Papua New Guinea

English

[eng] 1 (National). De facto national language. Used as LWC in the southern part of the country. 832,000 in Papua New Guinea, all users. L1 users: 132,000 in Papua New Guinea (2019 World Factbook). L2 users: 700,000 (2021).

Tok Pisin

[tpi] 1 (National). De facto national language. 4,122,000 in Papua New Guinea, all users. L1 users: 122,000 in Papua New Guinea (2004 SIL), increasing. L2 users: 4,000,000 (2001 UNESCO). 50,000 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Total users in all countries: 4,125,740 (as L1: 125,740; as L2: 4,000,000).

3 (Wider communication)

Dobu

[dob] 3 (Wider communication). Lingua franca in D’Entrecasteaux Islands. 61,000, all users. L1 users: 10,000 (1998 SIL). L2 users: 51,000 (2021). 6,000 monolinguals.

Kâte

[kmg] 3 (Wider communication). Established as a church language by the Lutherans in the early 1900s. Currently an LWC in the Huon peninsula. 61,000, all users. L1 users: 20,000 (2011 M. Muhujupe). L2 users: 41,000 (2021).

Kuanua

[ksd] 3 (Wider communication). Used as a church language widely in New Ireland and East New Britain provinces within the United Church. It is not used beyond the church domain in most of the language groups that use it for church. 148,000, all users. L1 users: 120,000 (Martin 2013). L2 users: 28,000 (2021). Ethnic population: 120,000 (Martin 2013).

Motu, Hiri

[hmo] 3 (Wider communication). Recognized language (1975, Constitution, Articles 67 and 68). Originated with the arrival of European sailor-explorers and missionaries in the 1870s. Developed as a lingua franca in early 1900s in the form of Police Motu used by colonizers and non-indigenous police agents to communicate with Papua New Guinea’s indigenous people. Since about 1970 the use of Hiri Motu as a lingua franca has been declining in favor of English [eng] and Tok Pisin [tpi]. 95,000, all users. L1 users: Very few L1 speakers (1992 T. Dutton). L2 users: 95,000 (2021).

Suau

[swp] 3 (Wider communication). A lingua franca around the south-eastern tip of Papua New Guinea. 20,810, all users. L1 users: 7,810 (2000 census). L2 users: 13,000 (2021).

Tawala

[tbo] 3 (Wider communication). 16,200, all users. L1 users: 10,000 (2001 SIL). L2 users: 6,200 (2021). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2001 SIL).

Wedau

[wed] 3 (Wider communication). Prestige language and LWC for other language groups. 13,700, all users. L1 users: 2,700 (2001 SIL). L2 users: 11,000 (2021). 900 monolinguals.

4 (Educational)

Adzera

[adz] 4 (Educational). 30,000 (2000 census). A few monolinguals, among the youngest and oldest. Ethnic population: 30,000 (2000 census).

Aramba

[stk] 4 (Educational). 750 (Evans et al 2018).

Bamu

[bcf] 4 (Educational). 6,310 (2000 census). 960 Gama.

Binandere

[bhg] 4 (Educational). 7,000 (2007 SIL).

Doromu-Koki

[kqc] 4 (Educational). 2,000 (2018 SIL).

Gizrra

[tof] 4 (Educational). 1,050 (2002 SIL).

Goodenough, West

[ddi] 4 (Educational). 2,650 (2000 census). 440 monolinguals.

Hakö

[hao] 4 (Educational). 12,000 (Kenneth 2015), increasing. Ethnic population: 12,000 (Kenneth 2015).

Kaluli

[bco] 4 (Educational). 3,100 (2015 SIL).

Kaninuwa

[wat] 4 (Educational). 600 (2020 SIL). 400 monolinguals (2020 SIL). Ethnic population: 800 (2020 SIL). 100 or so live outside language area.

Mato

[met] 4 (Educational). 700 (Stober 2013).

Minaveha

[mvn] 4 (Educational). 2,300 (2007 SIL), increasing. 500 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO).

Misima-Panaeati

[mpx] 4 (Educational). 20,000 (Callister 2005). 4,000 monolinguals.

Rapoisi

[kyx] 4 (Educational). 3,500 (1998 SIL).

Saliba

[sbe] 4 (Educational). 3,000 (Oetzel 2019), increasing. 200 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO).

Seimat

[ssg] 4 (Educational). 1,400 (2010 SIL).

Uisai

[uis] 4 (Educational). 350 (2001 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 1,500 (2001 UNESCO).

Vitu

[wiv] 4 (Educational). 7,000 (van den Berg and Bachet 2006).

5 (Developing)

Amam

[wer] 5* (Developing). 6,900 (2017 SIL).

Ambulas

[abt] 5* (Developing). 33,000 (Aikhenvald 2004).

Aneme Wake

[aby] 5* (Developing). 650 (1990 SIL).

Angal

[age] 5* (Developing). 18,600 (2000).

Angal Enen

[aoe] 5* (Developing). 34,400 (2000 census).

Apal

[ena] 5* (Developing). 980 (2003 SIL).

Are

[mwc] 5* (Developing). 1,700 (2015 BTA).

Asaro’o

[mtv] 5* (Developing). 1,250 (2003 SIL).

[avt] 5* (Developing). 8,000 (2000 census). 1,600 monolinguals.

’Auhelawa

[kud] 5* (Developing). 950 (2015 BTA).

Awa

[awb] 5* (Developing). 2,050 (2003 SIL).

Awiyaana

[auy] 5* (Developing). 11,100 (2000).

Bedamuni

[beo] 5* (Developing). 5,000 (Minnegal and Dwyer 2006). Ethnic population: 12,000 (Fleming 2019).

Biangai

[big] 5* (Developing). 6,230 (Halvaksz 2020). 700 monolinguals.

Biem

[bmc] 5* (Developing). 3,000 (2012 NTM).

Bo-Ung

[mux] 5* (Developing). 30,000 (Head 2010). 10,000 in Ku Waru (Rumsey et al 2020).

Boikin

[bzf] 5* (Developing). 35,000 (Aikhenvald 2004).

Bunama

[bdd] 5* (Developing). 4,000 (1993 SIL).

Bwanabwana

[tte] 5* (Developing). 2,400 (2007 SIL), increasing. 720 monolinguals.

Chuave

[cjv] 5* (Developing). 26,000 (2000 census).

Dadibi

[mps] 5* (Developing). 12,600 (2000 census). 1,000 monolinguals.

Dano

[aso] 5* (Developing). 30,000 (1987 SIL).

Ewage-Notu

[nou] 5* (Developing). 12,000 (2015 BTA).

Faiwol

[fai] 5* (Developing). 3,270 (2000 census).

Fasu

[faa] 5* (Developing). 1,100 (San Roque and Loughnane 2012).

Foi

[foi] 5* (Developing). 7,000 (Weiner and Niles 2015).

Fore

[for] 5* (Developing). 30,200 (2000 census).

Gaikundi

[gbf] 5* (Developing). 1,200 (2000).

Gedaged

[gdd] 5* (Developing). 6,950 (2003 SIL).

Ghayavi

[bmk] 5* (Developing). 2,810 (2000 census).

Girawa

[bbr] 5* (Developing). 3,630 (2000 census).

Golin

[gvf] 5* (Developing). 51,100 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Halia

[hla] 5* (Developing). 25,000 (2005 SIL), increasing.

Hanga Hundi

[wos] 5* (Developing). 7,200 (2000 census).

Iamalele

[yml] 5* (Developing). 3,480 (2000 census).

Inoke-Yate

[ino] 5* (Developing). 10,000 (1993 SIL).

Iwal

[kbm] 5* (Developing). 2,100 (2011 SIL). Ethnic population: 2,300.

Iwam

[iwm] 5* (Developing). 3,000 (1998 NTM).

Iwam, Sepik

[iws] 5* (Developing). 2,500 (2000 census).

Kalam

[kmh] 5* (Developing). 20,000 (Pawley et al 2011).

Kanite

[kmu] 5* (Developing). 9,300 (2019 Wycliffe Bible Translators).

Karkar-Yuri

[yuj] 5* (Developing). 1,310 (2000 census).

Kaulong

[pss] 5* (Developing). 4,000 (2000 D. Tryon).

Keapara

[khz] 5* (Developing). 19,400 (2000 D. Tryon).

Kerewo

[kxz] 5* (Developing). 1,090 (2011 SIL). Population represents speakers living in their language area.

Kewapi, West

[kew] 5* (Developing). 45,000 (2000 census).

Keyagana

[kyg] 5* (Developing). 11,500 (2000 census).

Koiali, Mountain

[kpx] 5* (Developing). 4,000 (2000 census). 2,000 monolinguals.

Kol

[kol] 5* (Developing). 4,930 (2000 census).

Kosena

[kze] 5* (Developing). 2,780 (2000 census).

Kubo

[jko] 5* (Developing). 500 (Dwyer and Minnegal 2007).

Kuni

[kse] 5* (Developing). 2,400 (2000 census).

Kunimaipa

[kup] 5* (Developing). 8,200 (2000 census).

Kwanga

[kwj] 5* (Developing). 10,000 (2001 SIL).

Kyaka

[kyc] 5* (Developing). 12,000 (Draper and Draper 2002).

Lamogai

[lmg] 5* (Developing). 6,130 (2000 census).

Magi

[mgu] 5* (Developing). 8,500 (2000 census).

Mala

[ped] 5* (Developing). 1,390 (2003 SIL).

Malei

[hot] 5* (Developing). 4,500 (2020 SIL). Ethnic population: 4,500 (2020 SIL).

Marik

[dad] 5* (Developing). 3,620 (2000 census).

Maring

[mbw] 5* (Developing). 13,000 (2015 BTA).

Mbore

[gai] 5* (Developing). 2,090 (2003 SIL).

Mesem

[mci] 5* (Developing). 4,000 (1997 census).

Miniafia Oyan

[aai] 5* (Developing). 3,470 (2000).

Motu

[meu] 5* (Developing). 39,000 (2008 A. Taylor).

Mouk-Aria

[mwh] 5* (Developing). 3,840 (2000 census).

Muyuw

[myw] 5* (Developing). 4,000 (Senft 2020).

Nabak

[naf] 5* (Developing). 16,000 (1994 SIL).

Nakanai

[nak] 5* (Developing). 30,000 (2000 census).

Namiae

[nvm] 5* (Developing). 1,200 (2003 SIL).

Nankina

[nnk] 5* (Developing). 3,480 (2000 census).

Nii

[nii] 5* (Developing). 12,000 (1991 SIL).

Ogea

[eri] 5* (Developing). 2,210 (2003 SIL).

Ömie

[aom] 5* (Developing). 1,190 (2000 census). 400 monolinguals.

Ono

[ons] 5* (Developing). 11,000, all users. L1 users: 10,000 (2011 SIL), increasing. Population increase due to Bakesu Revival Church activity. L2 users: 1,000 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977).

Orokolo

[oro] 5* (Developing). 7,500 (Brown 1986).

Orop

[aps] 5* (Developing). 1,500 (2001 SIL).

Pawaia

[pwa] 5* (Developing). 6,490 (2000 census).

Purari

[iar] 5* (Developing). 7,000 (2011 SIL).

Rao

[rao] 5* (Developing). 6,000 (1992 UBS).

Safeyoka

[apz] 5* (Developing). 4,650 (2000 census).

Samberigi

[ssx] 5* (Developing). 5,050 (2000 census).

Samo

[smq] 5* (Developing). 900 (2001 SIL).

Saniyo-Hiyewe

[sny] 5* (Developing). 1,300 (2000 census).

Sawiyanu

[amm] 5* (Developing). 490 (2000 census).

Selepet

[spl] 5* (Developing). 7,240 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 7,500.

Siane

[snp] 5* (Developing). 29,000 (2000 census).

Simbari

[smb] 5* (Developing). 3,850 (2000 census).

Sinaugoro

[snc] 5* (Developing). 18,000 (2000 census).

Solong

[aaw] 5* (Developing). 4,160 (2000 census).

Suena

[sue] 5* (Developing). 3,600 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,700.

Tairora, North

[tbg] 5* (Developing). 5,000 (Vincent and Kaave 2010).

Tairora, South

[omw] 5* (Developing). 8,000 (Vincent and Kaave 2010).

Tami

[tmy] 5* (Developing). 2,100 (2010 SIL), increasing. 1,000 in each dialect.

Telefol

[tlf] 5* (Developing). 5,630 (2000 census).

Toaripi

[tqo] 5* (Developing). 25,200 (2000 census).

Tobo

[tbv] 5* (Developing). 3,230 (2000 census).

Tokano

[zuh] 5* (Developing). 6,000 (1982 SIL).

Tuma-Irumu

[iou] 5* (Developing). 1,100 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,560 (2000 census).

Ubir

[ubr] 5* (Developing). 2,560 (2000 census).

Umanakaina

[gdn] 5* (Developing). 2,810 (2000 census).

Usan

[wnu] 5* (Developing). 1,400 (1991 SIL).

Wahgi

[wgi] 5* (Developing). 39,000 (1999 SIL).

Waran

[byz] 5* (Developing). 4,000 (2019 PBT).

Waskia

[wsk] 5* (Developing). 20,000 (2007 SIL).

Witu

[wiu] 5* (Developing). 20,000 (Stewart and Strathern 2002).

Yagaria

[ygr] 5* (Developing). 37,800 (2000 census).

Yagwoia

[ygw] 5* (Developing). 10,000 (2005 R. Westerveld). 1,500 Iwalaqamalje, 1,500 Gwase, 7,000 Hiqwaye, Hiqwase, Yeqwangilje.

Yareba

[yrb] 5* (Developing). 1,230 (2000 census).

Yaweyuha

[yby] 5* (Developing). 2,340 (2000 census).

Yipma

[byr] 5* (Developing). 9,610 (2000 census).

Zimakani

[zik] 5* (Developing). 1,500 (1990 UBS).

Abadi

[kbt] 5 (Developing). 2,900 (Kassell and Potter 2011), increasing.

Abau

[aau] 5 (Developing). 7,500 (Lock 2008), increasing. No monolinguals (Lock 2008).

Angaataha

[agm] 5 (Developing). 2,500 (2015 BTA).

Arop-Lokep

[apr] 5 (Developing). 4,500 (D’Jernes 2013), increasing. Few monolinguals.

Aruamu

[msy] 5 (Developing). 12,000 (2018 PBT).

Awad Bing

[bcu] 5 (Developing). 1,450 (2000 SIL).

Awara

[awx] 5 (Developing). 1,800 (Quigley and Quigley 2011), increasing. 630 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,800 (Quigley and Quigley 2011).

Aziana

[gat] 5 (Developing). 1,000 (2004 Ethnos360).

Bahinemo

[bjh] 5 (Developing). 700 (Dye and Dye 2012).

Barai

[bbb] 5 (Developing). 3,500 (2015 BTA).

Bariai

[bch] 5 (Developing). 1,400 (Gallagher 2008).

Baruga

[bjz] 5 (Developing). 2,230 (2003 SIL), increasing. 800 Tafota, 990 Bareji, 440 Mado. 200 monolinguals.

Bauni

[bpe] 5 (Developing). 2,220 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 2,220 (2000 census).

Bimin

[bhl] 5 (Developing). 2,250 (2003 SIL).

Bine

[bon] 5 (Developing). 2,050 (2000 census).

Binumarien

[bjr] 5 (Developing). 1,200 (van Dasselaar 2019).

Bisis

[bnw] 5 (Developing). 3,500 (2013 Ethnos360). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2013 Ethnos360).

Borong

[ksr] 5 (Developing). 2,200 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 2,500 (2001 SIL).

Breri

[brq] 5 (Developing). 4,500 (2020 Ethnos360). 3,500 Kwanga, 1,000 Misingi (2020 Ethnos360).

Bugawac

[buk] 5 (Developing). 12,000 (2011 W. Eckermann). 4,800 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 12,500.

Buhutu

[bxh] 5 (Developing). 1,500 (2001 UNESCO), increasing. 300 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 1,500 (2001 UNESCO).

Bwaidoka

[bwd] 5 (Developing). 7,640 (2019 SIL).

Daga

[dgz] 5 (Developing). 9,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. 4,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 10,000.

Dawawa

[dww] 5 (Developing). 2,280 (2000 census). 500 monolinguals.

Dedua

[ded] 5 (Developing). 6,500 (2000 census), increasing. No monolinguals above age 20. Ethnic population: 6,500 (2000 census).

Dom

[doa] 5 (Developing). 16,000 (Tida 2006). Ethnic population: 16,000 (Tida 2006).

Edolo

[etr] 5 (Developing). 1,670 (2000 census). 300 monolinguals (2015 A. Grosh).

Enga

[enq] 5 (Developing). 370,000, all users. L1 users: 300,000 (Gibbs 2011). L2 users: 70,000 (2021).

Ese

[mcq] 5 (Developing). 10,000 (2000 SIL). 4,000 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2001 UNESCO).

Fanamaket

[bjp] 5 (Developing). 1,080 (2000 census).

Finongan

[fag] 5 (Developing). 1,140 (2006 SIL). 40 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,140 (2006 SIL).

Gadsup

[gaj] 5 (Developing). 22,100 (2000 census).

Gimi

[gip] 5 (Developing). 2,960 (2000 census).

Gimi

[gim] 5 (Developing). 23,200 (2000 census).

Gogodala

[ggw] 5 (Developing). 26,000 (Evans et al 2018). Ethnic population: 26,000 (Evans et al 2018).

Guhu-Samane

[ghs] 5 (Developing). 12,000 (Bjorkman and Ttopoqogo 2002), increasing. Ethnic population: 13,500.

Gumawana

[gvs] 5 (Developing). 370 (2001 UNESCO), increasing. 90 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 370 (2001 UNESCO).

Haruai

[tmd] 5 (Developing). 2,000 (2000 SIL). Many monolinguals.

Huli

[hui] 5 (Developing). 200,000 (Gould 2011), increasing.

Iduna

[viv] 5 (Developing). 6,000 (1984 SIL).

Imbongu

[imo] 5 (Developing). 30,000 (Head 2010).

Inapang

[mzu] 5 (Developing). 4,000 (2016 Ethnos360).

Iyo

[nca] 5 (Developing). 6,900 (Minter 2009).

Kakabai

[kqf] 5 (Developing). 900 (2003 SIL). 135 monolinguals.

Kanasi

[soq] 5 (Developing). 2,460 (2000 census).

Kilivila

[kij] 5 (Developing). 40,000 (Senft 2020).

Kire

[geb] 5 (Developing). 2,500 (2003 PBT). Ethnic population: 2,500 (2003 PBT).

Kiwai, Northeast

[kiw] 5 (Developing). 6,000 (2011 SIL).

Kiwai, Southern

[kjd] 5 (Developing). 20,000 (2011 SIL).

Kobon

[kpw] 5 (Developing). 10,000 (2007 SIL), increasing. 4,000 monolinguals.

Koluwawa

[klx] 5 (Developing). 950 (Guderian and Guderian 2005).

Komba

[kpf] 5 (Developing). 15,000 (2000 SIL).

Korafe-Yegha

[kpr] 5 (Developing). 3,630 (2003 SIL). A very few old women are monolingual.

Kovai

[kqb] 5 (Developing). 6,000 (2011 SIL). Ethnic population: 6,300.

Kube

[kgf] 5 (Developing). 7,500 (2000 census), increasing. Ethnic population: 8,000.

Kuni-Boazi

[kvg] 5 (Developing). 4,500 (2007 SIL), increasing.

Kurti

[ktm] 5 (Developing). 3,000 (2002 SIL). About 400 outside the language area.

Kutong

[skm] 5 (Developing). 1,000 (2011 Ethnos360). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2011 Ethnos360).

Label

[lbb] 5 (Developing). 150 (2010 SIL). Ethnic population: 160 (2010 SIL).

Lihir

[lih] 5 (Developing). 15,000 (Hermer 2016), increasing. Ethnic population: 15,000 (Hermer 2016).

Lote

[uvl] 5 (Developing). 6,000 (Pearson and van den Berg 2008). 700 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 6,000 (Pearson and van den Berg 2008).

Maiadomu

[mzz] 5 (Developing). 900 (2000 SIL), increasing.

Maisin

[mbq] 5 (Developing). 2,610 (2000 census). 600 in Kosirava dialect.

Maleu-Kilenge

[mgl] 5 (Developing). 7,730 (2000 census).

Mandara

[tbf] 5 (Developing). 4,000 (2000 census).

Mangseng

[mbh] 5 (Developing). 2,560 (2000 census).

Mbula

[mna] 5 (Developing). 4,500 (Bugenhagen and Bugenhagen 2007), increasing. 450 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 4,500 (Bugenhagen and Bugenhagen 2007).

Mende

[sim] 5 (Developing). 6,000 (2006 SIL).

Mengen

[mee] 5 (Developing). 4,000 (2001 SIL).

Mian

[mpt] 5 (Developing). 3,500 (Fedden 2007). Ethnic population: 3,500 (Fedden 2007).

Molima

[mox] 5 (Developing). 3,500 (2009 SIL), increasing.

Mussau-Emira

[emi] 5 (Developing). 6,000 (2015 SIL), increasing. Ethnic population: 6,000 (2015 SIL). Includes 3,500 in the traditional area (2015 J. Brownie).

Mutu

[tuc] 5 (Developing). 4,000 (Bugenhagen 2010), increasing. Only older adults are monolingual. Ethnic population: 4,000 (Bugenhagen 2010).

Naasioi

[nas] 5 (Developing). 22,000 (Stebbins et al 2018).

Nai

[bio] 5 (Developing). 750 (2010 SIL).

Nali

[nss] 5 (Developing). 2,900 (2000 census). 200 Okro (2000 D. Tryon). Ethnic population: 4,500. In Okro.

Narak

[nac] 5 (Developing). 8,000 (Hainsworth et al 2019). 4,200 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 8,000 (Hainsworth et al 2019).

Nehan

[nsn] 5 (Developing). 7,000 (Glennon 2014), increasing. 5,000 Uanuleik, 1,000 Sirouatan, and 1,000 Pinipel (Glennon 2014).

Nek

[nif] 5 (Developing). 2,000 (2011 SIL), increasing.

Ngaing

[nnf] 5 (Developing). 2,100 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 2,500 (2005 SIL).

Nobonob

[gaw] 5 (Developing). 2,400 (2015 BTA), increasing. No monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 2,400 (2015 BTA).

Notsi

[ncf] 5 (Developing). 1,840 (2000 census).

Numanggang

[nop] 5 (Developing). 2,500 (Hynum 2010). Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,500 (Hynum 2010).

Nyindrou

[lid] 5 (Developing). 4,800 (2000 census). Few monolinguals.

Odoodee

[kkc] 5 (Developing). 430 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 430 (2003 SIL).

Oksapmin

[opm] 5 (Developing). 12,000 (2005 SIL).

Onobasulu

[onn] 5 (Developing). 1,200, all users. L1 users: 1,000 (2010 SIL). L2 users: 200. 350 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO).

Patpatar

[gfk] 5 (Developing). 10,000 (2000 census).

Pele-Ata

[ata] 5 (Developing). 2,000 (2007 SIL).

Pouye

[bye] 5 (Developing). 960 (2003 SIL), increasing.

Ramoaaina

[rai] 5 (Developing). 10,300 (2000 census), increasing.

Rawa

[rwo] 5 (Developing). 11,500 (1998 SIL), increasing. 7,000 Rawa and 4,500 Karo.

Sio

[xsi] 5 (Developing). 3,000 (Clark 2012).

Siroi

[ssd] 5 (Developing). 1,310 (2003 SIL).

Somba-Siawari

[bmu] 5 (Developing). 10,000 (2000 census). 5,500 Somba, 4,500 Siawari. 1,000 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2001 UNESCO).

Sudest

[tgo] 5 (Developing). 2,450 (2000 census), increasing.

Sursurunga

[sgz] 5 (Developing). 5,000 (Benroi et al 2018).

Tabo

[knv] 5 (Developing). 3,500 (2003 SIL).

Takia

[tbc] 5 (Developing). 25,000 (Ross 2002c).

Tay

[taw] 5 (Developing). 1,000 (2013 PBT).

Terei

[buo] 5 (Developing). 26,500 (2003 SIL).

Tifal

[tif] 5 (Developing). 3,600 (2003 SIL).

Timbe

[tim] 5 (Developing). 11,000 (1991 SIL), increasing. 6,000 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO).

Uare

[ksj] 5 (Developing). 1,300 (2004 SIL). 550 Garihe, 750 Uare (2004 SIL).

Uni

[uni] 5 (Developing). 670 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 670 (2000 census).

Ura

[uro] 5 (Developing). 5,000 (2018 SIL).

Vula’a

[hul] 5 (Developing). 5,000 (Van Heekeren 2014). Ethnic population: 5,000 (Van Heekeren 2014).

Waboda

[kmx] 5 (Developing). 2,750 (2003 SIL).

Waffa

[waj] 5 (Developing). 1,990 (2000 census).

Waima

[rro] 5 (Developing). 12,000 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 15,000 (2000 census).

Waris

[wrs] 5 (Developing). 2,500 in Papua New Guinea (2008 SIL), increasing. Total users in all countries: 3,000.

Wipi

[gdr] 5 (Developing). 3,290 (2000 census).

Wuvulu-Aua

[wuv] 5 (Developing). 1,600 (Hafford 2014).

Yale

[nce] 5 (Developing). 600 (2015 SIL).

Yamap

[ymp] 5 (Developing). 1,580 (2000 census).

Yau

[yuw] 5 (Developing). 2,380 (2000 census). 1,000 Nungon (Sarvasy 2014).

Yélî Dnye

[yle] 5 (Developing). 5,000 (Levinson 2015). 400 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 5,000 (Levinson 2015).

Yongkom

[yon] 5 (Developing). 6,000 (Christensen 2010). All Yongkom speakers: 20,000 across Papua New Guinea and West Papua (Christensen 2010).

Yopno

[yut] 5 (Developing). 8,000 (Slotta 2012), increasing. 6,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 8,000 (Slotta 2015).

Zia

[zia] 5 (Developing). 6,550 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 6,550 (2000 census).

6a (Vigorous)

Abu

[ado] 6a (Vigorous). 4,200 (2000 census). 820 Sabu, 3,380 Abu.

Aeka

[aez] 6a (Vigorous). 3,400 (2007 SIL).

Aekyom

[awi] 6a (Vigorous). 21,100 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 21,100 (2000 census).

Agarabi

[agd] 6a (Vigorous). 27,000 (2000 census).

Agi

[aif] 6a* (Vigorous). 960 (2003 SIL).

Agob

[kit] 6a (Vigorous). 2,440 (2000 census). 1,440 Agob, 540 Ende, 460 Kawam.

Aighon

[aix] 6a (Vigorous). 2,100 (2002 SIL), increasing. 100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,100 (2002 SIL).

Aiklep

[mwg] 6a* (Vigorous). 3,700 (1991 SIL).

Aiome

[aki] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,790 (2000 census).

Akolet

[akt] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,970 (2000 census).

Akukem

[spm] 6a* (Vigorous). 650 (2003 SIL).

Amaimon

[ali] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,780 (2003 SIL).

Amako

[koz] 6a* (Vigorous). 510 (2003 SIL).

Amal

[aad] 6a* (Vigorous). 830 (2003 SIL).

Ambul

[apo] 6a (Vigorous). 1,200 (2000 census).

Amio-Gelimi

[let] 6a (Vigorous). 2,000 (2000 census).

Amto

[amt] 6a (Vigorous). 500 (2013 SIL). Ethnic population: 500 (2013 SIL).

Anamuxra

[imi] 6a (Vigorous). 1,960 (2000 census).

Andai

[afd] 6a (Vigorous). 440 (Kassell et al 2017).

Andarum

[aod] 6a* (Vigorous). 2,100 (2000 census).

Andra-Hus

[anx] 6a (Vigorous). 1,500 (2018 SIL). 500 in Pohon Kol Andra, 1000 in Idioh (2018 SIL).

Anem

[anz] 6a (Vigorous). 830 (Paris et al 2012b). Ethnic population: 830 (Paris et al 2012b).

Angal Heneng

[akh] 6a (Vigorous). 40,000 (1994 V. Schlatter).

Angoram

[aog] 6a* (Vigorous). 8,220 (2003 SIL).

Ankave

[aak] 6a (Vigorous). 1,500 (Bonnemère 2014). Ethnic population: 1,500 (Bonnemère 2014).

Anor

[anj] 6a* (Vigorous). 980 (2000).

Ap Ma

[kbx] 6a (Vigorous). 10,000 (2010 PBT).

Aruek

[aur] 6a* (Vigorous). 740 (2003 SIL).

Asaba

[seo] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (Lancey and Little 2016). Ethnic population: 300 (Lancey and Little 2016).

Askopan

[eiv] 6a* (Vigorous). 5,000 (2000 SIL).

Avau

[avb] 6a (Vigorous). 620 (2002 SIL).

Baibai

[bbf] 6a (Vigorous). 340 (2000 census).

Baimak

[bmx] 6a* (Vigorous). 650 (2003 SIL).

Baiyamo

[ppe] 6a (Vigorous). 220 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 220 (2011 census).

Bannoni

[bcm] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,500 (2000 SIL).

Baramu

[bmz] 6a (Vigorous). 850 (2000 census).

Bariji

[bjc] 6a* (Vigorous). 460 (2000).

Barikewa

[jbk] 6a (Vigorous). 320 (2011 SIL).

Bauwaki

[bwk] 6a* (Vigorous). 520 (2000 census).

Beli

[bey] 6a (Vigorous). 2,200 (2000).

Biage

[bdf] 6a (Vigorous). 1,100 (2009 S. Cott).

Binahari

[bxz] 6a* (Vigorous). 630 (2000 census).

Bipi

[biq] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,380 (2000 census).

Bitur

[mcc] 6a (Vigorous). 860 (2000 census).

Biwat

[bwm] 6a* (Vigorous). 3,040 (2003 SIL).

Bongu

[bpu] 6a* (Vigorous). 850 (2000 census).

Boselewa

[bwf] 6a (Vigorous). 880 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 880 (2011 census).

Bragat

[aof] 6a (Vigorous). 460 (2003 SIL).

Bulu

[bjl] 6a* (Vigorous). 910 (2000 census).

Bun

[buv] 6a* (Vigorous). 480 (2003 SIL).

Buna

[bvn] 6a (Vigorous). 750 (2003 SIL).

Chambri

[can] 6a* (Vigorous). 800 (Foley 2016).

Changriwa

[cga] 6a* (Vigorous). 690 (2003 SIL).

Daantanai’

[lni] 6a* (Vigorous). 600 (2007 SIL).

Dia

[dia] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,840 (2003 SIL).

Dibiyaso

[dby] 6a (Vigorous). 1,950 (2000 census).

Dima

[jma] 6a (Vigorous). 750 (2001 SIL). 115 monolinguals.

Domu

[dof] 6a* (Vigorous). 950 (2000).

Domung

[dev] 6a (Vigorous). 2,000 (Slotta 2014).

Duau

[dva] 6a (Vigorous). 5,000 (2004 SIL). 1,000 monolinguals (2004).

Dubuporo

[ynl] 6a (Vigorous). 910 (2016 J. Claussen). Ethnic population: 910 (2016 J. Claussen).

Duna

[duc] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 (San Roque 2015).

Eibela

[ail] 6a (Vigorous). 300 (Aiton 2016).

Elkei

[elk] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,640 (2000 census).

Ere

[twp] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,400 (2000 census).

Foia Foia

[ffi] 6a (Vigorous). 180 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 260 (2000 census).

Folopa

[ppo] 6a (Vigorous). 3,200 (2000 census).

Fuyug

[fuy] 6a (Vigorous). 14,000 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 14,000 (2000 census).

Gaina

[gcn] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,410 (Dutton 1971). 1,000 in Bareji, 130 in Gaina.

Galeya

[gar] 6a (Vigorous). 2,620 (2000 census). 790 monolinguals.

Gamane

[bmp] 6a (Vigorous). 150 (2016 J. Claussen). Ethnic population: 150 (2016 J. Claussen).

Gants

[gao] 6a* (Vigorous). 2,500 (Daniels 2015).

Gapapaiwa

[pwg] 6a (Vigorous). 3,000 (2007 SIL), increasing.

Garus

[gyb] 6a* (Vigorous). 2,650 (2003 SIL).

Gebusi

[goi] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (Knauft 2016). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Knauft 2016).

Gende

[gaf] 6a* (Vigorous). 3,230 (2000 census).

Ginuman

[gnm] 6a (Vigorous). 1,440 (2000 census).

Gitua

[ggt] 6a (Vigorous). 900 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 900 (2000 SIL).

Gnau

[gnu] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,330 (2000 census).

Gorakor

[goc] 6a* (Vigorous). 2,470 (2000 census).

Gumalu

[gmu] 6a* (Vigorous). 580 (2003 SIL).

Gwahatike

[dah] 6a (Vigorous). 1,570 (2003 SIL).

Hahon

[hah] 6a (Vigorous). 3,000 (2014 B. Palmer). Ethnic population: 3,000 (2014 B. Palmer).

Haigwai

[hgw] 6a (Vigorous). 1,060 (2000 census). 160 monolinguals.

Hewa

[ham] 6a (Vigorous). 4,800 (2014 SIL). 1,600 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 4,800 (2014 SIL).

Hoia Hoia

[hhi] 6a (Vigorous). 80 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 120 (2000 census).

Humene

[huf] 6a* (Vigorous). 940 (2000 census).

Hunjara-Kaina Ke

[hkk] 6a (Vigorous). 8,770 (2000 census).

Idi

[idi] 6a (Vigorous). 1,610 (2000 census). 780 Idi, 800 Tame.

Ikobi

[meb] 6a (Vigorous). 1,570 (2009 SIL).

Ipiko

[ipo] 6a (Vigorous). 600 (2016 SIL).

Ipili

[ipi] 6a (Vigorous). 26,000 (2002 SIL), increasing. 13,000 monolinguals.

Isebe

[igo] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,180 (2000 census).

Jilim

[jil] 6a* (Vigorous). 650 (2000 census).

Kairak

[ckr] 6a (Vigorous). 900 (2012 SIL).

Kairiru

[kxa] 6a* (Vigorous). 2,500 (Ross 2002b).

Kaki Ae

[tbd] 6a (Vigorous). 630 (Potter et al 2015). Ethnic population: 660 (Potter et al 2015).

Kalou

[ywa] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,370 (2003 SIL).

Kamula

[xla] 6a (Vigorous). 1,100 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 1,100 (2000 census).

Kandawo

[gam] 6a (Vigorous). 4,000 (2003 SIL).

Kanggape

[igm] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,840 (2000 census).

Kaningra

[knr] 6a (Vigorous). 330 (Sumbuk 2006). Ethnic population: 330 (Sumbuk 2006).

Kanja

[pep] 6a (Vigorous). 350 (Evans et al 2018). Ethnic population: 400 (2000 census).

Kapriman

[dju] 6a (Vigorous). 1,340 (Sumbuk 2006). Ethnic population: 1,340 (Sumbuk 2006).

Karawari

[tzx] 6a (Vigorous). 3,000 (Telban 2017). Ethnic population: 3,000 (Telban 2017).

Karnai

[bbv] 6a (Vigorous). 520 (Raymond 2005).

Kasua

[khs] 6a (Vigorous). 580 (2000 SIL). 240 monolinguals (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 580 (2000 SIL).

Kayan

[kct] 6a (Vigorous). 780, all users. L1 users: 740 (2013 PBT). L2 users: 40 (2013 PBT). Ethnic population: 790 (2013 PBT).

Kele

[sbc] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,460 (2000 census).

Keoru-Ahia

[xeu] 6a (Vigorous). 5,970 (2000 census). Keoru: 5070, Ahia: 710, Pairi: 190.

Khehek

[tlx] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,620 (2000 census).

Kiunum

[wei] 6a (Vigorous). 700 (2002 SIL).

Kodut, Middle

[mpl] 6a (Vigorous). 1,700 (Carter et al 2014).

Kodut, North

[una] 6a (Vigorous). 630 (Carter et al 2014). Ethnic population: 900.

Koiwat

[kxt] 6a* (Vigorous). 800 (2000 census).

Konai

[kxw] 6a (Vigorous). 600 (2016 SIL).

Koromira

[kqj] 6a* (Vigorous). 2,500 (2007 SIL). 2,300 Koromira and 200 Koianu.

Kovol

[kgu] 6a (Vigorous). 720 (2000 census).

Kumalu

[ksl] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,850 (2000 census).

Kumukio

[kuo] 6a (Vigorous). 1,260 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,260 (2000 SIL).

Kwoma

[kmo] 6a (Vigorous). 4,000 (Lambert-Brétière 2018). 800 monolinguals (Lambert-Brétière 2018).

Kwomtari

[kwo] 6a (Vigorous). 800 (Honsberger and Tupper 2008).

Kyenele

[kql] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,250 (2003 SIL).

Laeko-Libuat

[lkl] 6a (Vigorous). 720 (2003 SIL). 520 in area; 200 outside.

Lala

[nrz] 6a (Vigorous). 1,540 (Kassell and Potter 2009). Ethnic population: 1,540 (Kassell and Potter 2009).

Lavatbura-Lamusong

[lbv] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,580 (2000 census).

Lawunuia

[tgi] 6a* (Vigorous). 2,000 (2000 SIL).

Lembena

[leq] 6a (Vigorous). 1,760 (2000 census), increasing. 750 monolinguals.

Lenkau

[ler] 6a (Vigorous). 380 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 250 (2000 D. Tryon).

Loniu

[los] 6a (Vigorous). 780 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 660.

Lou

[loj] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,230 (2000 census).

Lusi

[khl] 6a* (Vigorous). 2,130 (2000 census).

[mjn] 6a (Vigorous). 570 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 570.

Ma Manda

[skc] 6a (Vigorous). 1,600 (Pennington 2018). Ethnic population: 1,600 (Pennington 2018).

Magiyi

[gmg] 6a* (Vigorous).

Maia

[sks] 6a (Vigorous). 4,500 (2007 SIL). 3,510 in main dialect, 990 in southern dialect (2007 SIL).

Maiwa

[mti] 6a (Vigorous). 1,470 (2001 SIL), increasing. 330 Gairen, 180 Gwareta, 380 Maiwa, 180 Manigara, 400 Oren (2001 SIL). 74 monolinguals (2001 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,470 (2001 SIL).

Maiwala

[mum] 6a (Vigorous). 3,000 (2015 BTA).

Makayam

[aup] 6a (Vigorous). 1,300 (2003 SIL).

Mala

[mmt] 6a (Vigorous). 800 (Carter et al 2011). Ethnic population: 800 (Carter et al 2011).

Malol

[mbk] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,560 (2000 census).

Mamusi

[kdf] 6a (Vigorous). 6,000 (2020 SIL).

Manem

[jet] 6a* (Vigorous). 500 in Papua New Guinea (1993 SIL). Total users in all countries: 900.

Mapena

[mnm] 6a (Vigorous). 450 (2000 census).

Marangis

[wax] 6a (Vigorous). 700 (Aikhenvald 2004). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2013 PBT).

Mari

[hob] 6a* (Vigorous). 810 (2000 D. Tryon).

Maria

[mds] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,350 (2000 census).

Medebur

[mjm] 6a (Vigorous). 510 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 510 (2003 SIL).

Mekeo

[mek] 6a (Vigorous). 20,000 (2015 BTA).

Mekmek

[mvk] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,400 (2000 census).

Melpa

[med] 6a (Vigorous). 100,000 (Stewart et al 2011).

Meramera

[mxm] 6a (Vigorous). 4,500 (2020 SIL).

Migabac

[mpp] 6a (Vigorous). 2,600 (2010 SIL).

Minigir

[bxf] 6a (Vigorous). 4,180 (2012 SIL).

Moikodi

[mkp] 6a* (Vigorous). 570 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 290 monolinguals.

Mondropolon

[npn] 6a (Vigorous). 720 (2011 census). Ethnic population: 720 (2011 census).

Morawa

[mze] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,100 (2000 census).

Morigi

[mdb] 6a (Vigorous). 700 (Wurm 1975).

Motuna

[siw] 6a (Vigorous). 16,000 (Stebbins et al 2018). Ethnic population: 16,000 (Stebbins et al 2018).

Mouwase

[jmw] 6a (Vigorous). 450 (2011 SIL). Speakers of other languages live at some of the Mouwase villages, especially Omati, and this may have skewed population figures. Speakers are widely scattered in bush villages, hamlets and squatter settlements.

Mubami

[tsx] 6a (Vigorous). 1,730 (2002 SIL).

Munit

[mtc] 6a* (Vigorous). 910 (2003 SIL).

Mur Pano

[tkv] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (2012 SIL).

Muratayak

[asx] 6a (Vigorous). 1,440 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 1,440 (2000 census).

Musar

[mmi] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,500 (2000 SIL).

Nabi

[mty] 6a* (Vigorous). 620 (2003 SIL).

Nama

[nmx] 6a (Vigorous). 1,200 (Evans et al 2018).

Namat

[nkm] 6a (Vigorous). 170 (Evans et al 2018). Ethnic population: 215 (2003 SIL).

Nambo

[ncm] 6a (Vigorous). 710 (Evans et al 2018).

Namia

[nnm] 6a (Vigorous). 7,000 (2011 SIL), increasing. 300 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,000 (2011 SIL).

Namo

[mxw] 6a (Vigorous). 370 (Evans et al 2018). Ethnic population: 400 (2003 SIL).

Neko

[nej] 6a (Vigorous). 640 (2000 census).

Nema

[gsn] 6a (Vigorous). 800 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 1,030 (2000 SIL).

Neme

[nex] 6a (Vigorous). 200 (Evans et al 2018).

Nen

[nqn] 6a (Vigorous). 350 (Evans et al 2018). Ethnic population: 350 (Evans et al 2018).

Nete

[net] 6a* (Vigorous). 750 (2000 census).

Ngalum

[szb] 6a* (Vigorous). 8,000 in Papua New Guinea (1981).

Niksek

[gbe] 6a* (Vigorous). 930 (2003 SIL).

Ninggerum

[nxr] 6a (Vigorous). 3,950 in Papua New Guinea (2001 UNESCO). 1,600 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO). Ethnic population: 4,000 (2001 UNESCO). Total users in all countries: 4,950.

Ningil

[niz] 6a* (Vigorous). 950 (2000 census).

Nomane

[nof] 6a (Vigorous). 6,700 (2000 census). 3,140 Kewo-Meba, 2,290 Meine, 1,250 Siarha, and 20 Gomla (all men 35 and older).

Nukeria

[nur] 6a (Vigorous). 500 (Davletshin 2017). 170 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 500 (Davletshin 2017).

Nukna

[klt] 6a (Vigorous). 1,000 (Taylor 2015). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Taylor 2015).

Nukumanu

[nuq] 6a (Vigorous). 750 (2015 SIL).

Opao

[opo] 6a (Vigorous). 2,070 (2005 SIL).

Orokaiva

[okv] 6a (Vigorous). 35,000 (2000 census).

Oune

[oue] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,000 (2007 SIL).

Oya’oya

[oyy] 6a (Vigorous). 380 (2005 SIL).

[ppt] 6a (Vigorous). 6,500 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 6,500 (2000 census).

Pagi

[pgi] 6a (Vigorous). 2,140 (2003 SIL).

Pahi

[lgt] 6a (Vigorous). 840 (2000 census).

Pak-Tong

[pkg] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,090 (2000 census).

Pal

[abw] 6a (Vigorous). 1,160 (2000 census).

Paluai

[blq] 6a (Vigorous). 2,500 (Schokkin 2020).

Pamosu

[hih] 6a (Vigorous). 1,800 (Tupper 2012). Ethnic population: 1,800 (Tupper 2012).

Pano

[mqz] 6a (Vigorous). 1,180 (2000 census), including 433 in Singorokai Ward, 461 in Malasanga Ward and 279 in Kiari Ward.

Papua New Guinean Sign Language

[pgz] 6a (Vigorous). Recognized language (2015, Decision No. 100/2015, Directive No. 8), National Executive Council (NEC) endorsement of the National Policy on disability 2015–2016 (7 May 2015). 30,000 (2015 N. Simonsson Juhonewe). 30,000 is an estimate, approximately 0.34% of the overall population; unclear if this represents all deaf or only signing deaf.

Penchal

[pek] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,060 (2000 census).

Piame

[pin] 6a (Vigorous). 100 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). 97 monolinguals (1981).

Pinai-Hagahai

[pnn] 6a (Vigorous). 700 (Melliger 2005).

Pole

[kjy] 6a* (Vigorous). 10,000 (2000 census).

Ponam

[ncc] 6a (Vigorous). 560 (2018 SIL). Ethnic population: 560 (2018 SIL).

Pyu

[pby] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (2012 SIL).

Qaqet

[byx] 6a (Vigorous). 15,000 (Hellwig 2019).

Ramopa

[kjx] 6a* (Vigorous). 6,000 (2000 SIL).

Rawo

[rwa] 6a* (Vigorous). 640 (2003 SIL).

Rifao

[nmw] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,100 (2000 census). 440 monolinguals.

Romkun

[rmk] 6a* (Vigorous). 630 (2003 SIL).

Rumu

[klq] 6a (Vigorous). 3,870 (2000 census).

Sam

[snx] 6a (Vigorous). 700 (Rueck and Jore 2003).

Sama

[nis] 6a (Vigorous). 2,000 (2006 SIL). Ethnic population: 2,000 (2006 SIL).

Sengo

[spk] 6a* (Vigorous). 520 (2003 SIL).

Setaman

[stm] 6a (Vigorous). 500 (Bullock and Van Cott 2010).

Sewa Bay

[sew] 6a* (Vigorous). 4,510 (2000 census). 300 monolinguals.

Siar-Lak

[sjr] 6a (Vigorous). 2,500 (Rowe 2005).

Sibe

[nco] 6a (Vigorous). 12,000 (Stebbins et al 2018), increasing. 100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 12,000 (Stebbins et al 2018).

Sihan

[snr] 6a* (Vigorous). 570 (2003 SIL).

Simbali

[smg] 6a (Vigorous). 450 (2012 SIL). Ethnic population: 450 (2012 SIL).

Simeku

[smz] 6a* (Vigorous). 3,000 (2007 SIL). 2,000 Koopei and 1,000 Mainoki.

Sori-Harengan

[sbh] 6a* (Vigorous). 770 (2000 census).

Sowanda

[sow] 6a* (Vigorous). 970 in Papua New Guinea (2000 census). Total users in all countries: 1,180.

Suki

[sui] 6a (Vigorous). 3,510 (2003 SIL).

Sukurum

[zsu] 6a (Vigorous). 1,160 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 1,160 (2000 census).

Sumau

[six] 6a* (Vigorous). 2,580 (2003 SIL).

Tainae

[ago] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,000 (1991 SIL).

Tairuma

[uar] 6a (Vigorous). 4,500 (Rueck et al 2010), increasing. Ethnic population: 4,500 (Rueck et al 2010).

Takuu

[nho] 6a (Vigorous). 1,750 (Moesinger 2018). 320 on Takuu atoll. 100 monolinguals.

Tanguat

[tbs] 6a* (Vigorous). 740 (2003 SIL).

Tapei

[afp] 6a (Vigorous). 250 (Kassell et al 2017). Ethnic population: 250 (Kassell et al 2017).

Tauade

[ttd] 6a (Vigorous). 12,000 (Stutzman and Stutzman 2016). Ethnic population: 12,000 (Stutzman and Stutzman 2016).

Taupi

[awm] 6a (Vigorous). 320 (2016 J. Claussen). Ethnic population: 320 (2016 J. Claussen).

Taupota

[tpa] 6a (Vigorous). 1,280 (2001 SIL).

Tayatuk

[smc] 6a (Vigorous). 500 (Guérin 2017).

Tiang

[tbj] 6a (Vigorous). 4,000 (2011 SIL).

Tinputz

[tpz] 6a (Vigorous). 5,350 (2004 SIL).

Titan

[ttv] 6a (Vigorous). 5,100 (2000 census).

Tomoip

[tqp] 6a* (Vigorous). 2,000 (2002 SIL).

Tumleo

[tmq] 6a* (Vigorous). 790 (2003 SIL).

Tungag

[lcm] 6a (Vigorous). 16,000 (Fast 2015).

Ufim

[ufi] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,320 (2000 census).

Umbu-Ungu

[ubu] 6a (Vigorous). 32,000 (Head 2010).

Uneapa

[bbn] 6a (Vigorous). 12,000 (2010 Ethnos360).

Urapmin

[urm] 6a (Vigorous). 370 (2003 SIL).

Utarmbung

[omo] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,170 (2003 SIL).

Utu

[utu] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,010 (2000 census).

Vinitiri

[vmg] 6a (Vigorous). 6,000 (2012 SIL). Ethnic population: 6,000 (2012 SIL).

Wadaginam

[wdg] 6a* (Vigorous). 950 (2003 SIL).

Wa’ema

[wag] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,020 (2000 census).

Wagawaga

[wgb] 6a (Vigorous). 600 (2000 census). 60 monolinguals.

Wampur

[waz] 6a* (Vigorous). 530 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 550.

Wanambre

[wnb] 6a* (Vigorous). 590 (2003 SIL).

Wantoat

[wnc] 6a (Vigorous). 8,000 (Quigley 2012).

Wára

[tci] 6a (Vigorous). 930 (Evans et al 2018). 150 Anta, 200 Komnzo, 350 Wára, 100 Wèré, and 130 Kémä (Evans et al 2018).

Wartha Thuntai

[gnt] 6a (Vigorous). 430 (Evans et al 2018).

Waruna

[wrv] 6a* (Vigorous). 600 (1991 SIL).

Warwar Feni

[hrw] 6a (Vigorous). 2,100 (2000 census).

Wasembo

[gsp] 6a* (Vigorous). 830 (2000 census).

Wogamusin

[wog] 6a* (Vigorous). 700 (1998 SIL).

Wutung

[wut] 6a (Vigorous). 580 (Marmion 2010).

Yaben

[ybm] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,090 (2000 census).

Yabong

[ybo] 6a (Vigorous). 1,500 (2000 census).

Yalaku

[ylg] 6a (Vigorous). 900 (Aikhenvald 2018). No monolinguals (Aikhenvald 2018). Ethnic population: 900 (Aikhenvald 2018).

Yaleba

[ylb] 6a (Vigorous). 1,330 (2005 SIL). Only 25 Sileba dialect speakers.

Yekora

[ykr] 6a (Vigorous). 1,050 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,080 (2000 census).

Yessan-Mayo

[yss] 6a (Vigorous). 1,990 (2000 census). 993 Yawu dialect (2000 census).

Yil

[yll] 6a* (Vigorous). 2,470 (2000 census).

Yoidik

[ydk] 6a* (Vigorous). 770 (2003 SIL).

Yout Wam

[ytw] 6a (Vigorous). 270 (2006 SIL).

Yuwei

[whg] 6a* (Vigorous). 58,000 (2000 census).

Zenag

[zeg] 6a* (Vigorous). 1,980 (2000 census).

6b (Threatened)

Abu’

[aah] 6b (Threatened). 2,560 (2000). Ethnic population: 2,560 (2000 census).

Aisi

[mmq] 6b (Threatened). 400 (Daniels 2015).

Akoye

[miw] 6b (Threatened). 600 (2001 UNESCO), decreasing. Ethnic population: 600 (2001 UNESCO).

Alamblak

[amp] 6b (Threatened). 1,000 (Coulter 2011). Ethnic population: 1,530 (2000 census).

Amanab

[amn] 6b (Threatened). 4,420 (2003 SIL).

Amara

[aie] 6b (Threatened). 230 (2011 SIL), decreasing. No monolinguals.

Ambrak

[aag] 6b (Threatened). 290 (2000 census).

Amele

[aey] 6b (Threatened). 5,300 (1987 SIL).

Anam

[pda] 6b (Threatened). 1,070 (2003 SIL).

Angor

[agg] 6b (Threatened). 1,500 (Litteral 2004).

Anjam

[boj] 6b (Threatened). 2,020 (2003 SIL).

Anuki

[aui] 6b (Threatened). 630 (Landweer 2010). Ethnic population: 900 (Landweer 2010).

Ari

[aac] 6b* (Threatened). 50 (Wurm 2000).

Aribwaung

[ylu] 6b (Threatened). 500 (2008 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,200 (2000 census).

Aro

[tei] 6b (Threatened). 520 (2003 SIL).

Aruop

[lsr] 6b (Threatened). 800 (2004 SIL).

Auwe

[smf] 6b* (Threatened). 410 (2003 SIL).

Awar

[aya] 6b (Threatened). 900 (2013 PBT). Ethnic population: 1,200 (2013 PBT).

Awtuw

[kmn] 6b (Threatened). 700 (2014 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2014 SIL).

Awun

[aww] 6b* (Threatened). 400 (2003 SIL).

Ayi

[ayq] 6b* (Threatened). 430 (2000 census).

Bargam

[mlp] 6b (Threatened). 4,000 (2006 SIL). Ethnic population: 6,640 (2000 census).

Barok

[bjk] 6b (Threatened). 2,740 (Du 2010). 1,000 Usen (Du 2010), 1,740 Nabo (2000 census). Ethnic population: 7,000 (Du 2010).

Bebeli

[bek] 6b (Threatened). 3,130 (Bullock et al 2013).

Benabena

[bef] 6b (Threatened). 45,000 (2000 census).

Bepour

[bie] 6b* (Threatened). 50 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 340 (2000 census).

Berinomo

[bit] 6b* (Threatened). 350 (2000 census).

Bilbil

[brz] 6b* (Threatened). 1,250 (2003 SIL).

Bisorio

[bir] 6b* (Threatened). 260 (2003 SIL). 50–100 Bikaru.

Biyom

[bpm] 6b* (Threatened). 650 (2011 census).

Blafe

[bfh] 6b (Threatened). 550 (Evans et al 2018). 350 Blafe, 200 Ránmo (Evans et al 2018).

[bpw] 6b* (Threatened). 85 (1998 NTM).

Bogaya

[boq] 6b (Threatened). 300 (2007 SIL).

Bola

[bnp] 6b (Threatened). 13,700 (2000 census). 2,250 Harua.

Bonkiman

[bop] 6b (Threatened). 150 (Slotta 2014). Ethnic population: 230 (2000 census).

Bosmun

[bqs] 6b (Threatened). 1,725, all users. L1 users: 1,700 (2013 PBT). L2 users: 25 (2013 PBT). 260 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,800 (2013 PBT).

Brem

[buq] 6b (Threatened). 1,190 (2003 SIL).

Buang, Mangga

[mmo] 6b (Threatened). 1,500 (2011 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 3,130 (2000 census).

Buang, Mapos

[bzh] 6b (Threatened). 7,000 (2001 UNESCO). 1,400 monolinguals (2001 UNESCO).

Budibud

[btp] 6b (Threatened). 200 (Senft 2020).

Burui

[bry] 6b* (Threatened). 260 (2000).

Chenapian

[cjn] 6b (Threatened). 180 (2003 SIL).

Dambi

[dac] 6b* (Threatened). 350 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 400.

Danaru

[dnr] 6b (Threatened). 260 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 500 (2000 SIL).

Daonda

[dnd] 6b* (Threatened). 170 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 170 (2000 census).

Degenang

[dge] 6b (Threatened). 790 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,200 (2020 SIL).

Doga

[dgg] 6b (Threatened). 140 (Landweer 2010). Ethnic population: 260 (Landweer 2010).

Doghoro

[dgx] 6b* (Threatened). 270 (2000 census).

Doso

[dol] 6b (Threatened). 2,390 (2000 census).

Dumo

[vam] 6b (Threatened). 2,700 (2011 SIL).

Dumun

[dui] 6b (Threatened). 120 (2000 census).

Duwet

[gve] 6b (Threatened). 400 (2011 SIL), increasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 450.

Eitiep

[eit] 6b (Threatened). 500 (2003 SIL), decreasing. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 500 (2000 census).

Elepi

[ele] 6b* (Threatened). 330 (2003 SIL).

Elu

[elu] 6b (Threatened). 570 (2011 census).

Essono

[sso] 6b* (Threatened). 3,530 (2011 census).

Fembe

[agl] 6b* (Threatened). 350 (1986 SIL).

Fiwaga

[fiw] 6b* (Threatened). 300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Forak

[frq] 6b (Threatened). 280 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 400 (2020 SIL).

Fulumu

[bbd] 6b (Threatened). 3,150 (2000 SIL).

Gal

[gap] 6b* (Threatened). 340 (2003 SIL).

Gala

[nud] 6b* (Threatened). 150 (Aikhenvald 2018).

Ganglau

[ggl] 6b (Threatened). 470 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 640 (2016 J. Claussen).

Gavak

[dmc] 6b (Threatened). 3,820 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,890 (2000 census).

Guya

[gka] 6b (Threatened). 130 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Hamtai

[hmt] 6b (Threatened). 45,000 (1998 T. Palmer). Ethnic population: 66,000 (2000 census).

Iatmul

[ian] 6b (Threatened). 8,440 (2003 SIL).

Idio

[mft] 6b (Threatened). 360 (2011 census).

Igana

[igg] 6b (Threatened). 200 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 260 (2000 census).

Imonda

[imn] 6b* (Threatened). 250 (1994 SIL).

Isabi

[isa] 6b* (Threatened). 280 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Kaiep

[kbw] 6b (Threatened). 200 (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 650 (2000 census).

Kala

[kcl] 6b (Threatened). 2,200 (2011 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,000.

Kamano

[kbq] 6b (Threatened). 80,000 (Drew et al 2005).

Kamasau

[kms] 6b (Threatened). 960 (2003 SIL).

Kandas

[kqw] 6b (Threatened). 1,400 (2010 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,460 (2010 SIL).

Kap

[ykm] 6b (Threatened). 3,460 (2003 SIL), decreasing.

Kapin

[tbx] 6b (Threatened). 3,500 (2002 SIL).

Kara

[leu] 6b (Threatened). 5,870 (2000 census).

Kare

[kmf] 6b* (Threatened). 380 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Karore

[xkx] 6b* (Threatened). 550 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 930 (2000 census).

Kein

[bmh] 6b* (Threatened). 1,750 (2000 census).

Kewapi, East

[kjs] 6b (Threatened). 50,000 (2004 SIL).

Kibiri

[prm] 6b (Threatened). 1,180 (2011 SIL). 900 Porome, 280 Kibiri. Ethnic population: 1,360 (2000 census).

Kinalakna

[kco] 6b* (Threatened). 305 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 330.

Kis

[kis] 6b* (Threatened). 220 (2000 D. Tryon).

Kobuka

[urg] 6b (Threatened). 1,500 (2000 SIL).

Kodut, South

[mcy] 6b (Threatened). 730 (Carter et al 2014).

Koiari, Grass

[kbk] 6b* (Threatened). 1,700 (Wurm 2000). 170 monolinguals.

Koita

[kqi] 6b* (Threatened). 3,000 (2001 SIL).

Kominimung

[xoi] 6b* (Threatened). 320 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,130 (2001 SIL).

Konomala

[koa] 6b (Threatened). 800 (1985 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,990 (2000 census).

Koromu

[xes] 6b (Threatened). 700 (Priestley 2008). Ethnic population: 890 (2000 census).

Kou

[snz] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (2017 SIL).

Kove

[kvc] 6b (Threatened). 8,000 (2015 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 9,810 (2011 census).

Kuman

[kue] 6b (Threatened). Major area language used as a trade language for all the other Chimbu languages. 185,000, all users. L1 users: 115,000 (2000 census). L2 users: 70,000 (2021). Few monolinguals.

Labu

[lbu] 6b* (Threatened). Ethnic population: 1,500 (2000 census).

Lakurumau

[lxm] 6b (Threatened). 800 (2020 C. Volker).

Leipon

[lek] 6b (Threatened). 1,320 (2000 census).

Lele

[lle] 6b (Threatened). 4,500 (Boettger 2015).

Lemio

[lei] 6b* (Threatened). 270 (2003 SIL).

Likum

[lib] 6b (Threatened). 80 (Wurm 2000).

Lilau

[lll] 6b* (Threatened). 450 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Madak

[mmx] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (1985 UBS). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2000 SIL).

Madi

[grg] 6b (Threatened). 380 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,220 (2000 census).

Magori

[zgr] 6b (Threatened). 100 (Wurm 2000).

Maiani

[tnh] 6b (Threatened). 3,040 (2003 SIL).

Mali

[gcc] 6b (Threatened). 5,000 (2002 SIL).

Manam

[mva] 6b* (Threatened). 7,950 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 9,000 (Connell and Lutkehaus 2016).

Manambu

[mle] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (Aikhenvald 2018). No monolinguals (Aikhenvald 2018).

Manep

[mkr] 6b (Threatened). 650 (2003 SIL).

Mari

[mbx] 6b (Threatened). 80 (Wurm 2000).

Matepi

[mqe] 6b* (Threatened). 280 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 290 (2000 census).

Mauwake

[mhl] 6b (Threatened). 2,390 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 4,000 (2000 census).

Mehek

[nux] 6b (Threatened). 6,300 (1994 SIL).

Menya

[mcr] 6b (Threatened). 25,000 (Whitehead 2004).

Mevembet

[keh] 6b (Threatened). 7,000 (2020 L. Liew).

Miani

[pla] 6b (Threatened). 2,990 (2000 census).

Migum

[klm] 6b (Threatened). 470 (2003 SIL).

Minanibai

[mcv] 6b (Threatened). 300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981), decreasing.

Momu

[fqs] 6b (Threatened). 2,500 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 5,000 (Honeyman 2016).

Moresada

[msx] 6b (Threatened). 200 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Mufian

[aoj] 6b (Threatened). 11,000 (1998 SIL). 6,000 Filifita (1999 SIL).

Mum

[kqa] 6b (Threatened). 2,500 (Daniels 2015).

Muno

[grx] 6b (Threatened). 1,500 (2014 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,600 (2014 SIL).

Murupi

[mqw] 6b* (Threatened). 300 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Mwatebu

[mwa] 6b (Threatened). 120 (Wurm 2000). 10 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 270 (2000 census).

Nafi

[srf] 6b (Threatened). 160 (Holzknecht 1988). May be less than 100 speakers (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 540 (2000 census).

Nakame

[nib] 6b (Threatened). 1,640 (2006 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,900 (2000 census).

Nake

[nbk] 6b (Threatened). 170 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Nakwi

[nax] 6b* (Threatened). 280 (2003 SIL).

Nalik

[nal] 6b (Threatened). 6,500 (2020 C. Volker). Ethnic population: 8,780 (2014 census).

Nanubae

[afk] 6b (Threatened). 1,270 (Kassell et al 2017).

Nawaru

[nwr] 6b (Threatened). 190 (1990 SIL). Ethnic population: 290 (2000 census).

Neherneh

[ncn] 6b (Threatened). 420 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 700 (2019 SIL).

Nekgini

[nkg] 6b (Threatened). 690 (2000 census).

Nend

[anh] 6b (Threatened). 2,000 (1991 UBS).

Nimo

[niw] 6b* (Threatened). 350 (1998 NTM).

Ningera

[nby] 6b (Threatened). 150 (2003 SIL).

Niwer Mil

[hrc] 6b (Threatened). 6,300 (2000 census).

Nomu

[noh] 6b (Threatened). 400 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 1,200 (2000 SIL).

Nuk

[noc] 6b (Threatened). 900 (2006 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,630 (2000 census).

Numbami

[sij] 6b (Threatened). 200 (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 240 (2000 census).

Odiai

[bhf] 6b* (Threatened). 240 (2000 census).

Olo

[ong] 6b (Threatened). 13,700 (2003 SIL).

One, Inebu

[oin] 6b (Threatened). 1,300 (2000 M. Crowther).

One, Kabore

[onk] 6b (Threatened). 300 (2000 M. Crowther).

One, Kwamtim

[okk] 6b (Threatened). 150 (2000 M. Crowther).

One, Molmo

[aun] 6b (Threatened). 700, all users. L1 users: 500 (2000 M. Crowther). L2 users: 200.

One, Northern

[onr] 6b (Threatened). 2,000 (2000 M. Crowther).

One, Southern

[osu] 6b (Threatened). 200 (2000 M. Crowther). Ethnic population: 300 (2000 census).

Onjob

[onj] 6b (Threatened). 150 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 200 (Bonshek 2005).

Owenia

[wsr] 6b* (Threatened). 640 (2000 census).

Owiniga

[owi] 6b* (Threatened). 330 (1998 NTM).

Parawen

[prw] 6b* (Threatened). 430 (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Ethnic population: 760 (2000 census).

Pasi

[psq] 6b* (Threatened). 360 (2000 census).

Pefiyahe

[ppq] 6b (Threatened). 200 (2012 NTM).

Petats

[pex] 6b (Threatened). 6,340 (2010 SIL).

Pulabu

[pup] 6b (Threatened). 120 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Rapting

[rpt] 6b* (Threatened). 330 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Rempi

[rmp] 6b (Threatened). 1,590 (2003 SIL).

Rerau

[rea] 6b (Threatened). 590 (2000 census).

Rotokas

[roo] 6b (Threatened). 11,600 (2000 SIL).

Sarasira

[zsa] 6b (Threatened). 600 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 950 (2000 SIL).

Saruga

[sra] 6b (Threatened). 130 (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Sengseng

[ssz] 6b (Threatened). 1,750 (2003 SIL).

Sepa

[spe] 6b* (Threatened). 700 (2003 SIL).

Seta

[stf] 6b (Threatened). 180 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 210 (2000 census).

Seti

[sbi] 6b (Threatened). 160 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 160 (2000 census).

Sialum

[slw] 6b (Threatened). 400 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 960 (2000 SIL).

Siawi

[mmp] 6b (Threatened). 220 (2007 NTM), increasing.

Siliput

[mkc] 6b (Threatened). 520 (2003 SIL).

Silopi

[xsp] 6b (Threatened). 180 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 350 (2000 census).

Sinagen

[siu] 6b* (Threatened). 330 (2003 SIL).

Sinasina

[sst] 6b (Threatened). 21,000 (2000 census).

Solos

[sol] 6b (Threatened). 8,830 (2000 census).

Sop

[urw] 6b (Threatened). 2,250 (2003 SIL).

Soq

[mdc] 6b (Threatened). 700 (Daniels and Corbett 2019). Ethnic population: 990 (2000 census).

Sos Kundi

[sdk] 6b (Threatened). 3,300 (Richardson and Tupper 2013).

Suganga

[sug] 6b* (Threatened). 350 (2000 census).

Sulka

[sua] 6b (Threatened). 3,500 (Reesink 2005).

Tanggu

[tgu] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (1991 SIL).

Tauya

[tya] 6b (Threatened). 400 (MacDonald 2013).

Teop

[tio] 6b (Threatened). 6,000 (Mosel 2015).

Terebu

[trb] 6b (Threatened). 130 (1990 SIL). Ethnic population: 470 (2000 census).

Tigak

[tgc] 6b (Threatened). 10,000 (Jenkins 2005).

Torau

[ttu] 6b* (Threatened). 2,000 (Jepson 2014).

Toura

[don] 6b (Threatened). 1,800 (2007 SIL).

Tulil

[tuh] 6b (Threatened). 2,000 (2012 SIL). Ethnic population: 2,440 (2000 census).

Tulu-Bohuai

[rak] 6b (Threatened). 1,970 (2000 census).

Tuwari

[tww] 6b* (Threatened). 360 (2000 census).

Ukuriguma

[ukg] 6b (Threatened). 170 (2003 SIL).

Ulau-Suain

[svb] 6b (Threatened). 2,800 (2003 SIL), decreasing.

Uma

[roe] 6b (Threatened). 450 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 740 (2020 SIL).

Umeda

[upi] 6b* (Threatened). 290 (2003 SIL).

Urat

[urt] 6b (Threatened). 7,000 (Arminen et al 2017), decreasing. 2,500 in Wasep Yehre (Arminen et al 2017).

Uri

[uvh] 6b (Threatened). 3,000 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 3,110 (2000 census).

Urim

[uri] 6b (Threatened). 4,000 (Wood 2012). 40 monolinguals.

Uyajitaya

[duk] 6b (Threatened). 1,050 (Kassell et al 2008).

Wagama

[abg] 6b (Threatened). 600 (2017 SIL). No monolinguals (2017 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2017 SIL).

Wagi

[fad] 6b (Threatened). 3,380 (2003 SIL).

Walio

[wla] 6b* (Threatened). 230 (2003 SIL).

Wamas

[wmc] 6b* (Threatened). 220 (2000).

Wampar

[lbq] 6b (Threatened). 15,000 (Beer and Bender 2015).

Wanap

[wnp] 6b (Threatened). 1,070 (2003 SIL).

Watakataui

[wtk] 6b* (Threatened). 750 (2020 Ethnos360).

Watiwa

[wtf] 6b (Threatened). 510 (2003 SIL).

Waube

[kop] 6b (Threatened). 1,650 (Kassell et al 2009).

Weliki

[klh] 6b (Threatened). 670 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 760 (2016 SIL).

Weri

[aon] 6b (Threatened). 4,340 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 8,680.

Wia

[ssj] 6b (Threatened). 500 (2000 SIL).

Wogeo

[woc] 6b (Threatened). 1,600 (Exter 2012).

Yabem

[jae] 6b* (Threatened). 18,080, all users. L1 users: 2,080 (McElhanon 1978). L2 users: 16,000 (2021). Ethnic population: 5,890 (2000 census).

Yahang

[rhp] 6b (Threatened). 1,430 (2003 SIL). 1,120 in area, 66 outside.

Yakaikeke

[ykk] 6b (Threatened). 100 (1998 SIL). Ethnic population: 240 (2000 census).

Yambes

[ymb] 6b (Threatened). 1,080 (2003 SIL), decreasing. No monolinguals.

Yangum Dey

[yde] 6b (Threatened). 180 (2000 census).

Yangum Gel

[ygl] 6b (Threatened). 45 (2000 census). Ethnic population: 45 (2000 census).

Yangum Mon

[ymo] 6b (Threatened). 730 (2000 census).

Yau

[yyu] 6b (Threatened). 200 (2014 SIL). Ethnic population: 350 (2014 SIL).

Yawiyo

[ybx] 6b (Threatened). 66 (2000 census).

Yawuno Teneyo

[itr] 6b (Threatened). 500 (Brooks 2020). Ethnic population: 800 (2015 The Traveling Team).

Yerakai

[yra] 6b* (Threatened). 380 (2000 census).

Yimas

[yee] 6b (Threatened). 50 (Foley 2016). Ethnic population: 350 (2000 census).

Yis

[yis] 6b (Threatened). 800 (2014 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,000 (2014 SIL).

Yote

[wab] 6b (Threatened). 390 (2001 SIL). Ethnic population: 440 (2000 census).

Yui

[sll] 6b (Threatened). 6,500 (Wurm and Hattori 1981), decreasing.

7 (Shifting)

Alekano

[gah] 7 (Shifting). 40,000 (2008 SIL), decreasing.

Ambakich

[aew] 7 (Shifting). 770 (Potter et al 2008). Ethnic population: 1,970 (Potter et al 2008).

Amol

[alx] 7 (Shifting). 500 (2004 SIL).

Bagupi

[bpi] 7 (Shifting). 50 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 75 (2000 census).

Bouni

[suo] 7 (Shifting). Ethnic population: 550 (2000 census).

Bukiyip

[ape] 7 (Shifting). 16,200 (2003 SIL).

Bungain

[but] 7 (Shifting). 3,600 (2003 SIL).

Chini

[afi] 7 (Shifting). 60 (Brooks 2018b). 20 Andamang, 40 Akrukay (Brooks 2018b). Ethnic population: 350 (Brooks 2018a).

Dla

[kbv] 7 (Shifting). 900 in Papua New Guinea (de Sousa 2006). 760 Dla, 140 Menggwa Dla in Papua New Guinea. All Dla speakers: 1,200 (de Sousa 2006).

Heiyoho

[auk] 7 (Shifting). 1,500 (Diaz 2018). Ethnic population: 2,700 (2000 census).

Hoyahoya

[hhy] 7 (Shifting). 95 (2000 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 130 (2000 census).

Juwar

[mwb] 7 (Shifting). 700 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,400 (2000 census).

Kilmeri

[kih] 7 (Shifting). 1,970 (2004 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 2,800 (2004 SIL).

Kombio

[xbi] 7 (Shifting). 2,970 (2003 SIL), decreasing. Small groups in West New Britain, Vanimo and Lae areas; a few elsewhere. About 2,400 live in Kombio area. Very few monolinguals.

Koro

[kxr] 7 (Shifting). 1,730 (2015), decreasing. 1,250 in Lelemadih-Bupichupeu LLG (2011 census), 480 in Los Negros LLG (Cleary-Kemp 2015).

Kuot

[kto] 7 (Shifting). 1,500 (Lindström 2005). Ethnic population: 2,400 (2002 SIL).

Mape

[mlh] 7 (Shifting). 1,700 (2000 census), decreasing. Ethnic population: 8,110 (2000 census).

Matukar Panau

[mjk] 7 (Shifting). 160 (Anderson et al 2015). Ethnic population: 700 (Anderson et al 2015).

Mindiri

[mpn] 7 (Shifting). 80 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 300 (2016 J. Claussen).

Miu

[mpo] 7 (Shifting). 395 (2000 D. Tryon). Ethnic population: 1,250.

Moere

[mvq] 7 (Shifting). 50 (Wurm 2000).

Mosimo

[mqv] 7 (Shifting). 50 (Wurm 2000).

Murik

[mtf] 7 (Shifting). 1,200 (Aikhenvald 2004). Ethnic population: 3,130 (2000 census).

Musom

[msu] 7 (Shifting). 200 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 320 (2000 census).

Ontenu

[ont] 7 (Shifting). 3,000 (1996 SIL).

Papapana

[ppn] 7 (Shifting). 110 (Smith 2015). Ethnic population: 510 (Smith 2015).

Patep

[ptp] 7 (Shifting). 1,700 (2003 SIL).

Piu

[pix] 7 (Shifting). 100 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 160 (2000 census).

Saep

[spd] 7 (Shifting). 550 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 700 (2001 UNESCO).

Samosa

[swm] 7 (Shifting). 90 (Wurm 2000).

Saposa

[sps] 7 (Shifting). 2,000 (2015 BTA).

Sera

[sry] 7 (Shifting). 630 (2001 SIL).

Sirva

[sbq] 7 (Shifting). 250 (Daniels 2015).

Urimo

[urx] 7 (Shifting). 800 (2003 SIL).

Usarufa

[usa] 7 (Shifting). 1,200 (2009 S. Bird). Ethnic population: 4,700 (2000 census).

Vehes

[val] 7 (Shifting). 70 (Wurm 2000).

Walman

[van] 7 (Shifting). 1,740 (2003 SIL).

Wom

[wmo] 7 (Shifting). 4,260 (2003 SIL).

8a (Moribund)

Ainbai

[aic] 8a (Moribund). 100 (2003 SIL).

Bilakura

[bql] 8a (Moribund). 34 (Wurm 2007). Ethnic population: 42 (2000 census).

Gweda

[grw] 8a (Moribund). 26 (2001 SIL). Ethnic population: 310 (2001 SIL).

I’saka

[ksi] 8a (Moribund). 420 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,000 (Donohue and San Roque 2004).

Kawacha

[kcb] 8a (Moribund). 12 (Wurm 2000). Ethnic population: 160 (2000 census).

Kopar

[xop] 8a (Moribund). 20 (Foley 2016). Ethnic population: 300 (Foley 2004).

Magɨ

[gkd] 8a (Moribund). 50 (2016 D. Daniels).

Manat

[pmr] 8a (Moribund). 50 (Daniels 2015). Ethnic population: 300 (Daniels 2015).

Mawak

[mjj] 8a (Moribund). 25 (Wurm 2000).

Mawan

[mcz] 8a (Moribund). 400 (2001 SIL), decreasing. Ethnic population: 480 (2000 census).

Minidien

[wii] 8a (Moribund). 100 (2004 SIL). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,190 (2000 census).

Mwakai

[mgt] 8a (Moribund). 200 (Barlow 2020b). No monolinguals (Barlow 2020b). Ethnic population: 1,500 (Barlow 2020b).

Pondi

[lnm] 8a (Moribund). 300 (Barlow 2020a), decreasing. Ethnic population: 620 (Barlow 2020a).

Puare

[pux] 8a (Moribund). 35 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 220 (2000 census).

Sonia

[siq] 8a (Moribund). 300 (Aiton 2019), decreasing.

Sumariup

[siv] 8a (Moribund). 20 (Coulter 2007). Ethnic population: 130 (2000 census).

Tandɨ

[ygm] 8a (Moribund). 20 (2020 SIL). Ethnic population: 300 (2020 SIL).

Tayap

[gpn] 8a (Moribund). 20 (Kulick and Terrill 2019), decreasing. Ethnic population: 300 (Kulick and Terrill 2019).

Turaka

[trh] 8a (Moribund). 25 (Wurm 2000).

Ulwa

[yla] 8a (Moribund). 700 (Barlow 2018). Ethnic population: 3,900 (Barlow 2018).

Unserdeutsch

[uln] 8a (Moribund). 10 in Papua New Guinea (2016 P. Maitz). Total users in all countries: 110.

Uya

[usu] 8a (Moribund). 270 (2003 SIL).

Yarawata

[yrw] 8a (Moribund). 130 (2003 SIL).

Yeri

[yev] 8a (Moribund). 150 (Wilson 2017).

8b (Nearly extinct)

Kamasa

[klp] 8b (Nearly extinct). 7 (2003 SIL).

Abom

[aob] 8b (Nearly extinct). 3 (Rogers 2018).

[akq] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (2017 SIL).

Asa’a

[kyy] 8b (Nearly extinct). 3 (2016 SIL). Ethnic population: 500 (2000 census).

Doloman

[mhf] 8b (Nearly extinct). 12 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 380 (2000 census).

Gorovu

[grq] 8b (Nearly extinct). 20 (Wurm 2007), decreasing. Ethnic population: 630 (2000 census).

Karawa

[xrw] 8b (Nearly extinct). 63 (2003 SIL), decreasing. No monolinguals (2007 SIL). Ethnic population: 130 (2000 census).

Kowaki

[xow] 8b (Nearly extinct). 25 (Wurm 2000).

Kursav

[faj] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (Daniels 2015). Ethnic population: 110 (2000 census).

Mand

[ate] 8b (Nearly extinct). 8 (Daniels 2015). Ethnic population: 330 (2000 census).

Momare

[msz] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10. Ethnic population: 800 (2000 census).

Monumbo

[mxk] 8b (Nearly extinct). 410 (2003 SIL).

Mungkip

[mpv] 8b (Nearly extinct). 12 (Retsema et al 2009). Ethnic population: 670 (Retsema et al 2009).

Panim

[pnr] 8b (Nearly extinct). 12 (2019 Western Institute for Endangered Language Documentation). Ethnic population: 420 (2000 census).

[wmx] 8b (Nearly extinct). 6 (Honeyman 2016). Ethnic population: 190 (2000 census).

Rema

[bow] 8b (Nearly extinct). 12 (2012 J. Thiessen).

Susuami

[ssu] 8b (Nearly extinct). 10 (Wurm 2000).

Tenis

[tns] 8b (Nearly extinct). 30 (Wurm 2000), decreasing. Ethnic population: 250 (2015 J. Brownie).

Turumsa

[tqm] 8b (Nearly extinct). 5 (2002 SIL), decreasing. Possibly no remaining speakers (2011).

Unubahe

[unu] 8b (Nearly extinct). 7 (2012 SIL). Ethnic population: 59 (2001 SIL).

Wiarumus

[tua] 8b (Nearly extinct). 460 (2000 census).

9 (Dormant)

Makolkol

[zmh] 9 (Dormant). No known L1 speakers. 7 speakers reported in 1988. Some speakers may still be alive (Arlo 2016). Ethnic population: 5 (Arlo 2016).

10 (Extinct)

Aribwatsa

[laz] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last speaker died in 1997 (Wurm 2007).

Bina

[bmn] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Extinct by late 20th century.

Guramalum

[grz] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the early 1990s (1987 SIL).

Hermit

[llf] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last fluent speaker likely died in the early 1990s (1992 SIL).

Kaniet

[ktk] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last known speaker died by 1950.

Karami

[xar] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker survived into the 1950s (Wurm 2007).

Laua

[luf] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers survived into the 1990s (1987 SIL).

Mulaha

[mfw] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last known speaker survived into the 1950s (Wurm 2007).

Ouma

[oum] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the late 1980s (Wurm and Hattori 1981).

Sene

[sej] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speakers likely survived into the 1980s.

Uruava

[urv] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. Last known speaker survived into the 1980s.

Yoba

[yob] 10 (Extinct). No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably survived into the 1980s (Dutton 1976).

Papua New Guinea

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