna.
Borong
[ksr] Morobe province: Finschhafen district, central Huon peninsula between Kuat and Burum rivers. 5 villages and 5 hamlets, Lae and others. Users: 2,200 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 2,500 (2001 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Naama. Autonym: Boroŋ. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Eastern.
Boselewa
[bwf] Milne Bay province: Fergusson island north shore. Users: 880 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 880 (2011 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bosalewa, Bosilewa, Lagota, Mwani’u. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Dobu-Duau.
Bosmun
[bqs] East Sepik province; Madang province: Bogia district, lower Ramu river. 5 villages. Users: 1,725, all users. L1 users: 1,700 (2013 PBT). L2 users: 25 (2013 PBT). 260 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,800 (2013 PBT). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bosman, Bosngun. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Ottilien, Bosmun-Awar.
Bouni
[suo] Sandaun province: West Aitape Rural LLG, Sumo village; south of Sera coast. Users: Ethnic population: 550 (2000 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bouni-Bobe, Sumo. Classification: Skou, Skou-Serra-Lagoon, Serra Hills, Lagoon.
Bragat
[aof] Sandaun province: 4 villages. Users: 460 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Alauagat, Yauan. Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Palei.
Brem
[buq] Madang province: including Bunabun village. Users: 1,190 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Barem, Bububun, Bunabun, Bunubun. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Northern Adelbert, Manep-Barem.
Breri
[brq] Madang province: Middle Ramu district, Arabaka LLG. Users: 4,500 (2020 Ethnos360). 3,500 Kwanga, 1,000 Misingi (2020 Ethnos360). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Iski, Mbñioŋko. Autonym: Bnyoqko. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Tamolan.
Buang, Mangga
[mmo] Morobe province: Mumeng district, Lae and Moresby, mid-upper Snake river area. Users: 1,500 (2011 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 3,130 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kaidemui, Manga Buang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, South, Hote-Buang, Buang.
Buang, Mapos
[bzh] Morobe province: Mumeng district, middle Snake river area. 10 villages. Users: 7,000 (2001 UNESCO). 1,400 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Buang, Central Buang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, South, Hote-Buang, Buang.
Budibud
[btp] Milne Bay province: Budibud islands. Users: 200 (Senft 2020). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nada. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Peripheral, Kilivila-Louisiades, Kilivila.
Bugawac
[buk] Morobe province: Huon gulf coast. Central-Western dialect: Buhalu, Cape Arkona, Hec, Tikeleng, Wideru villages; Eastern dialect: Bukawasip, Ulugidu; South Western dialect: Asini, Busamang; Western dialect: Lae city villages. Users: 12,000 (2011 W. Eckermann). 4,800 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 12,500. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bukaua, Bukawa, Bukawac, Kawa, Kawac, Yom Gawac. Autonym: Bugawac. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, North.
Buhutu
[bxh] Milne Bay province: Alotau district, Sagarai valley, East tip of Papua. Users: 1,500 (2001 UNESCO), increasing. 300 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 1,500 (2001 UNESCO). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bohutu, Buhulu, Siasiada, Yaleba. Autonym: Buhutu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, Suauic.
Bukiyip
[ape] East Sepik province: west Yangoru district, Torricelli mountains; Sandaun province: Attape Lumi district. Users: 16,200 (2003 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Bukiyúp, Mountain Arapesh. Classification: Torricelli, Kombio-Arapesh, Arapesh.
Bulu
[bjl] West New Britain province: Willaumez peninsula, Buludaba and Bulumuri villages. Users: 910 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, Willaumez.
Bun
[buv] East Sepik province. Users: 480 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Yuat.
Buna
[bvn] East Sepik province: Angoram district. Users: 750 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Torricelli, Marienberg.
Bunama
[bdd] Milne Bay province: Esa’ala district, south Normanby island. Users: 4,000 (1993 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kelelegeia. Autonym: Bunama. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Dobu-Duau.
Bungain
[but] East Sepik province. Users: 3,600 (2003 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Torricelli, Marienberg.
Burui
[bry] East Sepik province: Ambunti district, Sepik plains south of Maprik, Burui village, north of Pagwi. Users: 260 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Sepik, Ndu.
Bwaidoka
[bwd] Milne Bay province: Bolubolu district, west Fergusson island, south tip of Goodenough island. Users: 7,640 (2019 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bwaidoga. Autonym: Bwaidoka. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Bwaidoga.
Bwanabwana
[tte] Milne Bay province: Bwanabwana district, southeast Basilaki island, Engineer islands, Kitai island, Laseinie islands, Ware island. Users: 2,400 (2007 SIL), increasing. 720 monolinguals. Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Bwanabwana, Tubetube. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, Suauic.
Chambri
[can] East Sepik province: marsh dwellers east and north of Sepik Hill area, southeast shore and Chambri lake island. 4 villages. Users: 800 (Foley 2016). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tchambuli, Tshamberi. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Lower Sepik, Chambri.
Changriwa
[cga] East Sepik province. Users: 690 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Yuat.
Chenapian
[cjn] East Sepik province: Sepik river west of Wogamusin. 1 village. Users: 180 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Chenap, Tsenap, Zenap. Classification: Sepik, Wogamusin-Chenapian.
Chini
[afi] Madang province: Middle Ramu district. 2 villages. Users: 60 (Brooks 2018b). 20 Andamang, 40 Akrukay (Brooks 2018b). Ethnic population: 350 (Brooks 2018a). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Akrukay, Wɨrkŋɨ, gwɨrkŋɨ, ŋgɨgɨ ɨrkŋɨ. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Tamolan.
Chuave
[cjv] Chimbu province: Chuave district, Elimbari LLG; Eastern Highlands province: Lufa district, Lufa Station. Users: 26,000 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Tjuave. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Chimbu.
Daantanai’
[lni] Bougainville province: Kieta district, Piruneu’ and Warana villages; Crown Prince range east slope, Kreiowo and Tavatava rivers’ headwaters, east-south-east of Koromira Point. Users: 600 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lantanai. Classification: South Bougainville, Nasioi.
Dadibi
[mps] Chimbu province: Karimui district, Tua river system; Southern Highlands province: Kagua-Erave district, southeast corner, 28 villages; Jiwaka province: southern extremity, South Waghi LLG. Users: 12,600 (2000 census). 1,000 monolinguals. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Daribi, Karimui. Autonym: Dadibi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Teberan.
Daga
[dgz] Central province: Abau district; Milne Bay province: Rabaraba district; Oro province: some southeast. Users: 9,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. 4,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 10,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Dimuga, Nawp. Autonym: Daga. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Dagan.
Dambi
[dac] Morobe province: Mumeng district. Users: 350 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 400. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mumeng. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, South, Hote-Buang, Buang, Mumeng.
Danaru
[dnr] Madang province: Usino Rural LLG, Ward 16, Danaru village. Users: 260 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 500 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Maiya. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Peka.
Dano
[aso] Eastern Highlands province: Goroka district. Users: 30,000 (1987 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Asaro. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Gahuku-Benabena.
Daonda
[dnd] Sandaun province: Amanab district near Imonda. Users: 170 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 170 (2000 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Border, Waris.
Dawawa
[dww] Milne Bay province: Rabaraba district, west and inland from Wedau. Users: 2,280 (2000 census). 500 monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Dawana. Autonym: Dawawa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Kakabai.
Dedua
[ded] Morobe province: Sialum district, Masaweng and Tewae rivers’ headwaters, south of Mount Besenona. 19 villages. Users: 6,500 (2000 census), increasing. No monolinguals above age 20. Ethnic population: 6,500 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Autonym: Dedua. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Eastern.
Degenang
[dge] Madang province: Rai coast, Seure and Sel villages. Users: 790 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,200 (2020 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Degenan, Dingana. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Warup.
Dia
[dia] Sandaun province. Users: 1,840 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Alu, Galu, Metru. Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei.
Dibiyaso
[dby] Western province: Bamustu, Makapa, and Pikiwa villages. Users: 1,950 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bainapi, Dibiasu, Pikiwa. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Bosavi.
Dima
[jma] Milne Bay province: east of Moi bay coast almost to Posaposa Harbor; Ruaba river area. Users: 750 (2001 SIL). 115 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bayu Dimadima, Dimadima, Jimajima, Jimjam. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Dagan.
Dla
[kbv] Sandaun province: Amanab district, Faringi river area. Users: 900 in Papua New Guinea (de Sousa 2006). 760 Dla, 140 Menggwa Dla in Papua New Guinea. All Dla speakers: 1,200 (de Sousa 2006). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Awe, Dera, Dra, Kamberataro, Kamberatoro, Komberatoro, Mangguar. Classification: Senagi.
Dobu
[dob] Milne Bay province: Esa’ala district, Dobu, parts of Fergusson, Normanby, and Sanaroa islands. 500 villages. Users: 61,000, all users. L1 users: 10,000 (1998 SIL). L2 users: 51,000 (2021). 6,000 monolinguals. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Lingua franca in D’Entrecasteaux Islands. Alternate Names: Dobuan. Autonym: Dobu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Dobu-Duau.
Doga
[dgg] Milne Bay province: Cape Vogel north coast. Users: 140 (Landweer 2010). Ethnic population: 260 (Landweer 2010). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Magabara. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Are-Taupota, Are.
Doghoro
[dgx] Oro province: Tufi district, Bendorode and Sebagha villages on Bariji and Musa river flood plains. Users: 270 (2000 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dogoro. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, Nuclear Binanderean, South Binanderean, Coastal Binanderean, Baruga.
Doloman
[mhf] Morobe province: Mama village. North-northwest of Uri [uvh] and west of Finongan [fag] language areas. Users: 12 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 380 (2000 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Mama, Mamaa. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Erap.
Dom
[doa] Chimbu province: mainly south of Wahgi river from Kundiawa west. Users: 16,000 (Tida 2006). Ethnic population: 16,000 (Tida 2006). Status: 5 (Developing). Autonym: Dom. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Chimbu.
Domu
[dof] Central province: coast east of Cape Rodney and inland. Users: 950 (2000). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dom. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Mailuan.
Domung
[dev] Madang province: Rai Coast district, Aunon, Ayengket, Bobongat, Dirit, Gabutamon, Kian, Kosit, Maramung, Maum, Sibgou, Swantan, Tapen, and Wokopop villages. Users: 2,000 (Slotta 2014). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Yupna.
Doromu-Koki
[kqc] Central province: Inland Rigo district, south of Mount Obree, west of Mount Brown. Users: 2,000 (2018 SIL). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Dorom, Doromu, Koki. Autonym: Doromu-Koki. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Manubaran.
Doso
[dol] Western province: Aramia river and Wawoi falls areas, near Kamula [xla] language area. Users: 2,390 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Unclassified.
Duau
[dva] Milne Bay province: Normanby and Sawabwala islands. Users: 5,000 (2004 SIL). 1,000 monolinguals (2004). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Dobu-Duau.
Dubuporo
[ynl] Madang province: east of Erima. Users: 910 (2016 J. Claussen). Ethnic population: 910 (2016 J. Claussen). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Yangulam. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Nuru.
Dumo
[vam] Sandaun province: Vanimo district; 5 villages. Users: 2,700 (2011 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Duso, Manimo, Vanimo, Wanimo. Autonym: Dumo. Classification: Skou, Skou-Serra-Lagoon, Nuclear Skou, Eastern Skou.
Dumun
[dui] Madang province: Astrolabe bay south coast, Gowar river mouth, west of Dein, and its lower course. Users: 120 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bai. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Yaganon.
Duna
[duc] Hela province: Koroba and Lake Kopiago districts, east from Strickland river; Enga province: Paiela-Hewa RLLG. Users: 20,000 (San Roque 2015). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Autonym: Yuna. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Duna-Bogaya.
Duwet
[gve] Morobe province: Busu river area. Users: 400 (2011 SIL), increasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 450. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Guwet, Guwot, Waing. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, Markham, Lower, Busu.
Edolo
[etr] Hela province: Tari district; Western province: Nomad district, southwest of Mount Sisa. 16 villages. Users: 1,670 (2000 census). 300 monolinguals (2015 A. Grosh). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Edolo Ado, Etolo, Etoro. Autonym: Edolo. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Bosavi.
Eibela
[ail] Southern Highlands province: southwest corner, Mount Bosavi area; Western province: Lake Campbell area. Most moved to Western province: Wawoi falls area. Users: 300 (Aiton 2016). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aimele, Kware. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Bosavi.
Eitiep
[eit] East Sepik province: southwest of Kombio; Sandaun province: across Bongos river. Users: 500 (2003 SIL), decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 500 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Torricelli, Kombio-Arapesh, Kombio.
Elepi
[ele] East Sepik province: Samap coast area. Users: 330 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Blabla, Samap. Classification: Torricelli, Marienberg.
Elkei
[elk] Sandaun province. Users: 1,640 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Olkoi. Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei.
Elu
[elu] Manus province: Manus island north coast. Users: 570 (2011 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Admiralitäts-inseln, Elle, Ere. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Manus, East.
Enga
[enq] East Sepik province: Angoram district; Enga province: eastern 2 thirds; Southern Highlands province: border area near Winja; Western Highlands province: Mul-Baiyer Station district, Baiyer LLG. Users: 370,000, all users. L1 users: 300,000 (Gibbs 2011). L2 users: 70,000 (2021). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Caga, Tchaga, Tsaga. Autonym: Eŋa. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Enga.
English
[eng] Widespread. Users: 832,000 in Papua New Guinea, all users. L1 users: 132,000 in Papua New Guinea (2019 World Factbook). L2 users: 700,000 (2021). Status: 1 (National). De facto national language. Used as LWC in the southern part of the country. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English.
Ere
[twp] Manus province: Drabitou, Hatwara, Loi, Lohe, Londru, Metawari, Pau, Piterait, and Taui-Undrau villages on south coast. Users: 1,400 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Londru. Autonym: Ede. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Manus, East.
Ese
[mcq] Oro province: Popondetta district, Kawawoki Mission area. Users: 10,000 (2000 SIL). 4,000 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2001 UNESCO). Status: 5 (Developing). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Koiarian, Baraic.
Essono
[sso] Sandaun province: Aitape district, Sissano area. Users: 3,530 (2011 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sinama, Sinano, Sisano, Sissano. Autonym: Essono. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Schouten, Siau.
Ewage-Notu
[nou] Oro province: Popondetta district, coast between Bakumbari and Pongani. Users: 12,000 (2015 BTA). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Notu-Ewage, “Ewage” (pej.), “Notu” (pej.). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, Nuclear Binanderean, South Binanderean, Coastal Binanderean, Notu.
Faiwol
[fai] Western province: Tabubil district, Fly and Palmer rivers’ headwaters; Sandaun province: Telefomin district, Yapsie RLLG. Users: 3,270 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Faiwol. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain.
Fanamaket
[bjp] New Ireland province: Namatanai Rural LLG, Muliama, Sena, and Warangansau villages. Users: 1,080 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Maket, Tangga. Autonym: Fanamaket. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Patpatar-Tolai.
Fasu
[faa] Southern Highlands province: Nipa district; Gulf province; Western province: Kikori river. Users: 1,100 (San Roque and Loughnane 2012). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Namo Aporo, Namome. Autonym: Namo Me. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, West Kutubu.
Fembe
[agl] Western province: Upper Strickland river. Users: 350 (1986 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Agala, Sinale. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, East Strickland.
Finongan
[fag] Morobe province: Huon and Nawae districts. Users: 1,140 (2006 SIL). 40 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,140 (2006 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Finungwa, Finungwan. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Erap.
Fiwaga
[fiw] Southern Highlands province: northeast of Tama. Users: 300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Fimaga, Fiwage. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, East Kutubu.
Foi
[foi] Southern Highlands province: east and south of Lake Kutubu and Mubi river. Users: 7,000 (Weiner and Niles 2015). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mubi River. Autonym: Foe. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, East Kutubu.
Foia Foia
[ffi] Western province: Middle Fly district, Bibisa village; Gulf province: Kikori district, Turama river, Moka village. Users: 180 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 260 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Foiafoia, Foyafoya. Autonym: Foia Foia. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Inland Gulf, Minanibai.
Folopa
[ppo] Gulf province: Baimuru district, Kerabi valley; Southern Highlands province. 20 villages. Users: 3,200 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Foraba, Podoba, Podopa, Polopa. Autonym: Folopa. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Teberan.
Forak
[frq] Madang province: Saidor district, Mamgak village, west and inland from Seure on the coast. Users: 280 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 400 (2020 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mamgak, Porak. Autonym: Forak. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Warup.
Fore
[for] Eastern Highlands province: Okapa district. Users: 30,200 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Fore.
Fulumu
[bbd] Madang province: Ambenob Rural LLG, 10 villages. Users: 3,150 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bau, Efu, Leh, Muag, Udun. Autonym: Fulumu. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Gum.
Fuyug
[fuy] Central province: Goilala district, Owen Stanley range; Oro province: Kokoda Rural LLG. Users: 14,000 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 14,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Fujuge, Fuyuge, Fuyughe, Mafufu, Mafulu. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Goilalan, Fuyug.
Gadsup
[gaj] Eastern Highlands province: Kainantu district; Morobe province: Markham district, west of district headquarters Mutzing town. Users: 22,100 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Gadzub. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Gadsup-Auyana-Awa.
Gaikundi
[gbf] East Sepik province: Ambunti district, Sepik Plains south of Maprik, east of Pagwi. Users: 1,200 (2000). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Gaikunti. Autonym: Gaikundi. Classification: Sepik, Ndu.
Gaina
[gcn] Oro province: Ijivitari district, Iwuji village area, inland from Solomon sea. Users: 1,410 (Dutton 1971). 1,000 in Bareji, 130 in Gaina. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, Nuclear Binanderean, South Binanderean, Coastal Binanderean, Gaena-Korafe.
Gal
[gap] Madang province: Gogol river. Users: 340 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baimak, Weim. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman.
Gala
[nud] East Sepik province: Ambunti district. 1 village. Users: 150 (Aikhenvald 2018). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kara, Ngala, Sogap, Swagup. Classification: Sepik, Ndu.
Galeya
[gar] Milne Bay province: Fergusson island, Esa’ala district, Duduna, Gameta, Lau’oya, Momo’awa, Sebutuya, and Ulua wards. Users: 2,620 (2000 census). 790 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Garea. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Dobu-Duau.
Gamane
[bmp] Madang province: Astrolabe bay inland on east end of south coast, on lower Nankina river. Users: 150 (2016 J. Claussen). Ethnic population: 150 (2016 J. Claussen). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bulgebi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Warup.
Ganglau
[ggl] Madang province. Users: 470 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 640 (2016 J. Claussen). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Yaganon.
Gants
[gao] Madang province. Users: 2,500 (Daniels 2015). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gaj, Ganj. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Sogeram, East Sogeram.
Gapapaiwa
[pwg] Milne Bay province: Makamaka district, Cape Vogel south coast, inland on Ruaba river. Users: 3,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Manape. Autonym: Gapapaiwa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Are-Taupota, Are.
Garus
[gyb] Madang province: Astrolabe bay. Users: 2,650 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ate, Em, Kurupi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman.
Gavak
[dmc] Madang province: Madang district, Basken, Dawo, Dindareng, Malan, Pagin, and Segar villages. Users: 3,820 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,890 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bosiken, Boskien, Dimir. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Northern Adelbert.
Gebusi
[goi] Western province. Users: 1,000 (Knauft 2016). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Knauft 2016). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gobasi, Nomad. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, East Strickland.
Gedaged
[gdd] Madang province: Bagabag, Karkar, Sek, and Yabob islands, Astrolabe bay, Madang coastal villages area. Users: 6,950 (2003 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bel, Graged, Mitebog, Ragetta, Rio, Sek, Siar, Siar-Ragetta, Szeak-Bagili, Tiara. Autonym: Gedaged. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Bel, Nuclear Bel, Northern.
Gende
[gaf] Madang province: Usino Bundi district, near Bundi. Users: 3,230 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bundi, Gendeka, Gene. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Gende.
Ghayavi
[bmk] Milne Bay province: Alotau district, Weraura LLG, north coast Goodenough bay, Uga west to Wadobuna east, including Rabaraba. Users: 2,810 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Boanai, Boanaki, Boianaki, Boinaki, Galavi. Autonym: Ghayavi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Are-Taupota, Are.
Gimi
[gip] West New Britain province: southwest coast and inland, Anu to Johanna rivers. Users: 2,960 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Loko. Autonym: Gimi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Southwest New Britain, Arawe-Pasismanua, Arawe, West Arawe.
Gimi
[gim] Chimbu province: border area; Eastern Highlands province: Okapa district. Users: 23,200 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Labogai. Autonym: Gimi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Fore.
Ginuman
[gnm] Central province: Abau district, Amazon RLLG; Milne Bay province: Mount Simpson to Naraka coast, Goodenough bay. Users: 1,440 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dime. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Dagan.
Girawa
[bbr] Madang province: Upper Ramu district. Users: 3,630 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bagasin, Begasin, Begesin. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Kokon.
Gitua
[ggt] Morobe province: Huon peninsula north coast. Users: 900 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 900 (2000 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gitoa, Kelana. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Ngero, Tuam.
Gizrra
[tof] Western province: South Fly area, Barnap, Kulalae, Kupere, Ngomtono, and Waidoro villages northeast of Torres Strait, Saibai island. Users: 1,050 (2002 SIL). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Gizra, Toga. Autonym: Gizrra. Classification: Eastern Trans-Fly.
Gnau
[gnu] Sandaun province: Namblo census division, northwest of Maimai. Users: 1,330 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei.
Gogodala
[ggw] Western province: Fly River north bank, Aramia river. 35 villages. Users: 26,000 (Evans et al 2018). Ethnic population: 26,000 (Evans et al 2018). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Gogodara. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Gogodala-Suki, Gogodala.
Golin
[gvf] Chimbu province: Gumine district. Users: 51,100 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Gollum, Gumine. Autonym: Golin ka. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Chimbu.
Goodenough, West
[ddi] Milne Bay province: Goodenough island west coast. Users: 2,650 (2000 census). 440 monolinguals. Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Diodio. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Bwaidoga.
Gorakor
[goc] Morobe province: Mumeng district, including Yanta. Users: 2,470 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, South, Hote-Buang, Buang, Mumeng.
Gorovu
[grq] East Sepik province: Angoram district, Ramu river, Bangapela village; Madang province: Bogia district, Iabu RLLG. Users: 20 (Wurm 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 630 (2000 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Gorova, Yerani. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Grass.
Guhu-Samane
[ghs] Oro province: Sohe district, Kanoma and Sidema villages north; Morobe province: Lae district; Waria river headwaters. Users: 12,000 (Bjorkman and Ttopoqogo 2002), increasing. Ethnic population: 13,500. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bia, Mid-Waria, Muri, Paiawa, Tahari. Autonym: Guhu-Samane noo. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Guhu-Samane.
Gumalu
[gmu] Madang province. Users: 580 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Gum.
Gumawana
[gvs] Milne Bay province: Esa’ala district, Amphlett Islands, about 25 islands north of Fergusson. 7 villages. Users: 370 (2001 UNESCO), increasing. 90 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 370 (2001 UNESCO). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Domdom, Gumasi, Gumasila. Autonym: Gumawana. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Gumawana.
Guramalum
[grz] New Ireland province. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the early 1990s (1987 SIL). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Patpatar-Tolai.
Guya
[gka] Madang province: 20 km west of Seure. Users: 130 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Guiarak, Guyarak. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Warup.
Gwahatike
[dah] Madang province: Saidor district, several villages south of Saidor. Users: 1,570 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dahating, Gwatike. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Warup.
Gweda
[grw] Milne Bay province: Alotau district, Maramatana local council area, Garuwahi village. Users: 26 (2001 SIL). Ethnic population: 310 (2001 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Garuwahi. Autonym: Gweda. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Are-Taupota, Taupota.
Hahon
[hah] Bougainville province: northwest. Users: 3,000 (2014 B. Palmer). Ethnic population: 3,000 (2014 B. Palmer). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Hanon. Autonym: Rautsuiiri. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Nehan-North Bougainville, Saposa-Tinputz.
Haigwai
[hgw] Milne Bay province: Alotau district, Huhu local government area, inland from Milne Bay head between Hagita and Waigani estates and mountains west. Users: 1,060 (2000 census). 160 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Garaghwaghi, Kapulika, Naura. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Are-Taupota, Taupota.
Hakö
[hao] Bougainville province: North Bougainville district, northeast Buka island. Users: 12,000 (Kenneth 2015), increasing. Ethnic population: 12,000 (Kenneth 2015). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Haku. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Nehan-North Bougainville, Buka, Halia.
Halia
[hla] Bougainville province: North Bougainville district, Buka island east coast; Selau peninsula, Cartaret Islands. Users: 25,000 (2005 SIL), increasing. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Tasi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Nehan-North Bougainville, Buka, Halia.
Hamtai
[hmt] Gulf province: Kukipi district, Tauri river inland east to Ladedamu river; Morobe province: Lae district, Kodama range into Bulolo-Watut divide, to Mount Grosse and north to Mount Taylor. Users: 45,000 (1998 T. Palmer). Ethnic population: 66,000 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Hamday, Kamea, Kapau, Watut, “Kukukuku” (pej.). Autonym: Hamtai. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan.
Hanga Hundi
[wos] East Sepik province: Pagwi district. 16 villages. Users: 7,200 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kwasengen, West Wosera. Autonym: Hanga Hundi. Classification: Sepik, Ndu.
Haruai
[tmd] Madang province: southwest Mid-Ramu district, west Schrader range, west of the Kobon [kpw] language area. Users: 2,000 (2000 SIL). Many monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Harway, Taman, Waibuk, Wiyau, Wiyaw, Wovan. Autonym: Haruai. Classification: Piawi.
Heiyoho
[auk] East Sepik province: Aumbunti Dreikker district; Sandaun province: Nuku district. Users: 1,500 (Diaz 2018). Ethnic population: 2,700 (2000 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Arima, Arinua, Arinwa, Heyo, Lolopani, Ruruhip, Wan Wan, Wanib. Autonym: Heiyoho. Classification: Torricelli, Maimai, Maimai Proper.
Hermit
[llf] Western Manus province: Hermit Islands, Luf and Maron islands. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker likely died in the early 1990s (1992 SIL). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Agomes, Luf, Maron. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Manus, West.
Hewa
[ham] Enga province: Lagaip district; Sandaun province: Telefomin district; Hela province: Koroba district; Lagaip river area, mountains north of Duna [duc] and Ipili [ipi] language areas; south of Lagaip river northward to Central range high peaks (boundary between Sepik region and the highlands). Users: 4,800 (2014 SIL). 1,600 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 4,800 (2014 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sisimin, Taduaguay, Yoliapi. Classification: Sepik, Sepik Hill, Sanio.
Hoia Hoia
[hhi] Western province: Middle Fly district, Ukusi-Koparamio village. Users: 80 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 120 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Hoiahoia, Ukusi-Koparamio Hoyahoya. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Inland Gulf, Minanibai.
Hoyahoya
[hhy] Western province: Middle Fly district, Matakaia village. Users: 95 (2000 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 130 (2000 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Hoiahoia, Hoya Hoya, Matakaia Hoyahoya. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Inland Gulf, Minanibai.
Huli
[hui] Enga province: south fringe; Hela province: Tari area. Users: 200,000 (Gould 2011), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Huli-Hulidana, Huri. Autonym: Huli. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Huli.
Humene
[huf] Central province: lower Sogeri plateau; plain between Gaire and Kapakapa villages. Manugoro is principal village. Users: 940 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Kwalean.
Hunjara-Kaina Ke
[hkk] Oro province: Kokoda RLLG. Users: 8,770 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, Nuclear Binanderean, South Binanderean, Orokaivan.
Iamalele
[yml] Milne Bay province: Bwaidoka district, west Fergusson island. Users: 3,480 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Yamalele. Autonym: Vona Ubuvala. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Bwaidoga.
Iatmul
[ian] East Sepik province: Ambunti and Angoram districts, Sepik river, Tambunum to Japandai, Kundungay area villages. Users: 8,440 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Big Sepik, Gepma Kwudi, Gepma Kwundi, Ngepma Kwundi. Autonym: gepmakudi. Classification: Sepik, Ndu.
Idi
[idi] Western province: northwest of Agob [kit], east of Nambo [ncm] language areas; Dimsisi, Sibidiri, Dimiri villages. Users: 1,610 (2000 census). 780 Idi, 800 Tame. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Diblaeg, Dimisi, Dimsisi, Tame. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Pahoturi.
Idio
[mft] Manus province: north Los Negros island, Ndrilo island, Mokareng village. Users: 360 (2011 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Idien, Mokareng, Mokerang, Mokoreng. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Manus, Mokoreng-Loniu.
Iduna
[viv] Milne Bay province: Esa’ala district, north coast, Goodenough island. Users: 6,000 (1984 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bonada, Vivigana, Vivigani. Autonym: Bona Iduna. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Bwaidoga.
Igana
[igg] Madang province: west of Josephstaal. Users: 200 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 260 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Iski. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Tamolan.
Ikobi
[meb] Gulf province: south of Kibirowi island, upper Omati and Middle Turama rivers’ areas. Users: 1,570 (2009 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ikobi Kairi, Ikobi-Mena, Kasere, Kopo-Monia, Meni, Wailemi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Turama-Kikorian, Kaser.
Imbongu
[imo] Southern Highlands province: Ialibu district. Users: 30,000 (Head 2010). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Ibo Ugu, Imbo Ungo, Imbo Ungu, Imbonggo. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Hagen, Kaugel.
Imonda
[imn] Sandaun province: Amanab district, near Imonda airstrip. Users: 250 (1994 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Border, Waris.
Inapang
[mzu] East Sepik province; Madang province: Josephstaal subdistrict. Users: 4,000 (2016 Ethnos360). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Midsivindi. Autonym: Inapang. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Tamolan.
Inoke-Yate
[ino] Eastern Highlands province: Okapa district. Users: 10,000 (1993 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Inoke, Jate, Yate. Autonym: Inoke-Yate. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Kamano-Yagaria.
Ipiko
[ipo] Gulf province: Ipiko and Pahemuba villages on Pie river beyond Baimuru. Users: 600 (2016 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Epai, Higa, Ipikoi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Inland Gulf, Ipiko.
Ipili
[ipi] Enga province: Porgera patrol–post area. Users: 26,000 (2002 SIL), increasing. 13,000 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ipili-Paiela, Ipili-Payala. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Enga.
Isabi
[isa] Eastern Highlands province: Goroka district, Goroka Urban LLG; Madang province: Usino Bundi district, Bundi LLG. Users: 280 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Maruhia. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Isabi.
I’saka
[ksi] Sandaun province: Krisa and Pasi villages; near Mt. Asowa. Users: 420 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Donohue and San Roque 2004). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Isaka, Krisa. Classification: Skou, I’saka.
Isebe
[igo] Madang province: Madang district, Gum river north bank, west of Madang town. Users: 1,180 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Balahaim. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Gum.
Iwal
[kbm] Morobe province: Lae district, between Salamaua and Wau. Users: 2,100 (2011 SIL). Ethnic population: 2,300. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kaiwa. Autonym: Iwal. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, South, Kaiwa.
Iwam
[iwm] East Sepik province: Ambunti district, Sepik river, Iyomempwi and Mowi villages; May river villages and surrounding lakes and tributaries to Premai village. Users: 3,000 (1998 NTM). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: May River, May River Iwam. Classification: Sepik, Iwam.
Iwam, Sepik
[iws] East Sepik province: Ambunti district, Sepik river villages, lagoons north and south, Iniok village downstream to Leonard Schultze river. Users: 2,500 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Yawenian. Classification: Sepik, Iwam.
Iyo
[nca] Madang province: Finisterre mountains’ south slopes along Nahu and Bure rivers; north slopes along Kipuro and Kasang rivers; Morobe province: northwest Markham district. Users: 6,900 (Minter 2009). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bure, Nabu, Naho, Nahu, Ndo. Autonym: Iyo. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Gusap-Mot.
Jilim
[jil] Madang province. Users: 650 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Nuru.
Juwar
[mwb] East Sepik province: south southeast of Wewak. Users: 700 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,400 (2000 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Juwal. Classification: Torricelli, Marienberg.
Kaiep
[kbw] East Sepik province: Kep and Taul coast area. Users: 200 (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 650 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Samap, Sumup. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Schouten, Kairiru-Manam, Kairiru.
Kairak
[ckr] East New Britain province: Ivere and Malabunga villages on Gazelle peninsula. Users: 900 (2012 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Neu-Pommern. Classification: East New Britain, Baining.
Kairiru
[kxa] East Sepik province: Wewak district, Kairiru, Karesau, and Yuo islands; mainland coastal villages between Cape Karawop and Cape Samein; north and west Mushu island. Users: 2,500 (Ross 2002b). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Autonym: Kairiru. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Schouten, Kairiru-Manam, Kairiru.
Kakabai
[kqf] Milne Bay province: Alotau district, Suau and Weraura LLGs, inland villages, Papua eastern tip. Users: 900 (2003 SIL). 135 monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Igola, Igora. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Kakabai.
Kaki Ae
[tbd] Gulf province: Auri, Kupiano, Kupla, Lou, Ovorio, and Uriri villages southeast of Kerema. Users: 630 (Potter et al 2015). Ethnic population: 660 (Potter et al 2015). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lorabada, Lou, Raepa Tati, Tate, Tati. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Eleman, Tate.
Kala
[kcl] Morobe province: Alẽso, Apoze, Kamiali, Kui, Lambu, and Manidala villages. Users: 2,200 (2011 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,000. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Apoze, Gela, Kela, Kelana, Laukanu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, North.
Kalam
[kmh] Madang province: Ramu district; Western Highlands province: Hagen district, Jimi river north side into Kaironk valley. Users: 20,000 (Pawley et al 2011). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Aforo, Karam, Kotp, Monmon, Mseŋ. Autonym: Kalam. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Kalam-Kobon.
Kalou
[ywa] Sandaun province: Sepik Iwam area, northwest of Hauna. Users: 1,370 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Yawa. Classification: Sepik, Tama.
Kaluli
[bco] Southern Highlands province: Muluma sub-district; Western province: Mount Bosavi northern and western slopes. Users: 3,100 (2015 SIL). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Bosavi. Autonym: Kaluli. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Bosavi.
Kamano
[kbq] Eastern Highlands province: Henganofi and Kainantu districts. Users: 80,000 (Drew et al 2005). Status: 6b (Threatened). Autonym: Kamano-Kafe. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Kamano-Yagaria.
Kamasa
[klp] Morobe province: Katsiong census unit area. Users: 7 (2003 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan.
Kamasau
[kms] East Sepik province: Wewak district. Ghini dialect: Wandomi, Wobu and Yibab; Hagi dialect: Kenyari; Segi dialect: Kamasau, Tring, and Wau villages. Users: 960 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Autonym: Wand Tuan. Classification: Torricelli, Marienberg.
Kamula
[xla] Western province: Wawoi Falls area, Kamiyami village; Aramia river area, Keseki and Somokopa. Users: 1,100 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 1,100 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Wawoi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kamula.
Kanasi
[soq] Milne Bay province: Rabaraba district, from Mount Thomson, main range river valleys. Users: 2,460 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Sona. Autonym: Kanasi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Dagan.
Kandas
[kqw] New Ireland province: Danop, Kait, King, Palangot, Semalu, and Watpi villages on southwest coast. Users: 1,400 (2010 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,460 (2010 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kadas, King. Autonym: Kandas. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Patpatar-Tolai.
Kandawo
[gam] Chimbu province: isolated border areas; Madang province: Usino-Bundi district, Bundi LLG; Western Highlands province: Hagen district, upper Jimi headwaters, Mount Wilhelm slopes. Users: 4,000 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Narake. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Jimi.
Kanggape
[igm] Madang province: Bogia district, west of Tanggu. Users: 1,840 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Igom. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Tanggu.
Kaniet
[ktk] Manus province: Anchorite and Kaniet islands. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last known speaker died by 1950. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Western.
Kaningra
[knr] East Sepik province: Blackwater river south of Kuvanmas lake. 2 villages. Users: 330 (Sumbuk 2006). Ethnic population: 330 (Sumbuk 2006). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kaningara. Classification: Sepik, Sepik Hill, Alamblak.
Kaninuwa
[wat] Milne Bay province: Sivesive village and 1 other; 2 villages north of Goodenough island. Users: 600 (2020 SIL). 400 monolinguals (2020 SIL). Ethnic population: 800 (2020 SIL). 100 or so live outside language area. Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Kaokao, Wataluma. Autonym: Kaninuwa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Are-Taupota, Are.
Kanite
[kmu] Eastern Highlands province: Okapa district. Users: 9,300 (2019 Wycliffe Bible Translators). Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Kanite. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Kamano-Yagaria.
Kanja
[pep] Western province: extreme southwest. Users: 350 (Evans et al 2018). Ethnic population: 400 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kunja, Kánchá, Kénzä, Lower Morehead, Peremka, Thundai-Kanza. Autonym: Kanja. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda.
Kap
[ykm] Sandaun province: between Paup and Yakamul coast; Ali, Angel, and Seleo islands. Users: 3,460 (2003 SIL), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ali, Yakamul. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Schouten, Siau.
Kapin
[tbx] Morobe province: Bulolo and Mumeng districts; hills southwest of Mumeng, 5 villages; Lae and Wau settlements. Users: 3,500 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Katumene, Sambio, Taiak, Tayek. Autonym: Nambei nyon. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, South, Hote-Buang, Buang.
Kapriman
[dju] East Sepik province: Blackwater and Korosameri rivers. 6 villages. Users: 1,340 (Sumbuk 2006). Ethnic population: 1,340 (Sumbuk 2006). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mugumute, Sare, Wasare. Classification: Sepik, Sepik Hill, Bahinemo.
Kara
[leu] New Ireland province: north New Ireland district. Users: 5,870 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lemakot, Lemusmus. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, Lavongai-Nalik.
Karami
[xar] Gulf province; Western province: border area northeast of Tao-Suamoto. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker survived into the 1950s (Wurm 2007). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Inland Gulf, Minanibai.
Karawa
[xrw] Sandaun province: Lumi district, Pulwa village. Users: 63 (2003 SIL), decreasing. No monolinguals (2007 SIL). Ethnic population: 130 (2000 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Bulawa. Classification: Sepik, Ram.
Karawari
[tzx] East Sepik province: near Chambri, lower Karawari river. 9 villages. Users: 3,000 (Telban 2017). Ethnic population: 3,000 (Telban 2017). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ambonwari, Tabriak. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Lower Sepik, Karawari.
Kare
[kmf] Madang province. Users: 380 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Kare.
Karkar-Yuri
[yuj] Sandaun province: Amanab district, Papua, Indonesia border area. Users: 1,310 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Yuri. Autonym: Karkar. Classification: Pauwasi, Eastern.
Karnai
[bbv] Morobe province: 4 mainland villages near Wasu, 3 on southwest Umboi island. Users: 520 (Raymond 2005). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Autonym: Karnai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Korap.
Karore
[xkx] West New Britain province: Kandrian district, between Andru and Johanna rivers. Users: 550 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 930 (2000 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Southwest New Britain, Arawe-Pasismanua, Pasismanua.
Kasua
[khs] Gulf province: West Kikori RLLG, 6 villages; Southern Highlands province: east and south of Mount Bosavi; Western province: Olosobip RLLG. Users: 580 (2000 SIL). 240 monolinguals (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 580 (2000 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Autonym: Kasua. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Bosavi.
Kâte
[kmg] Morobe province: Finschhafen district. Users: 61,000, all users. L1 users: 20,000 (2011 M. Muhujupe). L2 users: 41,000 (2021). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Established as a church language by the Lutherans in the early 1900s. Currently an LWC in the Huon peninsula. Alternate Names: Kai, Kâte Dong. Autonym: Kâte dâŋ. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Eastern.
Kaulong
[pss] West New Britain province: Kandrian district, southwest. Users: 4,000 (2000 D. Tryon). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kowlong, Pasismanua. Autonym: Kaulong. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Southwest New Britain, Arawe-Pasismanua, Pasismanua.
Kawacha
[kcb] Morobe province: Katsiong census unit east of Ampale. Users: 12 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 160 (2000 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Kawatsa. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan.
Kayan
[kct] Madang province: Bogia district, Kayan village; coast east of Ramu river. Users: 780, all users. L1 users: 740 (2013 PBT). L2 users: 40 (2013 PBT). Ethnic population: 790 (2013 PBT). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kaian, Kayan Na Yon. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Ottilien, Watam.
Keapara
[khz] Central province: coast east of Hood peninsula to Lalaura west of Cape Rodney. 3 villages. Users: 19,400 (2000 D. Tryon). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Keopara. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Peripheral, Central Papuan, Sinagoro-Keapara.
Kein
[bmh] Madang province: Trans-Gogol district. Users: 1,750 (2000 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bemal. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Kokon.
Kele
[sbc] Manus province: Buyang, Droia, Kawaliap, Koruniat, and Tingau on south coast inland. Users: 1,460 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gele’. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Manus, East.
Keoru-Ahia
[xeu] Gulf province: Purari river mouth east to Bairu river west of Kerema. Users: 5,970 (2000 census). Keoru: 5070, Ahia: 710, Pairi: 190. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ahia, Ahiave, Haura, Haura Haela, Horo, Houro, Hovoiroro, Hovoyo, Ke’oru, Keuro, Keuru, Kouri, Lavau, Lower Ahia, O’o Moko, Pairi, Velepa. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Eleman, Nuclear Eleman, Western.
Kerewo
[kxz] Gulf province: Omati river west bank, east and inland to Samoa village. Users: 1,090 (2011 SIL). Population represents speakers living in their language area. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kerewa, Kerewa-Goari. Autonym: Kerewo. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kiwaian.
Kewapi, East
[kjs] Southern Highlands province: Ialibu and Kagua districts. Users: 50,000 (2004 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: East Kewa, Kewa, Kewapi. Autonym: adaa agale. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Angal-Kewa.
Kewapi, West
[kew] Southern Highlands province: Kagua and Mendi districts. Users: 45,000 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Pasuma, West Kewa, adaa agaa, adaa agale. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Angal-Kewa.
Keyagana
[kyg] Eastern Highlands province: Henganofi and Okapa districts. Users: 11,500 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ke’yagana, Keiagana, Keigana. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Kamano-Yagaria.
Khehek
[tlx] Manus province: Soparibeu district, Bucho, Levei and Ndrehet villages. Users: 1,620 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Levei-Drehet, Levei-Ndrehet. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Manus, West.
Kibiri
[prm] Gulf province: Kikori district, Babaguina, Doibo, Ero, Paile, Tipeowo, and Wowa villages near Aird Hills, Kikori river tributaries. Users: 1,180 (2011 SIL). 900 Porome, 280 Kibiri. Ethnic population: 1,360 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gibiri, Polome, Porome. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kiwaian.
Kilivila
[kij] Milne Bay province: Trobriand Islands. Users: 40,000 (Senft 2020). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kiriwina. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Peripheral, Kilivila-Louisiades, Kilivila.
Kilmeri
[kih] Sandaun province: Vanimo district near Ossima. 15 villages. Users: 1,970 (2004 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,800 (2004 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Kilmera. Classification: Border, Bewani.
Kinalakna
[kco] Morobe province. Users: 305 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 330. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western.
Kire
[geb] Madang province: Bogia district, lower Ramu, Garati village area. Users: 2,500 (2003 PBT). Ethnic population: 2,500 (2003 PBT). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Gire, Giri, Kire-Puire. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Mikarew.
Kis
[kis] East Sepik province: south southeast of Samap, inland from the coast. Users: 220 (2000 D. Tryon). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Schouten, Kairiru-Manam, Manam.
Kiunum
[wei] Western province: Dewala village. Users: 700 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Were, Weredai. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Tirio.
Kiwai, Northeast
[kiw] Gulf province. Users: 6,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Urama-Kope. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kiwaian.
Kiwai, Southern
[kjd] Western province: Fly river delta, Fly river north bank. Users: 20,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kiwai. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kiwaian.
Kobon
[kpw] Madang province: Middle Ramu district; Western Highlands province: Kaironk river, lower Jimi river area north of Mount Hagen. Users: 10,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. 4,000 monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Autonym: Kobon. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Kalam-Kobon.
Kobuka
[urg] Madang province: Ramu river, 50 km downstream from Dumpu. Users: 1,500 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kopuka, Origanau, Urigina, Uriginau. Autonym: Kobuka, Wakoro. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Peka.
Kodut, Middle
[mpl] Morobe province: Mumeng district, lower Watut valley, Babuaf (Madzim and Singono), Bencheng, Dungutung, and Marauna villages. Users: 1,700 (Carter et al 2014). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Maraliinan, Maralinan, Middle Watut, Silisili, Watut. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, Markham, Watut.
Kodut, North
[una] Morobe province: Mumeng district, Kaiapit area, Waffa valley, Mafanazo, Onom (Morom), and Uruf villages. Users: 630 (Carter et al 2014). Ethnic population: 900. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: North Watut, Onank, Unangg, Unank, Watut. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, Markham, Watut.
Kodut, South
[mcy] Morobe province: lower or south Watut river, Bulaprik (Gumots), Dangal, Maralangko, Sanang, Wawas and Zinimb villages. Users: 730 (Carter et al 2014). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: South Watut. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, Markham, Watut.
Koiali, Mountain
[kpx] Central province: Kairuku-Hiri district, Hiri RLLG; National Capital District, Barai, and Efogi, and Koiari villages north of Koita. Users: 4,000 (2000 census). 2,000 monolinguals. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mountain Koiari. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Koiarian, Koiaric.
Koiari, Grass
[kbk] Central province: east of Port Moresby to coast, Sinnuma reservoir area; National Capital District, eastern portion. Users: 1,700 (Wurm 2000). 170 monolinguals. Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Koiari. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Koiarian, Koiaric.
Koita
[kqi] Central province: Kairuku-Hiri district, Hiri and Kairuku RLLGs; National Capital District, Port Moresby and north, west and southeast. Users: 3,000 (2001 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Autonym: Koita. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Koiarian, Koiaric.
Koiwat
[kxt] East Sepik province: Ambunti district, Kamangaui, Koiwat, Paiambit, and Seraba villages between Munguma and Nagam rivers. Users: 800 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Sepik, Ndu.
Kol
[kol] East New Britain province: Pomio district, Open bay inland to Waterfall bay coast. Most on island’s south side. Users: 4,930 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kola, Kole. Classification: Language isolate.
Koluwawa
[klx] Milne Bay province: Fergusson island northwest tip. Users: 950 (Guderian and Guderian 2005). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kalokalo. Autonym: Koluwawa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Bwaidoga.
Komba
[kpf] Morobe province: Kabwum district. Selepet [spl] language area is northwest, Timbe [tim] language area is west, Saruwaged mountains south, and Cromwell mountains east. Users: 15,000 (2000 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Neng Den, Niiŋ Den. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western.
Kombio
[xbi] East Sepik province: Dreikikir district, Torricelli mountains. 31 villages. Users: 2,970 (2003 SIL), decreasing. Small groups in West New Britain, Vanimo and Lae areas; a few elsewhere. About 2,400 live in Kombio area. Very few monolinguals. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Endangen, Indiang. Autonym: Akwun. Classification: Torricelli, Kombio-Arapesh, Kombio.
Kominimung
[xoi] Madang province. Users: 320 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,130 (2001 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Iski, Konminimung, Kuminimu, Okmaŋɨheŋgi. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Tamolan.
Konai
[kxw] Western province: Upper Strickland river west side. Users: 600 (2016 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mirapmin. Autonym: Kala̱i̱. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, East Strickland.
Konomala
[koa] New Ireland province: southeast coast. 8 villages. Users: 800 (1985 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,990 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Patpatar-Tolai.
Kopar
[xop] East Sepik province. Users: 20 (Foley 2016). Ethnic population: 300 (Foley 2004). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Lower Sepik, Nor.
Korafe-Yegha
[kpr] Oro province: Tufi district, Cape Nelson headlands. Users: 3,630 (2003 SIL). A very few old women are monolingual. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kailikaili, Kaire, Korafe, Korafe-Mokorua, Korafi, Korape, Kwarafe. Autonym: Korafe-Yegha. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, Nuclear Binanderean, South Binanderean, Coastal Binanderean, Gaena-Korafe.
Koro
[kxr] Manus Province: Lele-Bupi LLG; Los Negros LLG. Users: 1,730 (2015), decreasing. 1,250 in Lelemadih-Bupichupeu LLG (2011 census), 480 in Los Negros LLG (Cleary-Kemp 2015). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Kara. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Manus, East.
Koromira
[kqj] Bougainville province: Kieta district, central mountains and southeast coast, between Metong and Luluai rivers. Users: 2,500 (2007 SIL). 2,300 Koromira and 200 Koianu. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: South Bougainville, Nasioi.
Koromu
[xes] Madang province. Users: 700 (Priestley 2008). Ethnic population: 890 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kesawai, Kesawi, Namuya. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Evapia.
Kosena
[kze] Eastern Highlands province: Kainantu and Okapa districts. Users: 2,780 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Kóséna. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Gadsup-Auyana-Awa.
Kou
[snz] Madang province: between the Mindjim and Napu Rivers, and along the Madang Highway. Users: 3,000 (2017 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Asas, Kow, Sensauru, Sinsauru. Autonym: Kou. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Evapia.
Kovai
[kqb] Morobe province: Siassi district, Umboi and Rooke islands. 13 villages. Users: 6,000 (2011 SIL). Ethnic population: 6,300. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kobai, Kowai. Autonym: Alngubin. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Kovai.
Kove
[kvc] West New Britain province: northwest coast. 24 villages, most on small coastal islands. Users: 8,000 (2015 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 9,810 (2011 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Ngero, Bariai.
Kovol
[kgu] Madang province: 5 km south of Mount Phom. Users: 720 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kobol, Koguman, Kogumar. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Omosan.
Kowaki
[xow] Madang province: south of Kumil river, about 10 km from the coast, south of Sikor and Malala harbor. Users: 25 (Wurm 2000). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Northern Adelbert, Kumil-Tibor, Tibor.
Kuanua
[ksd] East New Britain province: Rabaul district, Gazelle peninsula. Users: 148,000, all users. L1 users: 120,000 (Martin 2013). L2 users: 28,000 (2021). Ethnic population: 120,000 (Martin 2013). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Used as a church language widely in New Ireland and East New Britain provinces within the United Church. It is not used beyond the church domain in most of the language groups that use it for church. Alternate Names: Blanche Bay, Gunantuna, Neu-Pommern, New Britain Language, Tolai, Tuna. Autonym: Tinata Tuna. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Patpatar-Tolai.
Kube
[kgf] Morobe province: Dindiu district, east Mongi river headwaters, lower Kua river valley east slopes, Foris river valley. Users: 7,500 (2000 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 8,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Hube, Kulungtfu-Yuanggeng-Tobo, Mongi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Eastern.
Kubo
[jko] Western province: Lake Murray district, north half Upper Strickland census district, east of Strickland river, north of the Samo [smq] language area. Users: 500 (Dwyer and Minnegal 2007). Status: 5* (Developing). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, East Strickland.
Kumalu
[ksl] Morobe province: Mumeng district. Users: 4,850 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kumara. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, South, Hote-Buang, Buang, Mumeng.
Kuman
[kue] Chimbu province: northern third; Eastern Highlands province: Daulo, Lufa and Unggai-Benna Lufa districts. Users: 185,000, all users. L1 users: 115,000 (2000 census). L2 users: 70,000 (2021). Few monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Major area language used as a trade language for all the other Chimbu languages. Alternate Names: Chimbu, Simbu. Autonym: Kuman. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Chimbu.
Kumukio
[kuo] Morobe province. Users: 1,260 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,260 (2000 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kumokio. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western.
Kuni
[kse] Central province: Kairuku and southwest Goilala districts, toward Port Moresby, south of Mekeo. Users: 2,400 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Peripheral, Central Papuan, West Central Papuan, Nuclear.
Kuni-Boazi
[kvg] Western province: Lake Murray district. Users: 4,500 (2007 SIL), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Boadji, Boazi, Bwadji, Kuini, Kuni. Autonym: Kuni-Boazi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Boazi.
Kunimaipa
[kup] Central province: north Goilala district; Morobe province: Wau district; Oro province: extreme northwest. Users: 8,200 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Goilalan, Kunimaipa.
Kuot
[kto] New Ireland province: northwest coast. 10 villages. Users: 1,500 (Lindström 2005). Ethnic population: 2,400 (2002 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Kuat, Panaras. Autonym: Kuot. Classification: Language isolate.
Kursav
[faj] Madang province: upper Ramu river, near Usino. Users: 10 (Daniels 2015). Ethnic population: 110 (2000 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Faita. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Sogeram, East Sogeram.
Kurti
[ktm] Manus province: north central coast. Users: 3,000 (2002 SIL). About 400 outside the language area. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kuruti, Kuruti-Pare, Ndrugul, Sohou Kurti. Autonym: Kurti. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Manus, East.
Kutong
[skm] Morobe province: Kamdaran, Makwa, Sakam, and Tamunat villages. Users: 1,000 (2011 Ethnos360). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2011 Ethnos360). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Dinangat, Sakam. Autonym: Kutong, Kutong gin. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Uruwa.
Kwanga
[kwj] East Sepik province: Maprik district, beyond west boundary; Makru-Klaplei division, Nuku district; Sandaun province: east of Mehek. 40 villages. Users: 10,000 (2001 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Gawanga, Kawanga. Autonym: Kwanga. Classification: Sepik, Nukuma.
Kwoma
[kmo] East Sepik province: Ambunti district, Sepik and Sanchi river areas. 12 villages. Users: 4,000 (Lambert-Brétière 2018). 800 monolinguals (Lambert-Brétière 2018). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kuome, Washkuk. Classification: Sepik, Nukuma.
Kwomtari
[kwo] Sandaun province: Amanab district, north of Namia. 6 villages. Users: 800 (Honsberger and Tupper 2008). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kefe, Kisofe, Klefe. Autonym: Glefe. Classification: Kwomtari, Nuclear Kwomtari.
Kyaka
[kyc] Enga province: Wapenamanda district; Western Highlands province: Baiyer-Mul district. Users: 12,000 (Draper and Draper 2002). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Baiyer, Enga-Kyaka, Kyaka Eŋa, Kyaka Enga. Autonym: Kyaka. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Enga.
Kyenele
[kql] East Sepik province: Giling village on Yuat river. Users: 1,250 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bulang, Kenen Birang, Kenying, Keyele, Keñele, Kyenying-Barang, Miyak. Classification: Yuat.
Label
[lbb] New Ireland province: southwest coast, Nasko village. Users: 150 (2010 SIL). Ethnic population: 160 (2010 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Autonym: Label. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Patpatar-Tolai.
Labu
[lbu] Morobe province: Labu-Butu, Labu-Miti, and Labu-Tali, Markham river coast area. Users: Ethnic population: 1,500 (2000 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Hapa, Labo, Labu’. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, Markham, Lower, Labu.
Laeko-Libuat
[lkl] Sandaun province: Torricelli mountains, west of Mehek. Users: 720 (2003 SIL). 520 in area; 200 outside. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Laeko, Laeko-Limbuat. Classification: Torricelli, Maimai, Laeko-Libuat.
Lakurumau
[lxm] New Ireland province: Kavieng district, Tikana LLG, Lakurumau village. Users: 800 (2020 C. Volker). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lakuramau, Laxudamau, Loxodumau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, Lavongai-Nalik.
Lala
[nrz] Central province: between Kuni and Waima, inland from the coast, south of Yule Island. Users: 1,540 (Kassell and Potter 2009). Ethnic population: 1,540 (Kassell and Potter 2009). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ala’ala, Nala, Nara, Pokau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Peripheral, Central Papuan, West Central Papuan, Nuclear.
Lamogai
[lmg] West New Britain province: northwest interior, 2 regions on south coast. Users: 6,130 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Akiuru, Akivru, Mulakaino. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Southwest New Britain, Bibling.
Laua
[luf] Central province: north and west of Laua. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (1987 SIL). Status: 10 (Extinct). Alternate Names: Labu. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Mailuan.
Lavatbura-Lamusong
[lbv] New Ireland province: central. Users: 4,580 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lamasong. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, Madak.
Lawunuia
[tgi] Bougainville province: Piva river. Users: 2,000 (2000 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nagarege, Nagarige, Naghareghe, Piva. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Piva-Banoni.
Leipon
[lek] Manus province: Lolo village, Hauwai, Ndrilo, and Pityilu islands. Users: 1,320 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Pitilu, Pityilu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Manus, East.
Lele
[lle] Manus province: Lele-Bupi LLG. Users: 4,500 (Boettger 2015). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Elu-Kara, Hai, Lele Hai, Manus, Moanus, Nongena kor, Usiai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Manus, East.
Lembena
[leq] Enga province: northeast; East Sepik province: Eleme, Isataele, Itopeno, Madawesa, Mokosele, Pipitesa, Saut Mosope, and Yambaitoko villages. Users: 1,760 (2000 census), increasing. 750 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lembena Pii, Nanimba Pii, Uyalipa Pii, Wapi Pii. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Enga.
Lemio
[lei] Madang province: Two villages, one in the Banaga river area, another north of the Ramu river. Users: 270 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Kabenau.
Lenkau
[ler] Manus province: southwest Rambutyo island. 1 village. Users: 380 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 250 (2000 D. Tryon). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Southeast Islands.
Lihir
[lih] New Ireland province: Lihir and 3 smaller islands. Users: 15,000 (Hermer 2016), increasing. Ethnic population: 15,000 (Hermer 2016). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Lir. Autonym: Lihir. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, Tabar.
Likum
[lib] Manus province: west Manus island. Users: 80 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Manus, West.
Lilau
[lll] Madang province: Bogia district. Users: 450 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ngaimbom. Classification: Torricelli, Monumbo.
Loniu
[los] Manus province: Lolak and Loniu villages on Los Negros island south coast. Users: 780 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 660. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lonio, Ndroku. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Manus, Mokoreng-Loniu.
Lote
[uvl] East New Britain province: Pomio district, southeast coast and inland near Cape Dampier. Users: 6,000 (Pearson and van den Berg 2008). 700 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 6,000 (Pearson and van den Berg 2008). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Lohote, Uvol. Autonym: Lote. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Mengen.
Lou
[loj] Manus province: Lou island. Users: 1,230 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Baluan-Lou-Pam. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Southeast Islands.
Lusi
[khl] West New Britain province: northwest coast. Users: 2,130 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kaliai, Kaliai-Kove. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Ngero, Bariai.
Ma
[mjn] Madang province: Mibu and Tariknan villages, area hamlets southwest of Saidor. Users: 570 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 570. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mawam, Mebu. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Yupna.
Ma Manda
[skc] Morobe province: Nawaeb district, Kesengen, Lemang, Maulak, Saut, and Yangaran. Users: 1,600 (Pennington 2018). Ethnic population: 1,600 (Pennington 2018). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sauk. Autonym: Ma Manda. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Erap.
Madak
[mmx] New Ireland province: Central New Ireland district. Users: 3,000 (1985 UBS). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lelet, Mandak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, Madak.
Madi
[grg] Madang province. Users: 380 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,220 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gira, Girara. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Gusap-Mot.
Magi
[mgu] Central province: south coast, near Gadaisu to Baramata, Table bay and Toulon island; Milne Bay province: small area on south coast. Users: 8,500 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mailu. Autonym: Magi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Mailuan.
Magiyi
[gmg] Madang province: Middle Ramu district, Vguvindi village. Users: Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Sogeram, Central Sogeram.
Magori
[zgr] Central province: Table bay east end, Bailebo-Tavenei river lower reaches. Users: 100 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Peripheral, Central Papuan, Oumic, Magoric.
Magɨ
[gkd] Madang province. Users: 50 (2016 D. Daniels). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Sogeram, East Sogeram.
Maia
[sks] Madang province: Bogia district, mainland south of Manam island. Users: 4,500 (2007 SIL). 3,510 in main dialect, 990 in southern dialect (2007 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Banar, Maya, Pila, Saki, Suaro, Turutap, Yakiba. Autonym: Maia. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Northern Adelbert, Kaukombar.
Maiadomu
[mzz] Milne Bay province: Bwaidoka district, east Fergusson island. Users: 900 (2000 SIL), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Maiadom. Autonym: Maiadomu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Bwaidoga.
Maiani
[tnh] Madang province: Bogia district. Users: 3,040 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Banara, Miani South, Tani, Wagimuda. Autonym: Maiani. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Northern Adelbert, Kaukombar.
Maisin
[mbq] Oro province: Ijivitari district, Collingwood bay and Kosirava swamp coast villages. Users: 2,610 (2000 census). 600 in Kosirava dialect. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Maisan. Autonym: Maisin. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, Maisin.
Maiwa
[mti] Milne Bay province: Rabaraba district, Meneao range area; Moi Biri bay coast; into Oro province. Users: 1,470 (2001 SIL), increasing. 330 Gairen, 180 Gwareta, 380 Maiwa, 180 Manigara, 400 Oren (2001 SIL). 74 monolinguals (2001 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,470 (2001 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Autonym: Maiwa. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Dagan.
Maiwala
[mum] Milne Bay province: Alotau district, Huhu LGA, Milne bay head. Users: 3,000 (2015 BTA). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Are-Taupota, Taupota.
Makayam
[aup] Western province: Adulu, Fly estuary, Lewada, Suame, and Sumogi island villages. Janor village (Giribam dialect). Users: 1,300 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Adulu, Atura, Aturu, Makaeyam, Tirio. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Tirio.
Makolkol
[zmh] East New Britain province: Gazelle peninsula. Users: No known L1 speakers. 7 speakers reported in 1988. Some speakers may still be alive (Arlo 2016). Ethnic population: 5 (Arlo 2016). Status: 9 (Dormant). Classification: East New Britain, Baining.
Mala
[ped] Madang province: Bogia district. Users: 1,390 (2003 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Alam, Banara, Dagoi, Dagui, Hatzfeldhafen, Malala, Pai, Pay. Autonym: Mala. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Northern Adelbert, Kaukombar.
Mala
[mmt] Madang province: Bonga, Malalamai, and Yara villages; Rai coast east of Saidor. Users: 800 (Carter et al 2011). Ethnic population: 800 (Carter et al 2011). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bonga, Garingei, Garpunei, Malalamai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Ngero, Bariai.
Malei
[hot] Morobe province: Lae district, Francisco river area. Users: 4,500 (2020 SIL). Ethnic population: 4,500 (2020 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ho’tei, Hote, Hotec, Malei-Hote, Malê. Autonym: Malei. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, South, Hote-Buang, Hote.
Maleu-Kilenge
[mgl] West New Britain province: Talasea district west tip. Users: 7,730 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Idne, Lolo, Maleu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Kilenge-Maleu.
Mali
[gcc] East New Britain province: east Gazelle peninsula. Users: 5,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Baining, Gaktai, Mali-Baining, Neu-Pommern. Classification: East New Britain, Baining.
Malol
[mbk] Sandaun province: Malol village area. Users: 4,560 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Malolo, Malon. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Schouten, Siau.
Mamusi
[kdf] East New Britain province: southeast coast and inland on Melkoi and Torlu rivers. Users: 6,000 (2020 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kakuna. Autonym: Mamusi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Mengen.
Manam
[mva] Madang province: Bogia district, Boesa and Manam islands, Sepa and Wanami on adjacent mainland. Users: 7,950 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 9,000 (Connell and Lutkehaus 2016). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Manum. Autonym: Manam pile. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Schouten, Kairiru-Manam, Manam.
Manambu
[mle] East Sepik province: Ambunti subprovince, Sepik river area. 5 villages. Users: 3,000 (Aikhenvald 2018). No monolinguals (Aikhenvald 2018). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Sepik, Ndu.
Manat
[pmr] Madang province. Users: 50 (Daniels 2015). Ethnic population: 300 (Daniels 2015). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Paynamar. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Sogeram, Central Sogeram.
Mand
[ate] Madang province: Ramu river, northwest of Aiome, upstream from Annaberg. Users: 8 (Daniels 2015). Ethnic population: 330 (2000 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Atemble, Atemple, Atemple-Apris. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Sogeram, West Sogeram.
Mandara
[tbf] New Ireland province: Simberi, Tabar, Tatau. Users: 4,000 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Autonym: Madara. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, Lavongai-Nalik.
Manem
[jet] Sandaun province: Skotiau. Users: 500 in Papua New Guinea (1993 SIL). Total users in all countries: 900. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Jeti, Skofro, Wembi, Yeti. Classification: Border, Waris.
Manep
[mkr] Madang province: Tokain area. Users: 650 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Malas. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Northern Adelbert, Manep-Barem.
Mangseng
[mbh] East New Britain province: Montagu harbor south coast to Fulleborn harbor west; West New Britain province: north coast, south of Commodore bay. Users: 2,560 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Mangsing, Masegi, Maseki. Autonym: Mangseng. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Southwest New Britain, Arawe-Pasismanua, Arawe.
Mape
[mlh] Morobe province: Mape river area. Users: 1,700 (2000 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,110 (2000 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Eastern.
Mapena
[mnm] Milne Bay province: Mount Gwoira area. Users: 450 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Dagan.
Marangis
[wax] East Sepik province: Angoram district, Watam village; Madang province: Bogia district, Marangis village. Users: 700 (Aikhenvald 2004). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2013 PBT). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Watam. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Ottilien, Watam.
Mari
[hob] Madang province: upper Ramu river, 4 villages; Morobe province: extreme northwest. Users: 810 (2000 D. Tryon). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Hop. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, Markham, Upper, Mountain.
Mari
[mbx] East Sepik province: near Mari lake and on Salumei river. Users: 80 (Wurm 2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Sepik, Sepik Hill, Bahinemo.
Maria
[mds] Central province: Abau and Rigo districts, Marshall lagoon to northwest; Oro province: Mount Brown area. Users: 1,350 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Manubara. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Manubaran.
Marik
[dad] Madang province: Madang district, Gogol river area inland. 10 villages. Users: 3,620 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Dami, Ham. Autonym: Marik od. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Bel, Nuclear Bel, Southern.
Maring
[mbw] Madang province: Bismarck range; Western Highlands province: Hagen district. 18 villages. Users: 13,000 (2015 BTA). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mareng, Yoadabe-Watoare. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Jimi.
Matepi
[mqe] Madang province. Users: 280 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 290 (2000 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman.
Mato
[met] Morobe province: Huon peninsula north coast, near Morobe-Madang provincial border, Uruwa river plain west of Wasu, north of Sapmanga, southeast of Saidor. Users: 700 (Stober 2013). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Nenaya, Nengaya, Nineia. Autonym: Mato. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Roinji-Nenaya.
Matukar Panau
[mjk] Madang province: north of Madang town, Matukar village and nearby hamlet. Users: 160 (Anderson et al 2015). Ethnic population: 700 (Anderson et al 2015). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Matugar, Matukar. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Bel, Nuclear Bel, Northern.
Mauwake
[mhl] Madang province: Bogia district. Users: 2,390 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 4,000 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mawake, Ulingan. Autonym: Mauwake. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Northern Adelbert, Kumil-Tibor, Kumil.
Mawak
[mjj] Madang province: south of upper Kumil river, southwest of Malala and Sikor harbor. Users: 25 (Wurm 2000). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Northern Adelbert, Kumil-Tibor, Tibor.
Mawan
[mcz] Madang province: Gogol river area. Users: 400 (2001 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 480 (2000 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Autonym: Mawan. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman.
Mbore
[gai] Madang province: Bogia district, Ramu river area and east. 8 villages. Users: 2,090 (2003 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bore, Borei, Gamai, Gamei, Mborei. Autonym: Mborena Kam. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Ottilien, Borei.
Mbula
[mna] Morobe province: Siassi district, east Umboi island, 6 villages; Sakar island, 1 village. Users: 4,500 (Bugenhagen and Bugenhagen 2007), increasing. 450 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 4,500 (Bugenhagen and Bugenhagen 2007). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Mangaaba, Mangaava, Mangaawa, Mangap, Mangap-Mbula, “Kaimanga” (pej.). Autonym: Mbula. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Mangap-Mbula.
Medebur
[mjm] Madang province: coast just north of Sikor at Medebur. Users: 510 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 510 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Schouten, Kairiru-Manam, Manam.
Mehek
[nux] Sandaun province: Nuku district, Makru-Klaplei area, Torricelli mountains lower foothills, southeast of Siliput. 9 large villages. Users: 6,300 (1994 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Driafleisuma, Indinogosima, Me’ek, Mehek Suma, Nuku. Classification: Sepik, Tama.
Mekeo
[mek] Central province: Kaiyuku district, inland, west boundary is Waima, east are Kuni [kse] and Kunimaipa [kup] language areas; into Gulf province. Users: 20,000 (2015 BTA). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mekeo-Kovio. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Peripheral, Central Papuan, West Central Papuan, Nuclear.
Mekmek
[mvk] East Sepik province. Users: 1,400 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Yuat.
Melpa
[med] Western Highlands province: Hagen district. Users: 100,000 (Stewart et al 2011). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Hagen, Medlpa, Metlpa. Autonym: Melpa. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Hagen, Melpa.
Mende
[sim] Sandaun province: Nuku district, Torricelli range hills sloping south toward Sepik river plains. 15 villages east of Mehek. Users: 6,000 (2006 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Seim. Autonym: Mende. Classification: Sepik, Nukuma.
Mengen
[mee] East New Britain province: Pomio district, Jacquinot bay and inland, 20 villages; West New Britain province: Talasea district, coast, Bismark Sea. Users: 4,000 (2001 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Poeng. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Mengen.
Menya
[mcr] Gulf province: Karema district, Naniwe area; Morobe province: Menyamya district, north Tauri river area and tributaries. Users: 25,000 (Whitehead 2004). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Menyama, Menye. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan.
Meramera
[mxm] East New Britain province: Lolobau island, coast east to Cape Torkoro; West New Britain province: Bialla district, northwest coast to Toriu river and inland. Users: 4,500 (2020 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Melamela, Ubili. Autonym: Meramera. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, Willaumez.
Mesem
[mci] Morobe province: Lae district, Boana subdistrict, interior north of Lae. 14 villages. Users: 4,000 (1997 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Mese. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western.
Mevembet
[keh] East Sepik province. Users: 7,000 (2020 L. Liew). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Keak, Kwaruwikwundi, Malinguat, Sepik Plains, Tshuosh, Tshwosh. Autonym: Mevembet. Classification: Sepik, Ndu.
Mian
[mpt] East Sepik province: Ambunti-Dreikikir district, upper May river, Blimo, Nenebil, Suganga, and Wagarabai; Sandaun province: Telefomin district, north Aki and Fak river valleys, August river headwaters. Users: 3,500 (Fedden 2007). Ethnic population: 3,500 (Fedden 2007). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Mianmin. Autonym: Mian weng. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain.
Miani
[pla] Madang province: Bogia district, inland. Users: 2,990 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bonaputa-Mopu, Kenege, Miani North, Tani. Autonym: Miani. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Northern Adelbert, Kaukombar.
Migabac
[mpp] Morobe province: Masaweng river area. 5 villages divided among 3 dialects: Ago; Butengka and Kapawa; Hudewa and Waringai. Users: 2,600 (2010 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Migaba’. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Eastern.
Migum
[klm] Madang province. Users: 470 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kolom. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Kabenau.
Minanibai
[mcv] Gulf province: Goaribari and Ikobi Kairi census districts, near Omati river mouth, Moka and Pepeha villages. Users: 300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Eme-Eme, Hei, Pepeha. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Inland Gulf, Minanibai.
Minaveha
[mvn] Milne Bay province: Bolubolu district, southwest Fergusson island near Mapamoiwa station. Users: 2,300 (2007 SIL), increasing. 500 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Kukuya, Minavega. Autonym: Minaveha. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Are-Taupota, Taupota.
Mindiri
[mpn] Madang province: Rai Coast area west of Saidor. 1 village. Users: 80 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 300 (2016 J. Claussen). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Bel, Astrolabe.
Miniafia Oyan
[aai] Oro province: Tufi district, Cape Nelson and Collingwood Bay, 4 coastal locations. 20 to 25 villages. Users: 3,470 (2000). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Arifama-Miniafia, Miniafia-Arifama. Autonym: Miniafia. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Are-Taupota, Are.
Minidien
[wii] Sandaun province: north of Beli, Laeko-Libuat. Users: 100 (2004 SIL). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,190 (2000 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Miniden, Wiakei, Wiaki. Autonym: Minidien. Classification: Torricelli, Maimai, Wiaki.
Minigir
[bxf] East New Britain province: Gazelle peninsula, southeast of Cape Gazelle. 12 villages. Users: 4,180 (2012 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bilur, Birar. Autonym: Minigir. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic.
Misima-Panaeati
[mpx] Milne Bay province: Misima district, Calvados chain, Misima island, and Panaieti islands. 32 villages. Users: 20,000 (Callister 2005). 4,000 monolinguals. Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Misima, Misima-Paneati, Misiman, Pana Panaeati, Panaeati, Panaieti, Panayeti, Paneate, Paneyate. Autonym: Pana Misima. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Peripheral, Kilivila-Louisiades, Misima.
Miu
[mpo] West New Britain province: Gimi Rauto district, southwest interior. Users: 395 (2000 D. Tryon). Ethnic population: 1,250. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Myu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Southwest New Britain, Arawe-Pasismanua, Pasismanua.
Moere
[mvq] Madang province: south of Kumil river, Malala harbour, and Sikor. Users: 50 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Northern Adelbert, Kumil-Tibor, Kumil.
Moikodi
[mkp] Oro province: Owen Stanley Range north slopes, Mount Brown to Moni river. Users: 570 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 290 monolinguals. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Doriri. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Yareban.
Molima
[mox] Milne Bay province: Esa’ala district, Ebadidi, Ni’ubuo, and Salakahadi area inland villages on west Fergusson island; central west coast, Fagululu; central south coast, Molima. Users: 3,500 (2009 SIL), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Ebadidi, Fagululu, Morima, Salakahadi. Autonym: Molima. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Bwaidoga.
Momare
[msz] Morobe province: north of Masaweng river. Users: 10. Ethnic population: 800 (2000 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Momale, Momole, Mumare. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Eastern.
Momu
[fqs] Sandaun province: Amanab and Aitape districts, Fas, Fugumui, Kilifas, Utai, and Wara Mayu villages. Users: 2,500 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 5,000 (Honeyman 2016). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bembi, Fas. Classification: Fas.
Mondropolon
[npn] Manus province: north central coast, Manus island. Users: 720 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 720 (2011 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nawe Mondropolon. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Manus, West.
Monumbo
[mxk] Madang province: Bogia District. Users: 410 (2003 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Mambuwan. Classification: Torricelli, Monumbo.
Morawa
[mze] Central province: south coast around Cloudy bay. Users: 1,100 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Mailuan.
Moresada
[msx] Madang province. Users: 200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Murisapa, Murusapa-Sarewa. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Josephstaal, Pomoikan.
Morigi
[mdb] Gulf province: lower Turama census division. Users: 700 (Wurm 1975). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dabura, Morigi Island, Turama River Kiwai, Wariadai. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kiwaian.
Mosimo
[mqv] Madang province: about 30 km inland from the east coast, north of Alexishafen, due west of Garu and Yoidik settlements. Users: 50 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman.
Motu
[meu] Central province: Port Moresby area, coastal villages from Galley Reach and Manumanu to GabaGaba. Users: 39,000 (2008 A. Taylor). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Pure Motu, True Motu. Autonym: Motu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Peripheral, Central Papuan, Sinagoro-Keapara.
Motu, Hiri
[hmo] Central and Gulf provinces: concentrated in Port Moresby area; widely scattered elsewhere: Oro, Milne Bay and Western provinces. Users: 95,000, all users. L1 users: Very few L1 speakers (1992 T. Dutton). L2 users: 95,000 (2021). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Recognized language (1975, Constitution, Articles 67 and 68). Originated with the arrival of European sailor-explorers and missionaries in the 1870s. Developed as a lingua franca in early 1900s in the form of Police Motu used by colonizers and non-indigenous police agents to communicate with Papua New Guinea’s indigenous people. Since about 1970 the use of Hiri Motu as a lingua franca has been declining in favor of English [eng] and Tok Pisin [tpi]. Alternate Names: Hiri, Pidgin Motu, Police Motu. Autonym: Hiri Motu. Classification: Pidgin, Motu based.
Motuna
[siw] Bougainville province: southeast. Users: 16,000 (Stebbins et al 2018). Ethnic population: 16,000 (Stebbins et al 2018). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Siuai, Siwai. Autonym: Motuna. Classification: South Bougainville, Buin.
Mouk-Aria
[mwh] West New Britain province: Kandrian district southeast coast to northwest coast. Users: 3,840 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Aria-Mouk. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Southwest New Britain, Bibling.
Mouwase
[jmw] Gulf province: Omati river. Users: 450 (2011 SIL). Speakers of other languages live at some of the Mouwase villages, especially Omati, and this may have skewed population figures. Speakers are widely scattered in bush villages, hamlets and squatter settlements. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Turama-Kikorian, Kaser.
Mubami
[tsx] Western province: middle and lower Wawoi river; Diwami, Kubeai, Parieme, Paueme, Sogae, Ugu, and Waliho villages on Guavi and Aramia rivers. Users: 1,730 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dausame, Dausuami Mubami, Ta, Tao-Suamato, Tao-Suame. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Inland Gulf, Minanibai.
Mufian
[aoj] East Sepik province: Maprik district, Torricelli mountains, west of Maprik. 36 villages. Users: 11,000 (1998 SIL). 6,000 Filifita (1999 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Muhian, Muhiang, Southern Arapesh. Classification: Torricelli, Kombio-Arapesh, Arapesh.
Mulaha
[mfw] Central province: southeast of Gaile on the coast. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last known speaker survived into the 1950s (Wurm 2007). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Kwalean.
Mum
[kqa] Madang province. Users: 2,500 (Daniels 2015). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Katiati. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Sogeram, Central Sogeram, North Central Sogeram.
Mungkip
[mpv] Morobe province: Kasuka and Mungkip villages. Users: 12 (Retsema et al 2009). Ethnic population: 670 (Retsema et al 2009). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Munkip. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Erap.
Munit
[mtc] Madang province: Trans-Gogol district. Users: 910 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Kokon.
Muno
[grx] Sandaun province: Amanab district. Users: 1,500 (2014 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,600 (2014 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Guriaso. Classification: Kwomtari, Guriaso.
Mur Pano
[tkv] Madang province: Mur village. Users: 1,000 (2012 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Pano. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Korap.
Muratayak
[asx] Madang province: Rai Coast district, east of Saidor. Users: 1,440 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 1,440 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Asat, Maratayak, Mratayak, Murataik. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Warup.
Murik
[mtf] East Sepik province: Angoram district, coast west of Sepik river mouth. Users: 1,200 (Aikhenvald 2004). Ethnic population: 3,130 (2000 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Nor, Nor-Murik Lakes. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Lower Sepik, Nor.
Murupi
[mqw] Madang province. Users: 300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman.
Musar
[mmi] Madang province: inland, west of Tokain. Users: 1,500 (2000 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aregerek. Autonym: Amben. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Northern Adelbert, Kumil-Tibor, Tibor.
Musom
[msu] Morobe province: Busu river tributary. Users: 200 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 320 (2000 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Misatik. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, Markham, Lower, Busu.
Mussau-Emira
[emi] New Ireland province: Emira, Mussau, and Saint Matthias Islands northwest of Kavieng; Goroka, Kavieng, Lae, Madang, and Port Moresby. Users: 6,000 (2015 SIL), increasing. Ethnic population: 6,000 (2015 SIL). Includes 3,500 in the traditional area (2015 J. Brownie). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Emira-Mussau, Musao, Musau-Emira. Autonym: Emira, Mussau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, St. Matthias.
Mutu
[tuc] Morobe province: south of Umboi island, Aramot, Aronai, Malai, Mandok, Mutu Malau, Siassi islands, and Tuam; Yaga village on Umboi Island. Users: 4,000 (Bugenhagen 2010), increasing. Only older adults are monolingual. Ethnic population: 4,000 (Bugenhagen 2010). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Sisi, Tuam, Tuam-Mutu, Tuom. Autonym: Saveeng. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Ngero, Tuam.
Muyuw
[myw] Milne Bay province: Losuia district, Woodlark island. Users: 4,000 (Senft 2020). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Egum, Murua, Murua Dukwayasi, Murua Kaulae, Muruwa, Muyu, Muyua, Muyuwa. Autonym: Aga-Muyuw. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Peripheral, Kilivila-Louisiades, Kilivila.
Mwakai
[mgt] East Sepik province: Angoram district, Kaimbal and Mongol villages, Angoram town outskirts. Users: 200 (Barlow 2020b). No monolinguals (Barlow 2020b). Ethnic population: 1,500 (Barlow 2020b). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Mongol, Mwa. Classification: Mongol-Langam.
Mwatebu
[mwa] Milne Bay province: Normanby island, north central coast. 1 village. Users: 120 (Wurm 2000). 10 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 270 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Dobu-Duau.
Naasioi
[nas] Bougainville province: Kieta district, central mountains and southeast coast. Users: 22,000 (Stebbins et al 2018). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Aunge, Kieta, Kieta Talk, Nasioi. Autonym: Naasioi. Classification: South Bougainville, Nasioi.
Nabak
[naf] Morobe province: Lae district, Busu river east headwaters. 52 villages, 30 settlements. Users: 16,000 (1994 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Naba, Napa, Wain. Autonym: Nabak. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western.
Nabi
[mty] Sandaun province. 3 villages. Users: 620 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Metan, Mitang, Nambieb. Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Palei.
Nafi
[srf] Morobe province: Busu river. Users: 160 (Holzknecht 1988). May be less than 100 speakers (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 540 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sirak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, Markham, Lower, Busu.
Nai
[bio] Sandaun province: Amanab district, southeast of Angor [agg] language area. 3 large villages. Users: 750 (2010 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Biaka, Nai-Biaka. Classification: Kwomtari, Nuclear Kwomtari.
Nakame
[nib] Morobe province: west and northwest of Boana Saruwaged Range south side. 6 villages. Users: 1,640 (2006 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,900 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nakama. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Erap.
Nakanai
[nak] East New Britain province: small area in Pomio district, Mamusi-West Pomio RLLG; West New Britain province: Talasea district, especially Hoskins RLLG, and northwest coast, Biala RLLG, 42 villages. Users: 30,000 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Nakonai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, Willaumez.
Nake
[nbk] Madang province: northwest of Madang. Users: 170 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ale. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman.
Nakwi
[nax] East Sepik province: Augot, Nakwi-Amasu, Tiki, and Uwau villages south of Sawiyanu [amm] language area. Users: 280 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Arai (Left May).
Nali
[nss] Manus province: southeast Manus island; southwest coast, northwest of Titan. Users: 2,900 (2000 census). 200 Okro (2000 D. Tryon). Ethnic population: 4,500. In Okro. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Yiru. Autonym: Nali. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Manus, East.
Nalik
[nal] New Ireland province: north central, Kavieng, on the east coast, 14 villages; west coast, 3 villages. Some in urban areas. Users: 6,500 (2020 C. Volker). Ethnic population: 8,780 (2014 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Fesoa, Fessoa, Lugagon. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, Lavongai-Nalik.
Nama
[nmx] Western province: Morehead district, Daraia, Mata, and Ngaraita villages. Users: 1,200 (Evans et al 2018). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Nambu.
Namat
[nkm] Western province: Morehead district, Mibini village south of Morehead. Users: 170 (Evans et al 2018). Ethnic population: 215 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mibini. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Nambu.
Nambo
[ncm] Western province: Morehead district, Arufe, Bebdeben, Derideri, Gubam, and Pongariki villages bordering Idi [idi] and Nen [nqn] language areas. Users: 710 (Evans et al 2018). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Arufe, Kerake, Keraki, Nambu, Namna, Nmbo. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Nambu.
Namia
[nnm] East Sepik province: Ameni, Edwaki, Iwane, Lawo, Pabei, Panewai village, and Wiyari areas; Sandaun province: Yellow River district, 19 villages. Users: 7,000 (2011 SIL), increasing. 300 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Edawapi, Lujere, Namie, Nemia, Yellow River. Classification: Sepik, Yellow River.
Namiae
[nvm] Oro province: Afore district, inland, Kokoro, Kuae, Sorefuna, Tahama, and Ubuvara villages; Managalas plateau. Users: 1,200 (2003 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Namiai. Autonym: Namiaiko. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Koiarian, Baraic.
Namo
[mxw] Western province: Morehead district, Mari and Tais villages south coast and inland. Users: 370 (Evans et al 2018). Ethnic population: 400 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dorro, Mari, Nä. Autonym: Namo. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Nambu.
Nankina
[nnk] Madang province: Saidor district, upper Nankina river valley. Users: 3,480 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Yupna.
Nanubae
[afk] East Sepik province: Karawari rural district, Imanmeri, Wambrumas and Yamandim villages. Users: 1,270 (Kassell et al 2017). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aunda, Kapagmai, Nanbay. Classification: Arafundi.
Narak
[nac] Madang province: Usino-Bundi district; Western Highlands province: Hagen district, middle Jimi river valley near Tabibuga. Users: 8,000 (Hainsworth et al 2019). 4,200 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 8,000 (Hainsworth et al 2019). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Ganja. Autonym: Narak. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Jimi.
Nawaru
[nwr] Oro province: Ijivitari district, upper Musa river valley area near Sibia. Users: 190 (1990 SIL). Ethnic population: 290 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sirio. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Yareban.
Nehan
[nsn] Bougainville province: Nissan islands. Users: 7,000 (Glennon 2014), increasing. 5,000 Uanuleik, 1,000 Sirouatan, and 1,000 Pinipel (Glennon 2014). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Nihan, Nissan. Autonym: Nehan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Nehan-North Bougainville, Nehan.
Neherneh
[ncn] Manus province: Nauna island. 1 village. Users: 420 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 700 (2019 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nauna, Naune. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Southeast Islands.
Nek
[nif] Morobe province: Nawaeb district, Saruwaged range south side, rugged terrain north of Boana. 5 villages. Users: 2,000 (2011 SIL), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Autonym: Nek. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Erap.
Nekgini
[nkg] Madang province: west of Mot river. Users: 690 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nakgini, Nekeni. Autonym: Nekgini. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Gusap-Mot.
Neko
[nej] Madang province: coast near Biliau. Users: 640 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Yarete. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Gusap-Mot.
Nema
[gsn] Morobe province. Users: 800 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 1,030 (2000 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gusan. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Erap.
Neme
[nex] Western province: Morehead district, Keru and Mitere villages northeast of Morehead. Users: 200 (Evans et al 2018). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Nambu.
Nen
[nqn] Western province: Morehead district, Bimadbn village, between Nambo [ncm] and Idi [idi] language areas. Users: 350 (Evans et al 2018). Ethnic population: 350 (Evans et al 2018). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nen Ym, Nen Zi. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Nambu.
Nend
[anh] Madang province: Pasinkap village area between Ramu and Sogeram rivers. Users: 2,000 (1991 UBS). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Angaua, Nent. Autonym: Nend. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Sogeram, West Sogeram.
Nete
[net] East Sepik and Enga provinces: next to Hewa [ham] language area. 3 villages. Users: 750 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Iniai, Malamauda, Malaumanda, Malumanda. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Enga.
Ngaing
[nnf] Madang province: southwest of Saidor, foothills from coast to Finisterre Range. 15 villages. Users: 2,100 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 2,500 (2005 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Mailang, Sor. Autonym: Ngaing. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Gusap-Mot.
Ngalum
[szb] Sandaun province. Users: 8,000 in Papua New Guinea (1981). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Ngalum.
Nii
[nii] Western Highlands province: Hagen district. Users: 12,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Ek Nii. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Wahgi.
Niksek
[gbe] East Sepik and Sandaun provinces: upper Niksek and east branch of Leonhard Schultze rivers’ headwaters; Sumwari. Users: 930 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Meiyari, Sumwari. Classification: Sepik, Sepik Hill, Sanio.
Nimo
[niw] East Sepik province: Arakau, Binuto, Didipas, Fowiom, Nimo, Uburu, Uwawi, Wamwiu, Wasuai, and Yuwaitri villages. Southeast of Sawiyanu [amm] language area. Users: 350 (1998 NTM). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nimo-Wasawai. Classification: Arai (Left May).
Ningera
[nby] Sandaun province: Vanimo district, east of Vanimo, north of Bewani and Ossima. Users: 150 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Nagira, Negira, Ninggera. Classification: Border, Bewani.
Ninggerum
[nxr] Western province: between Ok Birim and Ok Tedi rivers, east of Ok Tedi to main road linking Kiunga and Tabubil, and north to the main mountain range. Users: 3,950 in Papua New Guinea (2001 UNESCO). 1,600 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 4,000 (2001 UNESCO). Total users in all countries: 4,950. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kasiwa, Kativa, Ningerum, Ninggirum, Ninggrum, Niyium, Obgwo, Tedi, Tidi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland.
Ningil
[niz] Sandaun province. Users: 950 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei.
Niwer Mil
[hrc] New Ireland province: Tangga islands. Users: 6,300 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tanga, Tangga. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Patpatar-Tolai.
Nobonob
[gaw] Madang province: Madang district. Users: 2,400 (2015 BTA), increasing. No monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 2,400 (2015 BTA). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Butelkud-Guntabak, Garuh, Nobanob, Nobnob, Nupanob. Autonym: Nobonob. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman.
Nomane
[nof] Chimbu province: Karimui-Nomane district, Karimui LLG; Eastern Highlands province: Lufa district, Lufa RLLG. Users: 6,700 (2000 census). 3,140 Kewo-Meba, 2,290 Meine, 1,250 Siarha, and 20 Gomla (all men 35 and older). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kiari. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Chimbu.
Nomu
[noh] Morobe province: Huon peninsula north coast. Users: 400 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 1,200 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mida. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western.
Notsi
[ncf] New Ireland province: Central New Ireland district, east coast. Users: 1,840 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Nochi. Autonym: Notsi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, Tabar.
Nuk
[noc] Morobe province: Saruwaged range south side, rugged terrain northeast of Boana. 8 villages. Users: 900 (2006 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,630 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Erap.
Nukeria
[nur] Bougainville province: Atolls district, north of Bougainville island, Nukuria atoll and Puhuria island; Buka island. Users: 500 (Davletshin 2017). 170 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 500 (Davletshin 2017). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Fead, Nahoa, Nuguria, Nukuria. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Nuclear, Samoic-Outlier, Ellicean.
Nukna
[klt] Morobe province: lower Timbe river valley. Users: 1,000 (Taylor 2015). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Taylor 2015). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Komutu. Autonym: Nukna. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Uruwa.
Nukumanu
[nuq] Bougainville province: Atolls district, Nukumanu atoll. Users: 750 (2015 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tasman. Autonym: Nukumanu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Nuclear, Samoic-Outlier, Ellicean.
Numanggang
[nop] Morobe province: Lae district, north of Nadzab. 10 villages; Lae, Mount Hagen, and Rabaul. Users: 2,500 (Hynum 2010). Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,500 (Hynum 2010). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Boana, Kai, Manggang, Ngain, Numangan, Numangang, Sugu. Autonym: Numaŋgaŋ. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Erap.
Numbami
[sij] Morobe province: Lae district. 1 coastal village. Users: 200 (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 240 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Siboma, Sipoma. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, Numbami.
Nyindrou
[lid] Manus province: Manus island west coast. 10 villages. Users: 4,800 (2000 census). Few monolinguals. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Lindau, Lindrou, Nyada, Salien. Autonym: Nyindrou. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Manus, West.
Odiai
[bhf] Sandaun province: Amanab district, north of Upper Sepik river. 3 villages. Users: 240 (2000 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Busa, Busan, Uriai. Classification: Language isolate.
Odoodee
[kkc] Southern Highlands province: southwest corner; Western province: middle Fly district, Hasalibi, Kalamo Lake Campbell, villages on middle Rentoul river south bank past middle Tomu river to Wawoi Falls. Users: 430 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 430 (2003 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kalamo, Nomad, Ododei, Tomu, Tomu River. Autonym: Odoodee. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, East Strickland.
Ogea
[eri] Madang province: Astrolabe bay. Users: 2,210 (2003 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Erima, Nuru, Ogia. Autonym: Ogea. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Nuru.
Oksapmin
[opm] Sandaun province: Telefomin district; Southern Highlands province: Strickland river north bank to Sandaun province border; Western province: Olsobip RLLG. Users: 12,000 (2005 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Oksapmin.
Olo
[ong] Sandaun province: Lumi district. 55 villages. Users: 13,700 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Orlei. Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei.
Ömie
[aom] Oro province: Afore, Kokoda, and Upper Kumusi districts, northwest of Managalasi; Mamama river, and upper Kumusi valley. Users: 1,190 (2000 census). 400 monolinguals. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Aomie, Upper Managalasi. Autonym: Ömie. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Koiarian, Baraic.
One, Inebu
[oin] Sandaun province: Lumi district, West Waipei division, Alkula, Inebu, Kalema, and Windiple villages between east Bewani and west Torricelli ranges. Users: 1,300 (2000 M. Crowther). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aunalei, Inebu, Onele, Oni. Classification: Torricelli, West Wapei, One.
One, Kabore
[onk] Sandaun province: Lumi district, West Waipei division, Abore, Kabore Station, Kara, Sapin, and Wamtip villages between east Bewani and west Torricelli ranges. Users: 300 (2000 M. Crowther). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aunalei, Kabore, Onele, Oni. Classification: Torricelli, West Wapei, One.
One, Kwamtim
[okk] Sandaun province: Lumi district, west Waipei division, Kuamtim village between east Bewani and west Torricelli ranges. Users: 150 (2000 M. Crowther). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aunalei, Kuamtim, Kwamtim, Oni. Classification: Torricelli, West Wapei, One.
One, Molmo
[aun] Sandaun province: west Waipei division, Anononti, Laurela, Molmo, Pusa and Wisoli villages between East Bewani and West Torricelli ranges. Users: 700, all users. L1 users: 500 (2000 M. Crowther). L2 users: 200. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aunalei, Molmo, Onele, Oni. Autonym: One. Classification: Torricelli, West Wapei, One.
One, Northern
[onr] Sandaun province: Lumi district, West Waipei division, Karantu, Koiniri, Parara, Romei, and Wolwale villages between east Bewani and west Torricelli ranges. Users: 2,000 (2000 M. Crowther). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aunalei, Onele, Oni. Classification: Torricelli, West Wapei, One.
One, Southern
[osu] Sandaun province: Lumi district, West Waipei division, Karantu, Koiniri, Parara, Romei, and Wolwale villages between east Bewani and west Torricelli ranges. Users: 200 (2000 M. Crowther). Ethnic population: 300 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aunalei, Onele, Oni. Classification: Torricelli, West Wapei, One.
Onjob
[onj] Oro province: Ijivitari district, Koreat and Naukwate villages inland south of Cape Nelson. Users: 150 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 200 (Bonshek 2005). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Onjab, Onjou. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Dagan.
Ono
[ons] Morobe province: Finschhafen district, northeast Huon peninsula. Users: 11,000, all users. L1 users: 10,000 (2011 SIL), increasing. Population increase due to Bakesu Revival Church activity. L2 users: 1,000 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Ono. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western.
Onobasulu
[onn] Hela and Southern Highlands provinces: midway between Mount Sisa and Mount Bosavi. Users: 1,200, all users. L1 users: 1,000 (2010 SIL). L2 users: 200. 350 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Onabasulu. Autonym: Onobasulu. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Bosavi.
Ontenu
[ont] Eastern Highlands province: Kainantu district. Users: 3,000 (1996 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Ontena. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Gadsup-Auyana-Awa.
Opao
[opo] Gulf province: Orokolo and Keuru area. Users: 2,070 (2005 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Eleman, Nuclear Eleman, Western.
Orokaiva
[okv] Oro province: Popondetta town area. 200 villages. Users: 35,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, Nuclear Binanderean, South Binanderean, Orokaivan.
Orokolo
[oro] Gulf province: Purari river mouth east to Bairu river; Kerema is the main town. Users: 7,500 (Brown 1986). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Bailala, Haira, Kaipi, Kairu-Kaura, Muro, Muru, Vailala, West Elema. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Eleman, Nuclear Eleman, Western.
Orop
[aps] Sandaun province: Aitape district, Arop village. Users: 1,500 (2001 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Arop, Arop-Sissano. Autonym: Orop. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Schouten, Siau.
Ouma
[oum] Central province: south coast around Labu. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the late 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Peripheral, Central Papuan, Oumic.
Oune
[oue] Bougainville province: Crown Prince Range, Asiamana river headwaters southeast to Karewong river. Users: 1,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dapera, Eivo, Ounge. Classification: South Bougainville, Nasioi.
Owenia
[wsr] Eastern Highlands province: Obura district. Users: 640 (2000 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Owena, Owenda, Waijara, Waisara. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Owenia.
Owiniga
[owi] East Sepik province: Amu, Inagri, Samo, and Yei villages southeast of Nimo [niw] language area. Users: 330 (1998 NTM). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bero, Owininga, Samo, Taina. Classification: Arai (Left May).
Oya’oya
[oyy] Milne Bay province: Samarai-Murua district, Bwanabwana local government area, southeast tip of Papuan mainland facing China strait. Users: 380 (2005 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Daiomuni, Kuiaro, Loani, Simagahi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, Suauic.
Pa
[ppt] Western province. Users: 6,500 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 6,500 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Akium-Pare, Pare. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Awin-Pare.
Pagi
[pgi] Sandaun province: Vanimo district, Bewani subdistrict, east and southeast of Kilmeri [kih] language area. 5 villages. Users: 2,140 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bembi, Pagei. Classification: Border, Bewani.
Pahi
[lgt] Sandaun province: north into Maimai Namblo division. Users: 840 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lugitama, Riahoma, Wansum. Classification: Sepik, Tama.
Pak-Tong
[pkg] Manus province: Pak and Tong islands. Users: 1,090 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tong-Pak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Pak-Tong.
Pal
[abw] Madang province. Users: 1,160 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Abasakur. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Omosan.
Paluai
[blq] Manus province: Baluan and Pam islands. Users: 2,500 (Schokkin 2020). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Baluan-Pam, Pam-Baluan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Southeast Islands.
Pamosu
[hih] Madang province: north central, Adelbert Range. Users: 1,800 (Tupper 2012). Ethnic population: 1,800 (Tupper 2012). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Hinihon. Autonym: Pamosu. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Northern Adelbert, Kumil-Tibor, Tibor.
Panim
[pnr] Madang province: west of Madang town. Users: 12 (2019 Western Institute for Endangered Language Documentation). Ethnic population: 420 (2000 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Gum.
Pano
[mqz] Morobe province: Huon peninsula north coast, Bugada, Malasanga, Sigawa, and Singorokai villages from Lepsius Point tip to Wasu. Users: 1,180 (2000 census), including 433 in Singorokai Ward, 461 in Malasanga Ward and 279 in Kiari Ward. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Malasanga. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Korap.
Papapana
[ppn] Bougainville province: northeast coast. Users: 110 (Smith 2015). Ethnic population: 510 (Smith 2015). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Nehan-North Bougainville, Papapana.
Papua New Guinean Sign Language
[pgz] Scattered. Users: 30,000 (2015 N. Simonsson Juhonewe). 30,000 is an estimate, approximately 0.34% of the overall population; unclear if this represents all deaf or only signing deaf. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Recognized language (2015, Decision No. 100/2015, Directive No. 8), National Executive Council (NEC) endorsement of the National Policy on disability 2015–2016 (7 May 2015). Alternate Names: Melanesian Sign Language, PNGSL. Classification: Sign language, Deaf community sign language.
Parawen
[prw] Madang province. Users: 430 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 760 (2000 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Para. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Northern Adelbert, Numugen, Yarawata-Parawen-Ukuriguma.
Pasi
[psq] Sandaun province: southeast corner, Wan Wan division. 3 villages. Users: 360 (2000 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Besi. Classification: Sepik, Tama.
Patep
[ptp] Morobe province: Mumeng district. Users: 1,700 (2003 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Buang, Mumeng, Ptep. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, South, Hote-Buang, Buang, Mumeng.
Patpatar
[gfk] New Ireland province: south central Namatanai district. Users: 10,000 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Gelik, Pala, Patpari. Autonym: Patpatar. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Patpatar-Tolai.
Pawaia
[pwa] Chimbu province: Karimui district; Eastern Highlands province: Lufa and Okapa districts, Lamari river; Gulf province: Baimuru RLLG, Purari river near Oroi. Users: 6,490 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Pauaia, Pavaia, Pawaian, Tudahwe, Yasa. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Pawaian.
Pefiyahe
[ppq] East Sepik province: Tunap/Hustain LLG; Pei village. Users: 200 (2012 NTM). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Pai, Pei. Classification: Sepik, Leonhard Schultze.
Pele-Ata
[ata] East New Britain province: Mamusi-West Pomio RLLG; West New Britain province: Talasea district, inland from Bongula bay in Nakanai mountains. Users: 2,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Peleata, Uase, Uasi, Uasilau, Wasi. Autonym: Ata. Classification: Yele-West New Britain, West New Britain.
Penchal
[pek] Manus province: Rambutyo island. Users: 1,060 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Southeast Islands.
Petats
[pex] Bougainville province: Buka Passage district, Hitau, Petats, and Pororan islands off Buka island west coast. Users: 6,340 (2010 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Majugan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Nehan-North Bougainville, Buka.
Piame
[pin] East Sepik province: middle Sepik region, eastern headwaters of Niksek (April) river. Users: 100 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 97 monolinguals (1981). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Biami. Classification: Sepik, Sepik Hill, Sanio.
Pin
[wmx] Sandaun province: Onei and Sumararu villages. Users: 6 (Honeyman 2016). Ethnic population: 190 (2000 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Womo. Classification: Skou, Skou-Serra-Lagoon, Serra Hills, Rawo-Main Serra, Main Serra.
Pinai-Hagahai
[pnn] East Sepik, Enga, Madang, and Western Highlands provinces border area. Users: 700 (Melliger 2005). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aramo, Hagahai, Miamia, Pinai, Pinaye, Wapi. Classification: Piawi.
Piu
[pix] Morobe province: upper Watut river. 1 village. Users: 100 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 160 (2000 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Kuruko, Lanzog, Sanbiau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, South, Hote-Buang, Buang.
Pole
[kjy] Southern Highlands province. Users: 10,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Erave, Kewa South, South Kewa, South Kewapi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Angal-Kewa.
Ponam
[ncc] Manus province: Ponam island. Users: 560 (2018 SIL). Ethnic population: 560 (2018 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Rahau Ponam. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Manus, East.
Pondi
[lnm] East Sepik province: Angoram district, Langam village. Users: 300 (Barlow 2020a), decreasing. Ethnic population: 620 (Barlow 2020a). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Langam, Mwa. Classification: Mongol-Langam.
Pouye
[bye] Sandaun province: Lumi, East and West Wapei districts. 7 villages: Bulawa, Kiliauto, Komtin, Maurom, Wokien, Wulme, Yukilau. Users: 960 (2003 SIL), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bouye. Autonym: Pouye. Classification: Sepik, Ram.
Puare
[pux] Sandaun province: Puari coast area. Users: 35 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 220 (2000 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Bkwala. Classification: Skou, Skou-Serra-Lagoon, Serra Hills, Puari.
Pulabu
[pup] Madang province. Users: 120 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Kabenau.
Purari
[iar] Gulf province: Kapaina inlet to Orokolo, Purari river. Users: 7,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Evorra, Iai, Maipua, “Namau” (pej.). Autonym: Koriki. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Eleman, Purari.
Pyu
[pby] Sandaun province: October river, Biake No. 2 village. East of Papua, Indonesia border. Users: 250 (2012 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ineisine. Classification: Language isolate.
Qaqet
[byx] East New Britain province: Gazelle peninsula. Users: 15,000 (Hellwig 2019). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Baining, Kakat, Makakat, Maqaqet. Autonym: Qaqet. Classification: East New Britain, Baining.
Ramoaaina
[rai] East New Britain province: Kokopo district, Duke of York Islands. Users: 10,300 (2000 census), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Duke of York, Ramuaina. Autonym: Ramoaaina. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Patpatar-Tolai.
Ramopa
[kjx] Bougainville province: northwest Bougainville island, south of Rapoisi. Users: 6,000 (2000 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kereaka, Keriaka. Classification: North Bougainville, Keriaka.
Rao
[rao] Madang province: Keram river area, to East Sepik province border: lower Ramu valley. Users: 6,000 (1992 UBS). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Annaberg, Rao Breri. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Middle Ramu.
Rapoisi
[kyx] Bougainville province: Kuna district, northwest Bougainville island. Most villages are inland. Users: 3,500 (1998 SIL). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Konua, Kunua. Classification: North Bougainville, Konua.
Rapting
[rpt] Madang province: 30 km north of Madang. Users: 330 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman.
Rawa
[rwo] Madang province. Rai Coast district (Karo dialect), Upper Ramu district (Rawa dialect); dialects on opposite sides of Finisterre Range. Users: 11,500 (1998 SIL), increasing. 7,000 Rawa and 4,500 Karo. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Erawa, Erewa, Raua. Autonym: Rawa, Rawa mande. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Gusap-Mot.
Rawo
[rwa] Sandaun province: coast, 35 km east of Vanimo, Leitre and Rawo area. Users: 640 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Skou, Skou-Serra-Lagoon, Serra Hills, Rawo-Main Serra, Rawo.
Rema
[bow] Western province: Morehead district, Wereavere village. Users: 12 (2012 J. Thiessen). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Bothar. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda.
Rempi
[rmp] Madang province: north coast. Users: 1,590 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: A’e, Ai’, Aic, Erempi, Rempin. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman.
Rerau
[rea] Madang province. Users: 590 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Nuru.
Rifao
[nmw] Milne Bay province: Misima district, island group northwest of Sud-Est. Users: 1,100 (2000 census). 440 monolinguals. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Autonym: Rifao. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Peripheral, Kilivila-Louisiades, Nimoa-Sudest.
Romkun
[rmk] Madang province. Users: 630 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Iski, Olvɨeŋgɨ In’ambreŋgɨ, Romaken, Romkuin. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Tamolan.
Rotokas
[roo] Bougainville province: Central Bougainville district, central mountains. 28 villages. Users: 11,600 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Asiagao reo. Autonym: Rotokas reo. Classification: North Bougainville, Rotokas.
Rumu
[klq] Gulf province: Kikori district, Kikori, Sirebi, and Tiviri rivers north of Kikori. Users: 3,870 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dumu, Kai-Iri, Kairi, Kibiri, Rumū Heì, Rumuwa, Tumu. Autonym: Rumuhei. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Turama-Kikorian, Kairi.
Saep
[spd] Madang province: Gowar river area, Rai coast, east of Madang. Users: 550 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 700 (2001 UNESCO). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Yaganon.
Safeyoka
[apz] Morobe province: Kaiapit, Lae-Wamba, and Menyamya districts. Users: 4,650 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ambari, Ampale, Ampeeli-Wojokeso, Ampele. Autonym: Ampeeli. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan.
Saliba
[sbe] Milne Bay province: China strait, Rogeia and Saliba islands, mainland across from Rogeia island, southwest Sideia island. Users: 3,000 (Oetzel 2019), increasing. 200 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Saliba-Logea. Autonym: Saliba. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, Suauic.
Sam
[snx] Madang province: Rai coast, near the head of Astrolabe Bay along the Kabenau River, Songum, Buan, and Wongbe villages. Users: 700 (Rueck and Jore 2003). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Songum. Autonym: Sam, Songumsam. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Mindjim.
Sama
[nis] Morobe province: upper Erap river, south of Saruwaged range. Users: 2,000 (2006 SIL). Ethnic population: 2,000 (2006 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nimi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Erap.
Samberigi
[ssx] Southern Highlands province: Lake Kutubu district, east of Erave. Users: 5,050 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Sambeleke, Sanaberigi, Sau. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Engan, Angal-Kewa.
Samo
[smq] Western province: Lake Murray district, south Upper Strickland census district, east of Strickland river, north of Nomad. Users: 900 (2001 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Daba, Nomad, Supei. Autonym: Samon. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, East Strickland.
Samosa
[swm] Madang province: inland from Aleishafen on Gogal river north tributary headwaters. Users: 90 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman.
Saniyo-Hiyewe
[sny] East Sepik province: Ambunti district, Wogamus river basin foothills; Sandaun province: Telefomin district, southeast of Wano river; Hiyowe dialect: Maposi village; Saniyo dialect: Hanasi, Malapute’e, Pukapuki, Salunapi, and Sio villages. Users: 1,300 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Sanio-Hiowe. Autonym: Hiyewe. Classification: Sepik, Sepik Hill, Sanio.
Saposa
[sps] Bougainville province: Buka district, island chain south of Buka Island off northwest coast of Bougainville. Users: 2,000 (2015 BTA). Status: 7 (Shifting). Autonym: Faa Saposa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Nehan-North Bougainville, Saposa-Tinputz.
Sarasira
[zsa] Morobe province: upper Markham valley, southeast side of Leron river. Users: 600 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 950 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sirasira, Som. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, Markham, Upper, Mountain.
Saruga
[sra] Madang province: 35 km north of Madang. Users: 130 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman.
Sawiyanu
[amm] East Sepik province: Ambunti district, Ama (Wopolu I), Kauvia (Kawiya), Waniap creek, Wopolu II (Nokonufa), and Yonuwai villages; all on hills rising from the swamp south of Sepik river, south of Namia. Users: 490 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Ama, Sawiyano. Autonym: Sawiyanu. Classification: Arai (Left May).
Seimat
[ssg] Western Manus province: Anchorite and Ninigo islands. Users: 1,400 (2010 SIL). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Ninigo. Autonym: Seimat. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Western.
Selepet
[spl] Morobe province: Kabwum district, Kiari and Pumune river valleys. Users: 7,240 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 7,500. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Selepe. Autonym: Selepet. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western.
Sene
[sej] Morobe province: east end of Huon peninsula. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers likely survived into the 1980s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Eastern.
Sengo
[spk] East Sepik province: Ambunti district, Sengo village west-northwest of Pagwi. Users: 520 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Sepik, Ndu.
Sengseng
[ssz] West New Britain province: southwest interior. Users: 1,750 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Asengseng. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Southwest New Britain, Arawe-Pasismanua, Pasismanua.
Sepa
[spe] Madang province: Manam island south coast, Bogia area. Users: 700 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Schouten, Kairiru-Manam, Manam.
Sera
[sry] Sandaun province: Aitape District; 3 villages. Users: 630 (2001 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Serra, Ssia. Autonym: Ser. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Schouten, Siau.
Seta
[stf] Sandaun province. Users: 180 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 210 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Torricelli, West Wapei.
Setaman
[stm] Western province: North Fly district, Olsobip RLLG, Baktamin area. Users: 500 (Bullock and Van Cott 2010). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain.
Seti
[sbi] Sandaun province. Users: 160 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 160 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Torricelli, West Wapei.
Sewa Bay
[sew] Milne Bay province: center of Normanby island, Sewa Bay area. Users: 4,510 (2000 census). 300 monolinguals. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Duau Pwata. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Dobu-Duau.
Sialum
[slw] Morobe province: Huon peninsula, northeast coast. Users: 400 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 960 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western.
Siane
[snp] Chimbu province: Nambaiyufa census division; Eastern Highlands province: Unggai and Watabung census divisions, Goroka district. Users: 29,000 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Siani, Siyane. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Siane.
Siar-Lak
[sjr] New Ireland province: Namatanai district. Users: 2,500 (Rowe 2005). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lak, Lamassa, Lambom, Siar. Autonym: ep warwar anun dat. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Patpatar-Tolai.
Siawi
[mmp] Sandaun province: south of Sepik river, between Amto and Ama. 1 village. Users: 220 (2007 NTM), increasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Musa, Musan, Musian, Siafli, Siwai. Classification: Amto-Musan.
Sibe
[nco] Bougainville province: Buin district. Users: 12,000 (Stebbins et al 2018), increasing. 100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 12,000 (Stebbins et al 2018). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nagovis, Nagovisi, Nagovisinarai Karetaake, Sibbe, Sibe-Nagovisi. Classification: South Bougainville, Nasioi.
Sihan
[snr] Madang province: 35 km southwest of Madang. Users: 570 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Gum.
Siliput
[mkc] Sandaun province: Makru-Klaplei division, Nuku district, Seleput village north of Mehek. Users: 520 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Mai, Maimai, Seleput, Sokorok. Classification: Torricelli, Maimai, Maimai Proper.
Silopi
[xsp] Madang province: 25 km northwest of Madang. Users: 180 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 350 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman.
Simbali
[smg] East New Britain province: Gazelle peninsula, Avungi and Kavudemki villages. Users: 450 (2012 SIL). Ethnic population: 450 (2012 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Asimbali. Classification: East New Britain, Baining.
Simbari
[smb] Eastern Highlands province: Obura-Wonenara district, Marawaka station, southeast of Lamari river; Gulf province: Kikori district, Baimuru and Ihu RLLGs. Users: 3,850 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Chimbari. Autonym: Simbari. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan.
Simeku
[smz] Bougainville province: Crown Prince Range west of Arawa, Koopei on east slope, Mainoki west. Users: 3,000 (2007 SIL). 2,000 Koopei and 1,000 Mainoki. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: South Bougainville, Nasioi.
Sinagen
[siu] Sandaun province: 30 km south of Aitape. Users: 330 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Galu, Metru. Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei.
Sinasina
[sst] Chimbu province: Sinasina-Yonggamugl district, Sinasina RLLG. Users: 21,000 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Chimbu. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Chimbu.
Sinaugoro
[snc] Central province: Rigo district, south of Kwikila. Users: 18,000 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Sinagoro. Autonym: Sinaugoro. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Peripheral, Central Papuan, Sinagoro-Keapara.
Sio
[xsi] Morobe province: Wasu district, mainland near Sio island. Users: 3,000 (Clark 2012). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Sigawa, Siâ. Autonym: Sio. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Sio.
Siroi
[ssd] Madang province: Saidor district, Kumisanger village. 5 villages. Users: 1,310 (2003 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Suroi. Autonym: Siroi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Kabenau.
Sirva
[sbq] Madang province: 60 km northwest of Madang. Users: 250 (Daniels 2015). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Sileibi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Sogeram, Central Sogeram, North Central Sogeram.
Solong
[aaw] West New Britain province: southwest coast. Users: 4,160 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Arawe, Arove, Pililo. Autonym: Solong. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Southwest New Britain, Arawe-Pasismanua, Arawe, West Arawe.
Solos
[sol] Bougainville province: central and southwest Buka island. Users: 8,830 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Toros. Autonym: Sumoun. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Nehan-North Bougainville, Solos.
Somba-Siawari
[bmu] Morobe province: Finschhafen district, Central Huon peninsula, Lae south of Cromwell Range, Burum river valley and west slopes of Kuat river; scattered in Port Moresby. 30 villages. Users: 10,000 (2000 census). 5,500 Somba, 4,500 Siawari. 1,000 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2001 UNESCO). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bulum, Burum, Burum-Mindik, Mindik. Autonym: Somba-Siawari. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western.
Sonia
[siq] Western and Southern Highlands provinces: west and southwest of Bosavi. Users: 300 (Aiton 2019), decreasing. Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Bosavi.
Sop
[urw] Madang province: Usino Bundi district, Usino subdistrict, northeast of Ramu valley. Users: 2,250 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kari, Usino. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Peka.
Soq
[mdc] Madang province: Astrolabe Bay coast and Finesterre foothills; three villages. Users: 700 (Daniels and Corbett 2019). Ethnic population: 990 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Koliku, Male. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Mindjim.
Sori-Harengan
[sbh] Manus province: Manus island northwest coast; Harengan and Sori islands. Users: 770 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Manus, West.
Sos Kundi
[sdk] East Sepik province: Angoram, Kwaliangua (center village), Saussia, Wosera Gawi district, and Yangoru villages. Users: 3,300 (Richardson and Tupper 2013). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Agbane, Agbanekundi, Akbana, Gaikundi, Soskundi. Autonym: Sos Kundi. Classification: Sepik, Ndu.
Sowanda
[sow] Sandaun province: Amanab district. Users: 970 in Papua New Guinea (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 1,180. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Waina, Wanja, Wanya, Wina. Classification: Border, Waris.
Suau
[swp] Milne Bay province: southeasternmost Papua mainland. Users: 20,810, all users. L1 users: 7,810 (2000 census). L2 users: 13,000 (2021). Status: 3 (Wider communication). A lingua franca around the south-eastern tip of Papua New Guinea. Alternate Names: Iou, Suwau. Autonym: Suau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, Suauic.
Sudest
[tgo] Milne Bay province: Yama-Yele district, Tagula island, west of Rossel island, end of Calvados chain. 17 villages or hamlets. Users: 2,450 (2000 census), increasing. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Sud-Est, Tagula, Vanatinai, Vanga. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Peripheral, Kilivila-Louisiades, Nimoa-Sudest.
Suena
[sue] Morobe province: Lae district, southeast coast, north of Yekora. Users: 3,600 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,700. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Yarawe, Yarawi, Yema. Autonym: Suena. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, North Binanderean.
Suganga
[sug] East Sepik province: Ambunti-Dreikikir district; Sandaun province: Telefomin district, east of Sepik river. Users: 350 (2000 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: North Mianmin, Wagarabai. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain.
Suki
[sui] Western province: Lake Suki. Users: 3,510 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Nausaku, Wiram. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Gogodala-Suki, Suki.
Sukurum
[zsu] Morobe province: upper Markham valley, Leron river northwest side. Users: 1,160 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 1,160 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Wapu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, Markham, Upper, Mountain.
Sulka
[sua] East New Britain province: East Pomio district, Wide Bay coast. Users: 3,500 (Reesink 2005). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Moglon. Autonym: Sulka. Classification: Language isolate.
Sumariup
[siv] East Sepik province: upper Wagupmeri river, Ratoma village. Users: 20 (Coulter 2007). Ethnic population: 130 (2000 census). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Latoma, Smajof, Sogoba, Sohoba, Togoba. Classification: Sepik, Sepik Hill, Bahinemo.
Sumau
[six] Madang province: low mountain ranges between Ramu and Naru rivers. Users: 2,580 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Garia, Kari, Sumau-Garia. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Peka.
Sursurunga
[sgz] New Ireland province: Namatanai district. Users: 5,000 (Benroi et al 2018). Status: 5 (Developing). Autonym: Sursurunga. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Patpatar-Tolai.
Susuami
[ssu] Morobe province: upper Watut valley outside Bulolo. Users: 10 (Wurm 2000). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan.
Tabo
[knv] Western province: lower Aramia river, Alagi, Galu, Saiwase, and Waya villages; Bamu river, Alikinapi village; lower Fly river, Kenedibi, Urio, and Wagumi-Sarau villages; Segero Creek, Segero village. Users: 3,500 (2003 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Hibaradai, Hiwi, Waia, Waya. Autonym: Tabo. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Waia.
Tainae
[ago] Gulf province: Ivori-Swanson district, Famba, Paiguna, and Pio are main villages. Users: 1,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ivori. Autonym: Tainae. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan.
Tairora, North
[tbg] Eastern Highlands province: Kainantu and Obura districts, north of Kainantu. Users: 5,000 (Vincent and Kaave 2010). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Mopara. Autonym: Tairora. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Tairora.
Tairora, South
[omw] Eastern Highlands province: Kainantu and Obura districts, south of Kainantu. Users: 8,000 (Vincent and Kaave 2010). Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Tairora. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Tairora.
Tairuma
[uar] Gulf province: Uaripi and villages near Kerema. Users: 4,500 (Rueck et al 2010), increasing. Ethnic population: 4,500 (Rueck et al 2010). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kerema, Tairuma’a, Uaripi. Autonym: Tairuma. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Eleman, Nuclear Eleman, Eastern.
Takia
[tbc] Madang province: Madang district, Bagabag island, Karkar island south half, Megiar and Serang coastal villages. Users: 25,000 (Ross 2002c). Status: 5 (Developing). Autonym: Takia. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Bel, Nuclear Bel, Northern.
Takuu
[nho] Bougainville province: Atolls district, northeast of Bougainville, Mortlock village, Takuu atoll; scattered, especially on mainland Papua New Guinea. Users: 1,750 (Moesinger 2018). 320 on Takuu atoll. 100 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Mortlock, Taku, Tau, Tauu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Central Pacific, East Fijian-Polynesian, Polynesian, Nuclear, Samoic-Outlier, Ellicean.
Tami
[tmy] Morobe province: Tami Islands and mainland villages south of Finschhafen. Users: 2,100 (2010 SIL), increasing. 1,000 in each dialect. Status: 5* (Developing). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Tami.
Tandɨ
[ygm] Madang province: Saidor district, coast southeast of Seure, Yagomi village. Users: 20 (2020 SIL). Ethnic population: 300 (2020 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Tanda, Yagomi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Warup.
Tanggu
[tgu] Madang province: Bogia district. Users: 3,000 (1991 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Tanggu-Nai, Tanggum, Tangu. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Tanggu.
Tanguat
[tbs] Madang province: south of Tanggu [tgu] language area. Users: 740 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Autonym: Tanguat. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Tanggu.
Tapei
[afp] East Sepik province: Karawari rural district, Awim and Imboin villages, Arafundi river area. Users: 250 (Kassell et al 2017). Ethnic population: 250 (Kassell et al 2017). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tape. Classification: Arafundi.
Tauade
[ttd] Central province: Goilala district northeast; Oro province: Sohe district, Kira RLLG. Users: 12,000 (Stutzman and Stutzman 2016). Ethnic population: 12,000 (Stutzman and Stutzman 2016). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tauata. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Goilalan, Kunimaipa.
Taupi
[awm] Madang province. Users: 320 (2016 J. Claussen). Ethnic population: 320 (2016 J. Claussen). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Arawum. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Kabenau.
Taupota
[tpa] Milne Bay province: Alotau district, Maramatana LGA, East Cape, Garuwahi to Wamawamana, includes Taupota village. Users: 1,280 (2001 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Are-Taupota, Taupota.
Tauya
[tya] Madang province: Ramu river valley, 30 km west of Dumpu. Users: 400 (MacDonald 2013). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Foʔu Po, Inafosa. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Biyom-Tauya.
Tawala
[tbo] Milne Bay province: Alotau district, Awaiama to East Cape, Milne Bay north and south shores, Basilaki and Sideia islands. Users: 16,200, all users. L1 users: 10,000 (2001 SIL). L2 users: 6,200 (2021). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2001 SIL). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Tavara, Tawara. Autonym: Tawala. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Are-Taupota, Taupota.
Tay
[taw] Madang province: Upper Aunjang, middle Asai, and Mjbl valleys. Users: 1,000 (2013 PBT). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Tai, Tai mnm, Tay mnm, Ti. Autonym: Tay. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Kalam-Kobon.
Tayap
[gpn] East Sepik province: Gapun village. Users: 20 (Kulick and Terrill 2019), decreasing. Ethnic population: 300 (Kulick and Terrill 2019). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Gapun, Taiap. Classification: Language isolate.
Tayatuk
[smc] Morobe province: northwest Huon peninsula, on middle Som river, a tributary of Uruwa river, east of Wantoat [wnc] language area. Users: 500 (Guérin 2017). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dinanget, Som, Somm. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Uruwa.
Telefol
[tlf] Sandaun province: Telefomin district, large central area; Western province: North Fly district, Star Mountains and Olsobip RLLGs. Users: 5,630 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Teleefool, Telefolmin, Telefomin. Autonym: Telefol. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain.
Tenis
[tns] New Ireland province: Tench (Enus) island, Kavieng. Users: 30 (Wurm 2000), decreasing. Ethnic population: 250 (2015 J. Brownie). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Tench. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, St. Matthias.
Teop
[tio] Bougainville province: Tinputz district, northeast. Users: 6,000 (Mosel 2015). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Teapu, Tiop. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Nehan-North Bougainville, Saposa-Tinputz.
Terebu
[trb] East Sepik province: Taul coast southeast of Wewak, Turubu village. Users: 130 (1990 SIL). Ethnic population: 470 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Terepu, Turubu, Turupu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Schouten, Kairiru-Manam, Kairiru.
Terei
[buo] Bougainville province: Buin district. Users: 26,500 (2003 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Buin, Kugara, Telei. Autonym: Puuiŋ, Terei. Classification: South Bougainville, Buin.
Tiang
[tbj] New Ireland province: east Djaul island area. Users: 4,000 (2011 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Djaul. Autonym: Tiaang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, Lavongai-Nalik.
Tifal
[tif] Sandaun province: Telefomin district, south of Sepik river; Western province: North Fly district, Star Mountains RLLG. Users: 3,600 (2003 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Tifalmin. Autonym: Tifal. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain.
Tigak
[tgc] New Ireland province: Kavieng district, west Djaul island. Users: 10,000 (Jenkins 2005). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Omo. Autonym: Tigak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, Lavongai-Nalik.
Timbe
[tim] Morobe province: Kabwum district, Timbe river valley and tributaries. Users: 11,000 (1991 SIL), increasing. 6,000 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Status: 5 (Developing). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western.
Tinputz
[tpz] Bougainville province: Teop-Tinputz district. Users: 5,350 (2004 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Timputs, Vasui, Vasuii, Wasoi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Nehan-North Bougainville, Saposa-Tinputz.
Titan
[ttv] Manus province: Manus island, southeast coast, Baluan, Bundro, Johnson, M’buke, Rambutyo, Tawi, Tilianu, and Wal islands. Users: 5,100 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: M’bunai, Manus, Moanus, Tito. Autonym: Titan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Manus, East.
Toaripi
[tqo] Gulf province: Cape Possession to Cape Cupola, Kerema is a main town. Users: 25,200 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: East Elema, Motumotu. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Eleman, Nuclear Eleman, Eastern.
Tobo
[tbv] Morobe province: upper Kuat river valley, south of Cromwell range. Users: 3,230 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Huon, Western.
Tok Pisin
[tpi] Widespread. Users: 4,122,000 in Papua New Guinea, all users. L1 users: 122,000 in Papua New Guinea (2004 SIL), increasing. L2 users: 4,000,000 (2001 UNESCO). 50,000 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Total users in all countries: 4,125,740 (as L1: 125,740; as L2: 4,000,000). Status: 1 (National). De facto national language. Alternate Names: Melanesian English, Neomelanesian, New Guinea Pidgin English, Pidgin, Pisin. Autonym: Tok Pisin. Classification: Creole, English based, Pacific.
Tokano
[zuh] Eastern Highlands province: Goroka district. Users: 6,000 (1982 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Gamuso, Tokama, Yufiyufa, Zaka. Autonym: Gamoze. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Gahuku-Benabena.
Tomoip
[tqp] East New Britain province: Pomio district, Waterfall Bay to Wide Bay and interior; West New Britain province: Talasea district, inland from Open bay, small border area. Users: 2,000 (2002 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Tomoive, Tomoyp, Tumie, Tumuip. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, Tomoip.
Torau
[ttu] Bougainville province: southeast coast, north of Kieta. Users: 2,000 (Jepson 2014). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Rorovana. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Mono-Uruava.
Toura
[don] Central province: Galley Reach area, 50 km northwest of Port Moresby. Users: 1,800 (2007 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Doura. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Peripheral, Central Papuan, West Central Papuan, Nuclear.
Tulil
[tuh] East New Britain province: Gazelle peninsula; Taulil 1, Taulil 2, Kadaulung, and Toma villages. Users: 2,000 (2012 SIL). Ethnic population: 2,440 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Taulil. Classification: East New Britain, Taulil.
Tulu-Bohuai
[rak] Manus province: Bohuai, Peli island, Pelipowai. Users: 1,970 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bohuai, Bohuai-Tulu, Bowai, Pahavai, Pelipowai, Pohuai. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Eastern, Manus, West.
Tuma-Irumu
[iou] Morobe province: Kaiapit district, Wantoat subdistrict. Users: 1,100 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,560 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Irumu, Tatuma-Irumu, Tuma, Upper Irumu. Autonym: Tuma Man. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Wantoat.
Tumleo
[tmq] Sandaun province: Tumleo island, Aitape coast area. Users: 790 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Schouten, Siau.
Tungag
[lcm] New Ireland province: Lamet district, New Hanover, Tingwon, and Umbukul islands. Users: 16,000 (Fast 2015). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Dang, Lavangai, Lavongai, Toangai, Tungak. Autonym: Tungag. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, Lavongai-Nalik.
Turaka
[trh] Milne Bay province: southwest of Radarada and Ruaba, inland from Goodenough bay. Users: 25 (Wurm 2000). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Dagan.
Turumsa
[tqm] Western province: Middle Fly district, Makapa village. Users: 5 (2002 SIL), decreasing. Possibly no remaining speakers (2011). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Bosavi.
Tuwari
[tww] Sandaun province: middle Sepik region, upper Walio river; near Akiapmin south of Central Range. Users: 360 (2000 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Sepik, Leonhard Schultze.
Uare
[ksj] Central province: Rigo Inland district, southeast of Port Moresby, Hunter and Kemp Welsh rivers. Users: 1,300 (2004 SIL). 550 Garihe, 750 Uare (2004 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Kwale, Kware. Autonym: Uare. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Kwalean.
Ubir
[ubr] Milne Bay province: Alotau district, Makamaka RLLG; Oro province: Afore district, Tufi RLLG, Collingwood Bay coast, Kwagila river; Milne Bay provincial border area. Users: 2,560 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kubiri, Ubiri. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Are-Taupota, Are.
Ufim
[ufi] Morobe province: Markham river upper reaches. Users: 1,320 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Gusap-Mot.
Uisai
[uis] Bougainville province: Buin district. Users: 350 (2001 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 1,500 (2001 UNESCO). Status: 4 (Educational). Classification: South Bougainville, Buin.
Ukuriguma
[ukg] Madang province: 40 km northwest of Madang. Users: 170 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Northern Adelbert, Numugen, Yarawata-Parawen-Ukuriguma.
Ulau-Suain
[svb] Sandaun province: Suain coastal area, Ulau 1, Ulau 2. Users: 2,800 (2003 SIL), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ainiayn, Suain. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Schouten, Siau.
Ulwa
[yla] East Sepik province: Angoram district, Dimiri, Manu, Maruat, and Yaul villages. Users: 700 (Barlow 2018). Ethnic population: 3,900 (Barlow 2018). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Yaul. Classification: Mongol-Langam.
Uma
[roe] Madang and Morobe provinces: 1 village in each province, north coast of Huon peninsula, northwest of Wasu, north-northwest of Sapmanga, southeast of Saidor. Users: 450 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 740 (2020 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Gali, Roinji, Ronji. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Roinji-Nenaya.
Umanakaina
[gdn] Milne Bay province: Rabaraba district, Goodenough Bay coast, inland between Mount Gwoira and Mount Simpson. Users: 2,810 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Gvede, Gweda, Gwede, Gwedena, Umanikaina. Autonym: Umanakaina. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Dagan.
Umbu-Ungu
[ubu] Western Highlands province. Tambul district (No-Penge dialect), lower Kaugel district (Kala dialect), Southern Highlands province (Andelale dialect). Users: 32,000 (Head 2010). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Gawigl, Gawil, Hagen, Imbo-Ungu, Kakoli, Kaugel, Kauil, Ubu Ugu, Umbongu. Autonym: Umbu-Ungu. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Hagen, Kaugel.
Umeda
[upi] Sandaun province: Amanda district, south of Imonda. Users: 290 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Border, Bewani.
Uneapa
[bbn] West New Britain province: Talasea district, Unea island, off northwest coast. Users: 12,000 (2010 Ethnos360). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Bali, Bali-Vitu, Unea. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, Bali-Vitu.
Uni
[uni] Sandaun province: West Aitape LLG, Ramo village; south of Sera and Sissano coast. Users: 670 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 670 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Ramo. Classification: Skou, Skou-Serra-Lagoon, Serra Hills, Lagoon.
Unserdeutsch
[uln] Scattered. Users: 10 in Papua New Guinea (2016 P. Maitz). Total users in all countries: 110. Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Rabaul Creole German. Classification: Creole, German based.
Unubahe
[unu] Milne Bay province: Gumini village. Users: 7 (2012 SIL). Ethnic population: 59 (2001 SIL). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Unoba’i. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, Suauic.
Ura
[uro] East New Britain province: Gazelle peninsula. Users: 5,000 (2018 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Auramot, Uramet, Uramit, Uramot, Uramät. Autonym: Ura. Classification: East New Britain, Baining.
Urapmin
[urm] Sandaun province: Telefomin district, southern headwaters Sepik river; Western province: North Fly district, Olsobip RLLG, Dumidubi area. Users: 370 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Urap. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Mountain.
Urat
[urt] East Sepik province: Dreikikir district, southwest of Wom, south of Kombio. 20 villages, several hamlets. Users: 7,000 (Arminen et al 2017), decreasing. 2,500 in Wasep Yehre (Arminen et al 2017). Status: 6b (Threatened). Autonym: Urat. Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Urat.
Uri
[uvh] Morobe province: Boana district. Users: 3,000 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 3,110 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Erap, Uri Vehees, Urii. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Erap.
Urim
[uri] East Sepik province: Maprik subdistrict; Sandaun province: Nuku subdistrict, southwest of Kombio. 16 villages. Users: 4,000 (Wood 2012). 40 monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kurom, Kwrom, Tayon, Wan. Autonym: Urim. Classification: Torricelli, Urim.
Urimo
[urx] East Sepik province: 35 km south of Wewak. Users: 800 (2003 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Ulimo, Yaugiba. Classification: Torricelli, Marienberg.
Uruava
[urv] Bougainville province: southeast coast. Users: No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s. Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Mono-Uruava.
Usan
[wnu] Madang province: Madang district, 65 km northwest of Madang. Users: 1,400 (1991 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Wanuma. Autonym: Usan. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Northern Adelbert, Numugen, Karian-Usan-Yaban.
Usarufa
[usa] Eastern Highlands province: Okapa district. Users: 1,200 (2009 S. Bird). Ethnic population: 4,700 (2000 census). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Usurufa, Uturupa. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Gadsup-Auyana-Awa.
Utarmbung
[omo] Madang province. Users: 1,170 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Namnd, Osum, Utarmbu. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Josephstaal, Osum.
Utu
[utu] Madang province: 30 km west of Madang. Users: 1,010 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman.
Uya
[usu] Madang province: Trans-Gogol district. Users: 270 (2003 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Usu. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Nuru.
Uyajitaya
[duk] Madang province: 30 km south of Madang. Users: 1,050 (Kassell et al 2008). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Abowe, Amito, Amowe, Duduela, Koki, Uyaji, Xuyadzitaya, Yabatia. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Nuru.
Vehes
[val] Morobe province: near the coast between Lae and Salamaua. 1 village. Users: 70 (Wurm 2000). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Buasi, Vehees. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, South, Hote-Buang, Buang.
Vinitiri
[vmg] East New Britain province: Ataliklikun bay, Lungalunga and Vunamarita villages on Gazelle peninsula. Users: 6,000 (2012 SIL). Ethnic population: 6,000 (2012 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Lungalunga, Minigir, Minigiri, Tavue, Vinitiri Tuna. Autonym: Vinitiri, Vinitiri Lungalungá. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Mono-Uruava.
Vitu
[wiv] West New Britain Province: Talasea district, Vitu and Bali islands off northwest coast. Users: 7,000 (van den Berg and Bachet 2006). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Bali-Vitu, Muduapa, Pole Matotoa, Tok Vitu, Vittu, Witu. Autonym: Pole Vitu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, Bali-Vitu.
Vula’a
[hul] Central province: Hood peninsula; National Capital District. Users: 5,000 (Van Heekeren 2014). Ethnic population: 5,000 (Van Heekeren 2014). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bula’a, Hula, Vulaa. Autonym: Vula’a. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Peripheral, Central Papuan, Sinagoro-Keapara.
Waboda
[kmx] Western province: Wabuda island, Dameratamu, Gesoa, Kabaturi, Maduduo, Meipani, Sagero, Tirere, and Wapi villages on Fly river mouth north bank. Users: 2,750 (2003 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Wabuda. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kiwaian.
Wadaginam
[wdg] Madang province: 30 km southeast of Erima. Users: 950 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Wadaginamb. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, South Adelbert, Josephstaal, Wadaginam.
Wa’ema
[wag] Milne Bay province: Alotau district, Huhu local government area, Giligili estates to Turnbull war memorial, Milne Bay area north up to East Cape coastal range. Users: 1,020 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Waiema. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Are-Taupota, Taupota.
Waffa
[waj] Eastern Highlands province: Kainantau district, small border area near To’okena; Morobe province: Kaiapit district, Waffa river headwaters, 5 villages. Users: 1,990 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Vuafaaqaa. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Kainantu, Tairora.
Wagama
[abg] Eastern Highlands province: Henganofi district, Dunantina valley, Kese village. Users: 600 (2017 SIL). No monolinguals (2017 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2017 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Abaga, Vaga, Wagaba. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Kalam-Kobon.
Wagawaga
[wgb] Milne Bay province: Upper and Lower Dawadawa wards, along Tawala river and east of Wagawaga village, in the middle of Tawala [tbo] language area. Users: 600 (2000 census). 60 monolinguals. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Baeaula, Beauli, Ealeba, Gamadoudou, Gibara, Kilikilana. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, Suauic.
Wagi
[fad] Madang province: northwest of Madang, Foran, Kamba, Kauris, Mis, and Silibob villages. Users: 3,380 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Foran, Furan, Kamba, Mis-Kemba. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman.
Wahgi
[wgi] Jiwaka province: Minj district; Chimbu province: south of Wahgi river. Users: 39,000 (1999 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Banz. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Wahgi.
Waima
[rro] Central province: Bereina district, Hall Sound shores between Yule island and mainland, northwest of Port Moresby. Users: 12,000 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 15,000 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Roro. Autonym: Waima. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Peripheral, Central Papuan, West Central Papuan, Nuclear.
Walio
[wla] East Sepik province: Walio (Leonhardt Schultze) river. Users: 230 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Sepik, Leonhard Schultze.
Walman
[van] Sandaun province: east of Aitape. Users: 1,740 (2003 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Koroko, Koruon, Valman. Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei.
Wamas
[wmc] Madang province: 40 km north of Madang. 10 villages. Users: 220 (2000). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman.
Wampar
[lbq] Morobe province: lower Markham and Wamped rivers. Users: 15,000 (Beer and Bender 2015). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Laewamba, Laewomba, Laiwomba, Ngaeng Wampar. Autonym: Dzob Wampar, Wampar. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, Markham, Lower, Wampar.
Wampur
[waz] Morobe province: Wanton river, Mirir and Wampur villages (Holzknecht 1989); some in Aringon village of Waffa [waj] language group. Users: 530 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 550. Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Wampul. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, Markham, Upper, Mountain.
Wanambre
[wnb] Madang province: 55 km west of Karkar island. Users: 590 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Vanambere. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Northern Adelbert, Kumil-Tibor, Tibor.
Wanap
[wnp] Sandaun province: north of Mehek, northeast of Siliput. Users: 1,070 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kayik. Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Palei.
Wantoat
[wnc] Morobe province: Kaiapit district, Bam, Leron, and Wantoat rivers. Users: 8,000 (Quigley 2012). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Wantoat.
Wára
[tci] Western province: Morehead district, villages west of Morehead. Users: 930 (Evans et al 2018). 150 Anta, 200 Komnzo, 350 Wára, 100 Wèré, and 130 Kémä (Evans et al 2018). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ara, Kamindjo, Rouku, Tjokwai, Tokwasa, Upper Morehead, Vara, Wärä, Yumbar. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda.
Waran
[byz] East Sepik and Madang provinces. Users: 4,000 (2019 PBT). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Banar, Banara, Banaro. Autonym: Waran. Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Ramu, Grass.
Waris
[wrs] Sandaun province: Amanab district, Wasengla area. Users: 2,500 in Papua New Guinea (2008 SIL), increasing. Total users in all countries: 3,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Autonym: Walsa. Classification: Border, Waris.
Wartha Thuntai
[gnt] Western province: Morehead district; Torassi River area. Users: 430 (Evans et al 2018). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Guntai, Kan, Thuntai, Warta Thuntai, Wartha. Classification: South-Central Papuan, Morehead-Upper Maro, Tonda.
Waruna
[wrv] Western province: Aramia river area, Waruna village. Users: 600 (1991 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Gogodala-Suki, Gogodala.
Warwar Feni
[hrw] New Ireland province: Feni islands. Users: 2,100 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Anir, Feni, Tangga. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Meso Melanesian, New Ireland, South New Ireland-Northwest Solomonic, Patpatar-Tolai.
Wasembo
[gsp] Morobe province: west of Ufim. Users: 830 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Biapim, Gusap, Yankowan. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang.
Waskia
[wsk] Madang province: Madang district, northern half of Karkar island. Users: 20,000 (2007 SIL). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Vaskia, Woskia. Autonym: Waskia. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Kowan.
Watakataui
[wtk] East Sepik province: middle Korosameri river branch, Meska and Wenim villages. Users: 750 (2020 Ethnos360). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Waxe. Classification: Sepik, Sepik Hill, Bahinemo.
Watiwa
[wtf] Madang province: upper Ramu river valley, close to Dumpu station. Users: 510 (2003 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Dumpu, Watifa. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Evapia.
Waube
[kop] Madang province: Astrolabe bay region, southeast of Madang town, near the Ioworo, Mindjim, and Naru rivers, 9 villages. Users: 1,650 (Kassell et al 2009). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Kwato, Waupe. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Nuru.
Wedau
[wed] Milne Bay province: Rabaraba district, Weraura local government area, mainland from Kuvira Bay to Dogura along north coast. Users: 13,700, all users. L1 users: 2,700 (2001 SIL). L2 users: 11,000 (2021). 900 monolinguals. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Prestige language and LWC for other language groups. Alternate Names: Wamira, Wedaun, Wedawan. Autonym: Pona Wedau. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Are-Taupota, Taupota.
Weliki
[klh] Morobe province: lower Timbe river valley. Users: 670 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 760 (2016 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Karangi, Weleki. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Uruwa.
Weri
[aon] East Sepik province: Maprik district, Torricelli mountains, south of Wom. 13 villages. Users: 4,340 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 8,680. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bambita Arapesh, Bumbita Arapesh, But Arapesh. Autonym: Weri. Classification: Torricelli, Kombio-Arapesh, Arapesh.
Wia
[ssj] Madang province: Upper Ramu river, near Koropa. Users: 500 (2000 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Sausi, Uya, Wiya. Autonym: Wia, Witi. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Evapia.
Wiarumus
[tua] East Sepik province: Mandi village, southeast of Wewak on coast. Users: 460 (2000 census). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Imandi, Mandi. Autonym: Wiarumus. Classification: Torricelli, Marienberg.
Wipi
[gdr] Western province: east third of area between Fly delta, estuary, and south coast. Users: 3,290 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Jibu, Oriomo, “Gidra” (pej.). Autonym: Wipi. Classification: Eastern Trans-Fly.
Witu
[wiu] Southern Highlands province: Ialibu district. Users: 20,000 (Stewart and Strathern 2002). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Wiru. Autonym: Witu. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Wiru.
Wogamusin
[wog] East Sepik province: Ambunti district, juncture of Niksek (April) and Sepik rivers. 4 villages. Users: 700 (1998 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Wongamusin. Classification: Sepik, Wogamusin-Chenapian.
Wogeo
[woc] East Sepik province: Koil islands and Vokeo islands. Users: 1,600 (Exter 2012). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Oageva, Uageo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Schouten, Kairiru-Manam, Manam.
Wom
[wmo] East Sepik province: Maprik district, east of Wara Sikau; Dreikikir district, west of Maprik; Torricelli mountain foothills. 12 villages. Users: 4,260 (2003 SIL). Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Mie, Wam. Classification: Torricelli, Kombio-Arapesh, Kombio.
Wutung
[wut] Sandaun province: Vanimo district, coast bordering Papua, Indonesia, Wutung village. Users: 580 (Marmion 2010). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Udung. Classification: Skou, Skou-Serra-Lagoon, Nuclear Skou, Eastern Skou.
Wuvulu-Aua
[wuv] Western Manus province: Aua, Durour, Maty, and Wuvulu islands. Users: 1,600 (Hafford 2014). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Aua-Viwulu, Viwulu-Aua. Autonym: Wuvulu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Admiralty Islands, Western.
Yabem
[jae] Morobe province: Huon peninsula, near Finschhafen coast. Users: 18,080, all users. L1 users: 2,080 (McElhanon 1978). L2 users: 16,000 (2021). Ethnic population: 5,890 (2000 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Jabem, Jabim, Laulabu, Yabim. Autonym: Jabêm. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, North.
Yaben
[ybm] Madang province: 65 km northwest of Madang. Users: 1,090 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Northern Adelbert, Numugen, Karian-Usan-Yaban.
Yabong
[ybo] Madang province. Users: 1,500 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Autonym: Yabong. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Rai Coast, Yaganon.
Yagaria
[ygr] Eastern Highlands province: Goroka district. Users: 37,800 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Autonym: Yagaria. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Kamano-Yagaria.
Yagwoia
[ygw] Eastern Highlands province: Iqwalaqamalje; Gulf province: Gwase; Morobe province: Hiqwase, Hiqwaye, and Yeqwangilje. Users: 10,000 (2005 R. Westerveld). 1,500 Iwalaqamalje, 1,500 Gwase, 7,000 Hiqwaye, Hiqwase, Yeqwangilje. Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Kokwaiyakwa, Yeghuye. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan.
Yahang
[rhp] Sandaun province: west of Mehek. Users: 1,430 (2003 SIL). 1,120 in area, 66 outside. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Ruruhi’ip, Ruruhip, Ya’unk. Classification: Torricelli, Maimai, Maimai Proper.
Yakaikeke
[ykk] Milne Bay province: Alotau district, Weraura local government area, Goodenough Bay between Wedau and Radava, Diruna near Manubada. Users: 100 (1998 SIL). Ethnic population: 240 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Iakaikeke. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, North Papuan Mainland-D’Entrecasteaux, Are-Taupota, Taupota.
Yalaku
[ylg] East Sepik province: Ambunti district, 3 villages. Users: 900 (Aikhenvald 2018). No monolinguals (Aikhenvald 2018). Ethnic population: 900 (Aikhenvald 2018). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Buiamanambu, Kaunga, Yelogu. Classification: Sepik, Ndu.
Yale
[nce] Sandaun province: Amanab district, west of Namia. 6 villages. South of Kwomtari [kwo] language, north of Abau [aau] language area, northeast of Busa [bhf] language area, east of Biaka [bio] language area, southeast of Angor [agg] and Awai [amn] language areas. Users: 600 (2015 SIL). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Nagatiman, Nagatman, Yadë, Yarë. Autonym: Yalë. Classification: Language isolate.
Yaleba
[ylb] Milne Bay province: Huhu LGA, Dalidali, Gamadoudou, Gibara, Gwaugulina, Iwame, Kilakilana, and Wanabelo villages. Users: 1,330 (2005 SIL). Only 25 Sileba dialect speakers. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Aisana. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Nuclear, Suauic.
Yamap
[ymp] Morobe province: Francisco river area. Users: 1,580 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, South, Hote-Buang, Hote.
Yambes
[ymb] East Sepik province: Dreikikkir district, east and southeast of Kombio, northwest of Wom. 4 villages. Users: 1,080 (2003 SIL), decreasing. No monolinguals. Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Torricelli, Kombio-Arapesh, Kombio.
Yangum Dey
[yde] Sandaun province: Nuku district. Users: 180 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Palei.
Yangum Gel
[ygl] Sandaun province: Nuku district. Users: 45 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 45 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Palei.
Yangum Mon
[ymo] Sandaun province: Nuku district. Users: 730 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Aiku, Malek, Menandon, Minendon. Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Palei.
Yarawata
[yrw] Madang province. Users: 130 (2003 SIL). Status: 8a (Moribund). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Northern Adelbert, Numugen, Yarawata-Parawen-Ukuriguma.
Yareba
[yrb] Oro province: Ijitivari and Popondetta districts, Moni river basin. Users: 1,230 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Middle Musa. Autonym: Yareba. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Southeast Papuan, Yareban.
Yau
[yyu] Sandaun province: northwest of Lumi, Senim village. Users: 200 (2014 SIL). Ethnic population: 350 (2014 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei.
Yau
[yuw] Morobe province: Kabwum district, Boit, Boksawin, Komdaron, Kotet, Mitmit, Mup, Sapmanga, Sapurong, Sindamon, Sugan, Towet, Worin, and Yawan villages. Users: 2,380 (2000 census). 1,000 Nungon (Sarvasy 2014). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Uruwa. Autonym: Yaö. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Uruwa.
Yaweyuha
[yby] Eastern Highlands province: Goroka district, south of Goroka. Users: 2,340 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Yabiyufa, Yawiyuha. Autonym: Yaweyuha. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Kainantu-Goroka, Gorokan, Siane.
Yawiyo
[ybx] East Sepik province: Ambunti-Dreikikir district; Sandaun province: Telefomin district, east of Duranmin, 3 villages; language area situated astride upstream portion of Wano river. Users: 66 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Yabio. Classification: Sepik, Leonhard Schultze.
Yawuno Teneyo
[itr] East Sepik province: northwest Ambunti Dreikikir district; Sandaun province: Rocky Peak mountains. Users: 500 (Brooks 2020). Ethnic population: 800 (2015 The Traveling Team). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Alowiemino, Iteri, Iyo, Laro, Rocky Peak, Yawuno, Yinibu. Classification: Arai (Left May).
Yekora
[ykr] Morobe province: Morobe government station area. 2 villages. Users: 1,050 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,080 (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, Yekora.
Yélî Dnye
[yle] Milne Bay province: Misima district, Rossel island at Calvados chain east end; Alotau and Port Moresby. Users: 5,000 (Levinson 2015). 400 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 5,000 (Levinson 2015). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Rossel, Yela, Yelatnye, Yele, Yelejong, Yeletnye, Yelidnye. Autonym: Yélî Dnye. Classification: Yele-West New Britain, Yele.
Yerakai
[yra] East Sepik province: Ambunti district, southeast near government station. 2 villages. Users: 380 (2000 census). Status: 6b* (Threatened). Alternate Names: Yerekai. Classification: Sepik, Yerakai.
Yeri
[yev] Sandaun province: south-southeast of Aitape, on upper Om river, Yapunda village. Users: 150 (Wilson 2017). Status: 8a (Moribund). Alternate Names: Reiwo, Yapunda, wigal Yeri. Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei.
Yessan-Mayo
[yss] East Sepik province: Ambunti district; Sandaun province: Wan Wan district, south of Mehek. 10 villages. Users: 1,990 (2000 census). 993 Yawu dialect (2000 census). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Maio-Yesan, Mayo, Mayo-Yesan, Yasyin, Yesan. Autonym: Yamano. Classification: Sepik, Tama.
Yil
[yll] Sandaun province: northwest of Au [avt] language area. 16 villages. Users: 2,470 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei.
Yimas
[yee] East Sepik province: near Chambri, Arafundi and middle Karawari rivers. Users: 50 (Foley 2016). Ethnic population: 350 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Ramu-Lower Sepik, Lower Sepik, Karawari.
Yipma
[byr] Eastern Highlands province: Marawaka district. Users: 9,610 (2000 census). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Barua, Baruya. Autonym: Yɨ’mayagaala. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Angan, Nuclear Angan.
Yis
[yis] Sandaun province: west of Lumi. 5 villages. Users: 800 (2014 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2014 SIL). Status: 6b (Threatened). Classification: Torricelli, Wapei-Palei, Wapei.
Yoba
[yob] Central province: north of Magori. Users: No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably survived into the 1980s (Dutton 1976). Status: 10 (Extinct). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, Papuan Tip, Peripheral, Central Papuan, Oumic, Magoric.
Yoidik
[ydk] Madang province: 35 km north of Madang on the coast. Users: 770 (2003 SIL). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Madang, Croisilles, Hanseman.
Yongkom
[yon] Western province: Fly and Tedi (Alice) rivers and toward Lake Murray. Users: 6,000 (Christensen 2010). All Yongkom speakers: 20,000 across Papua New Guinea and West Papua (Christensen 2010). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Yonggom, Yongom. Autonym: Yongkom. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Ok-Awyu, Ok, Lowland.
Yopno
[yut] Madang and Morobe provincial borders: Finisterre range. Users: 8,000 (Slotta 2012), increasing. 6,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 8,000 (Slotta 2015). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Yupna. Autonym: Yopno. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Yupna.
Yote
[wab] Madang province: Huon peninsula north coast, Saui and Wab villages next to Saidor. Users: 390 (2001 SIL). Ethnic population: 440 (2000 census). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Som, Wab. Autonym: Yote. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Ngero-Vitiaz, Vitiaz, Bel, Astrolabe.
Yout Wam
[ytw] Madang province: Finisterre mountains north slope of Rai Coast, Yout village. Users: 270 (2006 SIL). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Finisterre-Huon, Finisterre, Yupna.
Yui
[sll] Chimbu province: Gumine district. 10 villages. Users: 6,500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Iui, Salt, Salt-Iui, Salt-Yui. Autonym: Yui. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Chimbu.
Yuwei
[whg] Chimbu province: Kerowagi district; Madang province: Usino-Bundi district, Usino LLG; Jiwaka province: Minj district; both sides of Sepik-Wahgi divide. Users: 58,000 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Banz, Jiwaka, North Wahgi, Yu We, Yu Wei, Yuwe. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Chimbu-Wahgi, Wahgi.
Zenag
[zeg] Morobe province: Mumeng district, northwest of Bulolo. Users: 1,980 (2000 census). Status: 6a* (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Zenang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Western Oceanic, North New Guinea, Huon Gulf, South, Hote-Buang, Buang, Mumeng.
Zia
[zia] Morobe province: Huon Gulf district, Morobe Patrol Post station near Waria river mouth; downstream from Oro province, Sohe district. Users: 6,550 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 6,550 (2000 census). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Lower Waria, Tsia, Ziya. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Greater Binanderean, Binanderean, North Binanderean.
Zimakani
[zik] Western province: Lake Murray south end. Users: 1,500 (1990 UBS). Status: 5* (Developing). Alternate Names: Baegwa, Bagwa Zimakani, Dea. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, Marind, Boazi.